development of chiti n and chitosan from narmada …€¦ · hours to remove minerals mainly...

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)Volume 8, Issue 7, JulyAvailable online at ISSN Print: 0976 © IAEME

DEVELOPMENT OF CHITIFROM NARMADA RIVERSI

ABSTRACTChitin and chitosan are the important biopolymers

extracted from many sources. This paper describes the chemical extraction of chitin and chitosan from Narmada riverside crab shells. The processes involved in chitin and chitosan preparation were deproteinization, demineralizationThe mechanical properties of the extracted chitin and chitosan would be investigated to recognize their mechanical applications. Chitin is the wellnature, after cellulose. Due to its industrial and biomedical applieconomic value and importance in an engineering field. Crustaceans, insects, and microorganisms are the main sources of chitin extraction. The commercial sources are exoskeletons of shrimps, crabs, lobsters, and krill that are suppliequantities by the shellfish processing industries in many countries. Both chemical and biological methods are being used for chitin preparation. Bases and acids are required for a chemical method, while the biological method involves microorganipreparation. HCL and NaOH were used for demineralization and deproteinization respectively. The deacetylation of chitin was done by using concentrated NaOH to prepare chitosan. The Nafor biopolymer preparation. Therefore the present work recognizes the utility of these waste crab shells. Key words:Cite this ArticleChitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab ShellsMechanical Engineering and Technologyhttp://www.i


International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)Volume 8, Issue 7, JulyAvailable online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJMEISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976

© IAEME Publication


Professor

ABSTRACT Chitin and chitosan are the important biopolymers

extracted from many sources. This paper describes the chemical extraction of chitin and chitosan from Narmada riverside crab shells. The processes involved in chitin and chitosan preparation were deproteinization, demineralizationThe mechanical properties of the extracted chitin and chitosan would be investigated to recognize their mechanical applications. Chitin is the wellnature, after cellulose. Due to its industrial and biomedical applieconomic value and importance in an engineering field. Crustaceans, insects, and microorganisms are the main sources of chitin extraction. The commercial sources are exoskeletons of shrimps, crabs, lobsters, and krill that are suppliequantities by the shellfish processing industries in many countries. Both chemical and biological methods are being used for chitin preparation. Bases and acids are required for a chemical method, while the biological method involves microorganisms. The Narmada riverside crab shells were used for chitin and chitosan preparation. HCL and NaOH were used for demineralization and deproteinization respectively. The deacetylation of chitin was done by using concentrated NaOH to prepare chitosan. The Nafor biopolymer preparation. Therefore the present work recognizes the utility of these waste crab shells.Key words: Chitin, Chitosan, Crab Shell, Biopolymer, Narmada RiverCite this ArticleChitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab ShellsMechanical Engineering and Technologyhttp://www.iaeme.com/IJME

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)Volume 8, Issue 7, July 2017, pp.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJME6340 and ISSN Online: 0976

Publication


Head, DepartGovernment Polytechnic College, Sanawad, MP, India

Professor & Head,Oriental University, Indore, MP, India

Chitin and chitosan are the important biopolymers extracted from many sources. This paper describes the chemical extraction of chitin and chitosan from Narmada riverside crab shells. The processes involved in chitin and chitosan preparation were deproteinization, demineralizationThe mechanical properties of the extracted chitin and chitosan would be investigated to recognize their mechanical applications. Chitin is the wellnature, after cellulose. Due to its industrial and biomedical applieconomic value and importance in an engineering field. Crustaceans, insects, and microorganisms are the main sources of chitin extraction. The commercial sources are exoskeletons of shrimps, crabs, lobsters, and krill that are suppliequantities by the shellfish processing industries in many countries. Both chemical and biological methods are being used for chitin preparation. Bases and acids are required for a chemical method, while the biological method involves

sms. The Narmada riverside crab shells were used for chitin and chitosan preparation. HCL and NaOH were used for demineralization and deproteinization respectively. The deacetylation of chitin was done by using concentrated NaOH to prepare chitosan. The Narmada riverside crab shells were used first time in a record for biopolymer preparation. Therefore the present work recognizes the utility of these waste crab shells.

Chitin, Chitosan, Crab Shell, Biopolymer, Narmada RiverCite this Article: Kishore Kumar Gadgey and Dr. Shyamal DeyChitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab ShellsMechanical Engineering and Technology

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)2017, pp. 298–307, Article ID: IJM

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Scopus Indexed


Kishore Kumar GadgeyHead, Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Government Polytechnic College, Sanawad, MP, India

Dr. Shyamal Dey& Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering,Oriental University, Indore, MP, India


sms. The Narmada riverside crab shells were used for chitin and chitosan preparation. HCL and NaOH were used for demineralization and deproteinization respectively. The deacetylation of chitin was done by using concentrated NaOH to

rmada riverside crab shells were used first time in a record for biopolymer preparation. Therefore the present work recognizes the utility of these

Chitin, Chitosan, Crab Shell, Biopolymer, Narmada Riverishore Kumar Gadgey and Dr. Shyamal Dey

Chitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab ShellsMechanical Engineering and Technology

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asp 298

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)Article ID: IJM

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Indexed


Kishore Kumar Gadgeyment of Mechanical Engineering,


Dr. Shyamal DeyDepartment of Mechanical Engineering,

Oriental University, Indore, MP, India





Chitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab ShellsMechanical Engineering and Technology, 8(7), 2017, pp. 298

asp?JType=IJMET&VType

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)Article ID: IJMET_08_07_035

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DEVELOPMENT OF CHITIN AND CHITOSAN FROM NARMADA RIVERSIDE CRAB SHELL

Kishore Kumar Gadgey ment of Mechanical Engineering,


Dr. Shyamal Dey Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Oriental University, Indore, MP, India

Chitin and chitosan are the important biopolymers nowadays. Chitin has been extracted from many sources. This paper describes the chemical extraction of chitin and chitosan from Narmada riverside crab shells. The processes involved in chitin and chitosan preparation were deproteinization, demineralizationThe mechanical properties of the extracted chitin and chitosan would be investigated to recognize their mechanical applications. Chitin is the wellnature, after cellulose. Due to its industrial and biomedical applieconomic value and importance in an engineering field. Crustaceans, insects, and microorganisms are the main sources of chitin extraction. The commercial sources are exoskeletons of shrimps, crabs, lobsters, and krill that are suppliequantities by the shellfish processing industries in many countries. Both chemical and biological methods are being used for chitin preparation. Bases and acids are required for a chemical method, while the biological method involves




Chitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab Shells, 8(7), 2017, pp. 298

asp?JType=IJMET&VType

[email protected]

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) 07_035

asp?JType=IJMET&VType=8&IType=7

N AND CHITOSAN DE CRAB SHELL

ment of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic College, Sanawad, MP, India

Department of Mechanical Engineering,Oriental University, Indore, MP, India

nowadays. Chitin has been extracted from many sources. This paper describes the chemical extraction of chitin and chitosan from Narmada riverside crab shells. The processes involved in chitin and chitosan preparation were deproteinization, demineralization, and deacetylation. The mechanical properties of the extracted chitin and chitosan would be investigated to recognize their mechanical applications. Chitin is the well-known biopolymer in nature, after cellulose. Due to its industrial and biomedical applications, it has great economic value and importance in an engineering field. Crustaceans, insects, and microorganisms are the main sources of chitin extraction. The commercial sources are exoskeletons of shrimps, crabs, lobsters, and krill that are suppliequantities by the shellfish processing industries in many countries. Both chemical and biological methods are being used for chitin preparation. Bases and acids are required for a chemical method, while the biological method involves



Chitin, Chitosan, Crab Shell, Biopolymer, Narmada Riverishore Kumar Gadgey and Dr. Shyamal Dey. Development of

Chitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab Shells. International Journal of , 8(7), 2017, pp. 298–307.

asp?JType=IJMET&VType=8&IType=7

[email protected]

T&VType=8&IType=7

N AND CHITOSAN DE CRAB SHELL

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

nowadays. Chitin has been extracted from many sources. This paper describes the chemical extraction of chitin and chitosan from Narmada riverside crab shells. The processes involved in chitin

, and deacetylation. The mechanical properties of the extracted chitin and chitosan would be investigated

known biopolymer in cations, it has great

economic value and importance in an engineering field. Crustaceans, insects, and microorganisms are the main sources of chitin extraction. The commercial sources are exoskeletons of shrimps, crabs, lobsters, and krill that are supplied in large quantities by the shellfish processing industries in many countries. Both chemical and biological methods are being used for chitin preparation. Bases and acids are required for a chemical method, while the biological method involves



Chitin, Chitosan, Crab Shell, Biopolymer, Narmada River. Development of

International Journal of

=8&IType=7

[email protected]

T&VType=8&IType=7

N AND CHITOSAN DE CRAB SHELLS

nowadays. Chitin has been extracted from many sources. This paper describes the chemical extraction of chitin and chitosan from Narmada riverside crab shells. The processes involved in chitin

, and deacetylation. The mechanical properties of the extracted chitin and chitosan would be investigated

known biopolymer in cations, it has great

economic value and importance in an engineering field. Crustaceans, insects, and microorganisms are the main sources of chitin extraction. The commercial sources

d in large quantities by the shellfish processing industries in many countries. Both chemical and biological methods are being used for chitin preparation. Bases and acids are required for a chemical method, while the biological method involves



Development of International Journal of

Kishore Kumar Gadgey and Dr. Shyamal Dey

http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 299 [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION The invention of the biopolymer is one of the great works in polymer science. The English scientist A. Hachett discovered this wonderful material in 1799. Henri Braconnot and Odier worked further to discover the chitin. Chitin can be extracted from the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans. Chitin can also be extracted from other sources like fungi, mushrooms, worms, diatoms, etc. [1, 2, 3, 4, and 5]. It is observed that Chitin is the second most abundant biopolymer in nature after cellulose [6]. Very few mechanical studies have been made on the hard shells (solid cuticle) characteristic of the arthropod integument and it is therefore not yet possible to provide a general model for the mechanical behavior of the exoskeletons of this phylum. Arthropods are the largest animal phylum. They include the trilobites, chelicerates, myriapods, hexapods, and crustaceans. All arthropods are covered by an exoskeleton, which is periodically shed as the animal grows. The exoskeleton of arthropods consists mainly of chitin. In the case of crustaceans, there is a high degree of mineralization, typically calcium carbonate, which gives mechanical rigidity. Studies on mechanical behavior of crab shell are reported [7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12]. Chitin’s deacetylated derivative chitosan have many applications in engineering. Water Engineering, Food Technology, Biomedicine, Agriculture, Textile and Paper Industry, Cosmetics, Biotechnology, Photography, Solid State Batteries, Energy Production, Material Science and Engineering, Chromatographic Separations, Ophthalmic Technology etc. are the main application areas of chitin and chitosan [13]. The process of chitin extraction depends on the source and also the percentage of chitin present in it. Limam et al. [14] reported the extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from two species of crustacean of Tunisian origin. Al-Sagheer et al. [15] prepared chitin from Arabian Gulf crustaceans’ sources to determine the protein content in chitin. Abdou et al. [3] reported the production of chitin and its derivative from the crustacean of Egyptian origin. Yildiz et al. [16] reported the characterization and production of chitin and chitosan from Mediterranean crab shell. Nigerian origin is also known for the extraction and characterization of chitin from crustacean [17 and 18]. Due to the wide application of chitosan, various methods of chitin extraction have been reported. The extraction of Chitin by fermentation and enzymatic methods are also reported. The fermentation method is very expensive. The chemical method of chitin extraction has been widely reported [19, 20, 21, 22, and 23]. The main commercial sources of chitin are crab and shrimp shells. In chemical method, chitin is extracted by acid treatment to dissolve the calcium carbonate followed by the alkaline solution to dissolve proteins. A decolorization step is often added in order to remove pigments and obtain a colorless pure chitin. Figure 1 shows the chemical structure of chitin and chitosan. Chitin has more applications while transforming to chitosan (by partial deacetylation under alkaline conditions) [24, 25, and 26]. The degree of acetylation of chitosan is characterized by the molar fraction of N-acetylated units (DA) or as a percentage of acetylation (DA %). In biomedical applications, residual proteins can cause serious side effects hence chitin and chitosan need to be highly purified. The good film forming properties are valuable for wound dressing, artificial skin or packaging.

The aim of this article to describe the working of chitin extraction from Narmada River Side crab shell. The chitin was extracted by chemical method. The extracted chitin is further deacetylated to produce chitosan.


2. MATERIALS AND METThe main sources of raw material for the production of chitin are cuticles of various crustaceans, mostly crab, and shrimps. In crustaceans or more specifically shellfish, chitin is found as a constituent of a complex netwdeposits to form the rigid shell. The interaction between protein and chitin is very intimate in shells. A small fraction of protein is involved in a polysaccharidechitin isolation from sproteins by deproteinization and inorganic calcium carbonate by demineralization, together with small amounts of pigments and lipids that are generally removed during the two previousteps. In some cases, an additional step of decolorization is applied to remove residual pigments. Many methods have been proposed and used over the years to prepare pure chitin; however, no standard method has been adopted. Both deproteinization and demcould be carried out using chemical or enzymatic processes. The order of two steps mentioned before may be reversed with some benefit, especially when enzymatic treatment is considered. Microbial fermentation is also one of the processes; in and demineralization steps are performed simultaneously. Regardless of the selected treatment, the isolation of chitin begins with the selection of shells. The raw material used in present work is Narmada River Side Crab Shell c(MP).Chemical method of chitin extraction was used to prepare chitin and chitosan.

2.1. Chemical MethodFigure 2 shows the procedural steps employed in extraction of chitin from Narmada river side crab shell. The crGrinding, demineralization, deproteinization etc. were the main steps followed by filtration and drying.

Development of Chitin and Chitosan from Narmada Riverside Crab Shells


2. MATERIALS AND METThe main sources of raw material for the production of chitin are cuticles of various crustaceans, mostly crab, and shrimps. In crustaceans or more specifically shellfish, chitin is found as a constituent of a complex netwdeposits to form the rigid shell. The interaction between protein and chitin is very intimate in shells. A small fraction of protein is involved in a polysaccharidechitin isolation from sproteins by deproteinization and inorganic calcium carbonate by demineralization, together with small amounts of pigments and lipids that are generally removed during the two previousteps. In some cases, an additional step of decolorization is applied to remove residual pigments. Many methods have been proposed and used over the years to prepare pure chitin; however, no standard method has been adopted. Both deproteinization and demcould be carried out using chemical or enzymatic processes. The order of two steps mentioned before may be reversed with some benefit, especially when enzymatic treatment is considered. Microbial fermentation is also one of the processes; in and demineralization steps are performed simultaneously. Regardless of the selected treatment, the isolation of chitin begins with the selection of shells. The raw material used in present work is Narmada River Side Crab Shell c(MP).Chemical method of chitin extraction was used to prepare chitin and chitosan.

Chemical MethodFigure 2 shows the procedural steps employed in extraction of chitin from Narmada river side crab shell. The crGrinding, demineralization, deproteinization etc. were the main steps followed by filtration and drying.



Figure 1

2. MATERIALS AND METThe main sources of raw material for the production of chitin are cuticles of various crustaceans, mostly crab, and shrimps. In crustaceans or more specifically shellfish, chitin is found as a constituent of a complex netwdeposits to form the rigid shell. The interaction between protein and chitin is very intimate in shells. A small fraction of protein is involved in a polysaccharidechitin isolation from shellfish requires the removal of the two major constituents of the shell, proteins by deproteinization and inorganic calcium carbonate by demineralization, together with small amounts of pigments and lipids that are generally removed during the two previousteps. In some cases, an additional step of decolorization is applied to remove residual pigments. Many methods have been proposed and used over the years to prepare pure chitin; however, no standard method has been adopted. Both deproteinization and demcould be carried out using chemical or enzymatic processes. The order of two steps mentioned before may be reversed with some benefit, especially when enzymatic treatment is considered. Microbial fermentation is also one of the processes; in and demineralization steps are performed simultaneously. Regardless of the selected treatment, the isolation of chitin begins with the selection of shells. The raw material used in present work is Narmada River Side Crab Shell c(MP).Chemical method of chitin extraction was used to prepare chitin and chitosan.

Chemical Method Figure 2 shows the procedural steps employed in extraction of chitin from Narmada river side crab shell. The crab shell were collected and processed to extract chitin and chitosan. Grinding, demineralization, deproteinization etc. were the main steps followed by filtration


IJMET/index.asp

Figure 1 Chemical structure of chitin and

2. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe main sources of raw material for the production of chitin are cuticles of various crustaceans, mostly crab, and shrimps. In crustaceans or more specifically shellfish, chitin is found as a constituent of a complex netwdeposits to form the rigid shell. The interaction between protein and chitin is very intimate in shells. A small fraction of protein is involved in a polysaccharide

hellfish requires the removal of the two major constituents of the shell, proteins by deproteinization and inorganic calcium carbonate by demineralization, together with small amounts of pigments and lipids that are generally removed during the two previousteps. In some cases, an additional step of decolorization is applied to remove residual pigments. Many methods have been proposed and used over the years to prepare pure chitin; however, no standard method has been adopted. Both deproteinization and demcould be carried out using chemical or enzymatic processes. The order of two steps mentioned before may be reversed with some benefit, especially when enzymatic treatment is considered. Microbial fermentation is also one of the processes; in and demineralization steps are performed simultaneously. Regardless of the selected treatment, the isolation of chitin begins with the selection of shells. The raw material used in present work is Narmada River Side Crab Shell c(MP).Chemical method of chitin extraction was used to prepare chitin and chitosan.

Figure 2 shows the procedural steps employed in extraction of chitin from Narmada river side ab shell were collected and processed to extract chitin and chitosan.

Grinding, demineralization, deproteinization etc. were the main steps followed by filtration


asp 300

Chemical structure of chitin and

HODS The main sources of raw material for the production of chitin are cuticles of various crustaceans, mostly crab, and shrimps. In crustaceans or more specifically shellfish, chitin is found as a constituent of a complex network of proteins onto which calcium carbonate deposits to form the rigid shell. The interaction between protein and chitin is very intimate in shells. A small fraction of protein is involved in a polysaccharide

hellfish requires the removal of the two major constituents of the shell, proteins by deproteinization and inorganic calcium carbonate by demineralization, together with small amounts of pigments and lipids that are generally removed during the two previousteps. In some cases, an additional step of decolorization is applied to remove residual pigments. Many methods have been proposed and used over the years to prepare pure chitin; however, no standard method has been adopted. Both deproteinization and demcould be carried out using chemical or enzymatic processes. The order of two steps mentioned before may be reversed with some benefit, especially when enzymatic treatment is considered. Microbial fermentation is also one of the processes; in and demineralization steps are performed simultaneously. Regardless of the selected treatment, the isolation of chitin begins with the selection of shells. The raw material used in present work is Narmada River Side Crab Shell collected from the fish market of Sanawad (MP).Chemical method of chitin extraction was used to prepare chitin and chitosan.




Chemical structure of chitin and chitosan

The main sources of raw material for the production of chitin are cuticles of various crustaceans, mostly crab, and shrimps. In crustaceans or more specifically shellfish, chitin is

ork of proteins onto which calcium carbonate deposits to form the rigid shell. The interaction between protein and chitin is very intimate in shells. A small fraction of protein is involved in a polysaccharide

hellfish requires the removal of the two major constituents of the shell, proteins by deproteinization and inorganic calcium carbonate by demineralization, together with small amounts of pigments and lipids that are generally removed during the two previousteps. In some cases, an additional step of decolorization is applied to remove residual pigments. Many methods have been proposed and used over the years to prepare pure chitin; however, no standard method has been adopted. Both deproteinization and demcould be carried out using chemical or enzymatic processes. The order of two steps mentioned before may be reversed with some benefit, especially when enzymatic treatment is considered. Microbial fermentation is also one of the processes; in and demineralization steps are performed simultaneously. Regardless of the selected treatment, the isolation of chitin begins with the selection of shells. The raw material used in

ollected from the fish market of Sanawad (MP).Chemical method of chitin extraction was used to prepare chitin and chitosan.




[email protected]

chitosan


ork of proteins onto which calcium carbonate deposits to form the rigid shell. The interaction between protein and chitin is very intimate in shells. A small fraction of protein is involved in a polysaccharide-protein complex. Thus,

hellfish requires the removal of the two major constituents of the shell, proteins by deproteinization and inorganic calcium carbonate by demineralization, together with small amounts of pigments and lipids that are generally removed during the two previousteps. In some cases, an additional step of decolorization is applied to remove residual pigments. Many methods have been proposed and used over the years to prepare pure chitin; however, no standard method has been adopted. Both deproteinization and demcould be carried out using chemical or enzymatic processes. The order of two steps mentioned before may be reversed with some benefit, especially when enzymatic treatment is considered. Microbial fermentation is also one of the processes; in that case, deproteinization and demineralization steps are performed simultaneously. Regardless of the selected treatment, the isolation of chitin begins with the selection of shells. The raw material used in





[email protected]


ork of proteins onto which calcium carbonate deposits to form the rigid shell. The interaction between protein and chitin is very intimate in

protein complex. Thus, hellfish requires the removal of the two major constituents of the shell,

proteins by deproteinization and inorganic calcium carbonate by demineralization, together with small amounts of pigments and lipids that are generally removed during the two previousteps. In some cases, an additional step of decolorization is applied to remove residual pigments. Many methods have been proposed and used over the years to prepare pure chitin; however, no standard method has been adopted. Both deproteinization and demineralization could be carried out using chemical or enzymatic processes. The order of two steps mentioned before may be reversed with some benefit, especially when enzymatic treatment is

that case, deproteinization and demineralization steps are performed simultaneously. Regardless of the selected treatment, the isolation of chitin begins with the selection of shells. The raw material used in




[email protected]


ork of proteins onto which calcium carbonate deposits to form the rigid shell. The interaction between protein and chitin is very intimate in

protein complex. Thus, hellfish requires the removal of the two major constituents of the shell,

proteins by deproteinization and inorganic calcium carbonate by demineralization, together with small amounts of pigments and lipids that are generally removed during the two previous steps. In some cases, an additional step of decolorization is applied to remove residual pigments. Many methods have been proposed and used over the years to prepare pure chitin;

ineralization could be carried out using chemical or enzymatic processes. The order of two steps mentioned before may be reversed with some benefit, especially when enzymatic treatment is

that case, deproteinization and demineralization steps are performed simultaneously. Regardless of the selected treatment, the isolation of chitin begins with the selection of shells. The raw material used in

ollected from the fish market of Sanawad




2.1.1. Narmada Crab shells were purchased from Sanawad fish market and dried in open atmosphere for Two days. The dried shells were crushed for further operations. Figure 3 shows the raw crab shell collected from the market

2.1.2. Grinding oCrab shells were cleaned and washed thoroughly to remove any foreign materials, followed by grinding to get particle size 0.30demineralization and deproteinization. The sharp smell was observed during the grinding and drying processes.

2.1.3. Demineralization ProcessDemineralization is the process of the removal of minerals, primarily calcium cgenerally performed by acid treatment using HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH, HCOOH, and HNO3. Among these acids, the preferred reagent is dilute hydrochloric acid. Demineralization involves the decomposition of calcium carbonate into the waterrelease of carbon dioxide as shown in the following equation:

Crab shells

Drying70°C

Bleaching(H2O2)


Narmada River Side Crab ShellsCrab shells were purchased from Sanawad fish market and dried in open atmosphere for Two days. The dried shells were crushed for further operations. Figure 3 shows the raw crab shell collected from the market

Grinding of Crab ShellsCrab shells were cleaned and washed thoroughly to remove any foreign materials, followed by grinding to get particle size 0.30demineralization and deproteinization. The sharp smell was observed during the grinding and drying processes.

Demineralization ProcessDemineralization is the process of the removal of minerals, primarily calcium cgenerally performed by acid treatment using HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH, HCOOH, and HNO3. Among these acids, the preferred reagent is dilute hydrochloric acid. Demineralization involves the decomposition of calcium carbonate into the waterrelease of carbon dioxide as shown in the following equation:

Crab shells

Drying

Bleaching(H2O2)



Figure 2 Flow chart for extraction of chitin from crab shells.

River Side Crab ShellsCrab shells were purchased from Sanawad fish market and dried in open atmosphere for Two days. The dried shells were crushed for further operations. Figure 3 shows the raw crab shell collected from the market and fine crab shell part

Figure 3 Narmada river side crab shell

f Crab ShellsCrab shells were cleaned and washed thoroughly to remove any foreign materials, followed by grinding to get particle size 0.30demineralization and deproteinization. The sharp smell was observed during the grinding and

Demineralization ProcessDemineralization is the process of the removal of minerals, primarily calcium cgenerally performed by acid treatment using HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH, HCOOH, and HNO3. Among these acids, the preferred reagent is dilute hydrochloric acid. Demineralization involves the decomposition of calcium carbonate into the waterrelease of carbon dioxide as shown in the following equation:

Grinding

Wet cake

washing with dimenralized water


IJMET/index.asp

Flow chart for extraction of chitin from crab shells.

River Side Crab Shells Crab shells were purchased from Sanawad fish market and dried in open atmosphere for Two days. The dried shells were crushed for further operations. Figure 3 shows the raw crab shell

and fine crab shell part

Narmada river side crab shell

f Crab Shells Crab shells were cleaned and washed thoroughly to remove any foreign materials, followed by grinding to get particle size 0.30-0.35 mm. The demineralization and deproteinization. The sharp smell was observed during the grinding and

Demineralization Process Demineralization is the process of the removal of minerals, primarily calcium cgenerally performed by acid treatment using HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH, HCOOH, and HNO3. Among these acids, the preferred reagent is dilute hydrochloric acid. Demineralization involves the decomposition of calcium carbonate into the waterrelease of carbon dioxide as shown in the following equation:

Grinding

Wet cake

washing with dimenralized water


asp 301


Crab shells were purchased from Sanawad fish market and dried in open atmosphere for Two days. The dried shells were crushed for further operations. Figure 3 shows the raw crab shell

and fine crab shell particles after grinding.

Narmada river side crab shell

Crab shells were cleaned and washed thoroughly to remove any foreign materials, followed 0.35 mm. The

demineralization and deproteinization. The sharp smell was observed during the grinding and

Demineralization is the process of the removal of minerals, primarily calcium cgenerally performed by acid treatment using HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH, HCOOH, and HNO3. Among these acids, the preferred reagent is dilute hydrochloric acid. Demineralization involves the decomposition of calcium carbonate into the waterrelease of carbon dioxide as shown in the following equation:

Demineralization(7% HCl)

Filtration

washing with Drying70




icles after grinding.

Narmada river side crab shells and ground powder

Crab shells were cleaned and washed thoroughly to remove any foreign materials, followed 0.35 mm. The ground crab shells were stored for


Demineralization is the process of the removal of minerals, primarily calcium cgenerally performed by acid treatment using HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH, HCOOH, and HNO3. Among these acids, the preferred reagent is dilute hydrochloric acid. Demineralization involves the decomposition of calcium carbonate into the waterrelease of carbon dioxide as shown in the following equation:

Demineralization(7% HCl)

Filtration

Drying70°C


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icles after grinding.

s and ground powder

Crab shells were cleaned and washed thoroughly to remove any foreign materials, followed ground crab shells were stored for


Demineralization is the process of the removal of minerals, primarily calcium cgenerally performed by acid treatment using HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH, HCOOH, and HNO3. Among these acids, the preferred reagent is dilute hydrochloric acid. Demineralization involves the decomposition of calcium carbonate into the water-soluble calcium salts with the

Demineralization

Deproteinization(5% NaOH)

White chitin

[email protected]





Demineralization is the process of the removal of minerals, primarily calcium carbonate. It is generally performed by acid treatment using HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH, HCOOH, and HNO3. Among these acids, the preferred reagent is dilute hydrochloric acid. Demineralization

calcium salts with the

Filtration

Deproteinization(5% NaOH)

White chitin

[email protected]




arbonate. It is generally performed by acid treatment using HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH, HCOOH, and HNO3. Among these acids, the preferred reagent is dilute hydrochloric acid. Demineralization

calcium salts with the

Filtration

Deproteinization


Most of the other minerals present in the crab shells react similarly and give soluble salts in presence of acid. Then, salts can be easfollowed by washing using distilled water. As given in the chemical equation two molecules of HCl are required to convert one molecule of calcium carbonate into calcium chloride. For the complete reactior even greater. Due to the heterogeneity of the solid, it is difficult to remove all minerals, therefore, larger volume or more concentrated acid solution is used. The demineralizatprocess can be followed by acidimetric titration: the evolution of pH towards neutrality corresponds to acid consumption but the persistence of acidity in the medium indicates the end of the reaction. Various demineralization treatments were previouslyvarious reaction conditions.

In demineralization, process samples were prepared. The crab shell powder was weighed approximately 25 gm. The sample was demineralized with 100 ml of HCl solution with 7% concentration. Crab shell powder was continuous stirring to avoid effervescence and heated under stirring at 60remove carbonate and phosphate content from the crab shell powder. The samples were allowed to soak for 24 of hydrochloric acid were added; the gas was not generated that shows the complete removal of calcium carbonate. The mixture was filtered off and washed with distilled water. The product of crab shell powder.

2.1.4. Deproteinization ProcessDue to disruption of chemical bonds between chitin and proteins, the deproteinis very difficult. This process is performed heterogeneously using chemicals. The process of deproteinization also depolymerizes the biopolymer. The complete removal of protein is necessary for biomedical applications, as a percentage of thprotein. Various chemicals have been tested as deproteinization reagents including NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, Na2S, Ca(OH)2, Na2SO3, NaHSO3, CaHSO3, Na3PO4, and K2CO3. It was observed that reactions conditions vary considepreferred reagent is NaOH and it is applied at a concentration ranging from 0.125 to 5.0 M, at varying temperature (up to 160 °C) and treatment duration (from few minutes up to few days).It was also observed that in deproteinizatiopartial deacetylation of chitin and hydrolysis of the biopolymer lowering its molecular weight.



Most of the other minerals present in the crab shells react similarly and give soluble salts in presence of acid. Then, salts can be easfollowed by washing using distilled water. As given in the chemical equation two molecules of HCl are required to convert one molecule of calcium carbonate into calcium chloride. For the complete reactior even greater. Due to the heterogeneity of the solid, it is difficult to remove all minerals, therefore, larger volume or more concentrated acid solution is used. The demineralizatprocess can be followed by acidimetric titration: the evolution of pH towards neutrality corresponds to acid consumption but the persistence of acidity in the medium indicates the end of the reaction. Various demineralization treatments were previouslyvarious reaction conditions.

In demineralization, process samples were prepared. The crab shell powder was weighed approximately 25 gm. The sample was demineralized with 100 ml of HCl solution with 7% concentration. Crab shell powder was continuous stirring to avoid effervescence and heated under stirring at 60remove carbonate and phosphate content from the crab shell powder. The samples were allowed to soak for 24 of hydrochloric acid were added; the gas was not generated that shows the complete removal of calcium carbonate. The mixture was filtered off and washed with distilled water. The product was dried overnight in the oven at 50 °C. Figure 4 shows the demineralization process of crab shell powder.

Deproteinization ProcessDue to disruption of chemical bonds between chitin and proteins, the deproteinis very difficult. This process is performed heterogeneously using chemicals. The process of deproteinization also depolymerizes the biopolymer. The complete removal of protein is necessary for biomedical applications, as a percentage of thprotein. Various chemicals have been tested as deproteinization reagents including NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, Na2S, Ca(OH)2, Na2SO3, NaHSO3, CaHSO3, Na3PO4, and K2CO3. It was observed that reactions conditions vary considepreferred reagent is NaOH and it is applied at a concentration ranging from 0.125 to 5.0 M, at varying temperature (up to 160 °C) and treatment duration (from few minutes up to few days).It was also observed that in deproteinizatiopartial deacetylation of chitin and hydrolysis of the biopolymer lowering its molecular weight.



2 HCl + CaCO3Most of the other minerals present in the crab shells react similarly and give soluble salts

in presence of acid. Then, salts can be easfollowed by washing using distilled water. As given in the chemical equation two molecules of HCl are required to convert one molecule of calcium carbonate into calcium chloride. For the complete reaction, acid intake should be equal to the stoichiometric amount of minerals, or even greater. Due to the heterogeneity of the solid, it is difficult to remove all minerals, therefore, larger volume or more concentrated acid solution is used. The demineralizatprocess can be followed by acidimetric titration: the evolution of pH towards neutrality corresponds to acid consumption but the persistence of acidity in the medium indicates the end of the reaction. Various demineralization treatments were previouslyvarious reaction conditions.

In demineralization, process samples were prepared. The crab shell powder was weighed approximately 25 gm. The sample was demineralized with 100 ml of HCl solution with 7% concentration. Crab shell powder was continuous stirring to avoid effervescence and heated under stirring at 60remove carbonate and phosphate content from the crab shell powder. The samples were allowed to soak for 24 hours to remove minerals mainly calcium carbonate. As a check, 10 ml of hydrochloric acid were added; the gas was not generated that shows the complete removal of calcium carbonate. The mixture was filtered off and washed with distilled water. The

was dried overnight in the oven at 50 °C. Figure 4 shows the demineralization process of crab shell powder.

Deproteinization ProcessDue to disruption of chemical bonds between chitin and proteins, the deproteinis very difficult. This process is performed heterogeneously using chemicals. The process of deproteinization also depolymerizes the biopolymer. The complete removal of protein is necessary for biomedical applications, as a percentage of thprotein. Various chemicals have been tested as deproteinization reagents including NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, Na2S, Ca(OH)2, Na2SO3, NaHSO3, CaHSO3, Na3PO4, and K2CO3. It was observed that reactions conditions vary considepreferred reagent is NaOH and it is applied at a concentration ranging from 0.125 to 5.0 M, at varying temperature (up to 160 °C) and treatment duration (from few minutes up to few days).It was also observed that in deproteinizatiopartial deacetylation of chitin and hydrolysis of the biopolymer lowering its molecular weight.


IJMET/index.asp

2 HCl + CaCO3Most of the other minerals present in the crab shells react similarly and give soluble salts

in presence of acid. Then, salts can be easfollowed by washing using distilled water. As given in the chemical equation two molecules of HCl are required to convert one molecule of calcium carbonate into calcium chloride. For

on, acid intake should be equal to the stoichiometric amount of minerals, or even greater. Due to the heterogeneity of the solid, it is difficult to remove all minerals, therefore, larger volume or more concentrated acid solution is used. The demineralizatprocess can be followed by acidimetric titration: the evolution of pH towards neutrality corresponds to acid consumption but the persistence of acidity in the medium indicates the end of the reaction. Various demineralization treatments were previously

In demineralization, process samples were prepared. The crab shell powder was weighed approximately 25 gm. The sample was demineralized with 100 ml of HCl solution with 7% concentration. Crab shell powder was added slowly to 100 ml hydrochloric acid solution with continuous stirring to avoid effervescence and heated under stirring at 60remove carbonate and phosphate content from the crab shell powder. The samples were

hours to remove minerals mainly calcium carbonate. As a check, 10 ml of hydrochloric acid were added; the gas was not generated that shows the complete removal of calcium carbonate. The mixture was filtered off and washed with distilled water. The

was dried overnight in the oven at 50 °C. Figure 4 shows the demineralization process

Figure 4 Demineralization P

Deproteinization Process Due to disruption of chemical bonds between chitin and proteins, the deproteinis very difficult. This process is performed heterogeneously using chemicals. The process of deproteinization also depolymerizes the biopolymer. The complete removal of protein is necessary for biomedical applications, as a percentage of thprotein. Various chemicals have been tested as deproteinization reagents including NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, Na2S, Ca(OH)2, Na2SO3, NaHSO3, CaHSO3, Na3PO4, and K2CO3. It was observed that reactions conditions vary considepreferred reagent is NaOH and it is applied at a concentration ranging from 0.125 to 5.0 M, at varying temperature (up to 160 °C) and treatment duration (from few minutes up to few days).It was also observed that in deproteinizatiopartial deacetylation of chitin and hydrolysis of the biopolymer lowering its molecular weight.


asp 302

2 HCl + CaCO3→ CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 ↑Most of the other minerals present in the crab shells react similarly and give soluble salts

in presence of acid. Then, salts can be easily separated by filtration of the chitin solid phase followed by washing using distilled water. As given in the chemical equation two molecules of HCl are required to convert one molecule of calcium carbonate into calcium chloride. For


In demineralization, process samples were prepared. The crab shell powder was weighed approximately 25 gm. The sample was demineralized with 100 ml of HCl solution with 7%

added slowly to 100 ml hydrochloric acid solution with continuous stirring to avoid effervescence and heated under stirring at 60remove carbonate and phosphate content from the crab shell powder. The samples were



Demineralization P

Due to disruption of chemical bonds between chitin and proteins, the deproteinis very difficult. This process is performed heterogeneously using chemicals. The process of deproteinization also depolymerizes the biopolymer. The complete removal of protein is necessary for biomedical applications, as a percentage of thprotein. Various chemicals have been tested as deproteinization reagents including NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, Na2S, Ca(OH)2, Na2SO3, NaHSO3, CaHSO3, Na3PO4, and K2CO3. It was observed that reactions conditions vary considepreferred reagent is NaOH and it is applied at a concentration ranging from 0.125 to 5.0 M, at varying temperature (up to 160 °C) and treatment duration (from few minutes up to few days).It was also observed that in deproteinization, the use of NaOH invariably results in partial deacetylation of chitin and hydrolysis of the biopolymer lowering its molecular weight.


→ CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 ↑Most of the other minerals present in the crab shells react similarly and give soluble salts

ily separated by filtration of the chitin solid phase followed by washing using distilled water. As given in the chemical equation two molecules of HCl are required to convert one molecule of calcium carbonate into calcium chloride. For






Demineralization Process.

Due to disruption of chemical bonds between chitin and proteins, the deproteinis very difficult. This process is performed heterogeneously using chemicals. The process of deproteinization also depolymerizes the biopolymer. The complete removal of protein is necessary for biomedical applications, as a percentage of the human population is allergic to protein. Various chemicals have been tested as deproteinization reagents including NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, Na2S, Ca(OH)2, Na2SO3, NaHSO3, CaHSO3, Na3PO4, and K2CO3. It was observed that reactions conditions vary considepreferred reagent is NaOH and it is applied at a concentration ranging from 0.125 to 5.0 M, at varying temperature (up to 160 °C) and treatment duration (from few minutes up to few

n, the use of NaOH invariably results in partial deacetylation of chitin and hydrolysis of the biopolymer lowering its molecular weight.


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→ CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 ↑ Most of the other minerals present in the crab shells react similarly and give soluble salts

ily separated by filtration of the chitin solid phase followed by washing using distilled water. As given in the chemical equation two molecules of HCl are required to convert one molecule of calcium carbonate into calcium chloride. For






rocess.

Due to disruption of chemical bonds between chitin and proteins, the deproteinis very difficult. This process is performed heterogeneously using chemicals. The process of deproteinization also depolymerizes the biopolymer. The complete removal of protein is

e human population is allergic to protein. Various chemicals have been tested as deproteinization reagents including NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, Na2S, Ca(OH)2, Na2SO3, NaHSO3, CaHSO3, Na3PO4, and K2CO3. It was observed that reactions conditions vary considerably in each study. The preferred reagent is NaOH and it is applied at a concentration ranging from 0.125 to 5.0 M, at varying temperature (up to 160 °C) and treatment duration (from few minutes up to few



[email protected]

Most of the other minerals present in the crab shells react similarly and give soluble salts ily separated by filtration of the chitin solid phase

followed by washing using distilled water. As given in the chemical equation two molecules of HCl are required to convert one molecule of calcium carbonate into calcium chloride. For

on, acid intake should be equal to the stoichiometric amount of minerals, or even greater. Due to the heterogeneity of the solid, it is difficult to remove all minerals, therefore, larger volume or more concentrated acid solution is used. The demineralizatprocess can be followed by acidimetric titration: the evolution of pH towards neutrality corresponds to acid consumption but the persistence of acidity in the medium indicates the end of the reaction. Various demineralization treatments were previously used, involving


added slowly to 100 ml hydrochloric acid solution with continuous stirring to avoid effervescence and heated under stirring at 60˚C for 2-3 hours to remove carbonate and phosphate content from the crab shell powder. The samples were



Due to disruption of chemical bonds between chitin and proteins, the deproteinization process is very difficult. This process is performed heterogeneously using chemicals. The process of deproteinization also depolymerizes the biopolymer. The complete removal of protein is

e human population is allergic to protein. Various chemicals have been tested as deproteinization reagents including NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, Na2S, Ca(OH)2, Na2SO3, NaHSO3, CaHSO3, Na3PO4, and

rably in each study. The preferred reagent is NaOH and it is applied at a concentration ranging from 0.125 to 5.0 M, at varying temperature (up to 160 °C) and treatment duration (from few minutes up to few


[email protected]

Most of the other minerals present in the crab shells react similarly and give soluble salts ily separated by filtration of the chitin solid phase

followed by washing using distilled water. As given in the chemical equation two molecules of HCl are required to convert one molecule of calcium carbonate into calcium chloride. For

on, acid intake should be equal to the stoichiometric amount of minerals, or even greater. Due to the heterogeneity of the solid, it is difficult to remove all minerals, therefore, larger volume or more concentrated acid solution is used. The demineralization process can be followed by acidimetric titration: the evolution of pH towards neutrality corresponds to acid consumption but the persistence of acidity in the medium indicates the

used, involving


added slowly to 100 ml hydrochloric acid solution with 3 hours to

remove carbonate and phosphate content from the crab shell powder. The samples were hours to remove minerals mainly calcium carbonate. As a check, 10 ml

of hydrochloric acid were added; the gas was not generated that shows the complete removal of calcium carbonate. The mixture was filtered off and washed with distilled water. The


ization process is very difficult. This process is performed heterogeneously using chemicals. The process of deproteinization also depolymerizes the biopolymer. The complete removal of protein is

e human population is allergic to protein. Various chemicals have been tested as deproteinization reagents including NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, Na2S, Ca(OH)2, Na2SO3, NaHSO3, CaHSO3, Na3PO4, and

rably in each study. The preferred reagent is NaOH and it is applied at a concentration ranging from 0.125 to 5.0 M, at varying temperature (up to 160 °C) and treatment duration (from few minutes up to few



The demineralized crab shell samples were then treated for 2 hours with 50ml of 20% NaOH solution. The mixture was heatalbumen into water soluble amino acids. The material was filtered off with a strainer and the process was repeated. The sample was filtered, washed repeatedly with distilled water to remove any traces of chewith natural water, the material was observed clear. Figure 5 shows the deproteinization process.

2.1.5. Filration ProcessFiltration was laboratory it wasoven at 70further dried in an oven.

2.1.6. Bleaching ProcessFor bleaching, the dried sample was washed with hydrogen peroxide. The bleached material was dried and stored in an airtight box. In that way, the dried and deodorized sample of chitin was obtained. Figure 7 shows the final chitin powder.


The demineralized crab shell samples were then treated for 2 hours with 50ml of 20% NaOH solution. The mixture was heatalbumen into water soluble amino acids. The material was filtered off with a strainer and the process was repeated. The sample was filtered, washed repeatedly with distilled water to remove any traces of chewith natural water, the material was observed clear. Figure 5 shows the deproteinization process.

Filration ProcessFiltration was a very time consuming process. Since vacuum filter was not working in the laboratory it was a

en at 70˚C for 3 hours. Figure 6further dried in an oven.

Bleaching ProcessFor bleaching, the dried sample was washed with hydrogen peroxide. The bleached material was dried and stored in an airtight box. In that way, the dried and deodorized sample of chitin was obtained. Figure 7 shows the final chitin powder.



The demineralized crab shell samples were then treated for 2 hours with 50ml of 20% NaOH solution. The mixture was heatalbumen into water soluble amino acids. The material was filtered off with a strainer and the process was repeated. The sample was filtered, washed repeatedly with distilled water to remove any traces of chemicals and soluble impurities. After repeated filtration and washing with natural water, the material was observed clear. Figure 5 shows the deproteinization

Filration Process ery time consuming process. Since vacuum filter was not working in the very big task to prepare the chitin.

˚C for 3 hours. Figure 6further dried in an oven.

Figure 6

Bleaching Process For bleaching, the dried sample was washed with hydrogen peroxide. The bleached material was dried and stored in an airtight box. In that way, the dried and deodorized sample of chitin was obtained. Figure 7 shows the final chitin powder.


IJMET/index.asp

The demineralized crab shell samples were then treated for 2 hours with 50ml of 20% NaOH solution. The mixture was heated under stirring at 60 albumen into water soluble amino acids. The material was filtered off with a strainer and the process was repeated. The sample was filtered, washed repeatedly with distilled water to

micals and soluble impurities. After repeated filtration and washing with natural water, the material was observed clear. Figure 5 shows the deproteinization

Figure 5 Deproteinization process

ery time consuming process. Since vacuum filter was not working in the very big task to prepare the chitin.

˚C for 3 hours. Figure 6 shows the filtration process and wet cake which was

Figure 6 Filtration process and wet cake

For bleaching, the dried sample was washed with hydrogen peroxide. The bleached material was dried and stored in an airtight box. In that way, the dried and deodorized sample of chitin was obtained. Figure 7 shows the final chitin powder.


asp 303

The demineralized crab shell samples were then treated for 2 hours with 50ml of 20% ed under stirring at 60

albumen into water soluble amino acids. The material was filtered off with a strainer and the process was repeated. The sample was filtered, washed repeatedly with distilled water to


Deproteinization process

ery time consuming process. Since vacuum filter was not working in the very big task to prepare the chitin.

shows the filtration process and wet cake which was

Filtration process and wet cake



The demineralized crab shell samples were then treated for 2 hours with 50ml of 20% ed under stirring at 60



Deproteinization process

ery time consuming process. Since vacuum filter was not working in the very big task to prepare the chitin. The filtered sample was then dried in an





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The demineralized crab shell samples were then treated for 2 hours with 50ml of 20% ed under stirring at 60 - 65 °C to decompose the



ery time consuming process. Since vacuum filter was not working in the The filtered sample was then dried in an



For bleaching, the dried sample was washed with hydrogen peroxide. The bleached material was dried and stored in an airtight box. In that way, the dried demineralized, deproteinized and deodorized sample of chitin was obtained. Figure 7 shows the final chitin powder.

[email protected]

The demineralized crab shell samples were then treated for 2 hours with 50ml of 20% 65 °C to decompose the





For bleaching, the dried sample was washed with hydrogen peroxide. The bleached material demineralized, deproteinized

and deodorized sample of chitin was obtained. Figure 7 shows the final chitin powder.

[email protected]

The demineralized crab shell samples were then treated for 2 hours with 50ml of 20% 65 °C to decompose the





For bleaching, the dried sample was washed with hydrogen peroxide. The bleached material demineralized, deproteinized

and deodorized sample of chitin was obtained. Figure 7 shows the final chitin powder.


2.1.7. Deacetylation ProcessThe main differenc50% deaceheterogeneously or homogeneously. Commonly, in the heterogeneous method, chitin is treated with a hot concentrated solution of NaOH for few hours, and chitosaan insoluble residue deacetylated up to 85%the alkali chitinNaOH/45 g H2O/ 3 g Chitin) at 25 °C for 3 han average degree of acetylation of 48%

Chitosan was prepared by the deacetylation of chitin. In the process of deacetylationchitin powder was treated with concentrated NaOH. The deacetylation was NaOH solution. The solution was boiled and stirred for 72 hours. The mixture was filtered and dried at 80ºC in the oven to obtain powdered Chitosan.chitosan powder.

2.2. Biological MethodThe chitin extraction by chemical treatments has many drawbacks: (i) it harms the physicochemical properties of chitin/chitosan and leads to molecular weight and degree of acetylation decrease that negatively affects the intrinsic properties of the purified chaffects wastewater effluent containing some chemicals (iii) it increases the cost of chitin extraction. The development of the green extraction techniques based on the concept of ‘Green chemistry’ is also gaining greater attention, which favoand microorganisms for chitin extraction.



Deacetylation ProcessThe main differenc50% deacetylated chitin is called chitosan. The heterogeneously or homogeneously. Commonly, in the heterogeneous method, chitin is treated with a hot concentrated solution of NaOH for few hours, and chitosaan insoluble residue deacetylated up to 85%

alkali chitin. ItNaOH/45 g H2O/ 3 g Chitin) at 25 °C for 3 han average degree of acetylation of 48%

Chitosan was prepared by the deacetylation of chitin. In the process of deacetylationchitin powder was treated with concentrated NaOH. The deacetylation was

H solution. The solution was boiled and stirred for 72 hours. The mixture was filtered and dried at 80ºC in the oven to obtain powdered Chitosan.chitosan powder.

. Biological Methodchitin extraction by chemical treatments has many drawbacks: (i) it harms the

physicochemical properties of chitin/chitosan and leads to molecular weight and degree of acetylation decrease that negatively affects the intrinsic properties of the purified chaffects wastewater effluent containing some chemicals (iii) it increases the cost of chitin extraction. The development of the green extraction techniques based on the concept of ‘Green chemistry’ is also gaining greater attention, which favoand microorganisms for chitin extraction.



Deacetylation Process The main difference between chitin and chitosan is the

ted chitin is called chitosan. The heterogeneously or homogeneously. Commonly, in the heterogeneous method, chitin is treated with a hot concentrated solution of NaOH for few hours, and chitosaan insoluble residue deacetylated up to 85%

. It is prepared afterNaOH/45 g H2O/ 3 g Chitin) at 25 °C for 3 han average degree of acetylation of 48%


H solution. The solution was boiled and stirred for 72 hours. The mixture was filtered and dried at 80ºC in the oven to obtain powdered Chitosan.

. Biological Method chitin extraction by chemical treatments has many drawbacks: (i) it harms the

physicochemical properties of chitin/chitosan and leads to molecular weight and degree of acetylation decrease that negatively affects the intrinsic properties of the purified chaffects wastewater effluent containing some chemicals (iii) it increases the cost of chitin extraction. The development of the green extraction techniques based on the concept of ‘Green chemistry’ is also gaining greater attention, which favoand microorganisms for chitin extraction.


IJMET/index.asp

Figure 7

e between chitin and chitosan is the

ted chitin is called chitosan. The heterogeneously or homogeneously. Commonly, in the heterogeneous method, chitin is treated with a hot concentrated solution of NaOH for few hours, and chitosaan insoluble residue deacetylated up to 85%

is prepared after theNaOH/45 g H2O/ 3 g Chitin) at 25 °C for 3 han average degree of acetylation of 48%–



Figure 8

chitin extraction by chemical treatments has many drawbacks: (i) it harms the physicochemical properties of chitin/chitosan and leads to molecular weight and degree of acetylation decrease that negatively affects the intrinsic properties of the purified chaffects wastewater effluent containing some chemicals (iii) it increases the cost of chitin extraction. The development of the green extraction techniques based on the concept of ‘Green chemistry’ is also gaining greater attention, which favoand microorganisms for chitin extraction.


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Figure 7 Chitin Powder

e between chitin and chitosan is theted chitin is called chitosan. The N-deacetylation of chitin is either performed

heterogeneously or homogeneously. Commonly, in the heterogeneous method, chitin is treated with a hot concentrated solution of NaOH for few hours, and chitosaan insoluble residue deacetylated up to 85%–99% DD.

the dispersion of chitin in concentrated NaOH (30 g NaOH/45 g H2O/ 3 g Chitin) at 25 °C for 3 hrs. This method resu

–55%. Chitosan was prepared by the deacetylation of chitin. In the process of deacetylation

chitin powder was treated with concentrated NaOH. The deacetylation was H solution. The solution was boiled and stirred for 72 hours. The mixture was filtered

and dried at 80ºC in the oven to obtain powdered Chitosan.

Figure 8 Chitosan powder

chitin extraction by chemical treatments has many drawbacks: (i) it harms the physicochemical properties of chitin/chitosan and leads to molecular weight and degree of acetylation decrease that negatively affects the intrinsic properties of the purified chaffects wastewater effluent containing some chemicals (iii) it increases the cost of chitin extraction. The development of the green extraction techniques based on the concept of ‘Green chemistry’ is also gaining greater attention, which favoand microorganisms for chitin extraction.


Chitin Powder

e between chitin and chitosan is the degree of deacetylation. More tdeacetylation of chitin is either performed

heterogeneously or homogeneously. Commonly, in the heterogeneous method, chitin is treated with a hot concentrated solution of NaOH for few hours, and chitosa

99% DD. The homogeneous methoddispersion of chitin in concentrated NaOH (30 g

. This method resu



Chitosan powder

chitin extraction by chemical treatments has many drawbacks: (i) it harms the physicochemical properties of chitin/chitosan and leads to molecular weight and degree of acetylation decrease that negatively affects the intrinsic properties of the purified chaffects wastewater effluent containing some chemicals (iii) it increases the cost of chitin extraction. The development of the green extraction techniques based on the concept of ‘Green chemistry’ is also gaining greater attention, which favo


[email protected]

degree of deacetylation. More tdeacetylation of chitin is either performed

heterogeneously or homogeneously. Commonly, in the heterogeneous method, chitin is treated with a hot concentrated solution of NaOH for few hours, and chitosa

he homogeneous methoddispersion of chitin in concentrated NaOH (30 g

. This method results in a soluble chitosan with


H solution. The solution was boiled and stirred for 72 hours. The mixture was filtered Figure 8 shows the prepared

chitin extraction by chemical treatments has many drawbacks: (i) it harms the physicochemical properties of chitin/chitosan and leads to molecular weight and degree of acetylation decrease that negatively affects the intrinsic properties of the purified chaffects wastewater effluent containing some chemicals (iii) it increases the cost of chitin extraction. The development of the green extraction techniques based on the concept of ‘Green chemistry’ is also gaining greater attention, which favors the application of enzymes


[email protected]

degree of deacetylation. More tdeacetylation of chitin is either performed

heterogeneously or homogeneously. Commonly, in the heterogeneous method, chitin is treated with a hot concentrated solution of NaOH for few hours, and chitosan is produced as

he homogeneous method produces dispersion of chitin in concentrated NaOH (30 g

lts in a soluble chitosan with

Chitosan was prepared by the deacetylation of chitin. In the process of deacetylationchitin powder was treated with concentrated NaOH. The deacetylation was done with 70%


chitin extraction by chemical treatments has many drawbacks: (i) it harms the physicochemical properties of chitin/chitosan and leads to molecular weight and degree of acetylation decrease that negatively affects the intrinsic properties of the purified chitin; (ii) it affects wastewater effluent containing some chemicals (iii) it increases the cost of chitin extraction. The development of the green extraction techniques based on the concept of

rs the application of enzymes

[email protected]

degree of deacetylation. More than deacetylation of chitin is either performed

heterogeneously or homogeneously. Commonly, in the heterogeneous method, chitin is n is produced as

produces dispersion of chitin in concentrated NaOH (30 g

lts in a soluble chitosan with

Chitosan was prepared by the deacetylation of chitin. In the process of deacetylation, the done with 70%


chitin extraction by chemical treatments has many drawbacks: (i) it harms the physicochemical properties of chitin/chitosan and leads to molecular weight and degree of

itin; (ii) it affects wastewater effluent containing some chemicals (iii) it increases the cost of chitin extraction. The development of the green extraction techniques based on the concept of

rs the application of enzymes



The biological extraction of chitin is an alternative way to solve chemical extraction problems. The use of proteases for deproteinization of crustacean shells would avoid alkali treatment. Besides the application of exoenzymes, proteolytic bacteria were used for deproteinization of demineralized shells. Deproteinization processes have been reported for chitin production mainly from shrimp waste using mechanical, enzymatic and microbial processes involving species like Lactobacillus. Biological demineralization has also been reported for chitin production from crustacean shells; enzymatically. Table 1 describes the comparison between chemical and biological extraction of chitin.

Table 1 Chemical Vs Biological Extraction method for chitin Preparation.[19]

Process Chemical Extraction Biological Extraction Demineralization Mineral solubilisation by acidic

treatment including HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, CH3COOH, and HCOOH.

Using lactic acid produced by bacteria through the conversion of an added carbon source

Deproteinization Protein solubilization by alkaline treatment

Using proteases secreted into the fermentation medium. In addition, deproteinization can be achieved by adding exoproteases and/or proteolytic bacteria.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this article, the chitin and chitosan preparation from Narmada riverside crab shell is described. This was followed by a discussion on the chemical and biological extraction of chitin and chitosan. Chitin’s deacetylated derivative chitosan have many applications in the various field of engineering. As a biopolymer, applications of chitin are less developed compared to those of chitosan due to its large insolubility and also difficulties in processing. Therefore, chitin is generally combined with chitosan which gives, in fact, similar applications. The importance of chitin and chitosan depends on their biological (nontoxicity, biodegradability, and nontoxicity) and physicochemical properties (degree of acetylation and molecular mass). Recently, these properties are widely applied in agriculture, medicine, pharmaceutics, food processing, environmental protection, and biotechnology.

4. CONCLUSIONS The underutilized waste materials litter the banks of rivers constituting environmental pollution. Therefore extraction of chitin saves the environment. The use of acids and bases at higher temperature can deteriorate the physicochemical properties of this biopolymer. As a result of its biological properties also changes. Nowadays, a new method based on the use of lactic acid bacteria and/or proteolytic bacteria has been used for chitin extraction. This method allows producing a good quality chitin. The biological method seems to be a promising approach for demineralization and deproteinization processes but the use of this method is still limited to laboratory scale. Compared with Chitin, Chitosan is soluble in acidic media, which is applied for improvement of processing methods. It is very convenient to process the chitosan as film, fiber, sponge, bead, gel or solution. Its cationic charge provides the possibility to form electrostatic complexes and/or multilayer structures. The produced material is under working for further research to investigate the mechanical behavior of chitin extracted from Narmada riverside crab shells.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors would like to thank GRY Institute of Pharmacy, Borawan (MP) for allowing the work in their chemical Laboratory.

REFERENCES

[1] Nessa F., Shah M.M., Asaduzzaman M., Roy S.K., Hossain M.M., Jahan M.S., A process for the preparation of chitin and chitosan from prawn shell waste, Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res., 2010, 45(4), p. 323-330.

[2] Muzzarelli R.A.A.,Some modified chitosan and their niche applications, In Chitin Handbook, by Muzzarelli R.A.A., Peter M.G. (ed). European Chitin Society, Italy, 1997, p.47-52.

[3] Blackwell J., Walton A.G., Chitin In: Biopolymers, New York, Academic Press, 1973, p.474-489

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development of chiti n and chitosan from narmada …€¦ · hours to remove minerals mainly...

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