development of a concurrent dual-band switch-mode power...
TRANSCRIPT
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Yifei Li, Byron J. Montgomery and Nathan M. Neihart
Iowa State University
WAMICON 2016 β Clearwater Beach, FL
Development of a Concurrent
Dual-Band Switch-Mode Power
Amplifier Based on Current-
Switching Class-D Configuration
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Contents Contents
Background and Motivation
Theoretical Analysis of Proposed Concurrent Dual-
band Class-D Power Amplifier
Design Method and Considerations
Measurement Results and Discussion
2
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Demand for Concurrent Multi-Band PAs Demand for Concurrent Multi-Band PAs
Higher data rate (carrier aggregation)
By using concurrent (multi-)dual-band PAs, we are trying to reduce area, cost, design complexity and increase efficiency as well.
3
PA1
PA2
Duplexer
DuplexerDiplexer
f1,up
f2,up
f1,dn
f2,dn
f1
f2
f1,f2
Single-Band PA
f1,f2
Dual-Band Duplexer
f1,f2
f1,f2
Concurrent Dual-Band
PA
Improve
Currently Used TX Schematic for CA
Proposed TX Schematic for CA
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Existing Concurrent Dual-Band PAs Existing Concurrent Dual-Band PAs
Linear PAs are used to accommodate the varying envelope of concurrent dual-band signals
Theoretical Maximum Drain efficiency of Linear PAs
Ξ· =ππππ·πΆ=ππ1 + ππ2ππ·π· β πΌπ·πΆ
=2 β12βπππ ,πππ₯2πΆβπΌππ ,πππ₯2πΆ
πππ ,πππ₯/2 β πΌππ ,πππ₯/2= 25%
Ξ· =ππππ·πΆ=ππ1 + ππ2ππ·π· β πΌπ·πΆ
=2 β12βπππ ,πππ₯2πΆβπΌππ ,πππ₯π·
πππ ,πππ₯/2 β πΌππ ,πππ₯/πΈ= 62%
Note:πΌ, π½, πΎ are about 2, 4, and 5 respectively in most cases (non-harmonic related frequency ratio).
4 Z. Zhang, MWCAS, 2015. X. Chen, MTT 2013
Concurrent Dual-Band Class A
Concurrent Dual-Band Class B
0 0.5 1 1.5 20
0.5
1
1.5
2
Time
Vd
s a
nd I
ds
Vds
Ids
0 0.5 1 1.5 20
0.5
1
1.5
2
TimeV
ds a
nd I
ds
Vds
Ids
Concurrent Dual-Band Class A Concurrent Dual-Band Class B Input Waveform
+
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Existing Concurrent Dual-Band PAs in Literatures Switchless Dual-Band PA: IMs not considered
Linear Concurrent Dual-Band PAs: IMs shorting
Switch-Mode Concurrent Dual-Band PAs? Higher concurrent-mode output power
Higher concurrent-mode efficiency
5
Frequency (GHz)
Pout @ Single Mode
Pout @ Concurrent
Mode
Efficiency @ Single Mode
Efficiency @ Concurrent
Mode Signal
IET MAP, 2011 1.96/3.5 39.5/40 dBm 39.5 dBm 60%/55% 49% CW
WAMICON, 2012 1.8/2.4 35.5/35.5 dBm 33 dBm 34.7%/32.7% 24.7% WCDMA/LTE
T-MTT, 2012 1.8/2.4 36.2/34.5 dBm 33.4 dBm 54.2%/40.7% 34.4% LTE/WiMax
TCAS I, 2014 0.85/2.33 44/42.5 dBm 31.4 dBm 60%/53% 26.7% CW/LTE
Frequency (GHz)
Pout @ Single Mode
Pout @ Concurrent Mode
Efficiency @ Single Mode
Efficiency @ Concurrent Mode
Signal
T-MTT, 2012 1.9/2.6 41.5/41.2 dBm 39.5 dBm 73%/67.5% 56% CW
IMS, 2014 1.9/2.6 44.5/44 dBm 42 dBm 65%/60% 53% CW
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Contents Contents
Backgrounds and Motivations
Theoretical Analysis of Proposed Concurrent Dual-
band Class-D Power Amplifier
Design Method and Considerations
Measurement Results and Discussion
Conclusion
6
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Proposed Concurrent Dual-Band Current-
Switching Class-D PA
Proposed Concurrent Dual-Band Current-
Switching Class-D PA
Idealized analysis: zero knee voltage, zero threshold voltage
Input signal
7
VDDRLDual-Band
Shunt Resonator
IDC
VB
VIP
VIM
VDSP
VDSM
IDSP
IDSM
VO
IO
Vin
+
-
+ -
-
+
+
+
-
+
-
+
--
M1
M2
*
* *
*
* *
XMR_inXMR_out
ππΌπ π‘ = π΄ π ππ π1π‘ + π΄ π ππ π2π‘ + ππ΅
ππΌπ π‘ = π΄ π ππ π1π‘ + π + π΄ π ππ π2π‘ + π + ππ΅
Harmonic related frequencies, ππ/ππ=2, 3, are avoided.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Time
Magnitude [V
]
VIP
VIM
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8
πΌπ·ππ π π‘ =
0, ππΌπ π π‘ < ππ‘β = 0
πΌπ·πΆ2ππ΅ππΌπ π π‘ , ππ‘β< ππΌπ π π‘ < 2ππ΅
πΌπ·πΆ , ππΌπ π π‘ > 2ππ΅
VIP(VIM)
IDC
IDC/2
VBVth=0
IDSP(M)
2VB
πΌ0 = πΌπ·ππ β πΌπ·ππ
πΌπ π‘ β πΌ π,π β sin ( ππ1 Β± ππ2 π‘ + π π,π )π
π=0
π
π=0
Transistor transfer function
Assuming the PA is overdriven, IDC is fixed
Determined by VDD and RL, independent of A
IDC can be accommodated by changing
VDD or RL when ππ΅ changes
Drain Current and Output Current
Where πΌ 0,0 , πΌ 0,1 , πΌ 1,0 represent DC and two fundamentals
respectively.
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9
πΌπ·ππ π π‘ =
0, ππΌπ π π‘ < ππ‘β = 0
πΌπ·πΆ2ππ΅ππΌπ π π‘ , ππ‘β< ππΌπ π π‘ < 2ππ΅
πΌπ·πΆ , ππΌπ π π‘ > 2ππ΅
VIP(VIM)
IDC
IDC/2
VBVth=0
IDSP(M)
2VB
πΌ0 = πΌπ·ππ β πΌπ·ππ
πΌπ π‘ β πΌ π,π β sin ( ππ1 Β± ππ2 π‘ + π π,π )π
π=0
π
π=0
Transistor transfer function
Assuming the PA is overdriven, IDC is fixed
Determined by VDD and RL, independent of A
IDC can be accommodated by changing
VDD or RL when ππ΅ changes
Drain Current and Output Current
Where πΌ 0,0 , πΌ 0,1 , πΌ 1,0 represent DC and two fundamentals
respectively.
VDDRLDual-Band
Shunt Resonator
IDC
VB
VIP
VIM
VDSP
VDSM
IDSP
IDSM
VO
IO
Vin
+
-
+ -
-
+
+
+
-
+
-
+
--
M1
M2
*
* *
*
* *
XMR_inXMR_out
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1 2 3 460
70
80
90
100
2/
1
Dra
in E
ffic
ien
cy(%
)
1 2 3 40
5
10
15
20
Dra
in E
ffic
ien
cy D
rop
(%)
1 2 3 40
5
10
15
20
1 2 3 40
5
10
15
20
A/VB
=1
A/VB
=2
A/VB
=5
0 0.5 1 1.5 20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Time
Mag
nit
ud
e
VDSP
IDSP
A/VB=5
A/VB=2
A/VB=1A/VB=5A/VB=2A/VB=1
Output Voltage and Drain Voltage
Drain Efficiency
What will happen with non-zero knee
voltage?
10
Vo t = RL I 1,0 sin Ο1t + ΞΈ(1,0) + I 0,1 sin Ο2t + ΞΈ(0,1)
ππ·ππ(π) π‘ = 0.5 ππ π‘ Β± ππ π‘
ππ·π· =1
π 0.5 ππ·ππ π‘ + ππ·ππ(π‘) ππ‘π
0
π =ππ πΉππ·πΆ=(I(0,1)2 +I(1,0)
2 )π πΏ
2 ππ·π·πΌπ·πΆ
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Non-Zero Knee Voltage Non-Zero Knee Voltage
11
Bias Triode Saturation
Bias current
245mA 176mA
IDC 464mA 468mA
VDC 15V 15V
RL 50Ξ© 40Ξ©
XMR ratio
2:1 2:1
πΌ 93.4% 77.5%
VB
IBias
VB
IDC
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Contents Contents
Backgrounds and Motivations
Theoretical Analysis of Proposed Concurrent Dual-
band Class-D Power Amplifier
Design Method and Considerations
Measurement Results and Discussion
Conclusion
12
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Design Method Design Method
13
Ideal transformer and shunt resonator provides:
ZLoad = Ideal open @ even harmonics and IMs
ZLoad = Ideal short @ odd harmonics and IMs
ZLoad = Ropt @ fundamentals
Frequency
Order of Nonlinearity
IDSP (A) VDSP (V)
DC 0 0.5 0.155
ππ(π) 1 0.38 0.19
ππ Β±ππ 2 0 0.1
2ππ(π) 2 0 0.04
πππ(π) βππ(π) 3 0.09 0
πππ(π) +ππ(π) 3 0.1 0
3ππ 3 0.02* 0
3ππ 3 0.008* 0
RLDual-BandShunt
Resonator
+
-
*
* *
XMR_out
ZLoad
Ideal Load Network
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Implementation Considerations Implementation Considerations
Output network target:
Zopt @ fundamentals;
high impedance @ even-order harmonic and IM (especially 2nd-order);
low impedance @ odd-order harmonic and IM
Cout
Differential: absorbed in to dual-band shunt resonator
Common-mode: needs to be resonated out by the output network
14
50Ξ©
f1
f2
VDD
VBVin
Input Matching
Output Matching
Output Matching
Input Balun
Distributed Marchand
Balun
Output Network
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Board Layout Board Layout
15
Output Balun
Output Matching
Differential Shunt Resonator
VDD
VDD
VB
VB
Input Matching
InputBalun
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Contents Contents
Backgrounds and Motivations
Theoretical Analysis of Proposed Concurrent Dual-
band Class-D Power Amplifier
Design Method and Considerations
Measurement Results and Discussion
Conclusion
16
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0 5 10 15 20 25
18
22
26
30
Input Power(dBm)
Ou
tpu
t P
ow
er(
dB
m)
Single Mode@960MHz
Single [email protected]
Concurrent Mode
Concurrent Mode@960MHz
Concurrent [email protected]
Measurement Results Measurement Results
Single Mode
Low band: π = 55.6% @ Pout=30dBm; 6dB over drive
High band:π = 48.2% @ Pout=30dBm; 6dB over drive
Concurrent Dual-Band Mode
π = 46% @ Pout=29.7dBm; 6dB over drive
17 20 22 24 26 28 300
10
20
30
40
50
60
Output Power(dBm)
Dra
in E
ffic
ien
cy(%
)
20 22 24 26 28 300
3
6
9
12
15
18
Po
wer
Gain
(dB
)
20 22 24 26 28 300
3
6
9
12
15
18
20 22 24 26 28 300
3
6
9
12
15
18
Single Mode@960MHz
Single [email protected]
Concurrent Mode
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Comparison to State of Art Concurrent Dual-
Band PAs
Comparison to State of Art Concurrent Dual-
Band PAs
Minimum drain efficiency drop: 9.6% and 2.2%
Minimum output power drop: 0.3dB
Efficiency Improvement
18
π (GHz) Pout (dBm)
@ Single Mode
Pout (dBm) @ Concurrent
Mode*
Efficiency @ Single Mode
Efficiency @ Concurrent
Mode**
Signal
IET MAP, 2011
1.96/3.5 39/40 36.5 57%/49.5% β‘ 44.1% β‘ CW
WAMICON, 2012
1.8/2.4 35.5/35.5 33 34.7%/32.7% β‘ 24.7% WCDMA/LTE
T-MTT, 2012 1.8/2.4 36.2/34.5 33.4 54.2%/40.7% β‘ 34.4% LTE/WiMAX
TCAS I, 2014 0.85/2.33 44/42.5 31.4 60%/53% β 26.7% β CW/LTE***
T-MTT, 2012 1.9/2.6 41.5/41.2 39.5 73%/67.5% β 56% β CW
This Work 0.96/1.51 30/30 29.7 55.6%/48.2% β 46% β CW
* Total output power, ** Total efficiency, *** CW for single mode, LTE for concurrent mode, β Drain efficiency, β‘ PAE
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Acknowledgements
19
This work is supported by
National Science Foundation.
Also, the author would like to
thank Qorvo in Cedar Rapids,
Iowa for their help during
fabrication and measurement.
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Thank You
20
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[1] K. Rawat, F. Ghannouchi, "Dual-band matching technique based on dual-
characteristic impedance transformers for dual-band power amplifiers design", IET
Microw. Antennas Propag., 2011
[2] P. Saad, et al, βConcurrent dual-band GaN-HEMT power amplifier at 1.8 GHz and
2.4 GHz,β 2012 IEEE WAMICON, pp. 1-5, Apr. 2012.
[3] P. Saad, et al, βDesign of a Concurrent Dual-Band 1.8-2.4-GHz GaN-HEMT Doherty
Power Amplifier,β IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory & Tech., vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 1840-1849,
Apr. 2012.
[4] Wenhua Chen, β¦, F. Ghannouchi, "A Concurrent Dual-Band Uneven Doherty Power
Amplifier with Frequency-Dependent Input Power Division", TCAS I, 2014.
[5] Xiaofan Chen, β¦, F. Ghannouchi, "Enhanced Analysis and Design Method of
Concurrent Dual-Band Power Amplifiers With Intermodulation Impedance Tuning",
TMTT, 2013
[6] Xiaofan Chen, Wenhua Chen, β¦, F. Ghannouchi, ''A Concurrent Dual-band 1.9-2.6-
GHz Doherty Power Amplifier with Intermodulation Impedance Tuning", IMS 2014
21