development of an automated oligosaccharide synthesizer

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CONTENTS PREFACE............................................... ix Raymond Urgel Lemieux, 1920–2000 DAVID R. BUNDLE Text ................................................. 1 Development of an Automated Oligosaccharide Synthesizer OBADIAH J. PLANTE,EMMA R. PALMACCI, AND PETER H. SEEBERGER I. Introduction ...................................... 35 II. Automated Synthesis of Biopolymers ........................ 36 III. Carbohydrate Synthesis ................................ 37 1. Enzymatic Methods ................................ 37 2. Solution-Phase Chemical Synthesis........................ 38 3. Orthogonal One-Pot Methods .......................... 39 4. Solid-Phase Chemical Synthesis ......................... 39 5. Solid-Phase Linkers ................................ 41 IV. Design of an Automated Solid-Phase Oligosaccharide Synthesis Strategy .... 43 1. Automated Synthesis of Poly -(1 ! 2)-D-Mannosides ............. 46 2. Automated Synthesis of b-Glucans Using Glycosyl Phosphates ........ 47 3. Complex-Type Trisaccharide ........................... 50 V. Summary and Future Directions ........................... 51 References ....................................... 53 Synthesis and Reactions of Unsaturated Sugars ROBERT J. FERRIER AND JOHN O. HOBERG I. Introduction ...................................... 55 II. Glycals ......................................... 56 1. Preparation..................................... 57 2. Reactions ...................................... 61 3. Glycals with Substituents on the Double Bonds ................ 80 III. Pyranoid and Furanoid 2- and 3-Enes ....................... 84 1. Preparation..................................... 84 2. Reactions ...................................... 90 v

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Raymond Urgel Lemieux, 1920–2000DAVID R. BUNDLE

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Page 1: Development of an Automated Oligosaccharide Synthesizer

CONTENTS

PREFACE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

Raymond Urgel Lemieux, 1920–2000

DAVID R. BUNDLE

Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Development of an Automated Oligosaccharide Synthesizer

OBADIAH J. PLANTE, EMMA R. PALMACCI, AND PETER H. SEEBERGER

I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

II. Automated Synthesis of Biopolymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

III. Carbohydrate Synthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

1. Enzymatic Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

2. Solution-Phase Chemical Synthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

3. Orthogonal One-Pot Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

4. Solid-Phase Chemical Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

5. Solid-Phase Linkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

IV. Design of an Automated Solid-Phase Oligosaccharide Synthesis Strategy . . . . 43

1. Automated Synthesis of Poly �-(1! 2)-D-Mannosides . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

2. Automated Synthesis of b-Glucans Using Glycosyl Phosphates . . . . . . . . 47

3. Complex-Type Trisaccharide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

V. Summary and Future Directions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Synthesis and Reactions of Unsaturated Sugars

ROBERT J. FERRIER AND JOHN O. HOBERG

I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

II. Glycals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

1. Preparation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

2. Reactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

3. Glycals with Substituents on the Double Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

III. Pyranoid and Furanoid 2- and 3-Enes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

1. Preparation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

2. Reactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

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IV. Other Enol Ethers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

1. Pyranoid 4-Enes and Furanoid 3-Enes (endo-Enes). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

2. Pyranoid-5-Enes and Furanoid-4-Enes (exo-Enes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

3. 2,6-Anhydroald-1-enitols (‘‘exo-Glycals’’) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

V. Other Unsaturated Derivatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Chemistry of Anhydro Sugars

MILOSLAV CERNY

I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

II. Anhydro Sugars Involving the Anomeric Carbon Atom in the Anhydro Bond . 122

1. 1,2-Anhydroaldoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

2. 1,3-Anhydroaldoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

3. 1,4-Anhydroaldoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

4. 1,6-Anhydroaldoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

5. 1,6-Anhydro Derivatives of Aldoheptoses and Higher Aldoses . . . . . . . . 137

6. 1,7-Anhydroheptoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

7. Anhydroketoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

III. Anhydro Sugars Not Involving the Anomeric Carbon Atom in the Anhydro Bond 141

1. Endocyclic Oxirane Derivatives (Epoxy Sugars) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

2. Exocyclic Oxirane Derivatives: 5,6-Anhydrohexofuranoses . . . . . . . . . . 145

3. Oxetanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

4. Oxolanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

5. Oxanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

IV. Dianhydroaldoses and Ketoses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

1. 1,6:2,3- and 1,6:3,4-Dianhydrohexopyranoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

2. Miscellaneous Dianhydro Sugars Involving the Anomeric Carbon Atom in

One of the Anhydro Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

3. Miscellaneous Dianhydro Sugars Not Involving the Anomeric Carbon Atom

in Anhydro Bonds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

V. Rearrangements of Anhydro Sugars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

1. Epoxide Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

2. Interconversion of the Oxirane Ring into the Oxetane, Oxolane, and Oxane

Rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

3. Miscellaneous Rearrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Acids and Other Products of Oxidation of Sugars

ROSA M. DE LEDERKREMER AND CARLA MARINO

I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

II. Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

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1. Aldonic Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

2. Glycuronic Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

3. Aldaric Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

4. Modified Aldonic Acids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

5. L-Ascorbic Acids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

III. Neutral Oxidation Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

1. Dialdoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

2. Glycosuloses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

3. Glycodiuloses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

Oxidative Reactions and Degradations of Sugars and Polysaccharides

OSCAR VARELA

I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

1. Heterolytic Oxidations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

2. Steric Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

3. Homolytic and Electron-Transfer Oxidations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

4. Electrophilic Nature of the Oxidant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

II. Halogen Oxidations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

1. Halogens and Hypohalites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

2. Halic Acids (HXO3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

3. Chlorous Acid (HClO2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

4. Miscellaneous Halogen Oxidants: N-Halosulfonamides

and N-Halosuccinimides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

III. Organic Peroxy Acids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

IV. Phenylhydrazine as an Oxidant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

V. Oxygen in Alkaline and Neutral Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

1. Oxidation in Alkaline Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

2. Catalytic Oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

3. Oxidation Under Neutral Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

VI. Hydrogen Peroxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

1. Hydrogen Peroxide and Ferric Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338

2. Hydrogen Peroxide and Ferrous Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

VII. Nitric Acid, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Nitroxyl Radicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

VIII. Chromium(VI)-Based Oxidants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344

IX. Dimethyl Sulfoxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

X. Ruthenium Tetraoxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

XI. Permanganate and Manganese Oxides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

XII. Miscellaneous Oxidants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

1. Transition-Metal Cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

2. Copper(II) Oxide and Copper(II) Salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354

3. Silver Oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

4. Sulflte Pulping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

5. Wet Combustions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356

XIII. Enzymatic and Microbial Oxidations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

CONTENTS vii

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5,7-Diamino-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxynon-2-ulosonic Acids in Bacterial Glycopolymers:

Chemistry and Biochemistry

YURIY A. KNIREL, ALEXANDER S. SHASHKOV, YURY E. TSVETKOV,

PER-ERIK JANSSON, AND ULRICH ZAHRINGER

I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

II. Natural Occurrence, Biosynthesis, and Biological Significance . . . . . . . . . . 372

1. Occurrence and Structural Features of the Natural Sugars . . . . . . . . . . 372

2. Structures of Bacterial Glycopolymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

3. Biosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382

4. Role in the Immunospecificity of Bacterial Antigens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

5. Possible Biological Significance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388

III. Chemical Synthesis and Structure Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

1. Chemical Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390

2. Preparation of Monosaccharides and Oligosaccharides from Bacterial

Polysaccharides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392

3. Mass Spectrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399

4. NMR Spectroscopy and Conformational Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405

IV. Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

AUTHOR INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

SUBJECT INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

viii CONTENTS