Development of Biomarker in Surface Water Quality Monitoring by Using Culture Fishery

(Case Study : Saguling Reservoir, West Java, Indonesia)

Suphia RahmawatiDwina RoosminiIndah Rachmatiah Siti Salami

Research division :Environmental Management Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Institute Technology of Bandung, Indonesia

Background

Saguling reservoir received water from Citarumriver and tributariesCitarum river receives discharge water

Domestic activities : solid waste and wastewaterIndustrial activities

degradation water quality → heavy metal → Hgonly 1.4% of total 146 sampling location fulfill the requirements river water quality standard in 2001 (Wangsaatmaja, 2004)

Rapid change of land used in Citarum watershed, and Saguling area

Background

Single purpose (generate electricity) → multi purpose :

fisheries → Cage culture fisheries → West Java consumptionagriculture → irrigationtourism

Poor managementOreochromis niloticus and Cyprianus carpio were easily available, widely distribute and easy to collect

BiomarkerThe biomarker response may be on biomolecular, biochemical, cellular, or physiological levels (Beyer, 2001) The biomarkers can be classified as:

markers of exposuremarkers of effect, and markers of susceptibility

Environmental biomarker approach allows the use of a wide range of pollutant responsive elements in animalsexposures as signals or tools for assessing biological effects Biomarker is attempted to define and measure the effect and presence of pollutants (organic or inorganic) on aquatic system

Objective

Prelimininary study to develop biomarker in reservoir water quality monitoring Potential of Oreochromis niloticus (“Ikan Nila”) and Cyprianus carpio (“Ikan Mas”) which cultivated in floating net (cage) as biomarker of HgMeasured total Hg concentration in Oreochromis niloticus(“Ikan Nila”) and Cyprianus carpio (“Ikan Mas”) as biomarker in Saguling reservoirCompare Hg concentration in fish between several sampling points in Saguling reservoir and control area

Description of SagulingArtificial Lake; since 1985located at 6:50 S, 107:25E643 m above sea level 40 km from Bandung City Hilly and has many tributariesPopulation predominately by farmer populationreceived water from Citarumriver basin with 7 sub riverbasins

Rockfill dam 100 mhigh and over 300mlong5,600 ha

2,260 ha paddy fields344 plantations133 village settlement745 ha roads and riverbed itself

Control Location

Kampung Sukajadi, Cijambesubdistrict, Subang

Located in north of BandungcityHilly predominately by forestry , Industrial, domestic, and agricultural area still lowReceived water from Cipanagara and Ciasemrivers

Material and Methods-1

Sampling points selected among fisheries which cultivated Oreochromis niloticus and Cyprianuscaprio with age 3-4 month (± 250gr) or ready to harvest The same fish species and characteristic also taken from control pointEach sampling point, two fish are taken as samplesSampling point location is determined using Global Positioning Satellite (GPS)

Material and Methods-2

Sample of water also taken during samplingObservation and interview was done to obtain condition of sampling points and fish data such as :

seedstockFish food

Correlation between mercury levels in fish and water, field condition surrounding the fisheries and potential source of mercury was analysis

Material and Methods-3

Destructed withnitric acid (HNO3) pa

Fish was fillet (fish meat)cut into small pieces

AAS specific Hg-analyzer

Analysis Fish : ppb wet weightWater : ppb

Results

Floating net

Cyprianus caprio

Oreochromis niloticus

Condition in Saguling

People lived near floating net fisheries → domestic activities

WashingBathing chicken husbandry

Seed stock come from other districts such as Majalayaand CianjurFish feeding 3-4 times/day

Sampling pointSubangSaguling Reservoir

Fish and water samplesWater sample

Fish and water samples

Hg concentration in water

Location Const.(ppb) Location Const.

(ppb)

1 <0.06 8 <0.06

2 0.12 9 0.06

3 0.12 10 <0.06

4 0.18 11 <0.06

5 0.06 12 <0.06

6 0.06 13 0.06

7 0.12 14 0.06

have range between <0.06 – 0.18 ppb still in permissible limitaccording to Government Decree No.82/2001 which is 1 ppb

Hg concentration in fishAverage concentrationfor both species wasalmost similarMinimum concentrationC. carpio > O.niloticusStill below the permissible level for consumption according to FAO Fisheries Circular No.765/825 Results relatively higher compare to controlsamples have average concentration

Cyprianus carpio 3.51 ppb wet weightOreochromis niloticus3.62 ppb wet weight

Location Fish (ppbwet weight)

Point Cyprianus carpio Oreochromis niloticus

1 2.3459 4.1094

3 1.1833 4.9504

4 3.1478 12.8943

6 16.8470 3.1645

7 4.4677 2.3640

9 na 0.5203

10 na 11.5230

12 3.5431 0.4838

13 na 3.5345

Average 5.2558 4.8382

Maximum 16.8470 12.8943

Minimum 1.1833 0.4838

Correlation

y = 46.403x + 0.8166R2 = 0.2094

y = -49.783x + 10.317R2 = 0.167

02468

1012141618

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

Mercury concentration in water (ppb)

Mer

cury

con

cent

ratio

n in

Fis

h (p

pbw

etw

eigh

t)

Oreochomis niloticus

Cyprianus carpio

Linear (Oreochomisniloticus)Linear (Cyprianus carpio)

Correlation factor :C. carpio : 0.41O.niloticus : 0.46

BCF :C. carpio : 9.86 - 280.76O.niloticus : 6.91 – 230.46

Discussions-1Mercury concentration between water and fish showed insignificant correlation. several sampling point in Saguling reservoir showed the different concentration.There are several factor that might influenced these results, such as:

Point 4, 6, 7 and 10 was located in the same area which closed to the river tributaries and received water discharge from agriculture and domestic activities. Previous study showed that Hg level in Hyposarcus pardalis at BantarPanjang sampling point was higher than other sampling points which thisarea predominantly by agriculture areaPeople lived near the cage fisheries → using soap → pH↑ → solubility of Hg↓Mercury concentration in fish food 1-1.5 ppbwetweight → biomagnification

Discussions-2

Several points in Saguling reservoir have similar concentration with control point. Even though industrial area in control point still low, there are agriculture activities near the control pointThe change of land used along Ciratum river basin become industries and domestic may have contribution of mercury concentration in waterIllegal gold plating home industries that using mercury for their process (Hadisantosa, 2006)Mercury concentration in water were fluctuated. In february 2003 reach 0.06 mg/L (Oktaviatun, 2004)

Conclusion

Mercury level in fish tend high in point 4,6,7 and 10 than the other sampling points in Saguling reservoirMercury concentration in point 6 and 4 were high, these location influenced by several factor :

land used predominantly by agriculture and domestic areaDomestic activities by people who lived near floating net fisheriesFish food

Mercury level in Oreochromis niloticus and Cyprianuscarpio (average concentration) still in permissible limit but higher compare to control samples

Saguling water quality influenced by CitarumRiver quality which effected by:

industries discharge : paper and painting industriesillegal gold planting home industriesuncontrolled pesticides used, and domestic waste.

Oreochromis niloticus and Cyprianus carpiohave potential that could be used as Biomarkeras an alternative monitoring methods in Saguling reservoir even though further research should be conducted

Thank You Very Much

C. carpioO. niloticus

0 <- ≤ 3 ppbww

3< - ≤6 ppbww

6< - ≤9 ppbww

9< - ≤12 ppbww

12< - ≤15 ppbww

15< - ≤18 ppbww

Land used radius 10 kmSource : Government of West Java, 2004

Land Use %

Industries 0.5

Forest 15.0

Plantations 37.0

Grass 3.0

Unirigated agriculture 7.0

Urban area 10.0

Paddy fields 22.5

Underbrush 1.0

Water 2.0

Terrain 1.5

Mining 0.5

Total 100.0

Land Used in Saguling

Urban area Forest

Agriculture

WWT

FS

No-FS

Mercury Concentration 1997-2002 in Saguling Reservoir

0.0000.0050.0100.0150.0200.0250.0300.035

Feb-

97

Apr-

97

Jul-9

7

Oct

-97

Feb-

98

Jul-9

8

Oct

-98

May

-99

Jul-9

9

Nov

-99

Jan-

00

Apr-

00

Jul-0

0

Oct

-00

Jan-

01

Apr-

01

Jul-0

1

Oct

-01

Jan-

02

Apr-

02

Jul-0

2

Oct

-02

Time of Sampling

Mer

cury

Con

cent

ratio

n (m

g/L)

Maximum Average

Source : Surachman, 2003