development of clean coal technology and global...

Tokyo Institute of Technology

1 Inter-Departmental Organization for Environment and Energy

Development of Clean Coal Technology and Global Environmental Protection in Japan

Callide A : Oxyfuel Site Ken OKAZAKI

Dean, School of Engineering Director, Inter-departmental Organization of Environment and Energy

Professor, Department of Mechanical and Control Engineering CCD2011 International Coal Utilization Conference, 6-7 September 2011, ANA Intercontinental Hotel Tokyo



At the beginning

I deeply sympathize with the people who are still missing, passed away and suffered by Higashi-Nihon Earthquake and Tsunami.

Japanese Energy Basic Plan must be re-constructed after this disaster. However, the revised plan is not yet completed. So my presentation today is based on the basic energy plan for coal of June 2011.



55

(Far future)

CO2 + H2Fossil Fuel(Coal, Oil ..)

O2/CO2

Combustion

CO2 Recovery

Air-blownCombustion

CO2 Separationand Recovery(MEA, KS-1 ..)

CO + H2

gasification shift reaction

Hydrogen Energy Systemwith Exergy Regeneretion(Fuel Cell …)

Renewable Energy(Wind, PV ..)

Electricity

H2 + O2 H2O

CO2 Sequestration(Ocean, Geological ..)

CO2 + H2

(Future)

FutureGen

steam reforming

exergy enhancementof low quality waste heat

CO2 + H2CO2 + H2Fossil Fuel(Coal, Oil ..)

O2/CO2

Combustion

CO2 Recovery

Air-blownCombustion


CO + H2




Electricity

H2 + O2 H2O

CO2 Sequestration(Ocean, Geological ..)CO2 Sequestration(Ocean, Geological ..)

CO2 + H2

(Future)

FutureGen

steam reforming


Integration of Fossil Fuel, Hydrogen and CO2 Sequestration

Roadmap toward Sustainable Economy

Oxy-firing

Feb. 27, 2003

<Okazaki, J. Energy, 2004>(Short term)(Medium term)

CO2 + H2Fossil Fuel(Coal, Oil ..)

O2/CO2

Combustion

CO2 Recovery

Air-blownCombustion


CO + H2




Electricity

H2 + O2 H2O

CO2 Sequestration(Ocean, Geological ..)

CO2 + H2

(Future)

FutureGen

steam reforming


CO2 + H2CO2 + H2Fossil Fuel(Coal, Oil ..)

O2/CO2

Combustion

CO2 Recovery

Air-blownCombustion


CO + H2




Electricity

H2 + O2 H2O

CO2 Sequestration(Ocean, Geological ..)CO2 Sequestration(Ocean, Geological ..)

CO2 + H2

(Future)

FutureGen

steam reforming


Nuclear Energy



Today’s speech:- １．World Energy Resources and Coal ２．Japanese Supply of Electricity ３．Two Main Items of Japanese Coal Policy ４．Development and Commercialization of High

Efficient Coal Power Plants 5. Development of CCS for Zero-Emission Coal

Power Station 5-1 Post-Combustion 5-2 Oxyfuel-Combustion

6. R&D Policy of Coal Utilization in Japan 7. Summary



1. World Energy Resources and Coal

Coal • Coal has a long life and resources spread in wide area. • Coal price is low and stable. • Green coal utilization is essential because of it’s higher CO2 emission.

Consumption of coal • Coal occupies a quarter portion in world total energy consumption and it is estimated to increase 1.5 times by the year of 2030. • World power generation by coal is more than 40% and it will be doubled by 2030.

Role of coal for Japanese energy supply • Japan selected “Best Mix Policy” for primary fuels after oil crisis. • Coal usage exceeds 20% among the primary energy. • Coal power generation occupies almost one quarter and it is important electricity

source.

Open cut mine



2. Japanese Supply of Electricity Courtesy Committee of Clean Coal

Reserves of Primary Energy

CO2 Emission per Heat Release CO2 Emission/kWh of Electricity Generation

Japanese Supply of Electricity

New energy 0.6% Nuclear 30.6% Geo-thermal 0.3% LPG 0.3% Petroleum 7.9% LNG 26.0% Coal 24.7% Hydro 9.1%

R/P Ratio(Year)

Oil Natural Gas Coal

Coal Oil LNG PC IGCC OIL LNG

CO2 from other source

CO2 from combustion of fuel

100mil. kWh



3. Two Main Items of Japanese Coal Policy Energy Basic Plan decided in June 2010

Low Carbonization of Coal Power Station

○Reduction of CO2 from Coal Power station is essential.

○Japan has the most environmental friendly technology of coal power station in the world.

⇒Lower carbon coal fired power station for domestic use

⇒Technical support of lower carbon coal fired power stations for overseas

Keep stable supply of coal

○Japan is a largest coal importing country.

○Large increase of import by China and India

⇒Multi-layer collaboration between main coal supplying countries and keep new coal sources

⇒New clean energy supply by gasifying of low grade coals like lignite



４．Development and Commercialization of High Efficient Coal Power Plants

Cool Earth-Energy Innovation Plan

Important projects: ○A-USC ■Advanced Ultra Supercritical Unit Steam temperature: 700 Degree C Class 2008-2016 ○Nakoso IGCC Project ■Organization 11Electric Companies+CRIEPI ■Capacity 1,700tons/day(250MW) 2007-2009 ○Oosaki CoolGen IGFC Project ■Organization J-Power/Chugoku Electric Power ■Capacity 1,100tons/day(170MW) 2010-2011(Feasibility study)

５４％ＵＰ

３６％ＵＰ

usc A-usc

IGCC

IGFC

year

Net

Effi

cien

cy (H

HV%

)



High Efficient Coal Fired Power Plant is a Key for Global Warming

40

80

120

160

200

1990 2007 2020 2035

CO2換算億トン

CO2排出量

(技術進展)

CO2排出量

(レファレンス)

省エネ (53%)

バイオ燃料 (2%)太陽光・風力等 (7%)原子力 (10%)燃料転換 (12%)CO2回収・貯留 (16%)

68億トン減

(36%減)

107

191

123

技術進展によりアジアのCO2排出量

は2030年にピークアウト

億トンシェア省エネ 36 53バイオ燃料 1 2太陽光・風力等 5 7原子力 7 10燃料転換 8 12CCS 11 16計 68 100

%

40

80

120

160

200

1990 2007 2020 2035

CO2換算億トン

CO2排出量

(技術進展)

CO2排出量

(レファレンス)

省エネ (53%)

バイオ燃料 (2%)太陽光・風力等 (7%)原子力 (10%)燃料転換 (12%)CO2回収・貯留 (16%)

68億トン減

(36%減)

107

191

123

技術進展によりアジアのCO2排出量

は2030年にピークアウト

億トンシェア省エネ 36 53バイオ燃料 1 2太陽光・風力等 5 7原子力 7 10燃料転換 8 12CCS 11 16計 68 100

%

省エネ53%

電源構成変更31%

内　高効率石炭火力

60%

CCS16%

省エネ53%

電源構成変更31%

内　高効率石炭火力

60%

CCS16%

53% : Energy saving 60% among energy saving : High efficient coal power Big potential

Potential of CO2 reduction

ＭＥＴＩ

Energy saving(53%) Biofuel(2%) Solar, Wind(7%) Nuclear(10%) Fuel change(12%) CCS(16%)

100 Million tons CO2 Equivalent

CO2 Emission (Reference)

CO2 Emission (by New Technology )

By the new technology, Asian CO2 Emission will be peaked-out in 2030.

Reduction of 6.8GT (36% Decrease)

Save Energy Bio Fuel Solar, Wind Nuclear Fuel Switch CCS

G ton Share 3.6 53 0.1 2 0.5 7 0.7 10 0.8 12 1.1 16 6.8 100

Total



Reduction of Specific CO2 Emission by Innovative Technology of Coal Fired Power Station

• Coal Power PC 887 g-CO2/kWh ※1 PC(Up-to-date USC 800 g-CO2/kWh ※2 IGCC（1300℃ Class GT） 758 g-CO2/kWh ※2 IGCC（1500℃ Class GT） 709 g-CO2/kWh ※2 IGFC（Target of EAGLE） 593 g-CO2/kWh ※2 • Oil Power 704 g-CO2/kWh ※1 • Gas Power Boiler/Turbine 478 g-CO2/kWh ※1 Combined 408 g-CO2/kWh ※1 • Nuclear 0 g-CO2/kWh （ｋＷｈ:Net）

※1 「電中研ニュース No.338」から、燃焼過程からのCO2排出原単位を抜粋したもの

※2 A電力会社の試算値と前提条件：一般炭のCO2排出係数 0.0247 t-C/GJ (温室効果ガス排出量算定・報告マニュアルから）送電端効率：最新USC 41％，IGCC(1300℃ＧＴ） 43％，IＧＣＣ（1500℃ＧＴ）46％， IGFC 55％

※3 本表は、発電用燃料として燃焼段階で発生するCO2（LCA評価ではない）



USC Technology of Japan -Highest Efficiency in the world-

ＭＥＴＩ資料

Share of Power Generation in Asian Countries

Japan Korea China Australia Thailand India Indonesia

■USC ■SC ■Sub-critical ■Unclear



Development of A-USC in Japan ・R&D of A-USC started in 2008 ・Structure of R&D Under METI: 6 Heavy Industries, 1 Mill maker, 1 Control system maker ・Target : Commercialization around the year of 2020 ・Target Net Efficiency: 46-48%(HHV Basis)

ワールドコールレポート

A-USC System:

Net efficiency

Net efficiency 42%(HHV Basis)



Coal Gasification • High Efficient Electricity・・・IGCC, IGFC

• Production of Chemicals・・・SNG, DME, etc NG

Oil

Coal

City gas

Fuel for power

Transport fuel

Stationary fuel

GasolineLight oil

Heavy oil

Methanol

SNG

クリーンコール技術開発研究会資料



5. Development of CCS towards Zero Emission Power Station

Road Map Capture cost： 2015 Yen 2000/ton of CO2 2020 Yen 1000/ton of CO2

Commercialization Large scale test: After 2009 Commercialization: by

Public Acceptance ：Evaluation of environmental effect High level of Monitoring Regulation, Law Realization of Zero Emission Power Generation: Combination of High Efficient Units and CCS

Important Projects Post Combustion : Matsushima (10t-CO2/day) JPOWER/MHI 2007-2009 Oxyfuel :Callide A Oxyfuel Project (30MWe) JPOWER/IHI/CS Power/ACA 2011-2014 Pre Combustion : Eagle Project (20t-CO2/day) JPOWER/NEDO 2008-2009

Subject for Zero Emission Japanese experience of CO2 Storage is only Nagaoka Project (Japan is estimated to have 150GT of storage

capacity.) Japan is necessary to do demonstration test of large scale as large as 1Mton per year.

METI



Application of CCS and High Efficient Electricity Generation

1919

２．Post-combustion system (From flue gas)

３．Oxy-fuel combustion system

ASU

Coal（C,H,O,N,S,Ash） Boiler

Flue gas recycle （CO2，・・・） H2O，SO2

O2

Air（N2、O2）

N2，O2N2

Flue gas treatment

ASU

O2

Air（N2、O2）

N2

Gasifier Syngas treatment CO shift

CO2 storage/sequestration

Compress/Cooling

CO2 separation

GTHRSG

Coal（C,H,O,N,S,Ash）

１．Pre-combustion system (Gasifier)

Boiler

CO2

Coal（C,H,O,N,S,Ash）Air（N2、O2）

N2，H2O，O2

Flue gas treatment

CO, H2 CO2, H2

H2



Compress/Cooling

Compress/Cooling



First-of-a-kind Japanese CO2 Capture Technology

• Post Combustion

Industries have been developing by their own technologies.

• Oxyfuel

Total demonstration test has started at Callide A Power Station as a collaboration between Japan

and Australia, based on Japanese original

Technology.



５-１ Post Combustion Industries are developing their own technology in Japan.

ＣＣＴワークショップ２０１１



５-２ Oxyfuel History of Japanese Oxyfuel Development

1st IEA-GHG Oxy-workshop



Difference between Oxyfuel Combustion and Normal Air Combustion

ＩＨＩ提供

Comparison of combustion characteristics between Oxy-mode and Air-mode

Followings were confirmed in Oxyfuel mode from Air mode. NOx Emission ： Reduction by 60-70% SO2 Emission ： Reduction by 20-40% Uuburnt matter ： Reduction by 30-40%



18

Drastic Reduction of CR* (Fuel-N to NOx) by Oxy-firing

Base case

Oxy-fuelO2 : 30%H.R.: 0%



ConventionalO2 : 21%H.R.: 0%

<Liu & Okazaki, FUEL, 2003>



20

Mass balance of N-atoms

local CR and local RR wereexperimentally identified.

System CR*Exhausted-N

Fuel-N=

<Okazaki, Ando, ENERGY, 1997>



26Effect of temperature on system desulfurization efficiency

about four times higherhigh in a wide temperature range

η in O2/CO2

Oxygen-fuel ratio = 1.2One pass residence time = 8 sCa/S = 5CaCO3 (10 µm)

six times higher

η at S = 1 wt %

In-furnace desulfurizatioinat high temperature

Air: impossible

O2/CO2: can be realized

Effect of temperature on system desulfurization efficiencyEffect of temperature on system desulfurization efficiency

about four times higherhigh in a wide temperature range

η in O2/CO2 about four times higherhigh in a wide temperature range

η in O2/CO2

Oxygen-fuel ratio = 1.2One pass residence time = 8 sCa/S = 5CaCO3 (10 µm)

six times higher

η at S = 1 wt %

six times higher

η at S = 1 wt %

In-furnace desulfurizatioinat high temperature

Air: impossible

O2/CO2: can be realized

Drastic Enhancement of In-furnace Desulfurization Efficiency

<Liu & Okazaki, EERGY & FUEL, 2001>



World-wide Oxyfuel Projects

based on Terry Wall, 1st Oxyfuel Combustion Conference IEA-GHG



Present Status of Main Oxyfuel Demonstration Projects

Vattenfall : Oxyfuel Pilot Plant

・Project leader ： Vattenfall

・Capacity/Location ：30MWth(New Oxyfuel boiler, No Steam Turbine )/ Schwarze Pumpe

・Status ：Continue Demo-Test since 2008

Data will be applied to the next 300MW Commercial Oxyfuel Unit

Callide A : Oxyfuel Project

・Project Member ：CS Energy, J-POWER, IHI, Mitsui & Co., etc

・Capacity/Location ：30MWe(Modification of existing boiler) /Callide A Power Station

・Status ：Oxyfuel combustion will start in Autumn of 2011. CO2 injection will start from 2012.

FutureGen 2.0: Oxyfuel Project

・Project Member ：DOE

・Capacity/Location ：200MWe(New boiler)/Meredosia Power Station(Ameren Power)

・Status ：Existing oil unit will be re-built to Oxyfuel coal fired boiler, and captured CO2 will be stored into storage site in Illinois.

Engineering has now started.



Callide A: Oxyfuel Project

25



Callide A : Oxyfuel Project :- After Oxyfuel Retrofit of Unit 4

26



From IPCC special report, Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (2006)

Location of sites where activities relevant to CO2 storage are planned or under way.



6. R&D Policy of Coal Utilization in Japan Japanese Highest Technology in the World

○ USC Technology

○ Oxyfuel Technology Japanese Technology behind the World

● Underground CO2 Storage Technology

● Technology of Producing Chemicals with Coal Gasification Japanese Technology as the same Level of the World

△ CO2 Capture Technology

△ A-USC Technology



7. Summary Energy situation is very unclear after the earthquake.

However, it is requested that further high efficient utilization is required for fossil fuels, especially coals.

It will not be accepted by the public that coals are continuously used as it

has been. Big amount of CO2 reduction is inevitable in order to use coals as the major primary fuel in the next coming days.

For this purpose, commercialization of innovative Clean Coal Technology and Zero-emission coal fired power generation are very urgent matter.

Japan is requested to play a major role to save the earth by its highest technologies developed by government, universities and industries, together with the cooperation of the world.



Renewable

Oil

Coal Natural Gas

Nuclear

Thank you for your attention !

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