Development and LanguagePrinceton Review

1. The term given to that part of language composed of tones and inflections that add or change meaning without alteration in word usage is

a. syntaxb. grammarc. phonemicsd. schematicse. prosody

2. Which of the following would NOT be an example of a two-year-old’s usage of telegraphic speech?

a. “Where ball?”b. “Boy hurt.”c. “Milk.”d. “Mommy give hug.”e. “Go play group.”

3. Students are given a reasoning task in which they are asked, in sixty-seconds, to come up with as many ways as possible to use a spoon that do not involve eating or preparing food. The number and diversity of responses could most accurately reflect the students’

a. Divergent thinking abilitiesb. Convergent thinking abilitiesc. Intelligence quotientsd. Working memoriese. Subordinate concepts

4. In neonates, the response to sudden loud noises that involves a splaying out of the limbs is called the

a. Palmar reflexb. Babinski reflexc. Orienting reflexd. Moro reflexe. Rooting reflex

5. The belief that there is often a discrepancy between a child’s outward cognitive abilities and his or her true cognitive abilities is most closely associated with which of the following theorists?

a. Jean Piagetb. Lev Vygotskyc. Leon Festingerd. Sigmund Freude. Julian Rotter

6. According to Erik Erikson, the major developmental task of school age children before puberty is to develop

a. A sense of competence in their effortsb. The ability to form stable intimate relationshipsc. A feeling of trust that their basic needs will be metd. Control over basic bodily functionse. A consistent self-view of identity and roles

7. Shyera, approaching the age of five, believes that all things, from people to animals to plants to objects, are alive, but she has trouble understanding circumstances from these other “living” things’ point of view. Piaget’s theory would place Shyera

a. At the sensorimotor stageb. At the preoperational stagec. At the concrete operational staged. At the formal operational stagee. At the latency stage

8. Lawrence Kholberg’s theory of moral development posits that a child at the first stage of preconventional morality

a. Is motivated primarily by the evaluation of self-benefitb. Is motivated primarily by the desire to live up to expectations c. Is motivated primarily by a belief in balancing individual rights with

social contractsd. Is motivated primarily by the desire to maintain a “just world”e. Is motivated primarily by the desire to receive reward and avoid

punishment

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9. Phonemes are:a. The rules of grammar that dictate letter combinations in a languageb. The smallest unit of sound in a languagec. The smallest unit of meaning in a languaged. Semantically the same as morphemese. About 100 different words that are common to all languages

10. Because it has all of the features commonly associated with the concept bird, a robin is considered

a. A prototypeb. A schematicc. An algorithmd. A phenotypee. A heuristic

11. Compared to convergent thinkers, to solve a problem divergent thinkers are more likely to:

a. Process information to arrive at a single best answerb. Think creatively and generate multiple answersc. Problem solve in a systematic step-by-step fashiond. Frequently suffer from functional fixednesse. Use algorithms rather than heuristics to arrive at a solution

12. Unlike B.F. Skinner, Noam Chomsky believes that childrena. Learn to speak by mimicking the sounds around themb. Speak more quickly if their parents correct their mispronunciation earlyc. Are hard-wired for language acquisitiond. Learn language more quickly if positive rewards are given to theme. Can learn to speak correctly only during a critical age

13. Which of the following is a good example of functional fixedness?a. Failing to use a dime as a screw driver when you have lost your

screwdriverb. Not being able to solve a physics problem because you apply the same

rule you always doc. Using a blanket as a pillowd. Adding water to a cake mix when it calls for milke. Thinking of an apple first when you are asked to name fruits

14. Having been told that Syd is an engineer and Fran is an elementary school teacher, when Arnold meets the couple for the first time, he assumes that Syd is the husband and Fran is the wife, rather than the opposite, which is the case. This best illustrates:

a. Conformation biasb. Cognitive illusionc. The mere exposure effectd. The anchoring effecte. The representativeness heuristic

15. Which of the following is a holophrase one-year-old Amanda is likely to say?a. “Mmmmm”b. “Gaga”c. “Eat Apple”d. “I eated the cookie”e. “Bottle”

16. Which of the following exemplifies retroactive interference?a. After suffering a blow to the head, Jean cannot from new memoriesb. Elle failed a Spanish test because she studied for her Italian test after

studying Spanishc. Lee cannot remember an important date on the history exam

d. Gene cannot remember his new locker combination but remembers last year’s

e. Jodi remembers the first few items on her school supply list, but can’t remember the rest of them

17. What is the response pattern of securely attached children in the Strange Situation when their mothers return?

a. They tend to ignore their mothers because they are secure about her careb. Sometimes they run over to their mothers and sometimes they do not;

there’s no consistent pattern in their responses c. They tend to run over to their mothers and beg them not to leave againd. They tend to go to their mothers for comforte. They hit their mothers

18. In the nature versus nurture controversy, “nature” refers toa. Heredity b. Plants and animalsc. All living things we interact withd. Constituents of the probleme. The environment

19. Researchers were interested in studying the effects pf divorce on children. Their study included 250 4-year-olds. Interviews and family observations were conducted 6 months, 2 years, 5 years, and 10 years after the initial interviews and observations. Which method did the researcher use?

a. Cohort sequentialb. Cross sectionalc. Longitudinald. Experimentale. Quasi-experimental

20. Object permanence isa. The belief that all objects have life just like humans dob. The idea that gender does not change by putting on the clothes of the

opposite sexc. The understanding that a tall beaker and a short beaker can hold the same

amount of waterd. A belief that all objects in the world, including mountains and streams, are

made by peoplee. The understanding that things continue to exist even when they are out of

sight

21. The rooting reflex is a neonate’s tendency toa. Open its mouth and turn its head when touched on the cheekb. Throw out its arms and legs and quickly retract them when startledc. Explore the world through sucking objects

d. Look longer at round shapes that look like faces than square shapes than do not

e. Grasp nearby objects

22. Dorothy just celebrated her 90th birthday with her close friends, and is excited about a visit from her grandchildren. According to Erikson she has probably most recently achieved?

a. Isolationb. Integrityc. Despaird. Autonomye. Industry

23. Mr. Hernandez explains to his son that the speed limit is 55mph. He tells him to stay under the speed limit when driving because it’s the law and will probably prevent accidents. Kholberg’s level of morality illustrated by this example is

a. Preconventionalb. Concrete operationalc. Conventionald. Egocentric e. Postconventional

24. A critical period is a stage in development whena. Specific stimuli have a major effect on development that they do not

produce at other timesb. Children are resistant to any kind of discipline by their parentsc. New learning is prevented by older learningd. Bonding between the child and parent first takes placee. The child first enters elementary school and needs positive reinforcement

25. Which of the following is a similarity between the cognitive developmental theory of Piaget and the moral developmental theory of Kholberg?

a. Both theories stress the importance of changes in thinking in their stagesb. Both believe personality is formed in the first 5 yearsc. Both theories stress the importance of the third stage in the developmental

processd. Both developed a life span theory and had eight stagese. Both believe that libido fixated in childhood cannot be changed

26. Harlow’s experiment with rhesus monkeys and surrogate mothers emphasized the importance of

a. Contact comfortb. Feedingc. Aesthetic needsd. Incentive theorye. Gender schema

27. According to Diana Baumrind, which of the following parental styles results in the most socially competent and responsible adults?

a. Authoritarianb. Authoritativec. Uninvolvedd. Permissivee. Indulgent

28. The child was born with widely spaced eyes, a thin upper lip, and a short flat nose. Chances are that we will later suffer from mental retardation. To which teratogen was this child most likely exposed to during the prenatal period?

a. Tobaccob. German measlesc. Heroind. Alcohole. Cocaine

29. According to social learning theory, gender identity is i. A process which occurs when young children unconsciously

identify with the same-sex parentii. A result of being positively reinforced for acing in ways that

conform to male and female rolesiii. Learned through observing and imitation role models like their

parents a. I onlyb. II onlyc. III onlyd. II and III onlye. I, II, and III

30. Which of the following theories best exemplifies continuity?a. Erikson’s psychosocial theoryb. Vygotsky’s sociocultural theoryc. Piaget’s cognitive development theoryd. Kholberg’s theory of mental developmente. Gilligan’s theory of moral development

31. According to Kholberg’s theory, postconventional morality requires thinking at Piaget’s

a. Sensorimotor levelb. Preoperational levelc. Concrete Operational leveld. Formal Operational Levele. Universal principle level

Myer’s Psychology for AP

32. “Chair,” “freedom,” and “ball” are all a. Phonemesb. Heuristicsc. Conceptsd. Telegraphic utterancese. Prototypes

33. People are more concerned about a medical procedure when told it has a 10 percent death rate than they are when told it has a 90 percent survival rate. This is because of

a. Belief perseveranceb. Insightc. Intuition d. Framinge. Confirmation bias

34. Which of the following illustrates a heuristic? a. Calculating the are of a rectangle by multiplying the length times the

widthb. Recalling published reports of corporate fraud to estimate how much fraud

occurs in American businessc. Looking in each room of your home to find your sleeping catd. Following a new recipe to bake a cake for your friende. Trying every key on your mom’s key ring until you find the one that

unlocks the seldom-used store-room in the basement

35. Which of the following represents a prototype for the concept indicated in parentheses?

a. A whale (mammal)b. An ostrich (bird)c. A beanbag (chair)d. An igloo (house)e. A golden retriever (dog)

36. Who proposed the idea that language development could be explained with the principles of learning?

a. B.F. Skinnerb. Noam Chomskyc. Steven Pinkerd. Benjamin Lee Whorfe. Paul Broca

37. The inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective is calleda. Confirmation bias

b. Insightc. Representativenessd. Fixatione. Availability

38. In English, we know to put adjectives before nouns because of a. Semanticsb. Syntaxc. Statistical learningd. Algorithmse. Practice during the babbling stage

39. Mental rehearsal can improve athletic performance because of the effectiveness of thinking in

a. Imagesb. Morphemesc. Telegraphic speechd. Semanticse. Phonemes

40. Phonemes area. Units of meaning in a languageb. A form of syntaxc. The basis of grammard. Units of sound in a languagee. A form of telegraphic speech

41. People often underestimate the amount of time it will take to complete a project because pf

a. Belief perseveranceb. Framingc. Intuitiond. The availability heuristice. Overconfidence

42. According to Robert Sternberg, which of the following is not a component of creativity?

a. A venturesome personalityb. Imaginative thinking skillsc. A creative environmentd. A position of ignorancee. Intrinsic motivation

43. German students unfamiliar with American geography guessed that San Diego was larger that San Antonio more frequently than American students made this correct identification. The German students were effectively using

a. Framingb. The representativeness heuristicc. Intuitiond. Belief perseverancee. Mental set

44. Which of the following demonstrates the representativeness heuristic?a. Deciding that a new kid in school is a nerd because he looks like a nerd.b. Fearing air travel because of memories of plane crashesc. Checking in every drawer to find some matches because matches are

usually in drawersd. Having the solution to a word problem pop into your head because you

have just successfully solved a similar probleme. Applying for several jobs in several local grocery stores because your best

friend just got a job in a grocery store

45. Benjamin Lee Whorf’s linguistic determinism hypotheses relates to thea. Influence thinking has on languageb. Influence language has on thinkingc. Role of the language acquisition deviced. Importance of critical periods in language developmente. Development of language in nonhuman animals

46. Noam Chomsky believes that we all need to acquire languages isa. Exposure to language in early childhoodb. Instruction in grammarc. Reinforcement for babbling and other early verbal behaviors d. Imitation and drille. Linguistic determinism

47. Jean Piaget’s developmental theory focused on how humans ggrowa. Socially b. Morallyc. Cognitively d. Physicallye. Egocentrically

48. The loss of brain cells, the deterioration of neurons that produce acetylcholine, and the formation of plagues at the ends of neuron branches is indicative of

a. The death-deferral phenomenon b. Alzheimer’s diseasec. Crystallized intelligenced. Multiple sclerosis e. Normal aging

49. A time when certain events must take place to facilitate proper development is called the ________ period.

a. Conservationb. Preoperationalc. Attachmentd. Criticale. Assimilation

50. Which of the following is true? a. During old age, many of the brain’s neurons dieb. If we live to be 90 or older, most of us will eventually become senilec. Older people become less susceptible to short-term illnessesd. Recognition memory – the ability to identify things previously

experienced – declines with age.e. Life satisfaction peaks in the 50s and then gradually declines after age 65.

51. According to Kholberg, what kind of morality is exhibited with actions are judged “right” because they flow from basic ethical principles?

a. Postconventionalb. Preconventionalc. Conventionald. Preoperationale. Formal operational

52. According toe Mary Ainsworth’s research on attachment, what would a child need to become “securely attached”?

a. Sensitive, responsive caregiversb. The right temperament c. A terry-cloth wrapped “surrogate” motherd. An imprinting experience shortly after birthe. The right diet

53. Temperament refers to an infant’s a. Susceptibility to infection and diseaseb. Emotional reactivityc. General intelligenced. Level of angere. Ability to learn from situations

54. Fluid intelligence – our ability to reason speedily and abstractly – a. Decreases slowly with ageb. As not been measured over timec. Has not been measured over timed. Does not change until about age 75e. Remains unchanged if we exercise

55. Once a sperm penetrates the cell wall of an egg and fertilized it, this structure is known as

a. An embryob. A fetusc. Placentad. A teratogene. A zygote

56. Researchers suggest that infancy’s major social achievement is attachment. Childhood’s major social achievement is developing

a. Basic trustb. Into a sexually mature personc. Intimacyd. A positive sense of selfe. Object permanence

57. Most adolescents can ponder and debate human nature, good and evil, truth and justice. According to Piaget, this is due to the emergence of which stage?

a. Concrete operational b. Sensorimotorc. Preoperationald. Formal Operationale. Accommodation

58. The sense of when to leave home, get a job, or marry is also referred to as the a. Social clockb. Midlife crisisc. Critical periodd. Life spane. Theory of mind

59. The more often the stimulus is presented, the weaker the response becomes. Developmental researchers call this decrease in responding with repeated stimulation?

a. Stagnationb. Attachmentc. Autonomyd. Imprintinge. Habituation

60. Eleanor Maccoby’s research found which of the following factors to be the least positively correlated with problem behavior in preschool children?

a. Parent incomeb. Parent education levelc. Time spent in day cared. Child’s temperament

e. Parent Sensitivity

61. According to Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development, the crisis that needs resolution for adolescents involves the search for

a. Trustb. Identityc. Autonomyd. Initiativee. Worth

Kaplan62. The person responsible for developing the nativist perspective on language

comprehension wasa. William Jamesb. Noam Chomskyc. B. F. Skinnerd. Wilhelm Wundte. George Miller``

63. Many psychologists consider which level of language to be the most important?a. Semanticb. Lexicalc. Syntacticd. Morphemice. Phonemic

64. Which level is considered to represent the smallest unit of sound in a language?a. Semanticb. Lexicalc. Morphemicd. Phonemice. Syntactic

65. The mental dictionary is called the a. Forebrainb. Temporal sectionc. Semantic structured. Lexicone. Graphemic region

66. Which part of the brain seems to be responsible for language?a. Temporal lobeb. Occipital lobec. Limbic systemd. Hypothalamuse. Parietal lobe

67. “Curious blue ideas sleep furiously,” is a famous statement by a linguist to argue that sentences can be proper but still not make sense. At what level is this sentence ambiguous?

a. Semanticb. Lexicalc. Syntacticd. Phonemice. Morphemic

68. Which linguistic universal suggests that words don’t mean anything until we give them meaning?

a. Semanticityb. Arbitrarinessc. Vocal-auditoryd. Displacemente. Uniqueness

69. A child typically says her first word at agea. 6 monthsb. 12 monthsc. 16 monthsd. 20 monthse. 24 months

70. A child tends to have complete command of most aspects of language by agea. 1 yearb. 2 yearsc. 3 yearsd. 4 yearse. 5 years

71. “A child learns language by listening to others and imitating the sounds.” Such a statement might have been made by ___________ on the topic of language acquisition.

a. Chomskyb. Watsonc. Jamesd. Freude. Skinner

72. English is composed of approximately how many unique sounds?a. 26-30b. 20-25c. 15-20d. 40-50e. 60-80

73. The difference between the cognitive and behavioral perspective on language acquisition is

a. The timing of the onset of languageb. The idea that there are differences between boys and girlsc. The time course of language acquisitiond. The source: the environment versus being hardwired.e. None; both are talking about the same process, using different words

74. The basic sounds of a language are represented at which level?a. Semanticb. Lexicalc. Phonemicd. Morphemice. Syntactic

75. What differentiates human language from other forms of communications in the animal world?

a. Human language is more precise.b. Humans speak; animals gesture.c. Human language and animal language are the same; there are no

differences.d. Human language uses words.e. Human language is less precise.

76. A child has learned that the name for the vehicle he drives in is “truck.” One day. He sees a car driving sown the street and says, “Truck.” This child is demonstrating

a. Underextensionb. Overextensionc. Cognitive errord. Lexical access errore. Semantic error

77. The concept of displacement means that with human language, we can a. Talk about things presentb. Talk about things we don’t know aboutc. Talk about things that have happened or that will happend. Learn about people not presente. Learn about topics unknown to us

78. Which of the following is a syntactically complex sentence?a. Bill went to the store.b. Tony ran out into the street.c. Fran wanted to buy some coffee, so she went to the store.d. John was interested in buying a new car for his family.e. Sue thought that her son was smart.

79. If someone says that we’re making a phonemic mistake when we are speaking, we are probably

a. Confusing subject-verb agreementb. Speaking in run-on sentencesc. Not saying some words correctlyd. Speaking with an accente. Stuttering

80. A 5-year-old child speaks in one-word sentences. This representsa. The typical situationb. A language delayc. A language burstd. Cognitive complexitye. Intellectual advancement

81. __________ developed the concept of linguistic universals.a. Chomskyb. Hockettc. Skinner d. Freud e. Miller

82. Child development occurs quickly from the fetal stage into the development of a fully formed human. Which of the following developmental milestones occurs first?

a. Fingernails growb. Skull fully formsc. Twins occurd. A blastocyst formse. Implantation happens

83. At which period of prenatal development is it most dangerous for a woman to take in substances that have an impact on a developing fetus?

a. Ninth monthb. First two months c. Third trimesterd. Second trimestere. Sixth month

84. The process of culling neuronal connections to improve the efficiency of brain activity is called

a. Trimmingb. Pruningc. Fillingd. Scoringe. Firing

85. According to Piaget, the most important process of development isa. Learning to solve logical problemsb. Learning to speakc. Adapting to the environmentd. Learning new wordse. Cultivating relationships with one’s parents

86. What task might be beyond the reach of a child in the preoperational stage?a. Speakingb. Eating by oneselfc. Walking d. Conversation e. Remembering

87. At roughly what age would a child reach the stage of formal operations?a. 5b. 2c. 7d. Birthe. 12

88. A child has a dog and refers to this dog as “doggie.” She then sees a kitten for the first time and calls out “doggie!” This process is called

a. Evolutionb. Formalizationc. Spreading activationd. Accommodatione. Assimilation

89. The child in question 88 eventually learns that dogs and cats are different creatures, and she can determine the difference between the two. This process is referred to as

a. Evolutionb. Formalizationc. Spreading activationd. Accommodatione. Assimilation

90. Which of the following skills makes formal operations different from other stages?

a. Abstract logicb. Ability to conservec. More accommodation than assimilationd. Adaptation to the environmente. Learning to speak

91. the process of conservation refers to a child’s ability to a. remember his nameb. recognize his motherc. understand a basic law of physicsd. know the structure of languagee. recognize absurdities in language

92. The difference between assimilation and accommodation is that a. Assimilation refers to our ability to adapt b. Accommodation refers to our ability to adaptc. Assimilation is the process of developing new schemasd. Accommodation is the process of developing new schemase. Assimilation happens more when you are younger

93. According to Piaget, basic knowledge structures are calleda. Accommodation b. Assimilationc. Equilibriumd. Schemase. Nodes

94. Piaget focused mainly on _________, while Vygotsky focused mostly on _________.

a. Culture; stages of developmentb. Assimilation; accommodationc. Accommodation; assimilationd. Stages of development; culturee. Logic; language

95. The gap between the skills that children have the ability to do alone versus that which they can do with support is called

a. Adaptationb. Zone of proximal developmentc. Scaffoldingd. Equilibratione. Accommodation

96. According to Keating, many college students do not actually reach formal operations, even though Piaget’s theory suggests that they should./ Keating makes this claim because college students couldn’t

a. Answer abstract logical problemsb. Conservec. Equilibrated. Answer simple math problemse. Respond to riddles

97. The sensorimotor stage of cognitive development is one during which children do NOT have the ability to

a. Respond to the environmentb. Use simple motor skillsc. Engage in imaginative playd. Smilee. Respond to mother’s voice

98. At how many weeks of prenatal development is the sex of a fetus identifiable?a. 2 weeks b. 28 weeksc. 12 weeksd. 40 weeks e. 5 weeks

99. The process of fitting into the environment is called, according to Piaget, a. Equilibrationb. Schemac. Accommodationd. Assimilatione. Adaptation

100. The periodic restructuring of schemas to fit new information into a revised organizational structure is called

a.Equilibration

b. Schemac. Accommodationd. Assimilatione. Adaptation

101. According to Piaget’s theory, we develop schemasa. During gestation b. Through experiencec. Via instinctd. During adulthoode. During adolescence

Fast Track to a 5

102. Vinnie is five months old and enjoys playing peek-a-boo mainly because, as Vinnie understands it, the human face is there, then it disappears, then it reappears. According to Piaget, what stage is Vinnie currently in?

a. Preconventionalb. Concrete operationalc. Sensorimotord. Preoperationale. Formal operational

103. Tim is fourteen years old and believes that everyone is as concerned with his looks as he is. What is Tim experiencing?

a. Personal fableb. Imaginary audiencec. Conservationd. Identity confusione. Thought disorder

104. Keiko drops out of her high school drama club and joins the rugby club instead in an effort to meet new people. According to Erikson’s psychological theory of development, Keiko is currentluy experiencing

a. Trust versus mistrustb. Initiatve versus guiltc. Secure sttachment versus insecure attachmentd. Identity versus role confusione. Industry versus inferiority

105. Harry Harlow felt that for infant monkeysa. The need for contact comfort is less important than the reduction of the

hunger driveb. The need for social interaction is clearly overestimatedc. The need for contact comfort is more important than the reduction of the

hunger drived. Infant monkeys raised in a rich, stimulating environment are more likely

to be securely attached e. There is a critical period during which imprinting must take place

106. Lightly touching an infant’s cheek will result in the movement of the infant’s mouth to whichever side of the face was touched. This is known as what type of reflex?

a. Babinskib. Moroc. Palmard. Sucking

e. Rooting

107. Students at Bayside High School are amazed by all the knowledge Dr. Jones posseses. Having taken psychology, you know that the professor’s extensive knowledge can likely be attributed to a high level of

a. Fluid intelligenceb. Crystallized intelligencec. Self-efficacyd. Wisdome. Creativity

108. Maturation refers toa. Environmental influences that can potentially put the baby at risk for

developing a disorderb. Development that occurs naturally, and without the influence of the

environmentc. Development that occurs because of the influence of the environmentd. The adaptation of new objects in an already existing schemae. The implementation of a new schema to make sense of new information

109. Which of the following correctly represents Elizabeth Kübler-Ross’s theory of death and grief?

a. Denial, anger, fear, bargaining, acceptanceb. Fear, anger, bargaining, denial, acceptancec. Denial, anger, curiosity, bargaining, acceptanced. Denial, anger, bargaining depression, acceptancee. Anger, bargaining, grief, anger, acceptance

110. Brody is contemplating whether to cheat on his upcoming psychology examination. He knows that he needs to get an A on the test. However, he also recognizes that if he gets caught cheating, he will have to accept any punishment he receives. Brody then decides that getting an A on the exam outweighs the risk of getting caught. According to Kohlberg, Brody is currently at what level of morality?

a. Preconventionalb. Operationalc. Post-conventionald. Concretee. Conventional

111. The term used to define any agent that may interfere with development in a human fetus is called

a. Maturationb. A teratogen

c. Egocentrismd. The critical periode. A personal fable

112. According to Baumrind, the type of parenting that would most likely produce a cooperative, caring, and empathetic child is

a. Permissiveb. Avoidantc. Egocentricd. Authoritariane. Authoritative

113. According to Erikson, the first crisis encountered in human development is

a. Trust versus mistrustb. Identity versus role confusionc. Shame versus doubtd. Generativity versus stagnatione. Intimacy versus isolation

114. Fluid intelligence _______ with age, while crystallized intelligence _______ with age.

a. Remains the same; remains the sameb. Increases; decreasesc. Decreases; decreasesd. Decreases; increasese. Increases; increases

115. Tommy, a toddler, is sitting in a room with his mother when a stranger enters, causing Tommy to cling tightly to his mother. His mother reassures Tommy that everything is all right and that he can play with the stranger. According to Mary Ainsworth, Tommy is displaying

a. Insecure attachmentb. Ambivalent/restraint attachmentc. Obstinate attachmentd. Secure attachmente. Unasserted attachment

116. When asked why the sky is blue, Erin responds, “Because blue is my favorite color!” According to Piaget, Erin is displaying

a. Animismb. Egocentrismc. Artificialismd. Personal fablee. Industry versus inferiority