Methods for Construction Projects
University of Minnesota
Research Project Final Report 2014-24
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Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. 3. Recipients Accession No. MN/RC 2014-24 4. Title and Subtitle Development and Evaluation of Effective Turbidity Monitoring Methods for Construction Projects
5. Report Date July 2014 6.
7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. R. Perkins, B. Hansen, B. Wilson and J. Gulliver
CTS Project #2011108
9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. Departments of Bioproducts/Biosystems and Civil Engineering University of Minnesota 1390 Eckles Avenue St. Paul, MN 55108
11. Contract (C) or Grant (G) No. Contract number: (c) 89261 (wo) 250
12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Minnesota Department of Transportation Research Services & Library 395 John Ireland Boulevard, MS 330 St. Paul, MN 55155
Final Report 14. Sponsoring Agency Code
15. Supplementary Notes http://www.lrrb.org/pdf/201424.pdf 16. Abstract (Limit: 250 words) Various agencies have discussed the possibility of using turbidity as an effluent standard for construction site. Turbidity monitoring can be difficult for dynamic construction sites. This project investigated turbidity relationships for conditions of Minnesota and developed protocols for the design and installation of cost-effective monitoring systems. Turbidity characteristics of fourteen different soils in Minnesota were investigated using the laboratory protocols. Trends in turbidity with sediment concentrations were well represented by power functions. The exponent of these power functions was relatively constant between soils and the log-intercept, or scaling parameter varied substantially among the different soils. A regression analysis for the scaling parameter was a function of percent silt, interrill erodibility, and maximum abstraction. A power value of 7/5 was chosen to represent all soils. The field studies were also used to develop turbidity monitoring systems that would be adaptable to construction sites and to collect turbidity data on construction site runoff. Construction site turbidities often exceeded 1000 NTUs and sometimes surpassed 3000 NTUs.
17. Document Analysis/Descriptors Turbidity, construction management, erosion, best practices
18. Availability Statement No restrictions. Document available from: National Technical Information Services, Alexandria, VA 22312
19. Security Class (this report) 20. Security Class (this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 158
Development and Evaluation of Effective Turbidity Monitoring Methods for
Construction Projects
Final Report
Prepared by:
Brad Hansen
Bruce Wilson Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering
John Gulliver
July 2014
Published by:
Minnesota Department of Transportation Research Services & Library
395 John Ireland Boulevard Mail Stop 330 St. Paul, Minnesota 55155-1899
This report represents the results of research conducted by the authors and does not necessarily represent the views or policies of the Minnesota Local Road Research Board, the Minnesota Department of Transportation, or the University of Minnesota. This report does not contain a standard or specified technique.
The authors, the Minnesota Local Road Research Board, the Minnesota Department of Transportation, and the University of Minnesota do not endorse products or manufacturers. Any trade or manufacturers’ names that may appear herein do so solely because they are considered essential to this report.
Table of Contents
Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. iii
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 10
Soil Processing ............................................................................................................................. 15
Rainfall Procedure ....................................................................................................................... 16 Soil Box Preparation ........................................................................................................................................... 16 Pre-rainfall .......................................................................................................................................................... 16 Rainfall ............................................................................................................................................................... 17
Aliquot Sample Analysis ............................................................................................................... 17 Total Runoff Sample Analysis ............................................................................................................................. 18 Determination of Rainfall Duration .................................................................................................................... 19
Soil Properties ............................................................................................................................. 19
Chapter 3: Evaluation of Turbidity-Concentration Relationships ........................................... 27
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 27
General Power Relationship ......................................................................................................... 27 ................................................................................................................................................... 28 ................................................................................................................................................... 30 Evaluation of Regression Models ....................................................................................................................... 31
Data Normalization ...................................................................................................................... 34 Normalization by a Standard.............................................................................................................................. 35 Normalization with a Single Known Data Value ................................................................................................. 36
Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 44
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 46
Data Collection ............................................................................................................................ 48
Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 50 d ................................................................................................................................................. 50 d .................................................................................................................................................. 53
Dimensionless Turbidity ............................................................................................................... 54
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 56
Turbidity Monitoring Systems for Surface Runoff .......................................................................... 56 Initial Turbidity Box Design and Assessment ..................................................................................................... 57 Installation ......................................................................................................................................................... 59 Flow Calibration of the Initial Turbidity Box....................................................................................................... 63 Final Two-Stage Turbidity Box ............................................................................................................................ 64
Turbidity Monitoring Systems for De-watering ............................................................................. 66 Initial Design ....................................................................................................................................................... 66 Calibration and Evaluation of the Initial Design ................................................................................................. 68 Final Monitoring Design for De-watering ........................................................................................................... 71
Description of Field Sites and Events ............................................................................................ 77
Field data analysis ........................................................................................................................ 79
Example Applications ................................................................................................................... 88 Estimating Turbidity from Observed Concentrations ........................................................................................ 89 Estimating Sediment Loads ................................................................................................................................ 90 Impact of a Non-linear Turbidity-Concentration Relationship ........................................................................... 93
Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 96
References......................................................................................................................... 103
Appendix A ........................................................................................................................ 106
Appendix B ........................................................................................................................ 119
Appendix C ........................................................................................................................ 130
Appendix D ........................................................................................................................ 137
Appendix E ........................................................................................................................ 139
List of Tables


List of Figures
Figure 2.1: Soil site locations marked with red stars. .................................................................................................. 11 Figure 2.2. Rainfall simulator used for the laboratory experiments. ........................................................................... 13 Figure 2.3. Collection of runoff samples .................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 2.4. Same slope regression for trial run. ........................................................................................................... 20 Figure 2.5. Measuring turbidity with test apparatus .................................................................................................... 25 Figure 3.1. Time Dependent 50 mL sample dilution curves for one soil. .................................................................... 28 Figure 3.2. Dilution curves for all soils. ...................................................................................................................... 29 Figure 3.3. Observed values plotted against predicted values for Model 1. .......................................................... 32 Figure 3.4. Observed values plotted against predicted values for Model 2. .......................................................... 33 Figure 3.5. Estimated for an example soil. ............................................................................................................... 35 Figure 3.6. Laboratory turbidity and concentration data normalized by a 1000 NTU turbidity standard. ................... 36 Figure 3.7. Turbidity values measured by the OBS3+ for all five soils. ...................................................................... 38 Figure 3.8. Turbidity values measured by the YSI 6136 for all five soils ................................................................... 38 Figure 3.9. Turbidity values measured by the OBS500 for all five soils ..................................................................... 38 Figure 3.10. Turbidity values measured by the Analite NEP495 for all five soils ...................................................... 39 Figure 3.11. Turbidity values measured by the 2100N for all five soils ...................................................................... 39 Figure 3.12. Turbidity values measured by each sensor on the sandy loam soil ......................................................... 40 Figure 3.13. Turbidity values measured by each sensor on the sandy loam 2 soil ...................................................... 40 Figure 3.14. Turbidity values measured by each sensor on the loam soil .................................................................... 41 Figure 3.15. Turbidity values measured by each sensor on the silt soil ....................................................................... 41 Figure 3.16. Turbidity values measured by each sensor on the silty clay loam soil .................................................... 42 Figure 3.17. Difference between turbidity values of each probe and the 2100N ......................................................... 43 Figure 3.18. Average difference between sensors and the 2100N turbidities. ............................................................. 44 Figure 4.1. Example of turbidity and concentration data corresponding to a total runoff sample. .............................. 50 Figure 4.2. Overall logarithmic regression between d and Fd for all soils. ................................................................ 52 Figure 4.3. Observed vs. Predicted d using Equation 4.17 and Equation 4.18 .......................................................... 52 Figure 4.4. Overall power relationship between d and Fd for all soils. ....................................................................... 54 Figure 5.1. Turbidity box showing size, probe placement and overflow outlet. .......................................................... 58 Figure 5.2. Upstream end with 11/2 inch angle iron attached to prevent water undercutting beneath he box. ............ 58 Figure 5.3. Downstream end with 0.5 inch slot opening for bed load passage ............................................................ 59 Figure 5.4. Turbidity box mounted in rock filter. Rubber mat anchored at downstream end to reduce scouring. ....... 60 Figure 5.5. Turbidity box with wing walls monitoring ditch ....................................................................................... 60 Figure 5.6. Turbidity box mounted in culvert outfall from sediment pond ................................................................. 61 Figure 5.7. Discharge out the top of the box maintains sediment in suspension ........................................................ 62 Figure 5.8. Operation of bed load slot under low flow conditions .............................................................................. 62 Figure 5.9. Pressure transducer, automated water sampling tube and single sample siphon bottle installed in turbidity box ............................................................................................................................................................................... 63 Figure 5.10. Flow calibration of the original turbidity box showing a large gap in flow range due to the configuration of the box ..................................................................................................................................................................... 64 Figure 5.11. View of the two-stage turbidity weir facing downstream. The weir plate and bedload slot can be seen at the downstream end of the box .................................................................................................................................... 65 Figure 5.12. Calibration curve of the two-stage turbidity box ..................................................................................... 66 Figure 5.13. Portable de-watering monitoring system ................................................................................................. 67 Figure 5.14. Turbidity probe mounted inside 2.5 centimeter PVC pipe for protection ............................................... 68 Figure 5.15. Data logger and battery mounted inside weatherproof enclosure ............................................................ 68 Figure 5.16. Graph depicting the accuracy of the turbidity measurement in the de-watering system compared to tank turbidity. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 69 Figure 5.17. Turbidity measured by the de-watering device during pumping of water from a settling tank ............... 70 Figure 5.18. Comparison of turbidity measured in a tank to that in the de-watering device using the same probe ..... 71 Figure 5.19. De-watering device with PVC box to house the turbidity sensor ............................................................ 72 Figure 5.20. Graphs of turbidity values from six different sediment concentrations measured with a 2100Q and OBS3+ probe. The last three graphs also show a comparison between the turbidity values given by the OBS3+ in the de-watering device and the turbidity in the supply tank measured with a second OBS3+ probe ................................ 75
Figure 5.22. Plot of OBS3+ probes versus both the 2100N and 2100Q meters ........................................................... 77 Figure 5.23. Turbidity monitoring setup at 169/494 after rainfall event ...................................................................... 79 Figure 5.24. Construction site at Snelling/694 ............................................................................................................. 80 Figure 5.25. Turbidity box in rock filter with Analite 495 probe ................................................................................ 80 Figure 5.26. Turbidity box in ditch at Snelling/694 site just above outfall off the construction site ........................... 81 Figure 5.27. Turbidity values from two consecutive storm events at Snelling/694 construction site .......................... 82 Figure 5.28. Comparison of turbidity values between the rock filter and the ditch. The rock filter was upstream of the ditch. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 83 Figure 5.29. Turbidity and rainfall data from 169 and 494 construction site for a 2.7 inch rain event. ....................... 84 Figure 5.30. Turbidity values generated from 1.02 inch rain event after new blanket had been installed ................... 85 Figure 5.31. Turbidity and rainfall data at culvert outfall from storm water pond at the 169/494 site. ....................... 86 Figure 5.32. Snelling/694 dilution curves for laboratory and field sample .................................................................. 87 Figure 5.33. Dilution curve for 169/494 construction site. .......................................................................................... 88 Figure 5.34. Predicted turbidity values for the August 3rd storm on the Arden Hills construction site ....................... 90 Figure 5.35. Estimated concentration values corresponding to the turbidity data collected on the Bloomington site for the rain storm on May 23, 2012. ............................................................................................................................ 92 Figure 5.36. Estimated concentration data and hydrograph for May 23 storm on Bloomington site .......................... 92 Figure 5.37. Sediment load on the 169/494 site during the May 23 storm .................................................................. 93 Figure 5.38. Linear and non-linear relationships for Arden Hills subsoil. ................................................................... 95
Executive Summary
Stormwater runoff from construction sites can transport eroded sediment to nearby water
bodies degrading water quality and impairing biotic communities. The use of turbidity as
measure of the sediment loads leaving construction sites has been of interest in Minnesota and
elsewhere. The project examined turbidity relationships and monitoring systems to measure
field turbidity data. Laboratory protocols have been developed herein for studying the factors
that impact turbidity from construction site soils. Experimental procedures include the use of
a rainfall simulator to generate runoff and turbidity values from soils carefully packed in
appropriate test boxes. Turbidity characteristics of fourteen different soils in Minnesota were
investigated using the laboratory protocols. Trends in turbidity with sediment concentrations
were well represented by power functions. The exponent of these power functions was
relatively constant between soils and the log-intercept, or scaling parameter varied
substantially among the different soils. Multiple soil properties were evaluated for each soil.
An extensive regression analysis resulted in a model using percent silt, interrill erodibility,
and maximum abstraction that best represented the intercept term. A power value of 7/5 was
chosen to represent all soils. A second laboratory experiment was performed to determine
how particle settling affects the coefficients of the turbidity -TSS relationship. The scaling
parameter increased with sediment deposition and the power value decreased.
The field studies were also used to develop turbidity monitoring systems that would be
adaptable to construction sites and to collect turbidity data on construction site runoff. Two
different monitoring systems were developed from this project. The first was a turbidity flume
designed to monitor turbidity levels from overland flows and the second was designed to
monitor turbidity values during de-watering activities. Turbidity values were measured at two
different construction sites. Both turbidity values generated from onsite erosion control
practices and runoff leaving the construction site were recorded. Turbidities easily exceeded
1000 NTUs and often surpassed 3000 NTUs for most of the runoff events recorded.
To better understand the accuracy of turbidity measurements on construction site soils in
Minnesota a laboratory analysis of five different turbidity sensors on five different soil
textures was conducted . As expected both differences in soil texture and probe configuration
impacted the accuracy of the turbidity readings.



Background Information
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Measurement of Turbidity
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Factors Affecting Turbidity
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Introduction
The experimental methods of Chapter 2 were used to obtain a data set to investigate the
relationship between turbidity and concentration. The analysis is based largely on the six 50
mL aliquot samples. The first section of the chapter will evaluate the samples using a general
power relationship. This evaluation will be done for all of the soils. Trends in the coefficients
of this power relationship will be further explored. Predictive relationships are proposed and
their usefulness is evaluated.
General Power Relationship
Insight into turbidity readings was obtained by plotting the turbidity data as a function of
sediment concentration. An example of turbidity-concentration trends is shown in Figure 3.1.
Each soil had six sets of data and six separate relationships to describe the data. Several
regressions were performed on the data to determine the correct form of the turbidity and TSS
relationship. A power relationship for turbidity and sediment concentration was clearly
suggested from these plots.
All of the soils in the study were well represented by a power function. The general
relationship used to descr
ibe turbidity as a function of TSS is as follows:
(3.1)
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dependent. In the above equation, turbidity and TSS are measured in NTUs and mg/L
respectively. Equation 3.1 was evaluated for each of the six samples collected at different
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Introduction
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