Development= the process of social and economic advancements that

lead to an improvement in peoples quality of life andgeneral well-being

PQLI – Physical Quality of Life- Developed 1970 to replace GDP- Criticised due to overlap between

variablesVariables used:- Literacy rates- Infant mortality- Life expectancy at age 1 DEVELOPMENT

INDICATORS

HPI – Happy Planet Index- Introduced by NEF in 2006 - Indicates relative ecological efficiency with well-being- First to combine environmental efficiency with human well-

being- Subjective

HDI – Human Development Index- Incepted 1990s to incorporate social

and economic data- Average score of 3 variables, expressed

between 1 and 0- No ecological measures or global

perspectivesVariables used:- Life expectancy at birth- Educational Attainment- Adjusted income per capita (GDP per

capita by PPP)

CASE STUDIES- Kerala and Qatar as both oppose general trend

that high GDP means development from both perspectives

- HDI = Norway 1st 0.943, UK 28th 0.863, China 101st 0.687

- HPI = Costa Rica 1st, China 20th, UK 74th

DEVELOPMENT CLASSIFICATION

- First, Second, Third World no longer applicable in Post Cold War World

- Too simplistic so have moved away from classification based on economics and politics

Development Continuum- Contemporary way of viewing

development as sliding scale- Reflects development occurs

in number of ways- Illustrates changing

importance over time- No discrete groups

Brandt Line = 80/20 = North/South- 1980 Brandt report into

sustainable development unveiled hemispheric development differences

- North = 80% of GDP but only 20% of global population

- Very outdated and too simplistic

Core/Periphery – composite indicators take an average but important to remember development spatially varies within countries.

- Produced 1960 - Based on 15 European and North

American countries- Based on economic development

STAGE 1 – subsistence agricultureSTAGE 2 – TNCs and FDISTAGE 3 – cumulative causation and industrialisationSTAGE 4 – population growth and urbanisation, self –sustaining growthSTAGE 5 – exploitative industries move elsewhere, rapid expansion of tertiary sector

ROSTOW MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT

Criticisms and Benefits:- Too simplistic an Eurocentric- Does not consider debt or aid - Underestimates importance of

colonialism in early development

+ Used with DTM can form population policies+ Rough guide to development+ Easy to compare and understand

1. Income below $7050 per capita per year2. Weak human resources3. Economic vulnerability

How can LDCs develop?- Fair Trade- Industrialisation- Brain gain/drain- Early warning systems- International investment- Appropriate technology

LDCs

- 33/50 LDCs are sub-Saharan

LDCs = Sierra Leone, Haiti, Myanmar

Least Developed Countries(LDCs)

- 33 out of 50 LDCs are located in sub-Saharan Africa

- Highest HDI rank is Gabon at 119th and South Africa at 121st

- 16 LDCs are landlocked- 12 LDCs are small islands- Almost 50% of the population in LDCs live on

less than $1 a day- 70% of FDI in LDCs in 2004 went to oil-

producing countries- No country in sub-Saharan Africa will meet the

MDG to reduce CDR by 2015- Liberia has highest level of maternal deaths- Average annual population growth in LDCs is 5%

= highest in world- Over 40% of LDC population is under 15 years

old- 140 million people in LDCs live in poor housing

condition- Only 58% have access to clean water

What makes an LDC?1. Income below $750 per capita per year2. Weak human resources - Health - Education - Nutrition and calorie intake3. Economic vulnerability - Instability of exports - Instability of agricultural production - lack of economic diversity

How can LDCs develop?- Fair Trade- Industrialisation- Brain gain/drain- Early warning systems- International investment (TNCs and

appending FDI)- Appropriate technology- Agricultural mechanization- Sustainable raw material exploitation- Controlling population growth, i.e.

contraception and population policies

Issues facing LDCs

Political instability

Civil unrest Rule by dictatorship

Inequality

POLITICAL

High NI/IMR/TFR/CBR/CDR Rapid population growth

Early stages of DTMSOCIAL

DEMOGRAPHIC

Low export/imports

Lack of diversityPrimary employment sector

Low GDP Subsistence agriculture

ECONOMIC

Natural hazardsUnsustainable exploitation

Deforestation/degradation/desertification

Wood for fuel Low energy consumption No laws or legislation

Poor food/water supply

ENVIRONMENTAL

Inequality

Few human rights

Poor sanitation Poor education an health care

Civil conflictPoor living standards

HaitiPopulation: 10.1 millionLife Expectancy: 61 (men), 64 (women)GNI: US$995 per capitaGDP (PPP): $1995 per capitaIndependence French colonial rule: 1825HDI: 145th at 0.404

Sierra LeonePopulation: 6 millionLife Expectancy: 48 (men), 49 (women)GNI: US$340 per capitaGDP (PPP): $780 per capitaIndependence British colonial rule: 1961HDI: 180th at 0.336

Myanmar (Burma)Population: 50.5 millionLife Expectancy: 64 (men), 68 (women)GDP (PPP): $1307 per capitaHDI: 149th