developing reading proficiency 2
DESCRIPTION
Improve your VocabularyTRANSCRIPT
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DEVELOPING READING PROFICIENCY 2archon قديم آتن عاليرتبه افسران از كيsuperintendent
offend
accused متهمelect
ballot مخفي رايsevere
penalty
white-bearded man of 70
lack فقدانsentence
exile
scholar
sculptor
midwife they were about to have babies.
thoughtful
disturb
sophist
boast
justice عدالتgoodness نيكي poor فقيرpreference preference to those of the soul."
soul (seek) روانwarn دادن هشدارtwist
ruler حاكم preach
declare
defend this world is God, who will judge you and them.
at all costs قيمتي هر بهbeyond ماورا
- it was the palace of one of the Archons, the superintendents of the religious life of Athens who
مدير - .tried those people accused of offending the gods سرپرست
رنجاندن - كردن كردن = try تخطي محاكمه
انتخاب - دادن Five hundred judges, elected by the citizens, decided by secret ballot whether the accused were - راي
guilty or not and how severe the penalty should be.
فرسا - طاقت سختجريمه - - كيفر جزا
سفيد ريش ساله 70مرد - an old, white-bearded man of 70 stood before the judges. He had been accused by three men of
lack of respect for the city gods.
) محكوميت - - ) فتوي .his sentence could be extremely severe. It might be exile or, perhaps, even death - حكم
كردن - تبعيد تبعيددانشپژوه - .although scholars are not sure, they think that Socrates was born in 469 B.C - محقق
پيكرتراش - ساز his father was a sculptor and his mother was a midwife, a woman who helped other women when - مجسمه
قابله - ماماانديشمند - .when Socrates grew up he proved himself to be an intelligent and thoughtful man - متفكر
آشفتن - ساختن مضطرب - Socrates was disturbed by many ideas popular in the city at that time.
باز - - زبان باز سفسطه .at the same time that Socrates lived, there was in Greece a group of men called sophists - سوفيسطايي
كردن - - خودستايي خواندن رجز .they boasted that they knew everything - باليدن
- Socrates fought this idea. He said that truth, justice, goodness, and honesty did exist.
- Socrates remained poor and said, "do not love riches and the other good of the body in
رجحان - برتري
- he warned against twisting the truth by using words and false arguments.
پيجاندن - كردن كج - he told his listeners not to follow the wishes of rulers or anyone else, big or small, if the ideas they
كردن - وعظ كردن .preached were wrong موعظه
كردن - - اعالم گفتن داشتن seek the truth, and declare and defend it against any one, at all costs and always …. Beyond - اظهار
كردن - حمايت از كردن دفاع
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gadfly
annoy
sting
pester
went about the city شهر در گشتنcommon people عادي مردمdeeply F عميقاcriticize
defeat دادن شكستcarry out دادن انجامunjust ناعادالنه shame كردن شرمندهall-wise عاقل F كامالall-good Fخوب كامالworship
mount Olympus المپيك كوهthreaten
charge (against)
tribunal
serene
defence
court دادگاه accuser كننده متهمoutspoken
criticism
assure دادن اطمينانdishonesty نادرستيinjustice عدالتي بيcondemn
followers پيروانdistress the verdict calmly.
outcome
verdict
calmly
آزار - مردم و مزاحم آدم calling himself a gadfly -a kind of fly that annoys and stings- because he believed that everybody - خرمگس
كردن - اذيت .had to be pestered, if necessary, into seeing what was really true آزردن
گزيدن - نييشكردن - - بيحوصله آوردن بستوه كردن اذيت
- Socrates went about the city. He talked about the things he considered to be just with the
common people -especially the young men. He made them think.
- he loved his city and was deeply religious, but many people hated him and wanted to silence him
كردن - نكوهش كردن .because he criticized what he thought was wrong انتقاد
- he had defeated the sophists often in arguments. He and his students criticized the government.
sometimes he refused to carry out orders he considered unjust.
- he shamed dishonest men with his courage and honesty.
- also, he believed in one God, the all-wise and all-good ruler of the world, while the Greeks at that
time still worshipped the many gods on mount Olympus -Zeus, Apollo, Athena and many others.
عبادت - كردن پرستش
ترساندن - كردن Socrates was offered titles and riches. He was threatened, nothing could silence him. Finally three - تهديد
ساختن - متهم .men made false charges against him and he was sent before the tribunal اتهام
محاكمه - - ميز محاكمات ديوان محكمه دادگاهآرام - Socrates, serene and thoughtful, spoke in his own defence and tried to get the court and his - متين
كردن - دفاع .accusers to admit that the charges were false دفاع
الهجه - - صريح راست و رك پرحرف - but he was still outspoken in his criticisms.
جويي - عيب انتقاد - he assured them that, if he lived, he would continue to speak the truth and would never leave his city
- he stood firmly against dishonesty and injustice. And he was condemned to death.
شدن - محكوم كردن محكوم - Socrates' followers were greatly distressed at the outcome of his trail, but he took
كردن - - مضطرب اندوه پريشانيآمد - پي نتيجه
منصفه - هيت راي رايآرامي - با آسوده خاطر با
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everlasting
persuade كردن وادار true refused.
idea of truth راستگويي مفهومobey كردن اطاعتweep
a cup of poison زهر جامhemlock شوكرانoffensive
superintendents of the ديني ناظرانreligious life
take part كردن شركتsense of truth راستگويي مفهومprinciple
naval
demand
bury
terror
loss
tyrant
disobedience
overthrow
corrupt
youth
light sentence
apology
tyranny - he proved in this speech that he was not being tried for any crimes. But his beliefs and way of life
state
misdeed
bear كردن تحملdebate
accomplishment
irritate
harass
ازلي - .while in prison waiting for death, he discussed the everlasting life of the soul with his friends - جاوداني
- many of the men tried to persuade him to escape, but Socrates, always true to his idea of truth,
) پايبند - - ) راست پابرجا
- he told that the verdict had come from a legal court, and so he had no choice but to obey it.
ريختن - اشك كردن when the time came for him to carry out his sentence, this great man comforted his weeping - گريه
friends and calmly drank a cup of a poison, called hemlock, that had been prepared for him.
رنجانندن - .at the time of trial, Socrates was not offensive and wild - مهاجم
- Socrates refused to take part in public affairs because he was afraid he would have to go against
his sense of truth and justice if he did.
مبادي - و اصول به معتقد مبادي و .he made the citizens of Athens angry many times because he refused to give up his principles - اصول
دريايي - نيروي به وابسته كشتي به after the naval battle of Arginusae in 406 B.C., he spoke against citizens when they unjustly - وابسته
كردن - مطالبه كردن .demanded the death of ten generals who had been unable to burry the dead تقاضا
پوشاندن - نظر از سپردن خاك بهزياد - ترس again, in 404 B.C. during the period of terror which followed the loss of the war, Socrates went - دهشت
فقدان - - خسارت .against the orders of the thirty tyrants who ruled Athens زيان
ستمگر - حاكم ستمگرنافرماني - Socrates would have been condemned to death for his disobedience, but the government of the - سرپيچي
كردن - منقرض .thirty tyrants was soon overthrown برانداختن
كردن - خراب كردن .he was also charged with corrupting the youth of Athens by his teachings - فاسد
جوان - نوباوگان) كمتر ) سبك محكوميت - a clever lawyer might have been able to allow Socrates to escape with a light sentence.
- ) پوزش - ) رسمي عذرخواهي .instead he gave his own defense, the famous "Apology of Socrates" which explained his life - مدافعه
ستمگري - حكومت استبدادي حكومتكشور - .were a threat to the tyranny of the state, and was found guilty and condemned to death دولت
جرم - - عمل سوء كرداري .to bring charges against someone for a misdeed - بد
كردن - مناظره بحثانجام - - فضيلت هنرآزردن - كردن عصباني
كردن - خسته آوردن بستوه
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prevalent
strict
harsh
violent
spiritual
authority
supervise كردن نظارتevidence
determine
claim كردن ادعاmoan
honour (honor)
significance
one third سوم يكdecade دهه demystify كردن راز كشفtraditional modern view مرسوم جديد نظريهrepresent
stage مرحله renewal
worn-out
tissue بافت restore
inactive
web
interaction انفعال و فعلshut off
electrochemical الكتروشيمياييelectroencephalograph الكتروآنسيوفالوگراف pinpoint
odyssey
seamless
consciousness through a series of sleep stages.
withdrawal
متداول - رايجدنده - - يك اكيد سخت
ناگوار - خشنقاهر - - شديد تند
روحي - - معنوي .the spiritual nature of man - روحاني
توانايي - .a person who has the authority to supervise or direct - اختيار
مدرك - the examination of evidence and law by a judge to determine the issue of charges or claims - گواه
شدن - مصمم گرفتن تصميم
زاري - نالهافتخار - - عزت احترام
اهميت - - - مفهوم مقصود ?what is the significance of sleeping in our lives - معني
- nearly one third of our lives is spent sleeping.
- yet only within the last four decades have scientists begun seriously to study, understand and
demystify what goes on when we sleep.
- the traditional modern view is that sleep represents a stage of renewal, where the body repairs
دادن - نشان .and restores worn-out tissues and cells نماياندن
كني - - نو باز تكرار تجديدكهنه - - رفته در زهوار كوفته و خسته
) كردن - - ) بازپروري دادن پس كردن تعميرغيرفعال - جنبش .people used to think that sleep was a period of total inactivity for the body - بي
نسج - يا بافت .we now know that a complicated web of chemical interactions occurs while we sleep - شبكه
بستن - كردن .the brain, rather than shutting itself off, registers a whole series of electrochemical changes - تعطيل
- scientists working with an electroencephalograph have been able to pinpoint those shifting
) نقاط - ) به كردن اشاره دقت با كوچك چيز brain-wave patterns as well as follow the physical changes which occur during our nightly odyssey.
) طوالني - ) خواب پرحادثه مسافرتهايدرز - بدون during the night, we do not move seamlessly from consciousness into total withdrawal, but pass - يكپارچه
خبر - - هوشياري آگاهيگرفتن - باز گرفتن پس
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threshold آستانهslumber
subtle
physiological فيزيولوژي علم به وابستهrespiration تنفسpulse rate نبض ضربان ميزانdownswing پايين طرف به نوسانsmooth rhythms صاف هاي ريتمnetherworld
eyeball چشم مردمكfrom side to side ديگر سوي به سويي از the brain waves increase.
amplitude دامنه descent
set in كردن شروعdrop افتادن roll
abandon
arbitrary اختياري graduate student دكترا دوره دانشجويunder نظر زيرdart
eyelid چشم پلكphase
interval
roughly F تقريباparadoxical
heartbeat قلب ضربانresemble داشتن شباهتwaking state بيداري حالتmost importantly همه از تر مهمdemonstrate
in the early 1960s
volunteer داوطلب interrupt
- the first stage is when we move from the threshold of everyday consciousness into a light slumber.
زدن - - چرت سبك خواب چرتماهرانه - دقيق - subtle physiological changes are registered: blood pressure, respiration, pulse rate, and
temperature are all on the downswing.
- brain waves begin to shift from the smooth rhythms of alpha waves into a more irregular pattern.
) خواب - - ) عالم اسفل عالم اموات عالم - in stage two, the sleeper moves deeper into the netherworld of sleep.
- at this point, the eyeballs begin to move from side to side, while the amplitude and frequency of
هبوط - .the sleeper continues his descent into stage three - نزول
- total relaxation has set in.
گشتن - خوردن .by stage four, large, slow, delta waves roll regularly across the EEG screen - غلت
كردن - واگذار شدن .this is the stage where the sleeper has abandoned himself to deep sleep - تسليم
- the magic number of eight hours a night is fairly arbitrary.
- in 1952, Eugene Aserinsky, a graduate student under Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman at he university of
Chicago, discovered that a sleeper's eyes darted back and forth behind his eyelids during certain
كردن - حركت سرعت به تند .sleep phases حركت
تحول - و تغيير دوره مرحلهوقفه - - مدت these rapid eye movements, or REMs as they are called, occur with great regularity at roughly - فاصله
90-minutes intervals during the night.
) متناقص - ) نما مهمل - REM sleep is called "paradoxical sleep" because it is filled with great internal activity.
- breathing becomes irregular, heartbeat rises, and the brain-wave patterns resemble those of the
waking state.
- most importantly, this the period where we do most of our dreaming.
- ) دادن ) شرح دليل با كردن the importance of REM sleep was first demonstrated in a study made by Dr. William Dement of - اثبات
سالهاي اويل 1960در Stanford University in the early 1960s.
- volunteers were interrupted from their REM phase by a buzzer.
كردن - منقطع گسيختن
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buzzer
experiment آزمايش arouse
deprivation
short-tempered
irritable
compensate
undisturbed
pill
effectiveness اثرdosage
beneficial
dramatically person's REM sleep.
alcoholic الكلي detoxify مسمويت كردن رفعsaturate
vivid
terrify كردن زده وحشتhallucination
dose دارو مقدارspilling over
concentrate
disturbance
disorder
an estimated تخمين يك براساسchronic مزمن insomnia
transitional گذرا طور به - brain-wave recordings have shown that poor sleepers generally spend much more of their total time
physiologically فيزيكي لحاظ ازrecoup
nap
dim
precious
heritage ميراث
) سوت - ) صداي اخبار زنگ - as the experiment continued the subjects became increasingly hard to arouse.
كردن - - تحريك برانگيختن كردن بيدارفقدان - they seemed to be fighting the deprivation of REM sleep, although they were getting the usual - محروميت
رنج - زود .amount of the other sleep phases. They became short-tempered and irritable in the morning عصباني
مزاج - - تند خلق كج زودرنجدادن - عوض كردن when those volunteers were finally allowed to sleep through the night undisturbed, the - جبران
نشده - مختل مختل .compensated for their loss by having a night filled with dreams غير
) قرص - ) دارو حب - sleeping pills generally lose their effectiveness by the end of the first month in their normal dosage.
دارو - استعمال مقدار دارو شده تجويز مقدارمفيد - in the end, they actually prove more harmful than beneficial, for they can dramatically reduce a - سودمند
نمايشي - طور به مهيج طور به - Alcohol also reduce this vital phase of the cycle. Once an alcoholic is detoxified, he will find his
sleep at night saturated with vivid and sometimes terrifying dreams.
كردن - - اشباغ كردن پر آغشتنروشن - - واضح زنده
حس - - - خطاي توهم خيال According to one theory, the hallucinations of the dreaming times are actually a concentrated - تجسم
dose of REM dreams spilling over into waking life.
كردن - متمركز تغليظاختالل - - مزاحمت sleep disturbance is one of our most common disorders. For example, an estimated 30 million - آشفتگي
نظمي - بي .people in the U.S. suffer from chronic insomnia اختالل
- ) بيخوابي ) مرض غيرعادي بيخوابي
in the transitional light phase of sleep than average sleepers. Physiologically they are closer to waking
كردن - تالفي كردن .many people sleep little at night, but recoup their loss with naps during the day - جبران
نيمروز - خواب چرتتاريك - .Edison, who slept only 3 or 4 hours a night, took a dim view of the whole experience - مبهم
ارزش - با ".for him the eight-hour sleep cycle was a waste of precious time, "a heritage from our cave days - گرانبها
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cave days غارنشيني دورانbarbaric
sleeplessness خوابي بيrocking chair چرخان صندليmarathon ماراتون دو مسابقهmental patient رواني بيمارmedical school پزشكي دانشكدهpsychiatric روانپزشكي به وابستهissue
questionnaire پرسشنامه psychosis
depression افسردگي ailment
correlation همبستگي stability sleeping habits.
intrigue
intriguing connection پيچيده ارتباطsuicide خودكشيan unusually اينكه تعجبآورproportion recently found that they had stopped dreaming or else simply could no longer remember their dreams
suicidal خودكشي به متمايل يا وابستهinternal order دروني ترتيبimmediate problem فوري و زودگذر مسئله يكcurtain پردهraiser
for the ones to follow دهند رخ تا بعدي روياهاي برايshuffle
fourth چهارم frequently F مكرراwish-fulfillment كننده تكميلalong
Freudian specification فرويد نظريهspecification
grand
وحشي - he hoped that his electric light would help reduce our dependency on this barbaric nighttime custom - بربريت
- the record for sleeplessness was set in 1977 by Weston, who stayed awake for 449 hours during
a rocking chair marathon.
- during 1963-1964, a study of mental patients was made at Yale Medical School.
- a psychiatric team issued questionnaires to several hundred patients with psychosis,
) كردن - ) پخش دادن .depressions and other mental ailments انتشار
جنون - رواني بيماري
درد - مزمن بيماري - from the beginning, they discovered a close correlation between mental stability and healthy
ثبات - - استواري استحكامچيدن - - توطئه فريفتن كردن .the Yale study also found an intriguing connection between suicide and dreams - دسيسه
- an unusually height proportion of the suicidal were people who normally dreamed but who had
تناسب - - نسبت مقدار
- dreams follow their own internal order.
- our first dream is usually short, concerns an immediate problem, and is really a kind of curtain
raiser for the ones to follow.
كننده - برپا برنده باال
كردن - مخلوط هم با آميختن .the next two dreams generally shuffle the past and the present - بهم
- the fourth one is often set in the future and is frequently a wish fulfillment dream, along Freudian
specifications.
) طبق - ) بر طول با موازي
تشخيص - تعيين) طوالني - - ) مهم the fifth is usually the final one, and it is a grand finale, incorporating elements from the previous - بزرگ
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finale dreams but finishing in the present.
grand finale طوالني روياي نهايي بخشincorporating تركيبي duration مدت correspond in reality.
phenomenon پديدهreveal كردن آشكارimitate كردن تقليدdownward
somewhat
interior
mild mannered ميانه رفتارsymptom
partial
desert
extent
subjective
precise دقيق uncivilized غيرمتمدنprimitive اوليهperiodic اي دورهequivalent
deprive
downfall
illusion وهمcomprise
fascinating
endure كردن تحملunderworld اموات عالمcontradiction
gap
definite
delicate
gratification
نهايي - آخر بخش
- the duration of an action in a dream usually corresponds to the time it take to perform that action
بودن - مربوط هم به بودن برابرsleeping has been considered a phenomenon worth studying.
- study of the changes in brain waves during the sleeping time has revealed many things to scientists
- people do not imitate their sleeping habits.
پايين - به رو پايينحدي - تا قدري
داخلي - دروني - even mild-mannered persons become very irritable if they have lost much sleep.
مرض - عالئم نشانه - if a person goes without sleep for 3 days, he may start showing abnormal mental symptoms.
بخشي - .many scientists have tested the effects of partial lack of sleep upon our mental abilities - جزئي
كردن - ترك گريختن - abandon: neglect, desert.
مقدار - وسعت - amplitude: size, extent.
فردي - - دروني .arbitrary: not precise, subjective - ذهني
- barbaric: uncivilized, primitive.
- chronic: last for a long time, periodic.
بها - هم معادل - correspond: be equivalent or similar
كردن - محروم كردن بهره بي - deprive: take something away from somebody.
زوال - سقوط - downswing: downfall.
- hallucination: illusion of seeing or hearing something when no such thing is actually present.
داشتن - بر در بودن شامل - incorporate: include, comprise.
شيفته - مجذوب - intriguing: unusual, fascinating.
- marathon: long lasting event which is hard to endure.
- netherworld: the world of the dead, underworld.
مغايرت - تناقض - paradox: contradiction.
زياد - - اختالف درز رخنه - seamless: direct, without a gap or parting line.
روشن - - معين .shuffle: avoid being definite, confuse - معلوم
حساس - ظريف - subtle: delicate, fine.
سربلندي - لذت - wish fulfilment: gratification of a desire.
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supernatural طبيعي ماوراءgrandchild نوهelder بزرگترuntold
untold ages پايان بي اعصارsupreme
enormous عظيمmythology شناسي افسانهdethrone
seize
ascend بر كردن جلوسthrone
flee (fled)
reign
notable
encircle
translate
bore
saviour
banish
Olympian
succeed
Olympus
mountain top كوه قلهearliest poem اوليه اشعارregion ناحيه mysterious region آميز اسرار ناحيهtopmost
peak قله Olympus" clearly a mountain.
ridge
pinnacle
even so باشد چنين اگر حتيdwelling مسكن - wherever it was, the entrance to it was a great gate of clouds kept by the seasons. Within were
feast
- Ancient Greeks believed in gods who were supposed to be of supernatural powers who controlled …
- the Titans were their children, and the gods were their grandchildren.
- the Titans often called the Elder Gods, were for untold ages supreme in the universe.
حساب - بي ناگفته
افضل - - اعلي عالي - they were of enormous size and of incredible strength.
- there were many of them, but only a few appear in the stories of mythology.
كردن - عزل كردن .he ruled over the other Titans until his son Zeus dethroned him and seized the power for himself - خلع
قاپيدن - آوردن بتصرف - The Romans said that when Jupiter ascended the throne, Saturn fled to Italy and brought in the
نشستن - - تخت بر سرير تخت Golden age, a time of perfect peace and happiness, which lasted as long as he reigned.
كردن - فرار گريختنكردن - حكمراني سلطنت
توجه - جالب برجسته شخص - the other notable Titans were OCEAN, the river that was supposed to encircle the earth.
كردن - احاطه زدن حلقه) بودن - ) همراه كردن ترجمه - THEMIS, usually translated by Justice.
- ATLAS, who bore the world on his shoulders, and PROMETHEUS, who was the saviour of mankind
ناجي - دهنده نجات) كردن - - ) منسوخ كردن دور كردن تبعيد - these alone among the older gods were not banished with coming of Zeus, but they took a lower place.
آسماني - المپيك كوه به .the twelve great Olympians were supreme among the gods who succeeded to the Titans - وابسته
كاميابي - شدن موفقآسمان - مقدونيه در المپيك كوه - they were called the Olympians because Olympus was their home.
- there is no doubt that at first it was held to be a mountain top.
- but even in the earliest Greek poem, the Iliad, this idea is beginning to give way to the idea of an
Olympus in some mysterious region far above all the mountain of the earth.
ترين - اعلي in one passage of the Iliad, Zeus talks to the gods from "the topmost peak of many-ridged - باالترين
مرز - برآمدگيدرجه - منتهي but only a little further on he says that if he willed he could hang earth and sea from a pinnacle - اوج
of Olympus, clearly no longer a mountain. Even so it is not heaven.
گرفتن - جشن مهماني the god's dwellings, where they lived and slept and feasted on ambrosia and nectar and listened
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ambrosia بهشتي مائدهnectar شهد lyre
abode مسكنblessedness
shake
untroubled دغدغه بيcloudless ابر بيfirmament
stretch
glory
diffuse
divine family مقدس خانوادهdraw (drew)
cloud gatherer ابر كننده جمع underworld to Hades. Zeus became the supreme ruler, he was lord of the sky, the rain-god and the
wield
thunderbolt
divinity
mighty
make trail كنيد امتحانlay hold زدن چنگ wished to drag you down, then I would.
drag كشيدن rope طناب bind بستن hang the sea too."
nevertheless اين وجود باomnipotent مطلق قادرomniscient چيز همه به واقفoppose
deceive زدن گولdupe زدن گولfate spoken of as stronger than he.
scorn
scornfully استهزاء روي از
to Apollo's lyre.
بربط - چنگ - it was an abode of perfect blessedness. No wind, Homer says, ever shakes the untroubled peace
) آرامش - ) خجستگي of Olympus; no rain ever falls there or snow; but the cloudless firmament stretches around it on all
دادن - تكان ارتعاش sides and the white glory of sunshine is diffused upon its walls.
آسمان - فلكدادن - امتداد كشيدن
شكوه - - نور جاللپراكنده - شده منتشر
- the twelve Olympians made up a divine family.
) كردن - ) تصاحب كردن Zeus and his brothers drew lots for their share of the universe. The sea fell to Poseidon, and the - دريافت
كردن - اداره .cloud-gatherer, who wielded the awful thunderbolt گردانيدن
آذرخش - صاعقهالهيات - .his power was greater than that of all the other divinities together - خدا
توانا - نيرومند - in the Iliad he tells his family, "I am mightiest of all. Make trial that you may know. Fasten a rope
of gold to heaven and lay hold, every god and goddess. You could not drag down Zeus. But if I
- the rope I would bind to a pinnacle of Olympus and all would hang in air, yes, the very earth and
كردن - آويزان آويختن - nevertheless he was not omnipotent or omniscient, either. He could be opposed and deceived.
كردن - ضديت افتادن در
- Poseidon dupes him in the Iliad and so does Hera. Sometimes, too, the mysterious power, fate is
قدر - و قضا سرنوشتكردن - استهزاء Homer makes Hera ask him scornfully if he proposes to deliver from death a man - تمسخر
fate has doomed.
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propose كردن پيشنهادdeliver
doom
sacrifice
eminence
seamen ملوانانgranddaughter
splendid
oftener بيشترsank (into)
stillness
tranquil آرام smooth-rolling
commonly F متعارفاtrident شاخه سه نيزهpronged دار چنگكspear نيزه shatter
bull نر گاوAegean اژه درياي به مربوطهresidence
extraordinary
explanation
summit قله contempt
myth
maiden دوشيزهexcel از داشتن برتريconsort
mere
mortal
fame شهرت surpass
surpassing فزاينده
كردن - آزاد دادن نجاتدادن - - حكم بد سرنوشت مجازات حكم
كردن - فداكاري كردن .Zeus and his brothers didn't divide the world by sacrificing to older gods - قرباني
بزرگي - .Poseidon was the ruler of the sea, Zeus's brother and second only to him in eminence - برجستگي
- the Greeks on both sides of the Aegean were seamen and the god of the sea was all important to them.
پسر - - دختر دختر دختر .his wife was Amphitrite, a granddaughter of the titan, Ocean - نوه
جالل - با شكوه .Poseidon had a splendid palace beneath the sea, but he was oftener to be found in Olympus - با
شد - غرق رفت ,but when he drove in his golden car over the waters, the thunder of the waves sank into stillness - فرو
سكوت - .and tranquil peace followed his smooth-rolling wheels خاموشي
- he was commonly called "earth-shaker" and was always shown carrying his trident, a three-
pronged spear, with which he would shake and shatter whatever he pleased.
شكستن - - كردن داغان كردن خرد - he had some connection with bulls as well as with horses.
اقامت - محل .abode: home, residence - مقر
غيرعادي - العاده .incredible: extraordinary, amazing - فوق
بيان - - تعريف .giving explanations of natural events, such as the seasons - توضيح
- pinnacle: peak, summit
اهانت - .scorn: strong contempt - تحقير
اسطوره - افسانه - there was once a king who had three daughters, all lovely maidens, but the youngest, psyche,
excelled her sisters so greatly that beside them she seemed a very goddess consorting with mere
شدن - همنشين كردن .mortals جور
تنها - فقطفاني - انسان
- the fame of her surpassing beauty spread over the earth, and everywhere men journeyed to gaze
جستن - تفوق از افتادن upon her with wonder and adoration and to do her homage as though she were in truth one of پيش
the immortals.
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gaze
adoration
homage
to do her homage بياورند تعظيم سرimmortal
throng
worship
loveliness
temple
neglect
altar
foul
ash خاكستر desert
once
destine
put up
treatment
winged بالدارarrow تيرdefense heaven nor on the earth.
bid
bidding درخواست hussy
fall madly in love شدن عاشق وار ديوانهvilest
despicable
had no power to utter a word بياورد زبان به حرفي نداشت رتrage
swiftly
horrible
wretch
content
pass on
كردن - نگاه زل زل كردن نگاه خيرهورزي - عشق ستايش
بيعت - تجليل
ابدي - جاويدانهجوم - كردن as they thronged in ever-growing numbers to worship her loveliness no one any more gave a - ازدحام
ستايش - thought to Venus herself. Her temples were neglected; her altars foul with cold ashes; her favorite پرستش
زيبايي - دلفريبي towns deserted and falling in ruins.
معبد - پرستشگاهكردن - غفلت فروگذاري
محراب - قربانگاهكردن - گير خوردن بهم
) متروك - - ) كردن ترك كردن ول - F سابقا .all the honours once hers were now given to a mere girl destined some day to die - روزگاري
كردن - تعيين سرنوشت كردن مقدرگذاردن - كنار شدن .it may well be believed that the goddess would not put up with this treatment - متحمل
معامله - رفتار - as always when she was in trouble she turned for help to her son, that beautiful winged youth
whom some call cupid and others love, against whose arrows there is no defense, neither in
دفاع - كردن دفاعپيشنهاد - - كردن پيشنهاد فرمودن - she told him her wrongs and as always he was ready to do her bidding.
گستاخ - دختر جسور use your power," she said, "and make the hussy fall madly in love with the vilest and most" - دختر
despicable creature there is in the whole world."
ترين - فرومايه پستترينمنفور - مطرود
- he said nothing to his mother, indeed he had no power to utter a word.
داشتن - - شدت خشم .never thinking in her jealous rage what such beauty might do even to the god of love himself - ديوانگي
سريع - طور به سرعت .and Venus left him with the happy confidence that he should swiftly bring about psyche's ruin - با
زشت - .psyche did not fall in love with a horrible wretch, she did not fall in love at all - مخوف
بيچاره - - بدبخت پستكردن - خشنود كردن .men were content to look and wonder and worship, and then pass on to marry someone else - راضي
) شدن - ) منصرف گذشتن
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inexpressibly
inferior
splendidly
solitary
oracle
accordingly
mourning عزاداري rocky hill سنگالخي تپه than the gods themselves, would come to her and make her his wife.
fearful ترسناكserpent مارmisery بدبختي the misery of all همه از بدترlamentable
as though گوييsorrow سوگtomb
weep (wept)
despair
grief
mourn كردن سوگواريtremble
stillness مطلق سكوتmild
grassy
meadow
fragrant
mansion بزرگ عمارتstately
pillar ستونinlaid
drew near شد نزديكawestruck
sight
splendour
ناگفتني - بطور بيان غيرقابل .both her sisters, inexpressibly inferior to her, were splendidly married, each to a king - بطور
نامرغوب - - دوم درجه رتبه پايينجالل - با شكوه با
تنها - - نشين گوشه .psyche, the all-beautiful, sat sad and solitary, only admired, never loved - مجرد
وحي - - پيشگويي الهي الهام - her father finally travelled to an oracle of Apollo to ask his advice on how to get her a good husband.
رو - - اين از منوال اين بر آن accordingly Apollo said that psyche, dressed in deepest mourning, must be set on the summit of - برطبق
a rocky hill and left alone, and that there her destined husband, a fearful winged serpent, stronger
- the misery of all when psyche's father brought back this lamentable new can be imagined.
سوگناك - اسفناك - they dressed the maiden as though for her death and carried her to the hill with greater sorrowing
than if it had been to her tomb.
قبر - گورگريستن - كردن گريه - but psyche herself kept her courage. "you should have wept for me before," she told them.
ياس - they went in despairing grief, leaving the lovely helpless creature to meet her doom alone, and - نوميدي
اندوه - .they shut themselves in their palace to mourn all their days for her حزن
لرز - لرزيدن - there as she wept and trembled, soft breath of air came through the stillness to her, the gentle
breathing of Zephyr, sweetest and mildest of winds.
معتدل - ماليمچمن - از پوشيده مانند she felt it lift her up. She was floating away from the rocky hill and down until she lay upon a grassy - علف
بيشه - - زار علف .meadow soft as a bed and fragrant with flowers مرغزار
معطر - خوشبو - she woke beside a bright river; and on its bank was a mansion stately and beautiful as though
شكوه - با .built for a god, with pillars of gold and walls of silver and floors inlaid with precious stones مجلل
شده - نشان جواهر شده كاري منبت - the place seemed deserted and psyche drew near, awestruck at the sight of such splendour.
زده - خوف زده وحشتمنظره - - كردن بازرسي زدن ديد
برق - و زرق جالل و شكوه
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hesitate
sound
bathe
banquet
spread گستردن delightful بخش لذتdine
breathe she could only hear, not see, them.
choir كرharp چنگ companionship مصاحبت inexplicable توضيح غيرقابلmurmur
monster
shape of terror وحشتناك موجودlong داشتن را چيزي آرزويhuntsman شكارچي odd
preserve
dewy youth everywhere.
startle
contradiction
fleet
sail كردن حركت كشتي باfierce
revenge
revengeful توز كينهpainless درد بيslain
neither دو اين از يك هيچso too همينطور poet شاعر identify شناختن wrap
كردن - تامل بودن as she hesitated on the threshold, voices sounded in her ear, she could see no one, but the words - مردد
نواختن - دادن .they spoke came clearly to her. She must enter without fear and bathe and refresh herself صدا
كردن - شستشو كردن استحمامضيافت - .then a banquet table would be spread for her - مهماني
- the bath was the most delightful, the food the most delicious, she had ever enjoyed.
خوردن - شام خوردن while she dined, sweet music breathed around her: great choir seemed to sing to a harp, but - ناهار
كردن - استنشاق زدن دم
- throughout the day, except for the strange companionship of the voices, she was alone, but in
some inexplicable way she felt sure that with the coming of the night her husband would be with her.
كردن - زمزمه and so it happened. When she felt him beside her and heard his voice softly murmuring in her ear - زمزمه
عفريت - all her fear left her. She knew without seeing him that here was no monster or shape of terror, but هيوال
the lover and husband she had longed and waited for.
- she was the lady of wild things, huntsman-in-chief to the gods, an odd office for a woman.
فرد - غريب و عجيبنگهداشتن - باقي كردن like a good huntsman, she was careful to preserve the young; she was the protectress of dewy - حفظ
مرطوب - تازهدادن - تكان nevertheless, with one of those startling contradiction so common in mythology, she kept the - جهش
مغايرت - .Greek fleet from sailing to Troy until they sacrificed a maiden to her تناقض
سريع - عبور ناوگان
تندخو - .in many another story, too, she is fierce and revengeful - درنده
كردن - جويي كينه كشيدن انتقام
- on the other hand, when women died a swift and painless death, they were held to have been
شده - كشته .slain by her silver arrows مقتول
- neither name originally belonged to her.
- Phoebe was a titan, one of the older gods. So too was Apollo.
- in the later poets, Artemis is identified with Hecate.
پوشانيدن - .Hecate in the lower world and in the world above when it is wrapped in darkness - پيچيدن
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associate
deed
crossway
ghost
evil
magic
vividly
apparent
cypress سرو درختsacred مقدسdeer كوهي آهويshrine
sacrificial
soil
sexually جنسي نظر ازimmoral
deity خداprophet پيامبر glorious
impressive
grave قبرmoan
half-and-half نصف به نصفstill time passed swiftly.
unseen
gravely جدي بطور danger in the shape of her two sisters was approaching.
approach شدن نزديكcaress
check
yield شدن يا كردن تسليمsorrowful
destruction
solemnly
persuade separated from him forever.
همدست - پيوند .she was associated with deeds of darkness - هم
كار - - سند كردارصليب - شكل به the goddess of the crossways, which were held to be ghostly places of evil magic. In her is shown - سرتاسر
زدن - سر ها خانه به روح چون .most vividly the uncertainly between good and evil which is apparent in every one of the divinities روح
بدي - - - آور زيان مضر بدجادو - سحرآميز
وضوح - به روشني بهظاهر - آشكار
- the cypress was sacred to her; and all wild animals, but especially the deer.
مقدس - جاي .altar: shrine; sacrificial table - معبد
فداكاري - مستلزم قرباني به وابستهكردن - كثيف كردن .foul: dirty; soiled - خاكي
- hussy: sexually immoral woman.
هرزه - بدسيرت - immortal: god; deity
- oracle: prophet.
شكوه - با .splendid: glorious; magnificent - مجلل
احساسات - برانگيزنده .stately: impressive; magnificent - برانگيزنده
- tomb: grave; shrine.
زاري - .weep: cry; moan - ناله
- this half-and-half companionship could not fully content psyche; still she was happy and the
معذلك - بازهمپنهان - ديده از ناديده - one night, however, her dear though unseen husband spoke gravely to her and warned her that
كردن - - نوازش دلجويي .she was still in tears when her husband came and even his caresses could not check them - نوازش
كردن - ممانعت از كردن جلوگيري - at last he yielded sorrowfully to her great desire.
محزون - غمگينويراني - ".do what you will," he said, "but you are seeking your own destruction" - خرابي
رسمي - بطور تشريفاتي then he warned her solemnly not to be persuaded by anyone to try to see him, on pain of being - بطور
كردن - ترغيب كردن وادار
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on pain of being separated جدايي درد به شدن دچارcry (out) كردن گريهshe would die a hundred times اين جاي به بميرد بار صدها دهد
over rather than live كند زندگاني او بدون و تنها كهwithout him
it should be so داد خواهد انجام او براي را اينكارembrace
their joy was too great to be بود بيان قابل حد از بيش ليشانexpressed
treasure
marvellous
bitter
envy
possession
took possession of them شد احاطه آنها برdevour
devouring ولع و حرصcuriosity كنجكاوي حسmagnificence
expedition
hunting expedition روزه چند سفرbear كردن حملshe had Zephyr bear them برگرداند تپه سوي به را آنها داد ر
back to the hill
willing
envious
plot چيدن توطئهonce more بارديگر wicked
work out
stumble
contradictory نقيض و ضد husband looked like, they had become convinced that she had never set eyes on him and did not
reproach
knew for a fact ميدانستند راستي به
- psyche cried out that she would never do so. She would die a hundred times over rather than
live without him.
- sadly he promised her that it should be so.
گرفتن - بر در گرفتن آغوش .their joy was too great to be expressed except by tears and embraces - در
گنجينه - but when at last they entered the palace and the elder sister saw its surpassing treasures; when - كنج
عجيب - آور they sat at the rich banquet and heard the marvellous music, bitter envy took possession of them حيرت
جگرسوز - تلخ and a devouring curiosity as to who was the lord of all this magnificence and their sister's husband.
رشك - حسدمالكيت - تصرف
خوردن - - حريصانه بردن فرو بلعيدن
جالل - شكوهاردوكشي - - سفر اعزامي .she told them only that he was a young man, away now on a hunting expedition - هيئت
- then filling their hands with gold and jewels, she had Zephyr bear them back to the hill.
راغب - - راضي .they went willingly enough, but their hearts were on fire with jealousy - مايل
خور - غبطه اميز حسادت - their envious anger so worked in them that they came finally to plotting how to ruin her.
- that very night psyche's husband warned her once more.
شرير - - بابكار بدجنس - he yielded as before, and very soon the two wicked women arrived, with their plot carefully
- - كردن ايجاد براثركاروزحمت تمرين كردن تدبير worked out.
داشتن - لكنت already, because of psyche's stumbling and contradictory answers when they asked her what her - لغزيدن
كردن - جويي عيب really know what he was. They did not tell her this, but they reproached her for hiding her terrible سرزنش
state from them, her own sisters. They had learned, they said, and knew for a fact, that her husband
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turn upon شدن ور حملهdeclare
aghast
flood
dreadful
cruel
forbid
behold
in extreme misery بدبختي نهايت درfalter not deny what they said, because she had been with him only in the dark. "there must be something
stammer
deny
sob
shun
beforehand
fast asleep عميق خوابsteel
plunge بردن فرو certainly show her.
frightful وحشتناك being
frightful being ترسناك موجودtear (torn)
distract كردن پريشانloathe
certainty
lay
summon
tiptoe
rapture
at whose sight نگاهش از كهfolly
fell (on) زدن بزمين the knife into her own breast if it had not fallen from her trembling hands.
fell on her knees زده زانوunsteady
was not a man, but the fearful serpent Apollo's oracle had declared he would be. but he would
كردن - - اعالم گفتن داشتن .certainly turn upon her some night and devour her اظهار
زده - - وحشت مات .psyche, aghast, felt terror flooding her heart instead of love - مبهوت
) كردن - - ) پر كردن طغيان سيلبد - .she had wondered so often why he would never let her see him. There must be some dreadful reason - وحشتناك
ظالم - .if he was not horrible to look at, then he was cruel to forbid her ever to behold him - بيرحم
كردن - منع كردن قدغنكردن - مشاهده ديدن
- in extreme misery, faltering and stammering, she gave her sisters to understand that she could
كردن - گير گفتن سخن ترديد و شبهه باكردن - من من كردن پيدا "very wrong" she sobbed, "for him so to shun the light of day لكنت
كردن - - رد كردن انكار كردن حاشا - هق هق كردن گريه بغض و سكسكه با همراه
از - كردن دوري اجتناب و دوريآماده - .they had their advice all prepared beforehand - پيشاپيش
- that night she must hide a sharp knife and a lamp near her bed. When he was fast asleep …
كردن - - محكم فوالد مانند استوار she must steel herself to plunge it swiftly into the body of the frightful being the light would - محكم
مخلوق - موجود
دريده - شده .then they left her torn by doubt and distracted what to do - پاره
بودن - - منزجر بودن بيزار از داشتن .she loved him; he was her dear husband, no; he was a horrible serpent and she loathed him - نفرت
اطمينان - .she would kill him --, she would not. She must have certainty --, she did not want certainty - يقين
گذاردن - .when at last he lay sleeping quietly, she summoned all her courage and lit the lamp - خواباندن
احضار - فراخواندنپنجه - نوك رفتن راه پا نوك .she tiptoed to the bed and holding the light high above her she gazed at what lay there - با
روحاني - خلسه و شعف بيخودي خود oh, the relief and the rapture that filled her heart. No monster was revealed, but the sweetest and - از
fairest of all creatures, at whose sight the very lamp seemed to shine brighter.
ناداني - in her first shame at her folly and lack of faith, psyche fell on her knees and would have plunged - حماقت
كردن - متزلزل but those same unsteady hands that saved her betrayed her, betrayed her, too, for as she hung - لرزان
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betray
hung over beauty, some hot oil fell from the lamp upon his shoulder.
ravish
bliss
faithlessness ايماني بيrush
bid (bade) - she could not see him, but she heard his voice speaking to her. He told her who he was, and
farewell
fly (flew) كردن پروازwretch that I am هستم بينوايي و بدبخت آدم منat any rate حال بهرwith rising courage زياد جسارت با spend rest of my life searching for him.
meanwhile
chamber اتاقwound
care (for)
went forth تاخت پيشdraw down زدن بهمdispleasure of a goddess.
despairing wanderings كننده نااميد سرگردانيto win the gods over to her side كند جلب خود سوي به را خدايانardent
perpetually مدام بطور Venus their enemy.
perceive
desperate
resolve
humble
soften her anger كند آرامتر را او خشمset forth افتاد براهpresence
ill-favoured بخت نگونdiligent
service
good will خوب نيت
كردن - فاش به كردن over him, ravished at the sight of him and unable to deny herself the bliss of filling her eyes with his خيانت
) شدن - ) خم خماركردن - مسحور شدن بيخود خود از
بركت - خوشي - he started awake: he saw the light and knew her faithlessness, and without a word he fled from her.
- - اشتياق و عجله با را كاري يورش شديد .she rushed out after him into the night - حركت
پيشنهاد - كردن خداحافظيخداحافظ - - بدرود .sadly bade her farewell وداع
- "love cannot live where there is no trust," he said, and flew away.
- "the god of love!" she thought, "he was my husband, and I, wretch that I am, could not keep faith
with him. Is he gone from me forever? At any rate," she told herself with rising courage, "I can
اثناء - در ضمن اين .he meanwhile had gone to his mother's chamber to have his wound cared for - در
زخم - جراحتپرستاري - مواظبت
- she left him angrily alone in his pain, and went forth to find the girl of whom he had made her still
more jealous. She was determined to show psyche what it meant to draw down the displeasure
ناخشنودي - رنجش - poor psyche in her despairing wanderings was trying to win the gods over to her side.
سوزان - she offered ardent prayers to them perpetually, but not one of them would do anything to make - گرم
دريافتن - كردن at last she perceived that there was no hope for her, either in heaven or on earth, and she took a - درك
بد - - - بسيار سخت بسيار بيچاره اميد بي desperate resolve.
داشتن - مقرر گرفتن تصميممتواضع - she would go straight to Venus; she would offer herself humbly to her as her servant, and try to - فروتن
soften her anger.
- so she set forth to find the goddess who was looking everywhere for her.
پيشگاه - … when she came into Venus' presence the goddess laughed aloud and - حضور
- she said, "you are so plain and ill-favoured a girl that you will never be able to get you a lover
كوشا - - كوشنده كوش .except by the most diligent and painful service سخت
خدمت - كار - I will therefore show my good will to you by training you in such ways.
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train
quantity مقدارseed
wheat گندم poppy خشخاش millet ارزن so on غيره وheap
nightfall
sort
see to it for your own sake دهي انجام ميتواني را كار اين شده هم خودت خاطر به ببين
depart
still
stare كردن نگاه خيرهher mind was all in a maze بود آشفته F كامال ذهنشmaze هذيان cruelty
it was of no use بود فايده بيmanifestly
direful
awaken
compassion
pity
tiniest creatures موجودات كوچكترينfield صحرا ant مورچهhave mercy on this poor كنيد رحم بيچاره اين بهmaid دوشيزه at once F فورا had been a confused mass lay all ordered, every seed with its kind.
one after another ديگري از پس يكيconfused mass مغشوش تودهyour work is by no means over است نشده تمام وجه هيچ به تو رcrust نان سخت و خشك قسمتcrust of bread خشك نان تكه
) كردن - ) آزمايش كردن تربيت - with that she took a great quantity of the smallest of the seeds, wheat and poppy and millet and
بذر - دانه so on, and mixed them all together in heap.
انبوه - تودهشبانگاه - هنگام by nightfall these must all be sorted," she said. "see to it for your own sake." and with that" - شب
كردن - دسته دسته كردن .she departed سوا
كردن - - حركت شدن روانه شدن راهيساكت - psyche, left alone, sat still and stared at the heap. Her mind was all in a maze because of the - آرام
cruelty of the command; and, indeed, it was of no use to start a task so manifestly impossible.
ستم - - بيداد ظلم
بارز - بطور آشكارامهيب - وحشتاك - but at this direful moment she who had awakened no compassion in mortals or immortals was
شدن - بيدار كردن .pitied by the tiniest creatures of the field, the little ants, the swift-runners بيدار
رحم - - دلسوزي شفقتشدن - متاثر كردن دلسوزي
- they cried to each other, "come, have mercy on this poor maid and help her diligently." at once
they came, waves of them, one after another, and they laboured separating and dividing, until what
- very angry she was to see it. "your work Is by no means over" she said.
- then she gave psyche a crust of bread and bade he sleep on the ground while she herself went off
to her soft fragrant couch.
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 20
go off رفتن بيرونcouch تختlabour
hateful منفور would soon be lost.
securely مطمئني بطورguard كردن محافظت suffering from his wound.
the way matters were shaping ميگرفت شكل داشت كارها كهdevise
riverbank رودخانه ساحلthe bushes grow thick ميرويد پرپشت بوتههايsheep گوسفندfleece گوسفند پشمfetch
wool پشم worn (out) كوفته و خستهgently flowing stream داشت جريان صدا بي و آرام كه ه herself into it and end all her pain and despair.
a great longing seized her خواست دل ته ازreed ني - but as she was bending over the water she heard a little voice from near her feet, and looking down
thicket
briar
cruel
mistress
evil
sharply تندي بهstout
singular
prudence
yonder
steep
slimy
onrush
descend
evident
eagle عقاب
زحمت - surely if she could keep the girl at hard labour and half starve her, too, that hateful beauty of hers - كار
- until then she must see that her son was securely guarded in his chamber when he was still
- Venus was pleased at the way matters were shaping.
كردن - درست كردن .the next morning she devised another task for psyche, this time a dangerous one - تدبير
- "down there near the riverbank," she said, "where the bushes grow thick, are sheep with fleeces
of gold. Go fetch me some of their shining wool."
آوردن - و رفتن آوردن
- when the worn girl reached the gently flowing stream, a great longing seized her to throw
انبوه - درختزار .saw that it came from a green reed بيشه
) خاردار - ) بوتههاي رشتي .she could go into the thicket and find plenty of the golden wool hanging on the sharp briars - گل
ظالم - بيرحم - was able to carry back to her cruel mistress a quantity of the shining fleece.
الهه - بانوبد - .Venus received it with an evil smile. "someone helped you," she said sharply - شريرانه
قوي - however I will give you an opportunity to prove that you really have the stout heart and the singular - نيرومند
فرد - به منحصر العاده .prudence you make such a show of خارق
پروا - - حزم احتياطآنجا - - در واقع آنطرف ?do you see that black water which falls from the hill yonder - آنسو
تند - - سرازير only a winged creature could reach it, so steep and slimy were the rocks on all sides, and so - سراشيب
ليز - - آلوده لجن مال .fearful the onrush of the descending waters لجن
يورش - پيشرويآمدن - پايين آمدن فرود
بديهي - … but by this time it must be evident to all the readers of this story that although each of her trails - آشكار
- this time her saviour was an eagle, who poised on his great wings beside her, seized the flask
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 21
poise
poised on his great wings آمد فرود بزرگ بالهاي باbeak منقار but Venus kept on داد ادامه خود نهي و امر به ونوسone cannot but accuse her ديگري چيز او حماقت جز را ارها
of some stupidity كند تصور تواند نميstupidity
obedient
obediently as always پذيرفت را پيشنهاد هميشه مثلferryman ران قايق مردthreeheaded سر سهforetell (foretold) كردن پيشگوييgreatly encouraged خرسند F عميقاencourage
still more بيشتر همه ازvanity
charm
temptation
deadly - to her sharp disappointment she saw nothing there, it seemed empty. Immediately, however,
languor
juncture
at this juncture مرحله اين درheal دادن شفاimprison
wipe
prick سوزن خراشscold كردن سرزنشthereafter
joyful شادhasten
errand
consent
dignity - he said, "you have done me great harm in the past, seriously injured my good name and my
swan قو
واداشتن - ثابت .from her with his beak and brought it back to her full of the black water وقار
- but Venus kept on. One cannot but accuse her of some stupidity.
خريت - حماقتشنو - - حرف مطيع .obediently as always psyche went forth to look for the road to Hades - فرمانبردار
- then down to the river of death, where she must give the ferryman, Charon, a penny to take her
across. From there the road led straight to the palace. Cerberus, the threeheaded dong, guarded …
- all happened, of course, as the tower had foretold. Proserpine was willing to do Venus a service,
and psyche, greatly encouraged, bore back the box, returning far more quickly than she gone down.
كردن - تشويق كردن دلگرم - her next trial she brought upon herself through her curiosity and, still more, her vanity.
خودسري - غروردلربايي - … she felt that she must see what that beauty-charm in the box was; and perhaps, use a little of it - افسون
اغوا - وسوسه - she was unable to resist the temptation; she opened the box.
كشنده - مهلكمستي - .a deadly languor took possession of her and she fell into a heavy sleep ضعف
پيوستگي - - الحاق .at this juncture the god of love himself stepped forward - اتصال
- cupid was healed of his wound by now and longing for psyche. It is a difficult matter to keep love
نگهداشتن - افكندن .imprisoned بزندان
زدودن - كردن .in a moment he had wiped the sleep from her eyes and put it back into the box - پاك
- then waking her with just a prick from one of his arrows, and scolding her a little for her curiosity.
بعد - به آن از آن از پس - he bade her take Proserpine's box to his mother and he assured her that all thereafter would be well
- while the joyful psyche hastened on her errand, the god flew up to Olympus.
زدن - تسريع شتافتنفرمان - ماموريت
شدن - راضي .he went straight to Jupiter, the father of gods and men, consented at once to all that cupid asked - موافقت
مقام - - جاه بزرگيdignity by making me change myself into a bull and a swan and so on.
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assembly
full assembly عمومي جلسهannounce
bestow
immortality
bride
object
alliance
eminently
suitable
interfere كردن دخالتsore
union
condemn
criticize كردن انتقادhatred
disgust
intense
disloyalty
caution
stick
beguile
alike
laughter
loving
mock
mockingly
wile
conquer
irresistible
steal (stole)
wit
spring (sprung)
foam
همگذاري - then he called a full assembly of the gods, and announce to all, including Venus, that cupid and - - مجمع
psyche were formally married, and that he proposed to bestow immortality upon the bride.
كردن - اخطار كردن اعالنبخشيدن - داشتن ارزاني
جاودانگي - ابديتعروس - تازه عروس
كردن - مخالفت كردن this, of course, completely changed the situation. Venus could not object to a goddess for her - اعتراض
پيوستگي - .daughter-in-law; the alliance had become eminently suitable اتحاد
چشمگيري - بطور برجسته بطورمناسب - خور در
- she could not be much on the earth to turn men's heads and interfere with her own worship.
دشوار - ;love and the soul (for that is what psyche means) had sought and after sore trials, found each other - سخت
اتفاق - و اتحاد .and that union could never be broken وصلت
شدن - محكوم كردن .reproach: to condemn; criticize - محكوم
تنفر - - كينه loath: to feel great hatred or disgust for somebody or something - دشمني
كردن - - بيزاري بيزاري نفرتمشتاقانه - - شديد .rapture: pleasure; intense delight - زياد
خيانت - وفايي .betray: show somebody disloyalty - بي
هوشياري - - بيني پيش .prudence: caution; wisdom - احتياط
رفتن - - فرو چسبيدن كردن .prick: small pointed stick - سوراخ
خوردن - - فريب كردن اغفال زدن .Venus was the goddess of love and beauty, who beguiled all, gods and men alike - گول
بتساوي - - يكجور يكسانخنده - قاه قاه .the laughter-loving goddess, who laughed sweetly or mockingly at those her wiles had conquered - خنده
محبوب - دوستداركردن - - استهزاء تقليدي ساختگي
آميز - استهزاء ساختگي بطوركردن - - اغوا فريب حيله
كردن - فتح بر يافتن پيروزيقوي - - سخت مقاومت .the irresistible goddess who stole away even the wits of the wise - غيرقابل
بردن - بسرقت زدن دستبردتعقل - قوه هوش
جهيدن - شدن in the later poems she is said to have sprung from the foam of the sea, and her name was - ظاهر
ريز - - هاي حباب خروش و جوش "explained as meaning "the foam-risen كف
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 23
rise
sea-birth دريايي زايشwaft
ever همواره embroider
radiant
battle
heroe قهرمان theme
treacherous
malicious بدانديش exert
destructive
lame
forge
myrtle سبز موردdove
sparrow خانگي گنجشكcombination
elaborate
thorny خاردار industrious
distract
affection
perch
woolly
foolishness
deceive
insist (on) ورزيدن اصرارcontinent قاره decline - they seem to mean is that they have never had a course in history, or have never read Gibbon's
fall of the roman empire رم امپراطوري فروپاشيcompromise
at least to stumble along in بشناسيد را دنيا پايين و باال اقل
كردن - - صعود از شدن ناشي برخاستن - this sea-birth took place near Cythera, from where she was wafted to Cyprus.
راندن - بهوا ساختن شناور آب يا هوا روي - both islands were ever after sacred to her, and she was called Cytherea or the Cyprian.
كردن - دوزي قالب the winds flee before her and the storm clouds; sweet flowers embroider the earth; the waves of - آراستن
درخشنده - .the sea laugh; she moves in radiant light تابناك
ستيز - .it was natural that she should cut a poor figure in the Iliad, where the battle of heroes is the theme - نبرد
مطلب - موضوعخائن - in later poems she is usually shown as treacherous and malicious, exerting a deadly and - خيانتكار
destructive power over man.
بردن - بكار كردن اعمالمخرب - ويرانگر
لنگ - .in most stories she is the wife of Hephaestus, the lame and ugly god of the forge - چالق
جعل - آهنگري كوره - the myrtle was her tree; the dove her bird, sometimes, too, the sparrow and the swan.
قمري - فاخته
آميزش - .alliance: combination - تركيب
شده - ساخته استادانه جزئيات .banquet: elaborate and formal meal usually for a special event - داراي
- briar: thorny bush.
زبردست - ماهر - diligent: hard-working; industrious.
كردن - گيج كردن پرت .distract: to stop somebody concentrating on something - حواس
عاطفه - .embrace: take a person into one's arms as a sign of affection - مهرباني
پرنده - نشيمنگاه آمدن .poise: to stand; to perch - فرود
دار - پشم .fleece: woolly hair like that of a sheep - پشمالو
ناداني - .folly: foolishness - نابخردي
دادن - فريب زدن .psyche was deceived by her sisters - گول
- by insisting on seeing her sisters, psyche wanted to increase her joys.
- history may also mean study of past events especially the economic development of a continent or the world.
انحطاط - زوالdecline and fall of the roman empire, or Mr.. Rhodes's history of the united states from the
) قرارداد - - ) مصالحه .compromise of 1850, or other books similar to these توافق
- every man, woman, and child knows some history enough at least to stumble along in the world.
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 24
the world
faculty
wander about helplessly ميرفتيد سو آن و سو اين اميدانه،altogether
re-orient
get a new running start كردن شروع نو از را جديد مسيرcease
association وابستگي omit كردن حذفdone, but not done with است نشده انجام كاري همراه بهto live our lives intelligently كنيم سپري هوشمندانه را خود يso far as كه آنجا تاthus
anticipate كردن بيني پيشpredict كردن پيشگوييdistinction
interpret
settling a dispute
slip
stagger
trip لغزشreadjust تعديل دوبارهleave out كردن حذفa matter of hours
nationality مليت any longer ديگر commonplace
complication
Scandinavian اسكانديناوي achievement
await داشتن انتظارsettlement
do away with
eliminate
استعداد - ذهني .all your other faculties working properly, but memory entirely gone - قوه
- what could you do in that case? Wander about helplessly, seeing and hearing things, taking them in
جهت - همه از رفته هم .as altogether new, not at all knowing what they might mean in relation either to the past or the future روي
كردن - آشنا دوباره كردن ميزان .you would have to re-orient yourself and get a new running start - دوباره
ايستادن - كشيدن ,in short, you would be a lost soul because you had ceased to have any knowledge of history - دست
the history of your personal doings and associations in the past.
- we might as well omit the word "past" since everything said and done is already in the past
as soon as it is said or done. Done, but not done with.
- we have to remember many things said and done in order to live our lives intelligently; and
so far as we remember things said and done we have a knowledge of history.
بدينسان - بدينگونه - thus everyone has some knowledge of history, and it is quite essential that every one should have,
since it is only by remembering something of the past that we can anticipate something of the future.
- please note that I do not say predict the future.
امتياز - - فرق .history doesn’t make a distinction between past and present - تميز
كردن - تفسير كردن ?how is "past" interpreted in paragraph 3 - ترجمه
مصالحه - مشاجره يك كردن .compromise: agreement; settling a dispute - نشست
انداختن - - قلم از خطا .stumble: to trip; slip; stagger - لغزش
كردن - - كار بتناوب داشتن ترديد متناوب
- reorient: to adjust again; to readjust.
- omit: to leave out; to delete.
- the world has got smaller. people travel from one part of it to another in a matter of hours.
- and increasingly, men and women from different nationalities, cultures and races meet, marry.
- mixed marriages are not something which one thinks about as strange any longer; they have
معمولي - افتاده پا .become commonplace پيش
بغرنجي - پيچيدگي - or similar culture groups, such as the Scandinavians and the Germans.
پيروزي - يابي دست - anticipate: expect; await.
واريز - .compromise: agreement; settlement - توافق
- do away with: to make an end of; eliminate.
كردن - بيرون كردن حذف
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 25
UNIT 8
expectation - in reading stories, people have different expectations.
plot - some pay attention to the plot of the story to see how things happen.
narrate - some people also may like the way that real life is narrated and how things that might be
arise considered unimportant are described in detail.
desperate - a desperately ill child, a pioneering surgeon and a bond forged for life.
pioneer
surgeon جراح bond
forge
exceptional استثنايي - at the age of seven, Julian Thurston was an exceptional runner who enjoyed football and excelled
excel بر داشتن برتري at swimming.
soprano زير صداي - gifted with a rich soprano voice, he was also a soloist in the choir at Ocklynge School
soloist
choir
pulled muscle عضالت كشيدگي - his mother thought at first he had just pulled a muscle.
satisfactory رضايتبخش - they took Julian from one doctor to another, but none could give a satisfactory explanation.
stab - meanwhile, a stabbing pain in his back began waking Julian at night, and his arms itched so much
itch that he was constantly scratching.
constantly x دائماscratch
bang زدن محكم - as the pain increased, he banged his head in agony and frustration.
agony
frustration اميدي ناspecialist متخصص - in early December, a specialist at London's Middlesex hospital admitted Julian for tests.
admit
grim عبوس - finally, a few days before Christmas, a grim-faced doctor came to Jane. "I'm sorry," he said.
grim-faced doctor كشيده هم در ابرو دكتري "your son has a large tumour inside his spinal cord."
tumour غده spinal
cord
spinal cord نخاع ultimate - ultimately it robbed his limbs of sensation and strength.
rob زدن دستبرد
توقع - - داشت چشم انتظارطرح - اصلی موضوع
دادن - شرح کردن تعریف را داستانیشدن - ناشی آوردن بوجود
بيچاره - اميد ناپيشقدم - پيشگام
قرارداد - - ضمانت ميثاق و عهدكوبيدن - رفتن جلو
خوان - تك نواز تكخواندن - سرود جمعي دسته بصورت كر
زدن - خنجر كشيدن تيركردن - خارش خارش
خاراندن - خراشيدن
رنج - درد
دادن - راه پذيرفتن
فقرات - ستون به وابسته فقراتينازك - طناب ريسمان
آخر - نهايي
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 26
limb
sensation
growth تومور - "surgery," the doctor said, "is impossible. There is no way to remove the growth without destroying
radiation the spinal cord." the only treatment that might slow tumour was radiation.
plead - "is there anywhere I could take him for help?" Jane pleaded.
sat round - on Christmas day, the family sat round Julian's bed, ate Christmas dinner and tried to laugh at
undercurrent پنهاني عمل Ron's Jokes. But an undercurrent of gloom ran through the whole day.
gloom
undercurrent of gloom چ پنهاني غمtrack down كردن پيگيري - Ann Markham tracked down the article and, reading it, realized the case sounded remarkably similar
told of ميكرد صحبت to Julian's. it told of a young American boy nicknamed Aaron Alligator.
nicknamed ملقب technique pioneered جديد تكنيك - his spinal-cord tumour had been removed through a new technique pioneered by Fred Epstein,
paediatric neurosurgeon كودكان اعصاب جراح a paediatric neurosurgeon at the new York university Medical center.
there is question of money است پول اصلي مسئله - "there is question of money," Stanhope informed Epstein. "the boy's family is not wealthy."
wealthy ثروتمند waive از پوشيدن چشم - "no problem" Epstein said quickly. "I'll waive my fee. But the hospital needs 7000 dollars up front.
up front
charge هزينه - I'm sorry I can't do anything about the hospital charges.
anguish - after months of anguish, Jane and Ron Thurston had at last a glimmer of hope.
glimmer
a glimmer of hope اميدي نورprospect - however, the prospect of raising 4000 pounds (the equivalent of 7000 dollars) seemed impossible.
equivalent معادلjust as hope was fading ميگراييد نااميدي به آنها اميد كه - just as hope was fading, the Thurston's received a surprise visit from Pan Cradduck.
hand دادن انجام را كاري دست با - Pam handed Ron an envelope. Inside was a cheque for 4000 pounds --money she had been
envelope پاكت saving to pay off her mortgagee.
cheque چك pay off
mortgage
sandy-haired گذاشته سفيدي به رو تازه وهاي - Epstein came into the boy's room. Tall sandy-haired, with a ready smile and down-to-earth manner,
down-to-earth manner متواضعانه بسيار رفتار the 45-year-old surgeon quickly put Jane at her ease.
put Jane at her ease داد دلداري را جينorderly - at 7 am on January 20, orderlies wheeled Julian towards the center's operating theatre.
پا - - يا دست بدن عضو عضوحس - احساس
پرتوافشاني - تابشكردن - البه كردن درخواست
) نشستن ) چيزي دور
دلتنگي - افسردگي
اضطراب - دلتنگيكم - نور ضعيف روشنايي
انتظار - - پيشبيني انداز چشم
- ) كردن ) تسويه ديون تمام كردن پرداخت) دين - - ) گرو رهن
) بيمارستان ) خدمتكار
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wheeled بردن چرخ باtheatre تاالرcenter's operating theatre مركزي جراحي اتاقexpose - Epstein opened his back, exposing the grey-coloured membrane that covers the spinal cord,
membrane and cut through that to reach the cord itself.
the grey-coloured membrane رنگ خاكستري غشاءcut through that بريد وسط از را آنfissure - using a laser, Epstein carefully cut along a natural fissure in the cord.
natural fissure طبيعي بافتbeam پرتو - the laser's beam cauterized the small vessels as it moved along.
cauterize
vessel رگ peel - finally, peeling the cord open, Epstein looked down at the long, reddish-brown tumour.
reddish-brown قرمز به مايل قهوهايinflict - even if the surgery succeeded, Epstein worried that the tumour might already have inflicted
irreparable ناپذير جبران irreparable damage.
cavity - the surgeon now reached for the cavitational ultrasonic surgical aspirator, a pencil-like ultrasonic
cavitational instrument with a tip that vibrates 26000 times a second.
ultrasonic صوت ماوراءsurgical
aspirator
vibrate
cavitational ultrasonic surgical صوت ماوراء جراحي دستگاهaspirator
pencil-like مداد شبيهagainst مقابل درbreak up - breaking up the tissue is touches and then suctioning it out.
suction مكيدن عملgingerly محتاط - looking through the operating microscope, Epstein gingerly moved the vibrating trip against Julian's
trip tumour.
none - there was no room for error -- none. Even the smallest slip could permanently paralyse the patient.
there was no room for error نبود اشتباه هيچ براي جاييpermanently x دائماparalyse
كردن - حفاظ بي گذاشتن پناه بيپوست - غشاء
كردن - داغ سوزاندن
كندن - پوست كندن
كردن - وارد ضربت زدن ضربت
گودال - حفره
جراحي - عمل جراحي به وابسته) ( - ) جراحي ) در كش چرك دستگاه نام هواكش
كردن - نوسان داشتن ارتعاش
تجزيه - كردن تفكيك
لغزش - خوردن لغزش - x ابدا x اصال
انداختن - كار از كردن فلج
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bit by bit ذره ذره - bit by bit, the tumour began to disappear. Hours passed, to ease Epstein's muscle tension, a
muscle tension عضالت كشش nurse massaged his neck.
massage دادن ماساژstep back شدن دور - a 3 o'clock, 8 hours after Julian had been wheeled in for surgery, Epstein stepped back from the operating table.
recovery room بهبودي اتاق - minutes later, Epstein and Jane walked to the recovery room. As they stood over the boy, waiting
emerge Julian slowly emerged from his deep sleep.
wiggle دادن تكان - "can you wiggle your toes for me?" Epstein asked.
intensive شديد - Julian remained in intensive care for five days. The laboratory confirmed that his tumour was benign.
intensive care ويژه مراقبتlaboratory آزمايشگاه benign خيم خوشslight chance كمي شانس - although there was a slight chance that the growth might recur, the odds were much greater
recur that his immune system would destroy it.
odds
immune system دفاعي سيستمstride (strode) برداشتن بلند گامهاي - one morning in late January, Epstein strode briskly into Julian's room, "ok Julian," he said.
briskly "if you can walk, you can go home."
the side of the bed تختخواب كنار - with help, Julian shifted his legs over the side of the bed. Jane gripped his hands as he slowly slid
grip گرفتن محكم his feet on to the tiled floor.
slide (slid)
tiled floor اتاق موزائيكexpression - his expression hardened with determination, the boy managed five short, unsteady steps.
harden
his expression hardened بود كشيده هم در چهرهاشdetermination تصميم unsteady لرزان debt - as the months and years passed, the debt of gratitude Julian felt towards Epstein Deepened.
gratitude
deepen
debt of gratitude felt deepened ميشد احساس عميقتر سگزاريlounge استراحت سالن - in 19990, shortly before Christmas, 30 young patients formed a noisy circle around a piano in the
pavilion lounge of the new York university medical centre pavilion.
blue theatre garb جراحي آبي لباس - In the corner, dressed in his blue theatre garb and white medical coat, stood Fred Epstein.
lively young شاداب جوان - a lively young man with dark hair and a smile made his way to the centre of the room. Julian, now
آمدن - بيرون شدن پديدار
شدن - تكرار كردن عود
چابكي - با تندي به
لغزيدن - لغزش
چهره - - قيافه سيماماسيدن - - شدن سخت كردن سخت
دين - بدهيسپاسگزاري - كردن قدرداني
) شدن - ) عميق كردن گود
فرنگي - كاله عمارت نمايشگاه غرفه
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 29
despite عليرغم 16, appeared calm despite the emotion of the moment.
dedicate كردن اهداmist چشم تري - he paused as he lifted his violin. "I'd like to dedicated this to Dr. Epstein," he said, his eyes
his eyes misting over شدند پر شوق اشك از چشماش misting over.
nod توافق نشانه به سر دادن تكان - then with a nod to his accompanist, Julian began to play a complex work by Elgar.
accompanist كننده همراهيcomplex پيچيده erupt - when he finished, the room erupted with applause and cheering. Then the audience clamoured for
applause زدن كف Christmas carols.
cheer
clamour
carol مسيح ميالد عيد شب سرودhandicap نقص - Julian was not handicapped at birth.
birth تولد آغازminor - a minor itching problem
a minor itching problem
facility - lack of hospital facilities.
torment - pain; suffering; torment: agony
sensible - sensible; realistic: down-to-earth
realistic بين واقعattentive - carefully; attentively; cautiously: gingerly
cautious
thankfulness سپاسگزاري - thankfulness; appreciation: gratitude
clap زدن كف - cheer; clapping: applause.
bankrupt شدن يا كردن ورشكست - Epstein, worried that their medical expenses might bankrupt them, sought publicity for the
seek (sought) family's plight.
publicity تبليغاتplight
crisp سرد - so one crisp, sunny January morning joined by Julian's father, Epstein bundled the boy into a
bundle wheelchair and rolled him down the middle of first avenue, the busy road in front of the hospital.
crew خدمه - a local television crew followed closely. It recorded passers- by staring in surprise, drivers honking
passer their horns, and Epstein making this case for this family threatened by mounting medical bills.
honk ماشين بوق صدايhorn بوق
كردن - فوران شدن منفجر
كردن - هلهله هوراغوغا - صدا و سر
خردسال - - كوچكتر كمتر
امكان - وسيلهآزار - - شكنجه زجر
محسوس - - مشهود معقول
دقت - - با متوجه مواظبمحتاط - هوشيار
طلبيدن - كردن جستجو
مخمصه - گرفتاري
بستن - - بقچه مجموعه كردن دسته
گذرنده - عابر
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threaten
case
mount
metropolitan عمده شهر يا پايتخت به وابسته - New York's Metropolitan Taxicab Board of Trade, Learning that Ron Thurston was a fellow cabby,
taxicab تاكسي had already paid for Julian's sister and Ron to fly to New York.
board مديره هيئتtrade
fellow
cabby تاكسي رانندهrally - school and local organizations rallied round to help the Thurston's with fund-raising events: sales
fund of donated goods, a sponsored swim and a walkathon.
fund-raising سرمايهگذاري افزايشdonate
sponsor
walkathon
headmaster مدرسه مدير - Julian's headmaster, Alan Clark, suggested a sponsored spell. Pupils seized on the idea, knocking
spell on doors in Eastbourne after school in search of sponsors to pledge a small sum for each word the
pledge pupils could spell correctly.
substantiate كردن اثبات مدرك و دليل با - confirm: prove; verify; substantiate
woe - gloom: misery; sadness; woe.
acknowledgment سپاسگزاري - gratitude: thankfulness; appreciation; acknowledgment.
insusceptible - immune: free; protected; insusceptible.
structure - membrane: a thin layer of tissue covering surfaces or separating or connecting structures or organs.
indication اشاره - nod: a quick up and down movement of the head; an indication of approval.
approval
deaden شدن جان بي - paralyse: deaden; lose feeling in or control of a part of body.
innovator - pioneer: leader; innovator.
recuperate يافتن بهبودي - recover: heal; improve; recuperate.
scrape - scratch: to scrape; to use the nails to scrape.
underlying گرفته قرار زير در - undercurrent: hidden; an underlying tendency or force often contrary to what is superficially evident.
tendency
contrary
superficially x ظاهراshiver - vibrate: shake; shiver.
ترساندن - كردن تهديد
شدن - زياد بر شدن بالغ
شخص - مرد
كردن - آوري جمع دوباره كردن پشتيبانيكردن - گذاري سرمايه سرمايه
دادن - هديه بخشيدنكردن - - قبول را چيزي مسئوليت ضامن حامي
نوشتن - درست كردن هجيداشتن - التزام شدن متعهد
غم - و اندوه عالمت غصه
ناپذير - تاييد مستعد غيرساختار - تركيب
تصويب - موافقت
گذار - بدعت نوآور
خراش - خراشيدن
عالقه - - ميل گرايشمعكوس - مخالف
لرزيدن - ارتعاش
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gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 32
UNIT 10
transcendental - transcendental meditation is "a technique of meditation in which deep mental and physical
meditation relaxation is achieved especially through the use of sacred beliefs."
physical (mental)
achieve
philosophy - its philosophy teaches that mind can go beyond matter, and that man can know more than he
supporter really sees or experiences.
the science of being بودن علمthe art of living زيستن هنرpocket جيب - "I have no pockets," says Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, founder of the huge, worldwide organization
founder گذار بنيان that teaches transcendental meditation: "I deal in wisdom, not in money"
huge worldwide organization جهاني بزرگ سازمانtranscendental meditation الطبيعه ماوراي تفكرscraggly خشن - he is a tiny man, with a scraggly beard, long messy hair, and a voice that has been described
vegetarian as a 33 1/3 rpm record played at 78 rpm. He is a vegetarian, takes no drugs, is celibate.
celibate
monk راهب - because he is a monk, he feels he is "not expected" to think of his past. But he has one. Born
but he has one دارد خاطراتي هم او اما the son of an Indian forest ranger, he graduated in 1942 at the age of 24.
ranger بان جنگلpursue - but instead of pursuing a career in his major (physics), he became a disciple of religious leader
major رشته Swami Brahmananda (Guru Dev).
disciple
religious
legend افسانه - The maharishi was left, according to legend, with the job of developing a form of meditation for the
common person عادي مردم common person.
seclusion - the result, which he announced after 2 years of seclusion in Himalayas, was transcendental
hook meditation. He first taught T.M. in India, then brought it to the west, and where he soon hooked into
mass media western technology and mass media.
adherent - his adherents have included stevie Wonder, Peggy Lee, The beach boys, and Joe Namath.
mediator متفكر - between 1961 and 1972, more than 100,000 people became mediators.
respected discipline محترم قاعده و نظم - it had become a respected discipline, researched by the armed services, used in schools and
armed services ارتش خدمات colleges, and taught by business organizations.
research
business organizations تجاري سازمانهاي
غيرجبري - متعاليتعمق - - - انديشه تفكر عبادت
) فكري - - ) - روحي فيزيكي بدني جسمانيشدن - نائل يافتن دست
حكمت - فلسفهپشتيبان - حامي
خوار - گياه خوار سبزيعزب - - مجرد جفت بي
كردن - دنبال كردن پيگيري
هواخواه - - پيرو مريدروحاني - مذهبي
انزوا - گوشهنشيني) پيوستن - - - ) ربودن انداختن بدام كردن گرفتار
جمعي - ارتباط جمعي رسانههايپيرو - هواخواه
پژوهش - تحقيق
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 33
scientific community علمي جامعه - in June, 1977, he realizing he had convinced the scientific community of the physiological and
physiological فيزيولوژيكي علم به وابسته mental benefits of T.M., began to explore other aspects of meditation and Eastern disciplines,
explore like levitation.
aspect جنبه eastern disciplines زمين مشرق دستوراتlevitation
headquarters - at his Swiss headquarters, during an initial session, 90% of the 900 teachers who were there
initial session آغازين جلسه allegedly were able to learn to levitate, some landing rather smartly on the foam rubber mats which
alleged(ly) had been thoughtfully laid on the floor.
levitate
foam كفrubber
mat
thoughtfully انديشمندانه lay (laid)
blend تركيب - T.M. is a blend of western practicality and Eastern spirituality, a quickly taught technique of
practicality بودن عملي meditation which produces a state of deep rest in which the mind remain awake and alert.
spirituality روحاني state of deep rest عميق استراحت حالتawake
alert
cosmic - it can lead to cosmic consciousness. The maharishi feels that if only 5% of the people in the world
consciousness meditate, we will enter an age of enlightenment, with universal peace and less crime.
it can lead به شود منجر ميتواند آنenlightenment روشنفكري age of enlightenment روشنفكري عصرprestigious scientists from prestigious institutions like Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
institution موسسه have documented its physiological effects: a drop in block pressure, less intake of oxygen and
document output of carbon dioxide, less strain on the heart and respiratory system, less stress.
intake درون به چيزي جذب مقدارoxygen اكسيژن output
carbon dioxide كربن اكسيد ديstrain
كردن - كاوش كردن سياحت
) هوا ) در شناوري) اداري - ) مركز فرماندهي مركز
) گفتهاي - - ) به بنا كردن اقامه آوردن دليلشدن - - شناور شدن بلند برخاستن
كائوچو - الستيكحصير - بوريا
گذاردن - خواباندن
كردن - - بيدار ماندن بيدار شدن بيدارزنگ - به گوش هوشيار
كيهان - به وابسته كيهانيآگاهي - هوشياري
معتبر - - حيثيت با اعتبار با
كردن - تاييد دادن سنديت
توليد - بازده
زدن - - زور فشار كشش
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 34
respiratory system تنفس دستگاهirritable people who meditate do better in school and on the job, are less irritable, and have faster reaction times.
reaction
impart - T.M. people say that in order for you to learn how to meditate correctly, you need to have the
preparatory مقدماتي techniques imparted to you by a T.M. teacher, who, after 2 preparatory sessions will initiate you in
initiate a ceremony to which you bring 3 pieces of fruit, 6 fresh flowers and a clean handkerchief (cleansing
ceremony of the spirit).
handkerchief
cleanse
spirit
symbolic نمادي - these are put under a colour photograph of Guru Dev as symbolic offerings.
symbolic offering اهدايي نشانchant - the teacher chants in Sanskrit, then gives you your mantra, one of 17 available, based on your
temperament temperament and profession.
profession
literal - a mantra is a Sanskrit word that may or may not have a literal meaning. The most widely used
initiation mantra in the world is Om Mani Padme Hum. After your initiation, you attend three checking
attend يافتن حضور sessions where you find out if you are meditating in the right way.
checking sessions بررسي جلسههايtake the phone off the hook بكشيد پريز از را تلفن سيم - if you meditate in the house, sit in a comfortable chair, take the phone off the hook, put pets in
innocence another room.
in all innocence خلوص تمام با close your eyes and silently repeat the mantra "in all innocence" if it slips away, let it. Let your
slip (away) mind do what it wants.
dive into your mind again شويد غرق خود ذهن اعماق در - when and if you reach the conscious level, return to the mantra and "dive' into your mind again.
when the time is up ميرسد پايان به زمان وقتي - when the time is up, sit quietly for two or three minutes and open your eyes very slowly to avoid
abrupt too abrupt a return to the outside world.
brotherhood
monastery
tie رابطه watchful
band
reputation
eternity
disapprove
مزاج - تند رنج زودواكنش - العمل عكس
كردن - افشا كردن بيان
برداشتن - - را قدم نخستين نهادن بنياد كردن واردتشريفات - مراسم
گردن - دستمال دستمالكردن - تطهير كردن پاك
روان - روح
خواندن - - آهنگ يا سرود سرود مناجاتفطرت - - طبيعت سرشت
شغل - - حرفه پيشهاصلي - - معني واقعي دقيق
شدن - وارد قدم نخستين
گناهي - بي پاكي
) عبارتي - - ) شدن حذف كردن سهو خطا اشتباه
ناگهاني - - تند ناگهاناخوت - و برادري انجمن برادري
دير - صومعه
هوشياري - - مراقب مواظبشدن - متحد دسته
آبرو - شهرتپايان - - بي جاوداني ابديت
كردن - رد شمردن ناپسند
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succession
wander
parable
precede
monastic رهباني novice
order
life-denying
Buddhist order
parental
consent
ever since
bow
pressure
nun راهبه absorb
dilute
northern
induct
conduct
pass on
oversensitive
touchy
supernatural
untidy
distinguish
occupy
revolution
temper
جانشيني - - ترادف تواليبودن - آواره بودن سرگردان
تمثيل - اخالقي داستاناز - بودن جلو بودن مقدم
مبتدي - نوآموزمذهبي - فرقه دسته
مادر - و پدر به وابسته والدينيموافقت - رضايت
شدن - خم كردن تعظيمها - سختي و مصائب مشقت
شمال - ساكن شماليبر - گماشتن كردن وارد
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UNIT 13
once يكبار - once, a national park ranger commented that "the American Indian could carry everything he
American Indian آمريكايي سرخپوستان could pack on his wife's back".
while perhaps open to question است مشخص پرسش اين به پاسخ - while perhaps open to question, this remark does make an important point.
non-literate سواد بي - the basic means of transport of non-literate peoples was, indeed, human porterage.
porterage باربريdevote (devoted) - therefore, within any writing devoted to transport, consideration must be given to human burden
consideration carriers and any adjuncts to their task.
burden
carrier حامل adjunct
any adjuncts to their task آنها اضافي هاي كمك نوعthe manner in which كه روشي - the manner in which loads are carried shows distinct cultural and sexual differences.
load
distinct
cultural فرهنگي sexual جنسي distinct cultural & sexual differences جنسي و فرهنگي بارز اختالفاتenclose - among American college students, books and notebooks, when not enclosed in a briefcase or other
handle handled container, are carried in different fashions by men and women.
container
at the side پهلوي در - the men carry their books at the side, resting on the bent hand and pinned between the forearm
rest (on) دادن تكيه and the hip.
bent
pin
forearm
hip
other handled container حمل وسيله ديگرcrook - the women more commonly carry their books in the crook of the arm, resting against the lower
in the crook of the arm كرده خم را خود بازوي كه حالي chest.
) مختص - - ) دادن اختصاص كردن وقفرسيدگي - - مالحظه توجه
وزن - - - بار كردن تحميل مسئوليت بار
افزوده - الحاقي
بار - كوله بارتشخيص - - فرق تميز
دادن - قرار جوف در گذاشتن ميان دربردن - بكار داشتن سروكار
كانتينر - - محتوي ظرف
خم - شده خمافتادن - گير به كردن متصل
بازو - ساعدتهيگاه - و ران ميان قسمت كفل
كردن - - كج كردن خم كجي
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burden-bearing بار حمل - burden-bearing on the head was quite common, for both sexes, in tropical Africa, but was found
tropical only among the women in the southwestern Pueblos.
southwestern غربي جنوب در واقعfeminine - it was similarly a feminine trait in Indonesia.
trait
infrequently - not infrequently those who carried loads on their heads used a pad or ring to cushion and steady
pad نرم پارچه the load.
cushion
especially (specially) F مخصوصا - small children, especially, were carried, seated astride the hip.
seat
astride هم از گشاد پاهاي باaccord - because the load will usually not stay in place of its own accord, back-carrying involved a wide
its own accord خود دلخواه به variety of auxiliary devices.
back-carrying پشت در بار حملinvolve كردن واردauxiliary
peasant - carrying baskets were found in peasant Europe, in the hill regions of southeast Asia and Indonesia.
the hill regions كوهستاني نواحيtumpline - they might be supported on the back by shoulder straps, by a tumpline, or by both of these.
shoulder bag پشتي كوله - the shoulder bag, used as a catchall, was found in central Australia. Its use freed the hands to
catchall carry weapons or for other purposes along the route.
free (freed) كردن آزادroute
along the route مسير طول درyoke يوغ - in northern Europe, for example burdens were carried on shoulder yokes. These wooden devices
suspend lay across both shoulders, passing behind the neck, and had a burden suspended from each end.
pole چيزي بلند دسته - and shoulder supported the balance pole of the far east.
stick - this pole, a simple long stick, was carried in line with the direction of travel with a load suspended
litter from each end.
elaborate - the litter, or the elaborated sedan chair, was probably souther Asiatic in origin.
sedan جلو و عقب صندلي دو داراي ريsouther جنوبي بادAsiatic
origin
گرمسيري - نواحي گرمسيري
مونث - - زن جنس به مربوط زن جنسخصيصه - ويژگي
- F گاها F ندرتا
كردن - زيرسازي گذاشتن اليه
ساختن - جايگزين نشاندن
كردن - - جور خاطر طيب دلخواه
امدادي - - دهنده كمك كمكيدهقاني - - كشاورز روستايي
) گنجه ) - سبد گوناگون اشياء مخزن يا ظرف
سير - - خط مسير راه
كردن - معلق كردن يا شدن آويزان
چماق - - عصا چوبكجاوه - روان تخت
شكوه - با شده درست استادانه
آسيا - اهل آسيايياصل - - بنياد خاستگاه
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 38
infant - except for the litter, and the carrying of infants and small children, there was very little carrying
incapacitated of human loads.
readily - in most non-literate societies the incapacitated either travelled by animal or by vehicle, or they did
feeble not travel at all. One can readily understand why the feeble aged or those seriously ill or wounded
abandon were frequently abandoned to their fate.
in origin اصل درaged مسنfootgear پاپوش - many non-literate people did not wear footgear at all times, but donned foot coverings only for travel.
don (donned)
toughen - even the most toughened foot welcomes some protection when on the trail and there were very
trail few people who did not have some sort of footgear for travel.
aboriginal - skis, to permit travel over deep snow, were known aboriginally in the old world in the arctic zone
arctic شمال قطب به وابسته from Lapland to eastern Siberia.
zone
hemisphere كره نيم - snowshoes were found in the northern reaches of both hemispheres.
traction - travel on snowshoes was not as fast as on skis but the former gave better traction when pulling
camp a load and were generally more useful in bush or around camp.
overlook - in speaking of foot travel, one may not overlook another important class of auxiliaries.
illiterate - illiterate societies.
clarify - comment: discuss; explain; clarify.
tension - bend: bring into tension.
hook - crook: curve; hook; bend.
stabilize - steady: balance; secure; stabilize.
dangle - suspend: dangle.
fragile - feeble: weak; fragile.
pollution آلودگي - air pollution affects virtually al of the world's cities. For simplicity, pollution-suffering urban centers
virtual can be broken down into two categories "brown air" cities, which suffer from photochemical smog
simplicity سادگي produced mostly by autos; and "grey air" cities, where industrial smog generated by coal and oil
urban شهري burning is the major pollution problem.
photochemical
smog
troublesome - air pollution first became troublesome in the 1940s, when particulate matter increased to some
particulate 400 tons per day.
matter
از - - - كمتر بچه طقل بچه سال 7كودك معلول - ناتوان
عاجز - - نحيف ضعيفكردن - واگذار كردن رها
كردن - تن بر پوشيدنشدن - سفت كردن سفت
خاك - - و آب يك اهل اوليه سكنه بومي
بخش - قلمرو
انقباض - كششچادر - اردوگاه
انداز - چشم كردن پوشي چشمنخوانده - - درس عامي سواد بي
دادن - توضيح كردن روشندادن - - قرار فشار تحت كشش فشار
آوردن - گير آوردن در قالب شكل بهشدن - ثابت كردن استوار
آويختن - - كردن آويزان بودن آويزانلطيف - - ترد شكننده
معنوي - - مجازي واقعي
شيميايي - بخارهاي از حاصل غليظ مه دود و مهدهنده - - دردسر آور رنج پرزحمت
ريز - ذرات داراي ذره بصورتبودن - - مهم جسم ماده
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 39
outdoor - this came mostly from outdoor burning and industrial smokestacks, so strict emission ordinances
smokestack ساختمان يا كشتي يا لوكوموتيو were passed in 1947.
strict
ordinance
emission
pass كردن تصويبfallout - although particulate fallout decreased, the city was still bothered by remained a mystery until the
haze early 1950s, when a professor at Cal Tech accidentally identified the Los Angeles smog as a mixture
souther جنوبي باد of complex hydrocarbons. Souther California sunlight baked the original pollution until secondary
sunlight pollutants, such as ozone, were produced; hence the name "photochemical smog."
pollutant كننده آلودهhence
refinery - at first the city pointed the finger at the numerous oil refineries in the area and ordered them to
worsen control their emissions. But the smog worsened.
priority - but research was given a low priority in Detroit. Only after constant prodding by Los Angeles did
prod the industry.
crankcase - eight years later, the first simple crankcase emission control devices appeared on California cars.
eliminate كردن حذف - these eliminated about 20 percent of the hydrocarbons discharged by an auto, and only after more
discharge كردن ترشح elaborate responds were required in 1966 did total hydrocarbon emissions in the loss angels air shed
air shed begin decreasing.
desert - abandon: leave; desert.
shrub بوته - bush: land covered by bushes or shrubs.
projecting برجسته - hip: the projecting back part of the body.
cripple - incapacitate: cripple; disable; handicap.
handicap ناقصtropic - tropical: of the tropics; hot and humid.
humid
آزاد - - هواي بيروني بيرون
اكيد - سختحكم - - - امر تقدير فرمان
دادن - بيرون نشر
- ميريزد زمين به جو از كه راديواكتيوي ذرات اكتيو راديو بارانهوا - - تيرگي يا ناصافي بخار مه
خورشيد - نور انعكاس خورشيد نور
اين - - از پس بنابراين رو اين ازخانه - تصفيه پااليشگاه
دادن - جلوه بدتر كردن بدتربرتري - تقدم حق
ترغيب - برانگيختن - لنگ ميل جاي ميللنگ اتصال محل
بيابان - - گريختن كردن ترك
كردن - - فلج كردن لنگ لنگ
گرمسير - گرمسيريمرطوب - - بخاردار نمناك
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 40
UNIT 14
endanger انداختن مخاطره به - how may inactivity endanger a person's health?
walk your way to health سالمتي سوي به پيشstair پله - at 35, his health was so poor that even climbing stairs was an ordeal. Then he had a heart attack.
ordeal شاق كارbypass - after bypass surgery, Stephen's surgeon told him he could not enter an organized
cardia-rehabilitation قلبي ناتواني cardia-rehabilitation program until he was able to walk a mile.
stamina - Stephen went on a strict diet and began walking regularly, building up his stamina.
build up كردن جبرانlighter تر سبك - two years later, he was seven stone lighter and his heart rate at rest was an impressive 48 beats
seven stone lighter per minute
impressive
cholesterol كلسترول - in one aerobics research study, researchers found that poor fitness can be as dangerous as
moderate smoking or high cholesterol.
bout - the good news is that moderate bouts of walking can substantially reduce the odds of dying of
substantially توجهي قابل طور به heart disease, cancer and other causes.
odds غريب و عجيبodds of dying of heart disease قلبي ناراحتي از مردن ناخواندهdecline - in fact researchers believe that half the decline generally associated with ageing is due to inactivity
associate
ageing سن رفتن باالretain - by exercising, a person may retain as much as 80 percent of his physical abilities between the
regularly منظم بطور ages of 30 and 70.
sensible - a sensible walking programme can make dramatic improvement in physical and emotional
programme well-being.
dramatic
حياتي - - - نيروي بنيه طاقت استقامت
سبكتر استون stone=6.35 kg هفتبرانگيزنده - گيرا
رو - - ميانه ماليم معتدلبازي - - يا مسابقه دوره يك تقال كشمكش
گزاردن - - - زوال به رو كاستن زوال انحطاطشدن - - - همدم كردن شريك شريك پيوند هم
كردن - - حفظ ندادن دست از داشتن نگاه
آگاهانه - معقولكار - - روش دستور برنامه
) اساسي - ) مهيج
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 41
well-being سالمتي gain - and the greatest health gains are enjoyed by completely sedentary people who become
sedentary moderately active - who walk at a brisk pace for half an hour a day.
brisk بشاش و سرزندهpace
ease - ease aches and pains: muscles and joints stiffen and atrophy when they are not used regularly.
ache دردmuscle ماهيچه joint مفصل stiffen سفتatrophy
stretching كشش - walking (including stretching and strengthening exercises) is one of the best defences against
strengthening exercises كننده تقويت ورزشهاي these ailments because it keeps the body flexible without subjecting it to too much stress.
defence
ailment
subject
high-impact باال فشار - during high-impact activities, like running and aerobics, your feet hit the ground with a force equal
shock to two to four times your weight. The shock can damage joints and muscles, especially in the lower
limb limbs.
by contrast عكس بر - walking, by contrast, exerts a force of only one and a half times your weight.
exert كردن اعمالcompete - Susan Henricks, 34, used to compete in marathons. Her intense training led to pulled tendons
marathon ماراتون دو مسابقه and other injuries, but she accepted them as par for the sport.
intense
tendon
par
fracture شكستگي - then a few years ago, when doctors found a fracture in her pelvis, Susan switched to race walking,
pelvis خاصره لگن which demands more muscle strength than running yet places less stress on the back and joints.
switch
lead (to) شدن باعثas par for the sport ورزشي آسيبهاي از بخشيrace
begrudge خوردن غبطه - as we grow older, we all begrudge gravity's effect on our once-firm flesh. The problem is that, after
gravity زمين جاذبه the age of 30, inactive adults lose muscle mass.
بردن - - سود سود منفعتغيرمتحرك - نشسته
- كردن حركت موزون و آهسته گامهاي با زدن قدمدادن - تسكين كردن راحت
بنيه - ضعف الغر
كردن - دفاع دفاعناراحتي - - درد مزمن بيماري
دادن - قرار يا بودن معرض در معرض در
سخت - ضربه صدمهپا - يا دست بدن عضو
دادن - مسابقه با كردن رقابت
سخت - شديدپي - زردپي
تعادل - - تساوي برابري
) آوردن - - ) روي تعويض كردن عوض را جريان
مسابقه - رفتن بسرعت
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 42
once-firm flesh بود محكم و صاف روزگاري كهflesh
muscle mass عضالت حجمweigh - thus a 50-year-old who weighs the same as he did at 20 may still look heavier than his younger self.
younger self خود جواني زمانvigorous - for many people, a vigorous walking program using powerful, synchronized arm strokes can help
synchronize achieve a shapelier body.
stroke ضربهachieve
shapely
power stepping استوار گامهاي - this activity -which I call power stepping- helps to strengthen and tone all the major muscle groups
tone كردن سفت including your shoulders and arms, your back and stomach, and your legs and buttocks.
buttock
circulation خون جريان گردش - it also improves circulation and makes your muscle fibbers more flexible.
ligament رباط - this may help you avoid some common injuries that afflict weekend athletes: pulled muscles,
tendinity ligament strains and tendonitis.
synchronized arm strokes داده حيات تجديد را بازوان كتيall the major muscle groups بدن عمده عضالت گروه تمامligament strains رباط فشارfiber بافت replicate كردن تكرار - you may not be able to replicate the figure of your teenage years, but power steeping will help you
figure of your teenage years خود نوجواني قيافه to look as fit, trim and healthy as is possible for your age and lifestyle.
trim
lifestyle زندگي سبكophthalmologist پزشك چشم - Dr Hampton Roy, a 53-year-old ophthalmologist, walks seven miles to work three times a week.
ponder - the exercise provides "pondering time" and has proved to be a natural tranquillizer.
pondering time انديشيدن زمانtranquillizer
moody - over the next three years he became increasingly moody. Egged on by his wife. He took up
egg (on) كردن تحريك walking again and hasn’t stopped since.
take up گرفتن سر ازnervous system عصبي دستگاه - daily life is full of stressful events that shift the nervous system into high gear.
gear
high gear ممكن درجه آخرين
ميوه - مغز گوشت
كردن - وزن داشتن وزن
) فعاالنه - - - ) زور پر شديد قويكردن - مطابق هم با زمان حيث از كردن همزمان
رساندن - انجام به دادن انجامريخت - خوش تركيب خوش
) ران - ) كفل
برازنده - - مرتب پيراسته
كردن - تفكر كردن انديشه
آرامبخش - مسكنترشرو - - اخمو بداخالق
پوشش - - اسباب دنده
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 43
psychiatrist روانپزشك - Dr Claude miller, a psychiatrist, recommends a brisk 15-minute walk whenever tension builds, and
brisk again two hours before bedtime if you suffer from insomnia.
insomnia
antidote - it's the best antidote to what he calls the "four pints of aggression" delivered daily to our doors.
pint مايع وزن پيمانهaggression
four pints of aggression تعرض پيمانه چهارdedicated - Henry David and Charles dickens were dedicated walkers and covered thousands of miles in their
cover كردن طي lifetime.
evidence مدارك - now evidence is mounting that regular daily exercise does indeed stimulate the brain.
mount
stimulate
ex-servicemen - a study of 55- to 70-year-olds at an ex-servicemen's hospital found that those who took one-hour
visual organization بينايي قوه walks three times a week for four months improved their reaction time, visual organization and
biochemistry شيمي زيست memory over others who remained sedentary or did non-aerobic exercises.
account - increased circulation of oxygen and blood, as well as changes in the brain's biochemistry, may
strengthen your heart ميكند تقويت را شما قلب account for these improvements.
precaution - still, her precautions have paid off. She avoided heart problems until late in life. Over the past year,
pay off madly has walked 4000 miles.
still اين وجود باunfit - this extra pumping trains the heart to work more efficiently and thus beat more slowly than the
beneficial heart of an unfit person. So beneficial is walking that it is the exercise most doctors prescribe.
prescribe كردن تجويزankle پا قوزك - for five years, Tricia Stevens, 57, has been an active walker. She started because of ankle and hip
hip pain and the fear that she would develop osteoporosis as had her mother, who broke both hips.
osteoporosis استخوان پوكيdensity - the density of your bones depends on how much you exercised and what you ate as a child and
denser young adult.
weight-bearing exercise - the denser your bones at the growing age, the less your risk of developing asteoporosis. Walking,
battle a weight-bearing exercise, slows bone loss and may even promote growth. Though osteoporosis is
alleviate best battled when you're young, it can be alleviated in later life.
adequate كافي - a university study found that women with osteoporosis who took an adequate amount of calcium
calcium كلسيم and walked for one hour a day three days a week for 22 months increased their bone density at the
bone loss استخواني ضايعه spine by six per cent.
بشاش - و سرزنده تند - ) بيخوابي ) مرض غيرعادي بيخوابي
سم - ضد پادزهر
تعرض - پرخاشگر
اختصاصي - شده وقف
) است - ) اين مبين بر شدن بالغانگيختن - كردن تحريك
كردن - اقامه موجه دليل كردن علت ذكر
كردن - احتياط احتياط - ) نهايي ) نتيجه ديون تمام كردن پرداخت
نامناسب - ناشايستهمفيد - سودمند
ران - مفصل كفل
تراكم - چگاليتر - - چگالي تر متراكم تر انبوه
كردن - جنگ كردن مبارزهكردن - سبك كردن كم
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 44
vitality - stamina: strength; vitality; vigour.
vigour
likelifhood - odds: chance; likelihood; probability.
probability احتمال striking - dramatic: striking; sensational; spectacular.
sensational
spectacular
immobile - sedentary: inactive; lazy; immobile.
decay - atrophy: to decay; to degenerate.
degenerate
covet داشتن چيزي به طمع - begrudge: to envy; covet.
relieve - alleviate: to ease; reduce; relieve.
fuel - after the age of 25, metabolism -the rate at which your body burns fuel- slows, and fat becomes
shed harder to shed.
sufficient كافي - adequate: enough; sufficient; plentiful.
plentiful
malady - ailment: disease; sickness; malady.
remedy - antidote: remedy; anything that relieves.
rear - buttocks: bottom; behind; rear end.
rival - compete: to fight; to rival; to contest.
discharge - exert: to discharge.
breach - fracture: breach; fault
fault
grand - impressive: grand; splendid.
splendid
log كشتي سفرنامه - log: to travel; to walk.
parallel - synchronize: to adjust; to parallel; to match.
حياتي - خاصيت يا قدرت دلي زنده و انرژيتوان - قدرت
محتمل - - امر همانندي احتمال
توجه - قابل برجستهمهيج - شورانگيز
ديدني - منظره تماشاييجنبش - بي حركت بي
زوال - - كردن تنزل پوسيدگيشدن - فاسد گذاردن انحطاط به رو
نشاندن - - فرو كردن كمك دادن تسليسوخت - غذا
انداختن - - پوست ريختن افكندن
فراوان - وافربيماري - ناخوشي
چاره - - كردن درمان درمانعقب - پشت
رقيب - - حريف كردن رقابتكردن - مرخص كردن ادا
كردن - شكاف ايجاد نقضنقص - تقصير
مهم - عالي بسيارعالي - - جالل با شكوه با
كردن - - برابر برابر موازي
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 45
UNIT 16it is more than somewhat humbling to كه است خواري نهايت - it is more than somewhat humbling to be forced to admit that we still know all too little about the
somewhat phenomenon of learning.
phenomenon
psychologist شناس روان - psychologists have yet discover exactly what marvellous internal change makes it possible for the
marvellous infant to say his first word, the 12 year-old to divide 3254 by 589, and the adult to distinguish Bach
divide 4 by 2 from Beethoven.
distinguish
considerable - we do know a considerable amount about the conditions that facilitate learning, enough to tell us
facilitate that the educational techniques currently used in most of our classrooms are far from ideal.
ideal
for one thing لحاظي از - for one thing, we know from experimental evidence what jams Garfield knew from experience.
experimental آزمايشي experimental evidence تجربي دليلexperience عملي تجربهthe most elaborate educational plant آموزشي بناي ترين پيچيده - the most elaborate educational plant yet constructed is worth far less to a student than the
plant نهال undivided attention of a great teacher like mark Hopkins. We know that students tend to learn less
construct in a lecture class than in a discussion group.
worth far less دارد كمتري ارزشundivided attention مستقيم توجهideally است اين ال ايده - ideally, each student should have his own personal tutor -and a good one, at that. The trouble is that
حدي - - تا قدري مختصريحادثه - پديده
عجيب - آور حيرتعدد كردن 2بر 4تقسيم
دادن - تشخيص دادن تميزتوجه - قابل شايان
كردن - - تسهيل كردن كمك كردن آسانمطلوب - كمال آل ايده
كردن - - ايجاد كردن بنا ساختن
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 46
to go around بروند جا همه تا there are not enough teachers, good or otherwise, to go around.
regiment - we need an army where we have only a regiment. And we need an army of generals, not sergeants.
general ژنرال sergeant گروهبان promise - computer teaching machines offer great promise for the future, and far from being the depersonalizing
depersonalize threat many people envision, such machines can give better individual instruction than one might dream
envision
instruction آموزش than one might dream شود مي تصور آنچه از بيشcarry on دادن ادامه - someday they even will carry on "conversations" with students. This goal may not be quite as
process distant as it seems. Now that computer teaching machines are beginning to be able to process
simulate natural languages, they can simulate, at least to some extent, the normal conversation of teacher and
extent student.
to some extent اي اندازه تاfeed (fed) (into) - a program devised by one teacher--a mark Hopkins, let us say-- can be fed into as many machines
raw as we have the raw materials and the inclination to produce.
let us say بگوييم بدهيد اجازهinclination
lag - and though computer technology still lags far behind theory, it appears that we someday may be
imagination able to produce a machine which will respond to the student with as much imagination as
flexibility پذيري انعطاف flexibility as a flesh-and-blood tutor.
flesh-and-blood tutor
information-processing اطالعات فرآيند - education is an information-processing activity which requires the teacher not only to communicate
communicate information, but to adapt to his student, to interpret the student's response, and to generate new
adapt specific material.
interpret
generate
ally - the ability of the computer teaching machine to perform these last 3 tasks is what allies it with the
nonautomate اتوماتيك غير human tutor and distinguishes it both from other types of teaching machines and from nonautomated
presentation of information اطالعات ارائه teaching techniques now in use.
drill - in usual school or college classroom, the presentation of information, practice and drill, recitation,
recitation and evaluation all are separate functions, occurring more or less sequentially and at widely-spaced
evaluation ارزيابي intervals.
separate functions جداگانه كارهاي
بسيار - گروه هنگ
نويد - - قول وعدهكردن - شخصيت فاقد كردن شخصيت بي
ديدن - رويا در كردن بافي خيال
كردن - - طي را مراحلي كردن تهيه رساندن بانجامكردن - وانمود كردن تقليد
اندازه - - حد مقدار
دادن - خوراك پروردننارس - خام
تمايل - - سيرت نهادلنگيدن - ماندن عقب
پندار - تصور
) انساني ) خون و گوشت معلم
كردن - - گفتگو كردن مكاتبه كردن مراوردهكردن - سازوار دادن وفق
كردن - تفسير كردن ترجمهآوردن - بوجود كردن توليد
كردن - - يكي پيوستن كردن متحد
تمرين - حل كردن تمرينخواني - حفظ از خواني بر از
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 47
sequentially
more or less بيش و كمwidely-spaced intervals زياد زماني فواصلrather than coming at each step شود اجرا گام هر در اينكه جاي به - recutation or practice, rather than coming at each step, usually occurs after a large block of
critical moment انتقادي بحراني، حساس، لحظه material has been presented.
modify - by the time the teacher discovers that his students did not understand him, the critical moment
homogenous for modifying his presentation is gone.
smooth - these provided for a homogenous, smooth, two-way flow of information between teacher and
two-way flow of information طرفه دو اطالعات تبادل student.
feature - a particularly important feature of this smoothly flowing process is that, since "test" precede the
precede بودن مقدم presentation of each new step, failure on a given test precludes presentation of the next step.
preclude
curricular تحصيلي برنامه به مربوطه - in other words, the student stays with each step of the curricular sequence until he has mastered it.
sequence
until he has mastered it بگيرد ياد آنرا كامل بطور تاapparently ظاهرا - note that this apparently simple idea represents a crucial difference between education as it is now
represent practised and education as it could be.
crucial
conventional - in the conventional classroom, each student spends the same amount of material that varies
vary داشتن فرق from student to student.
variable متغير - with a computer teaching machine, each student spends a variable amount of time to learn a
constant constant amount of material, and there is no a priori reason that the amount of time taken should
variable amount of time متغير زمان مقدار not be that required for complete mastery.
priori
mastery
emphasis - computer teaching machines offer the hope that the emphasis in education can be taken off
efficiency efficiency of information transmission and put back where it belongs, on mastery of the subject.
transmission
on mastery of the subject موضوع يادگيري درtake off برخاستن interaction انفعال و فعل - computer teaching can make interaction with the student faster.
corrupt - computers will corrupt education.
revise - to change; revise: modify.
changeable پذير تعويض - variable: changeable; varying.
پي - در پي بطور مداوم بطور
كردن - اصالح دادن تغييرتشابه - همانندي
دلنواز - - ماليم روان
خصوصيات - - - تركيب ريخت ويژگي
كردن - ايجاد راه جلو مانع كردن مسدود
رشته - رفت پي
كردن - - بيان فهماندن دادن نمايشسخت - - بسيار قاطع وخيم
) سنتي - - ) قراردادي عرفي
دائمي - ثابت
مقدم - اوليه) يافتن - - ) توفيق سلطه اربابي
اهميت - تاكيدلياقت - - ميزان كارآيي كفايت
سرايت - - عبور انتقال
كردن - خراب كردن فاسدكردن - اصالح كردن نظر تجديد
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 48
given - given the obvious superiority of conversational interaction, why does the classroom lecture
superiority dominate our current educational technology?
conversational محاورهايdominate
administrative - the most important reason is that it is administravtively simple to assemble a class and present
assemble an open loop lecture.
loop حلقهsuperficial - a lecture is superficially efficient, because information may be transmitted to a very large class
transmit by a single lecturer.
audio-visual devices بصري و صوتي وسايل - the computer teaching machine shares with the human lecturer and with educational television
amplify and other audio-visual devices- the ability to amplify and diverge information from a single master,
diverge يافتن انشعاب directing it to a very large number of students.
master استادexempt - however, the computer teaching machine is happily exempt from the most serious drawback of
drawback other information from student to teacher.
flow
utilize - because they do not utilize feedback, one-way information systems such as films and television
feedback خورد باز are simply communication systems.
merely - they are not "new" teaching methods; they merely serve to enhance the demonstrated limitations
demonstrate of the conventional lecture.
conventional
humbling فروتني - humbling: degrading; humiliating.
degrading
humiliating
rank دادن درجه - sergeant: an officer having a rank below a captain, or lieutenant or inspector.
captain سروان lieutenant ستوان inspector
comprehend - interpret: comprehend; understand.
recount - recite: to repeat; recount.
customary - conventional: standard; customary.
proceed - a priori: proceeding from a known cause to a related effect; deductive; based on a hypothesis or
deductive قياسي يا استقرايي theory.
مفروض - - معلوم معينتفوق - برتري
داشتن - تسلط بودن حكمفرمااجرايي - اداري
آوردن - فراهم آوردن گرد
ظاهري - - سطحي صوريفرافرستادن - دادن انتقال
افزودن - - بردن باال دادن وسعت
آزاد - معافزيان - اشكال
جريان - - شدن روان بودن سليسزدن - بكار از كردن استفاده
تنهايي - به F انحصارادادن - نشان دادن شرح
قرارداري - عرفي
دادن - تنزل كردن تنزلكننده - خفيف تحقيرآميز
مفتش - بازرسكردن - درك فهميدن
گفتن - - يكايك مجدد شمارش برشمردنمرسوم - عادي
كردن - اقدام رفتن پيش
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 49
UNIT 17
to meet man's needs بشر احتياجات كردن برآوردهchallenge - leaders in industry claim to offer challenge and the opportunity for achievement in the business world.
opportunity فرصتachievement
typical نوعي - But they must learn to recognize that the typical management approach to man as a worker
approach actually blocks man's efforts to achieve his ful potential.
potential
primary - the primary function of any human organization is to help man enjoy a meaningful existence.
meaningful
existence
labour - labour has always been the lot of man, but the changes brought by the industrial revolution have for
lot the first time given him the opportunity to satisfy both his animal and his human needs.
labour has always been the lot of man است بوده انسان بهره هميشه ارsupreme - as Carl Jung said: "the supreme goal of man is to fulfil himself as a creative, unique individual
fulfil according to his own innate potentialities and within the limits of reality."
unique
) تالش - ) طلبيدن مبارزه به
دستيابي - موفقيت
آمدن - نزديك شدن نزديكپتانسيل - - نهاني استعداد داراي بالقوه عامل
نخستين - ابتداييدار - معني پرمعني
موجوديت - هستيزحمت - كار
بهره - سهم
اعلي - عاليبرآوردن - - كردن تمام دادن انجام
مانند - بي همتا بي
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 50
individual
according to
innate
potentiality
within the limits of reality واقعي هاي محدوديت چهارچوبdominant - industry is the dominant institution in our civilization.
institution
restructure دادن ساختار تجديد - and therefore must restructure itself to reflect man's dual nature and needs if it is to enjoy a
reflect كردن منعكس meaningful life.
dual
if it is to enjoy a meaningful life باشد پرمعنا زندگي از بردن لذتoriented - not all jobs in industry have the potential to be challenging and achievement-oriented.
achievement-oriented پيروزي براي مشخصي جهتيdo contain possibilities هستند امكانات داراي - but many more than one might expect of today's jobs do contain possibilities.
striking - one example of the striking lack of success of the present money motivation system is portrayed
the striking lack of success in the case of today's computer programmers.
motivation
portray
turnover - yet there is a high turnover rate and low morale among computer programmers.
morale
dissatisfaction - the cause of dissatisfaction is not the pay, for these men receive high salaries and excellent fringe
excellent عالي benefits.
fringe benefits شغلي مزايايrather - rather, the problem is boredom; after the initial challenge, most companies allow their computer
boredom programming to turn into routine drudgery. This need not happen: certainly it would not be difficult to
initial build some true motivational factors into a job with as much as potential challenge as this.
drudgery كننده خسته و سخت كارthis need not happen نيست كار اين به نيازي البتهmotivational factors انگيزش عواملexotic - a job does not have to be as exotic as computer programming to have challenge.
correspondence - one large company has a correspondence section to answer the questions of its shareholders
section many of whom were not sophisticated in the intricacies of security laws.
shareholder
sophisticated
فرد - - به منحصر فرد شخصمطابق - طبق برفطري - غريزي
نهاني - استعداد بالقوه عامليت
مقتدر - - مافوق برترنهاد - موسسه
اي - جنبه دو دوتايي
به - متمايل دار جهت
توجه - قابل برجستهموفقيت - فاقد F شديدا موفقيت توجه قابل كمبود
محرك - انگيزشكردن - - مجسم كردن توصيف كشيدن تصوير
معامالت - - حجم برگشت تبديل و تغييرجنگجويان - - روحيه روحيه دلگرمي
ناخشنودي - نارضايتي
اندازه - يك تا بلكهماللت - خستگيابتدايي - نخستين
بيگانه - - غريب و عجيب مرموزمكاتبات - - مراسالت ارتباط
دايره - بخشسهام - صاحب دار سهم
باال - سطح در ماهر و خبره
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 51
intricacy
ownership - to answer questions on transfer of ownership, dividend income, and the like, this company employs
dividend income درآمد سهام سود a number of girls who previously worked under a system engineered to insure that no wrong
and the like آن مانند و information was given.
previously F قبالengineer مهندسinsure كردن ضمانتbuilt آماده قبل از - the answers to the shareholder letters were not so much written as "built".
inquiry - when an inquiry came in, it went through a routinized procedure which used answers copied from
routinize form paragraphs for every possible question.
procedure
salutation - a girl combined the proper answers, made sure that the salutation and closing were in the correct
closing پاياني عبارات formal style, and handed the letter to the supervisor for checking.
supervisor
signature - the supervisor checked every letter, then sent it out over her signature.
in practice - in practice, the system resulted in too many errors, low productivity, and high employee turnover
productivity and absentee rates.
employee
absentee
high employee turnover كارمند دست به نامه گشتن ستabsentee rates
expert - first, each girl was made an expert in some area, Say transfer taxes.
say transfer taxes امور برگردان عبارتي، بهpace - she, not the supervisor was the authority for the girls to turn to on that subject.
authority
progression - the natural progression was then to let the girls send out their mail without passing it on to the
bounce supervisor. The girls were to be responsible for the letters and if any bounced back from the
compose shareholders, they would go back to the girls.in the final week, girls were told to compose their own letters.
markedly مشخصي بطور - the result? Errors were markedly reduced, morale raised, productivity increased, and employee
absenteeism turnover and absenteeism dropped.
measure - the supervisor found time for numerous measures to improve conditions in the department.
rationalizing بندي تقسيم - all this, not be increasing salary, or rationalizing the job, but by injecting responsibility, challenge,
inject كردن تزريق and the opportunity for growth. In short, by motivation.
volition - motivation cannot be bought, a motivated man will do things of his own volition that far exceed
تودرتويي - - بغرنجي پيچيدگيدارندگي - مالكيت
بازجويي - - - - تحقيق استعالم سوال پرسشكردن - روزمره يا عادي انداختن عادي بجريان
پردازه - رويهتهيت - - - - تعارف نامه اول سالم درود سالم
ناظر - سرپرستكردن - امضاء امضاء
حاصلخيزي - سودمنديكارگر - مستخدم
غايب - شخص غايب
) كارمندها ) غياب اثر بر طوالني معطليكارشناس - - خبره ماهر
زدن - گام پيمودناجازه - - اختيار قدرت
پيشرفت - تصاعددادن - قرار تشر و توپ مورد انداختن بيرون
سرودن - - ساختن كردن درست
غيبت - بودن غايب حالتحد - ميزان
اراده - خواست
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 52
motivated what he could be made to do by offers of food or money.
exceed
self-motivation - the strongest kind of motivation is self-motivation. Consider the artist, a classic example of
classic example self-motivation. He may be starving, but still he paints.
abrupt - turnover: an abrupt change.
worldly - sophisticated: having much worldly experience and knowledge.
attitude - morale: attitude.
hygiene factors بهداشتي فاكتورهاي - I chose to call the dissatisfiers the hygiene factors, drawing by analogy on the medical meaning
analogy of the word "preventive and environmental."
preventive
environmental محيطيintrinsic - hygiene factors are not an intrinsic part of a task, they are related to the conditions under which
hygienic بهداشتي a task is to be performed. A good hygienic environment can prevent job dissatisfaction, but cannot
profit create true job satisfaction or happiness.
stockholder - dividend: profit; a share of profits paid to a stockholder.
toil زحمت پر كار - drudgery: labour, toil
cultured - sophisticated: cultured; having acquired wordly knowledge.
absolute - supreme: absolute; ultimate.
ultimate
establishment - turnover: the number of workers hired by a given establishemtn to replace those who have left.
UNIT 18
authority موثق و سريع منبع - a great authority on the teaching of history once said: "everyone knows what history is until he …
statesman سياستمدار - history is made, not by statesmen or soldiers, but by historians who prepare the records.
gravitaional - Newton's gravitational was not inspired by a falling apple.
inspire
overhang بودن آويزان - sir Isaac Newton was taking tea under the apple trees in the family gardens at woolsthorpe one
branch شاخه summer's afternoon in 1665 when an apple fell from an overhanging branch, plunked him on the head
plunk and immediately provided the inspiration for his law of gravitation. Or so the story goes.
inspiration الهام or so the story goes يابد مي ادامه منوال اين به ستانfame - it may indeed have happened that way, but no one knows for certain. Even the famed british
astronomer شناس ستاره astronomer sir harold spencer jones, true, later recanted, nothing that "one cannot be sure either way"
bublicly stated كرد عالم عموم برابر درrecant گرفتن پس F رسما را خود حرف
انگيزنده - هدفدارنهادن - فراتر قدم بر شدن بالغ
شخصي - انگيزه شخصي عالقهبارز - نمونه نمونه بهترين
خبر - بي ناگهانيمادي - - دنيوي جهاني اين
رفتار - - و روش حالت گرايش
شباهت - - مقايسه قياسممانعت - عامل گير پيش
شايسته - - - حقيقي باطني ذاتي
بردن - - سود نفع سودموجودي - صاحب سهم صاحب
متمدن - يافته پرورشكامل - مطلق
غايي - نهايياستقرار - تاسيس
اي - جاذبه گرايشيكردن - القاء بخشيدن الهام
تلپ - - صداي با ضربت افتادن تلپي
آوازه - - نام شهرت
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 53
mathematician رياضيدان - long after the great english mathematician had died and 73 years from the time the disputed apple
dispute fell.
disputed apple بحث مورد سيبtremendously - voltaire admired sir isaac and his theories tremendously and offered a clear, insightful interpretation
insightful of his teachings.
interpretation
teaching تعاليم associate - but his only source for the apple story was sir isaac's niece, who had married one of her uncle's
declining closest associates. She and her husband lived with and kept house for newton in his declining years.
bit - another bit of evidence, one that is taken quite seriously by the story's adherent, is Rev. william
another bit of evidence ديگر مدرك stukely's biography of newton, written in 1752 though unpublished, mysteriously, until 1963.
adherent
Rev. (Reverend)
biography بيوگرافي mysteriously
physician پزشك - stukely, a physician, cleric, and prominent antiquarian, wrote that the he was once enjoying
cleric كشيش afternoon tea with sir isaac amid the woolsthorpe apple trees when the mathematician reminisced
prominent that "he was just in the same situation as, when, formerly, the notion of gravitation came into his mind.
antiquarian it was occasioned by the fall of an apple, as he sat in contemplative mood."
amid
reminisce
formerly
notion
occasion
contemplative
witness - note, however, that stukely did not claim to have witnessed the apple incident firsthand.
incident
firsthand
anecdote - meanwhile, important early biographers of newton include no mention of the anecdote at all.
ludicrous - and the great german astronomer thought the story too ludicrous for words. "undoubtedly," he once
undoubtedly hypothesized, "the occurrence was something of this sort: there comes to newton a stupid
hypothesize importunate man, whos asks him how he hit upon his great discover.
occurrence
importunate
كردن - جدال كردن مباحثه
- F شديدا فاحش طور بهبينش - بصيرت
ترجمه - - - تفسير بيان شرح
رفيق - همكارزوال - انحالل
ريزه - - تكه ذره
هواخواه - - طرفدار پيروكشيش - جناب عاليجناب
اسرارآميز - مرموز
واال - برجستهقديم - - به وابسته باستاني شناس عتيقه
وسط - ميان درآوردن - خاطر به كردن يادآوري
- F قبال پيشترنظريه - - انديشه تصور
موقعيت - - وهله مناسب فرصتتفكر - و غور به وابسته تفكري
دادن - - - شهادت ديدن مدرك شاهدحادثه - - رويداد شايع
اول - - دست اصلي مستقيمالمثل - - ضرب حكايت قصه
چرند - - - مزخرف مضحك آور خندهترديد - - بدون شك بدون F مسلما
برانگاشتن - كردن فرضواقعه - - اتفاق رخدادآميز - سماجت سمج
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 54
hit
fairness طرفي بي - in all fairness, it should be noted that the babson institute in wellesely, claims to own a fruit-bearing
in all fairness طرفي بي كمال با tree grafted from the one that figured so crucially in Newton's thinking.
institute
fruitbearing اي ميوهgraft
crucially
quest - the institute was founded by roger babson, the man who made the study of gravity and the quest
antigravity جاذبه ضد for an antigravity machine his life's work.
campus باز فضاي - also on display on the babson campus is sir Isaac's bed, whose significance should be readily
significance obvious: it was only the force of gravity which allowed sir isaac to rest on it.
readily F فوراfiddle زدن ويولن - nero didn’t fiddle while rome burned.
unfounded - it is only an unfounded rumour, albeit an old one, that the mad emperor nero started a fire near the
rumour imperial palace and then climed to the top of the tower of Maecenas, where he gleefully played his
albeit fiddle, sang arias from his own execrable operas, and watched the city go up in flames.
emperor
imperial
gleefully
aria يكنفره آوازexecrable
opera اپراflame
fancy - true, nero did fancy himself a poet and musician, and often summoned audiences to attend recitals
summon of his compositions.
recital
composition
contemporary - but according to the contemporary historian and chronicler Tacitus, the fire which gutted rome in 64
historian نويس تاريخ A.D. could not possibly have been nero's doing; at the time it broke out, nero was at his villa in
chronicle Antium 30 miles away.
chronicler نگار وقايعgut (gutted)
A.D.
break out
زدن - - هدف به ضربت موفقيت
بنياد - موسسه
زدن - پيوند قلمه - F اكيدا سخت بطور
كردن - جستجو تحقيق
قدر - - معني مفهوم
پايه - بي اساس بيكردن - پخش يا گفتن شايعه شايعه
ولواينكه - اگرچهفرمانفرما - امپراتور
امپراتوري - شاهنشاهيشادماني - خوشحالي با
مكروه - - ملعون انگيز نفرت
آتش - زبانه شعلهكردن - - تصور وهم خيال
احضار - - فراخواني فراخواندننوازي - تك برخواني از
هنري - - قطعه سرايش تركيبهمزمان - معاصر
تاريخچه - تاريخ بترتيب وقايع شرح
خوردن - حريصانه كردن غارت
زدن - تاول يافتن شيوع
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 55
tale افسانه - besides, the violin wasn’t even invented until the 16th cetury, although in some versions of the tale
lute nero plays a lute or lyre.
lyre
dispel - but the dispelling of the fiddling myth by no means undermines Nero's hard-won reputation for
myth ruthlessness and cackling depravity. A cold-blooded persecutor of christians, and extortionist, and
by no means وجه هيچ به a debauchee, he outraged even the wildly licentious romans with his public wantonness.
undermine
reputation
hard-won reputation معروف شهرتruthlessness
cackle
depravity
persecutor
cold-blooded
extortionist
debauchee
outrage
licentious
roman
wantonness
incest نزديكان و محرم با زناي - indeed, incest and treachery seem to have run in the family.
treachery
widow بيوه - consider that his widowed mother, Agrippina, married her own uncle, the emperor Claudius, who
slain had recently slain his wife for her infidelities.
infidelity
scheme - later Agrippina schemed to eliminate Claudius's son, Britannicus from the line of imperial
eliminate succession and encouraged Nero to marry octavia, who was Claudius's daughter and Nero's own
succession adoptive sister.
the line of imperial succession امپراطوري جانشيني رديف ازadoptive
adoptive sister خوانده خواهرslay (slew, slain) - then she slew Claudius, paving the way for her son's accession to the throne.
paving
paving the way كردن هموار را راه
زدن - عود عودبربط - چنگ
كردن - - باطل را طلسم كردن دفع كردن برطرفاسطوره - افسانه
) (- - كردن تضعيف بردن تحليل كردن خراب زير ازخوشنامي - شهرت
ظالمي - باكي بيدرايي - - هرزه كردن قات قات وراجي
هرزگي - - فساد تباهيكننده - اذيت آزاردهنده
عاطفه - بي خونسرداخاذ - كالشفاسق - هرزه
ساختن - حرمت بي تخطيول - - هرزه شهوتران
رم - اهل رميعياشي - سركشي
وفايي - بي خيانت
شده - كشته مقتول - ) خيانت ) زناشويي در كفر
كردن - طرح نقشه شدن توطئهكردن - - بيرون كردن محو كردن حذف
توالي - جانشيني
اقتباسي - انتخابي
رساندن - قتل به كشتن خشونت باسنگفرش - آجرفرش
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 56
accession
throne
lust - but the bloodlust had barely begun. Early in his tenure as emperor, Nero took his own mother as
bloodlust آشامي خون his mistress. Plagued with guilt, he ended the relationship and subsequently had the woman put to
barely death.
tenure
mistress
plague
guilt گناه plagued with guilt شد گرفتار گناه طاعون درsubsequently F متعاقباput to death كرد مرگ به محكومadultery - not long thereafter, he accused his wife, octavia, of an adultery of which he knew she was innocent,
innocent had her murdered, and married the wealthy patrician Popaea Sabina.
murder رساندن قتل بهpatrician
conflagration بزرگ آتشسوزي - none of this did nero's name any credit, and by the time of the great conflagration he was abysmally
abysmally unpopular.
unpopular
it is known است معروف - it is known that he had wanted the entire city redesigned and rebuilt, to accomplish this task,
glut particularly since the city's streets and squares wrere glutted with temples, religious statuary, and
temple معبد family shrines which he was powerless to remove.
religious مذهبيstatuary تنديسshrine
commit شدن مرتكبarson - but there is no evidence that he committed such arson.
political سياسي - more likely it was the work of his political foes, who thought that the holocaust would be blamed on
foe him. In any event, nero acted with uncharacteristic intelligence and compassion, first helping to
holocaust put out the blaze, then overseeing thedesign of the city and providing food and shelter for those
in any event حال هر به rendered homeless.
uncharacteristic مشخصه غيرintelligence
compassion دلسوزي
) سلطنت - ) بخصوص مقام و جاه به نيل جلوسنشستن - - تخت بر سرير تخت
شهوت - آز و حرص
آشكارا - عريان بطورتصدي - تصرف
كدبانو - - دلبر معشوقهكردن - - طاعون دچار طاعون افت
عفتي - بي زناتقصير - بي گناه بي
اشرافي - زاده نجيب
- F عميقا ژرف بطورغيرمحبوب - - بدنام منفور
كردن - اشباع كردن پر
مقدس - - جاي معبد زيارتگاه
عمدي - حريق ايجاد زني آتش
مخالف - دشمنهمگاني - كشتار سوزي همه
فهم - - آگاهي هوش
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 57
put out كردن خاموشblaze مشتعل آتش يا درخشان شعلهoversee
shelter پناهگاه render
civic - one historian clamis that Nero really did set the fire himself, but out of civic responsibility rather
rather than بلكه than insanity, and that in the new rome which he designed, and intended to name Neropolis, slums
insanity ديوانگي were cleared, streets were widened, and buildings were beautified.
intend
neropolis نرو شهرslum
widen
beautify
still بازهم - still, Nero's popularity continued to ebb. His supporters left him, hid enemies grew stronger, and
ebb the praetorian guard, the imperial bodyguard, would not serve him.
supporter حامي praetorian رومي كنسولي مادون قضاوت رتanniversary - on June 9, 68 A.D. the anniversary of octavia's murder -nero stabbed himself in the throat with the
stab assistance of his scribe, Epaphroditus.
throat گلو assistance
scribe
glass - while cinderella may have valued beauty over comfort, it isn't likely that she would have punished her
slipper feet by corseting then in glass slippers.
corset تنگ legend افسانه - to be sure, none but the most recent versions of the cinderella legend make any mention
whatsoever whatsoever of glass slippers, and their presence in the story as most people know it is the result of
extant a translator's error.
score - there are actualy over 500 extant versions of the tale in scores of languages.
represent - the original version goes back even further and is thought to have been a nature myth in which
representing the down است فجر معرف cinderella, representing the dawn, is persecuted by her foul-tempered sisters, representing the dark
persecute clouds of night, and is ultimately rescued by the sun -- the handsome prince.
foul
temper
به - كردن سركشي كردن سرپرستي
دادن - تحويل داشتن تسليمكشوري - - - اجتماعي مدني شهري
بود - آن بر داشتن قصد
پرجمعيت - خيابان كثيف محلهكردن - عريض كردن پهن
دادن - - آرايش كردن قشنگ كردن زيبا
فروكش - - كردن فروكش كردن افول
سالگرد - - يادگاري جشن ساليانه سوگواريچاقو - - زخم زدن زخم زدن خنجر
كمك - همدستيمنشي - خطي هاي نسخه كاتب
شيشه - آبگينهدمپايي - راحتي كفش
- F ابدا بهيچوجهنسخه - - باقيمانده موجود
كردن - ثبت نشانكردن - بيان دادن نمايش
كردن - - اذيت و شدن مزاحم F دائما كردن جفا كردن آزارپليد - ناپاك
غضب - - خشم خلق
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 58
foul tempered sisters ناپاك و بداخالق خواهرانultimately F نهايتاrescue
bedeck - but they are made variously of gold, silver, or some other rare metal, sometimes bedecked with
gleam gleaming gems --but never of glass.
gem
squirrel سنجاب - in the earliest french versions, Cinderella wore Pantoufles en vair, "slippers of white squirrel fur"
fur these were the versions that the french writer Charles worked from when he wrote "cendrillon," his
anthology version of Cinderella, which appeared in 1697 in his anthology of fairy tales subtitled "Tales of Mother
fairy Goose."
subtitle عنوان goose غاز vanish - by that time the word vair had long since vanished from use, and Charles confused it with verre,
reworking نظر تجديد pronounced the same but meaning "glass."
welfare - an intelligent ruler who was interested in people's welfare.
outstanding برجسته - an outstanding religious person who was loved by his people.
inhumane غيرانساني - a ruthless person who performed inhumane acts.
renown - prominent: famous; renowned.
observe - witness: observe; see.
joyfully شادي - gleefully: joyfully; merrily.
merrily
wickedness - depravity: wickedness; corruption.
corruption
disloyalty - infidelity: faithlessness; disloyalty.
destruction - holocaust: great or total destruction
pastime - Baseball, the great american pastime, did not originate in America.
amusement
originate گرفتن سرچشمهcivil - nor did Abner Doubleday, a civil war army officer, have anything whatsoever to do with inventing it.
officer
precisely - around the turn of this century, few people were agreed on precisely how baseball had come to be.
league ورزشي گروه - in 1907, sporting-goods millionaire Albert Spalding, formerly a major league baseball star, appointed
millionaire ميليونر a committee of seven to investigate the game's early history and settle once and for all where, when
appoint and how baseball had originated.
رهانيدن - دادن رهاييدادن - زينت كردن آرايش
موقتي - - تظاهر دادن نور نورضعيفكردن - - نشان جواهر جواهر گوهر
پوستين - خزنثر - و نظم منتخبات ادبي - كلچين
افسونگري - - جن پري
شدن - غيب شدن ناپديد
رفاه - آسايش
اشتهار - شهرتديدن - كردن مشاهده
خوشحالي - شاديبدجنسي - نابكاري
انحراف - فسادخيانت - - ناسپاسي وفايي بي
تخريب - - ويراني خرابيورزش - - تفريح سرگرمي
تفريح - سرگرمي
مدني - غيرنظاميمامور - افسر
معين - - صريح دقيق
كردن - تعيين كردن برقرار
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 59
committee
investigate
settle
farce - but the committee was a farce. Composed of politicians, business men, and not to ferret out the
compose truth about baseball's beginnings, but rather to approve without question the nationalistic Spalding's
politician سياستمدار unfounded belief that baseball was purely American phenomenon.
scholar
ferret
approve
nationalistic گرا مليpurely خالصانه infinite - abysmal: endless; infinite.
inheritance - accession: inheritance; succession.
adopt پذيرفتن فرزندي به - adopt: accept as a child.
illegal غيرقانوني - adultery: infidelity; illegal relations between a man a woman.
antique - antiquarian: person interested in collection, sale, and study of antiques, especially old rare books.
decorate - bedeck: decorate.
expel - dispel: expel; eliminate.
abolish - eliminate: abolish; eradicate.
eradicate
demolish - gut: destroy; demolish.
theorize - hypothesize: propose; theorize.
insist ورزيدن اصرار - importunate: person insisting on his demands.
disregard - licentious: disregarding the rules of behaviour.
greed - lust: greed; desire; passion.
insult - outrage: offend; insult.
offend - outrage: offend; insult.
harm - persecute: abuse; harm; oppress.
oppress
celebrated - prominent: famous; renowned; celebrated.
memorial - shrine: memorial; statue.
statue
betrayal - treachery: disloyalty; betrayal.
baseless
كميته - كميسيونكردن - تحقيق كردن بازرسي
كردن - واريز كردن معينبيهوده - - كار تقليد آور خنده نمايش
ساختن - كردن درست
محقق - - پژوه دانش دانشوركاوش - كردن كنجكاوي
كردن - موافقت كردن تصويب
نامحدود - - اليتناهي بيكرانارث - - ميراث وراثت
باستاني - - كهنه عتيقهدادن - زينت پيراستن
كردن - منفصل انداختن بيرونكردن - - منسوخ بردن ميان از برانداختن
بردن - بين از كردن ريشهكنكردن - خراب كردن ويران
آوردن - وجود به فرضيه كردن نظري استدالل
نكردن - اعتنا گرفتن ناديدهطمع - حرص
كردن - خوار به كردن احترامي بيرنجاندن - كردن تخطي
ضرر - - صدمه آسيبكردن - - تعدي بر كردن ستم كردن ذليل
گرفتن - - جشن كردن تقديس كردن تجليليادبود - - لوحه يادبود يادگر
پيكره - تنديسسر - افشاء خيانتماخذ - بي اساس بي
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 60
illogical غيرمنطقي - unfounded: baseless; illogical.
wilful - wanton: cruel; wilful; wild.
UNIT 19
poetry - poetry is a record of experience told in words that are as intense and beautiful as possible.
intense
verse - most poetry is written in a form which we call verse.
factual - the language of poetry is directly the opposite of the factual and down-to-earth language of textbooks.
down-to-earth
مايل - - مشتاق خودسر
شاعري - - فن شعر سرايي جامهمشتاقانه - قوي
آوردن - - نظم به شعر نظمامري - حقيقت واقعي
واقعي - - - حقيقي عملي بين واقع
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 61
textbook
prose نثر - and the form of most poetry is the opposite of that of prose, such as used in novels and short stories.
perception - to some people, "poetry is something secret and pure, some magical perception lighting up the
playful mind for a moment, like reflections in the water, playful and fugitive.
fugitive
catch - your true poet catches the charm of something or anything, dropping the thing itself.
drop
definite - there is nothing fixed or definite in the way poetry works.
mount - it often mounts, as Emerson put it, "by the stairway of surprise."
put كردن تعبيرstairway
humour - there is nothing in human experience that the poet may not touch, city or country, love or death,
despondency nature, history, humour, despondency, travel, reading, warfare, friendship, reform.
warfare
reform
horror - the poet may describe the horrors of war and the gaping wound in a dying youth.
gap
gaping wound عظيم زخمcommonplace - in all of their works poets found new meanings in commonplace human activities and experience.
fable
quarrel - the mountain and the squirrel, had a quarrel, and the former called the latter "little prig"
prig
bun - bun replied, "you are doubtless very big; but all sorts of things and weather, must be taken in
sphere together, to make up a year, and a sphere.
disgrace - and I think it no disgrace, to occupy my place. If I'm not so large as you, you are not so small as I,
occupy كردن اشغال and not half so spry.
spry
deny - I'll not deny you make a very pretty squirrel track; talents differ; all is well and wisely put; if I cannot
track carry forests on my back, neither can you crack a nut.
crack
nut
loud - the loud love of peace makes one quiver more than may any battle-cry.
quiver
battle-cry جنگ فرياد
رساله - درسي كتاب
ادراك - - دريافت دركشوخ - - و سرزنده بازي و تفريح سربهوا
فراري - - - دوام بي فاني زودگذرگرفتن - - آوردن بدست كردن جلب
انداختن - كردن رهاقطعي - معين
رفتن - باال كردن صعود
پله - راهرو پلكانمزاح - شوخي
حزن - - دلسردي غمجنگ - - ستيز جنگاوري
بازساخت - بهسازيبيزاري - - ترس دهشت
زياد - - اختالف رخنه شكاف
معمولي - افتاده پا پيشاخالقي - - حكايت داستان افسانه
دعوا - - اختالف ستيزهخودنما - - آدم كوچك ميخ منفور شخص
خرگوش - دم كلوچه يكجوركردن - - - احاطه دايره گردون فلك
رويي - - سيه رسوايي خفت
زرنگ - - چاالك چابككردن - حاشا كردن رد
مسير - - - ) - ( راه باريكه شيار كردن پيگردي) شكستن - - ) برداشتن شكاف تركيدن
) پسته - ) آجيلرسا - - پرجلوه پرصدا
ارتعاش - لرزيدن
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 62
vile - why should one love peace? It is so obviously vile to make war.
propaganda - loud peace propaganda makes war seem imminent.
imminent
self-assertion - it is a form of war, even, self-assertion and being wise for other people.
impose كردن تحميل - some governments impose the war on people.
confidently مطمئن طور به - expressing one's views confidently: self-assertion
dread - Nor dread nor hope attend, a dying animal; a man awaits his end dreading and hoping all; many
attend times he died, many times rose again …
dying
await
bough شاخه - I never saw a wild thing sorry for itself. A small bird will drop frozen dead from a bough without ever
lineage having felt sorry for itself.
plow - my grandmothers were strong. They followed plows and bent to toil. They moved through fields
toil sowing seed. They touched earth and grain grew.
sowing
field
seed
grain دانه sturdy (sturdiness) - they were full of sturdiness and singing.
clay - smelling of soap and onions and wet clay, with veins rolling roughly over quick hands, they have
vein many clean words to say. My grandmothers were strong, why am I not as they?
clean words پاك و شيرين هاي حرفgood old days گذشته شيرين روزهايstrawberry فرنگي توت - there were never strawberries, like the ones we had, that sultry afternoon, sitting on the step of the
sultry open french window, facing eachother, your knees held in mine,
glisten - the blue plates in our laps, the strawberries glistening, in the hot sunlight, we dipped them in sugar,
dip looking at eachother.
fond - as a fond mother, when the day is o'er, leads by the hand her little child to bed, half willing, half
o'er = over رسيدن اتمام به reluctant to be led, and leave his broken playthings on the floor, still gazing at them through the open
willing door, nor wholly reassured and comforted by promises of others in their stead, which, though more
reluctant ميل بي splendid, may not please him more;
plaything
gaze
wholly
پست - آور شرمتبليغ - تبليغات
حتمي - الوقوع قريبخودپسندي - - اندازي جلو را خود بيانگري خود
وحشت - ترس) در - ) داشتن حضور كردن توجه
نزار - مردنينشستن - كمين در بودن منتظر
) دودمان - ) سطربنديزدن - - شخم گاوآهن خيش
كشيدن - - زحمت رنج محنتكردن - زرع و كشت كاشتن
كشتزار - - صحرا زمينكاشتن - - تخم بذر
ستبر - - قوي تنومندگل - رس خاكوريد - سياهرگ
شرجي - مرطوب و گرم خيليزدن - برق درخشيدن
بردن - فرو دادن غوطهعالقمند - - شيفته مشتاق
خواهان - - راغب راضي
بازيچه - بازي اسبابدوختن - چشم كردن نگاه خيره
كامل - طور به F كامال
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 63
reassure
stead
splendid
deal - so nature deals with us, and takes away our playthings one by one, and by the hand leads us
scarce to rest so gently, that we go scarce knowing if we wish to go or stay, being too full of sleep to
transcend understand how far the unknown tanscends the what we know.
worship - the poet worships the nature.
surround - the nature helps us to understand our surroundings.
love's coming رسد مي عشقrosebud سرخ گل غنچه - quietly as rosebuds, talk to thin air, love came so lightly, I knew not he was there.
thin air لطيف هوايcreep - quietly as lovers, creep at the middle noon, softly as players tremble, in the tears of a tune;
tune
player نوازنده lily - quietly as lilies, their faint vows declare, came the shy pilgrim; I knew not he was there.
faint
vow
declare
pilgrim
shy
grief - quietly as tears fall, on a warm sin, softly as griefs call, in a violin;
hail تگرگ - without hail or tempest. Blue sword or flame, love came so lightly, I know not that he came.
tempest
sword شمشير devotion
blow - a death blow is life blow to some who till they died, did not alive become. Who had they lived,
vitality had died but when they died, vitality begun.
eternity - the poet believes in eternity.
nest - my heart is like a singing bird, whose nest is in a watered shoot; my heart is like an apple-tree,
shoot whose boughs are bent with thickest fruit; my heart is like a rainbow shell, that paddles in a halcyon
shell sea; my heart is gladder than all these, because my love is come to me.
rainbow كمان رنگينpaddle
halcyon
دادن - قلب قوت دوباره كردن اطمينان دوبارهجا - مكان
جالل - با شكوه باكردن - معامله داشتن سروكار
كمياب - نادرجستن - سبقت يافتن برتري
كردن - پرستش ستايشگرفتن - فرا احاطه
شدن - مور مور خزيدننوا - - آواز آهنگ
زنبق - سفيد سوسنكردن - - - ضعف كردن غش نور كم ضعيف
نذر - - پيمان عهدگفتن - داشتن اظهارمهاجر - - زائر مسافر
خجالتي - شرمسارحزن - - - غصه اندوه غم
تندباد - توفان
جانسپار - - هواخواهي وقفتركيدن - - وزيدن دميدن
حياتي - قدرت دلي زنده و انرژيجاوداني - ابديتالنه - آشيانه
زدن - جوانه شاخه رويشقشر - - پوست صدف
آب - ميان در كردن حركت زدن پا و دستگذشته - خوش ايام آرام روز
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 64
raise - raise me a dais of sild and down; hand it with vair and purple dyes; carve it in doves and
dais برجسته افراد جلوس مخصوص pomegranates, and peacocks with a hundred eyes; work it in gold and silver grapes, in leaves and
silk ابريشم silver fleurs-de-lys; because the birthday of my life is come, my love is come to me.
down
vair خزdyes
carve
dove
pomegranate
peacock طاوسgrape انگور fleurs-de-lys (lily) زنبق گلabstract - the feeling of love is subjective and abstract.
subjective
UNIT 20
portable - for those cold-season footbal and ice-hockey games and fishing trips, here is hotton, a portable
بردن - باال كردن برپا
) پر - - ) پايين صورت كرك كرك
رنگ - كردن رنگكردن - - كاري كنده تراشيدن كردن حك
فاخته - قمريانار - درخت انار
غيرعملي - خياليذهني - دروني
سبك - - انتقال قابل حمل قابل
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 65
cushion cushion stuffed with heat-storing silicon rubber.
stuff
heat-storing گرما كننده ذخيرهsilicon سيليكون - powered for 30-40 minutes by a car cigarette lighter, it will maintain a surface temperature of 40 C
power for five hours.
thermostat گرما تنظيم دستگاه - priced from $92, it includes a thermostat and fuse for safety.
fuse
baby duty داري بچهrespondent جوابگو - in the U.S., 85.9% of respondents agreed that "one doesn’t necessarily have to have children just
survey كردن بررسي because one gets married."
reveal كردن اشكار - however, a 1991 survey by the magazine of 1,233 japanese revealed that 63% believe government
useless فايده بي efforts to raise the birth rate are "useless." something's got to change.
something's got to change انديشيد ديگر چاره بايدwatch it باشيد مواظبcourt دادگاه the courts recently ruled that Hitachi was within its rights to fire a worker who refused overtime.
rule كردن حكمfire كردن بيرونovertime كار اضافهrepercussion - worried about the possible repercussions on the company's reputation, however, Hitachi is setting
possible repercussion on the شركت برشهرت اقدام اين حتمالي up dorms with private rooms, improving work conditions, and cutting back on working hours.
company's reputation
set up كردن نصبdorm خوابگاه cut back دادن تقليلdoctorate دكتري درجه - Hitachi employs 880 people with doctorates and in an effort to hold on to them, in rushing to
rush دادن انجام عجله و اشتياق با را change its image.
presentation
vote
sky-high - land prices sky-high
property - the most expensive commercial property in the world, in Tokyo's Ginza district, was estimated at
district $2.8 million per square meter.
estimate برآوردsquare meter مترمربع residential - the most expensive residential square meter, located in Tokyo's Chiyoda Ward, carried a price tag
بالش - متكاجنس - - - كاال چپاندن كردن پر
كردن - نيرومند بخشيدن نيرو
در - گذاشتن فتيله فيوز
- - - - پسزني برگشت دفع واكنش العمل عكس
ارائه - نمايشدادن - راي راي
) صعودي - ) سير آسمان در باال خيليمال - داراييناحيه - بخش
سكني - قابل مسكوني
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 66
price tag كاال قيمت برچسب of $910,000 down 1.6% from last year.
slight - the decrease, however, is only a slight dip in the context of a dramatic rise in land prices since
dip the early 1980s.
context
dramatic rise
financial daily مالي روزنامه - a financial daily, calculates that in both Tokyo and Osaka, land prices have risen about 250% .
downward - the word dip in the second paragraph should mean downward movement.
culture gap فرهنگي خالءprogress پيشرفت - a survey of 70 managers at 29 japanese companies in the U.S. and 14 U.S. companies in Japan
global industrial and social جهاني صنايع و اجتماعي يشرفت by MITI's Global Industrial and Social Progress Research Institute yielded some choice comments.
progress research institute
secretive مرموز - U.S. managers think that the Japanese are always secretive , and keep everything to themselves.
talk over دادن قرار مجدد مذاكره و بحث - and Japanese managers commented that whenever they are just getting ready to talk something
pick up ميكنند جمع را وسايلشان over, 5 o'clock comes and the americans all pick up and go home.
choice comments مهم خيلي نظراتnegotiate
murmur - "poor dear," she murmured, "you must be starving. How about a juicy steak, baked potato, salad
juicy and some apple pie?"
steak كباب baked potato پخته زميني سيبapple pie
oversea دريا آنطرف - after 46 years of marriage, my husband and I were separated when he had to go overseas for 6 weeks
touched me deeply گذاشت اثر من در F عميقا - in his first letter home, he wrote: "I miss you like my right arm." thjis touched me deeply -- until I
left handed دست چپ remembered several hours later that he is left handed.
agent - an agent arranged and audition with a producer for his client, a talking dog who told jokes and sang
arrange دادن ترتيب songs.
audition هنرپيشه آزمايشamaze - the amazed producer was about to sign a contract when suddenly a larger dog burst into the room,
burst grabbed the talking hound by the neck and bounded out.
grab قاپيدن hound
bound جهيدنtense - dramatic: tense; striking.
strike
كم - اندكفرورفتگي - آمدن پايين
ديرينه - - - سابقه مفاد زمينهمهيج - صعود نمايشي صعود
پايين - به رو پايين
كردن - مذاكره كردن گفتگونرم - سخن زمزمه
) پرچربي - - ) براني آبدار
سيب - مرباي سيب كلوچه
مامور - - وكيل نماينده
كردن - مبهوت ساختن متحيركردن - قطع پاشيدن هم از
تازي - سگ شكاري سگ
سخت - - سفت شديدبرخورد - - زدن ضربه زدن
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 67
outcome - repercussion: outcome; backlash; impact.
backlash شديد واكنشimpact
standing - reputation: standing; position; prestige.
سرانجام - - - عاقبت حاصل نتيجه
ضربه - دادن قرار فشار زيرمعتبر - - شهرت دوام اعتبار
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 68
UNIT 21
enthusiasm - morale means state of confidence, enthusiasm, determination, etc.
determination
carrot هويج - money is the great motivation, the carrot that makes the donkey go, the grain that waits at the end
donkey of the maze.
maze خم و پيچ پر جايproductivity سودمندي - if you want increased productivity from your employees, give them a raise.
employee
the man in the street بازار و كوچه در عادي آدم - the man in the street nods approvingly at this bit of folk wisdom, and management, which should
nod توافق عالمت به سر تكان know better, nods just as approvingly.
approving
folk
this bit of folk wisdom مردمي عاقالنه نكته اينcontradict - there is yet another bit of wisdom that directly contradicts the first maxim, but when the donkey
maxim and the carrot are trotted out, it remains forgotten.
trot
man does not live by bread alone نيست غذا به وابسته تنها انسان - no one remembers that a wise man once said, "man does not live by bread alone." and, in spite of
in spite of all the donkeys that plod after their carrots, in spite of all the rats that learn to pick their ways
plod through elaborate mazes, it remains the more dependable statement, the one that is borne out by
rat صحرايي موش observation and experience.
dependable
dependable statemnt معتبر سخنborne out شده زادهobservation
adhere - many in industry continue to adhere to the belief that an increase in wages motivates the worker
wage to increase his output, which in turn leads to higher wages that further motivate the worker and so on.
output
which in turn خود نوبه به كهand so on مييابد ادامه همينطور وconcept - yet, although this concept of what motivates man does not fit reality, industry does not question
rationality the rathionality of the concept. That, to them, is self-evident.
self-evident
accord - if the results are not in accord with theory, then it must be the worker who is at fault, either
ذوق - - و شور اشتياق جديتاراده - - تصميم عزم
خر - االغ
كارمند - كارگر
كردن - تصويب كردن موافقتگروه - - قوم مردم
كردن - رد با داشتن تناقضاخالقي - - گفته مثل پند
) كشيدن - - ) پيش رفتن يورتمه يورتمه
عليرغم - وجود بادادن - انجام را كاري زحمت با كشيدن زحمت
اعتماد - مورد اطمينان قابل
مالحظه - مشاهدهبودن - متفق داشتن توافق
اجرت - - مزد دستمزدخروجي - - بازده توليد
كلي - - تصور فكر عقيدهدرستي - - خردپذيري عقالنيت
آشكار - خود بديهيهماهنگي - - دادن وفق كردن جور
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 69
immoral because he is immoral or irrational.
irrational
bring in - so the experts then are brought in to solve the problem. They study the worker and fiand that he
inadequacy has "feelings" of inadequacy, insecurity, inferior status, and the like.
insecurity
inferior
and the like آن مانند وbig picture بزرگ تصوير - he does not understand the big picture, his job, his boss, or himself.
scrutiny - the boss comes under scrutiny as well. Obviously, he does not communicate properly with the
or else worker, or else the worker would understand his boss and his job.
probe - the end result of the probing is that nobody understood anybody. Called in originally to cure
originally اصل در irrationality, the experts end up saying that man is incurably irrational, and the best that can be done
cure is to fit "irrational" man as closely as possible into the "rational" system.
irrationality نامعقولي incurably ناپذير عالج طور بهrational
call in
process - this fitting of man into the system is achieved by a process often called job "rationalization" which
rationalization involves having jobs reduced to their simplest components by industrial engineer, and level task.
job rationalization شغلي عقالنيتwhich involves مستلزم كهreduce
level task مسئوليت سطحsterile - when these sterile tasks cause dissatisfaction in the workers, the behavioral scientists are brought
behavioral in. after careful study, they conclude that the worker in fact does not get any satisfaction from his
conclude tasks and advise that the worker should be given a sense of achievement, but do not go so far as
a sense of achievement موفقيت حس يك to infringe upon the domain of the industrial engineers by suggesting that jobs should be designed
so far as to fulfil man's need for achievement.
infringe
achievement
domain
fulfil
dampen - to dampen the frustrations of the workers, human relation counsellors are listening to their complaints
counsellor مشاور
سيرت - - بد فاسد هرزهمبهم - - - گنگ غيرعقالني نامعقول
آوردن - كردن واردنارسايي - - نامناسبي كفايتي بي
تزلزل - ناامنيدوم - - درجه نامرغوب پست
موشكافي - - - تحقيق رسيدگي بررسيواال - وگرنه
تحقيق - - كاوش جستجو
) كردن - ) حل دادن شفا
عقلي - - معقول عقالنيخواندني - - تو خواني تو فراخواندن
جريان - - روند فرآيندتراشي - دليل كردن عقالني
كردن - - - كم كاستن يافتن كاهش تبديل
بار - - بي حاصل بي نازاسلوكي - رفتاري
كردن - استنتاج گرفتن نتيجه
كه - اندازه آن تا كه آنجا تااز - كردن تجاوز از كردن تخلف
بزرگ - - كار پيروزي يابي دستقلمرو - حوزه
كردن - تمام كردن تكميلشدن - خفه كردن تعديل
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 70
complaint
counsel - but much of the counselling amounts to little more than telling the employee how well the system
for بجاي would function if he stopped being irrational and allowed his "rational" motivation for money to express
little more than نيست اين از بيش چيزي itself.
express itself كردن وجود ابزارinterference - the end result of the interference by the production-prodders hired by industry is the dissipation
production of some very real human potential -- all because of ignorance or misunderstanding of human nature
prodder كننده ترغيب and the basis of human motivation.
dissipation
ignorance
misunderstanding تفاهم سوءprevailing - when the worker fails to respond to the prevailing system of money motivation, he is called
money motivation پولي انگيزه irrational and "unmotivated." paradoxically, the executive who already has the money he really needs,
unmotivated غيرمنطقي and continues to work a 12-, 14- or even 16-hour day, is called "motivated." in neither case does
paradoxically the myth of money motivation explain satisfactorily why the men act the way they do.
executive
subsistence - money is not a great motivator unless, perhaps, workers are kept below the subsistence level so
spur they must work harder to eat more. To say that man can be spurred to heights of achievement by
conditioned the promise of food puts him in the category of Pavlov's conditioned dog.
theorist پرداز نظريه - such a belief, while it may not bother some theorists, just is not true bother some theorists, just is
reward not ture.
demonstrate - of course, as Pavlov demonstrated, there are ways to evoke a response without actually having
evoke to present the reward. Instead of stimulus-reward, you can have stimulus-response.
stimulus-response پاسخ محركstimulus-reward پاداش محركinnate - no external stimulus is needed, because it comes from man's innate need for self-realization, from
realization his need to fulfil his potential as a person.
self-realization نفس دركcraving - and this need is just as real as his need for food. Just as a desire for food will not be satisfied by a
crave book, neither will his craving for accomplishment be sated by a piece of apple pie.
accomplishment
sate
incentive - motivation: incentive; drive.
drive كردن تحريك
دادخواهي - شكايترايزني - - مشاوره اندرز
مداخله - تداخلتوليد - فرآوري
دادن - هدر اتالفجهل - - خبري بي ناداني
غالب - متداول
درست- واقع در و مهمل ظاهر در F متناقضامجري - مدير
معاش - حق معاش امراربرانگيختن - - شدن باعث كردن تحريك
مشروط - شرطي
پاداش - - دادن اجر دادن پاداشدادن - - شرح دادن نشان كردن ثابت
برگرداندن - - فراخواندن كردن احضار
غريزي - - ذاتي فطريفهم - - درك ادراك
ويار - هوسداشتن - - اشتياق طلبيدن كردن آرزو
فضيلت - - - - هنر كمال پيشرفت اجرا انجامكردن - - سير فرونشاندن كردن راضي
مشوق - - محرك انگيزه
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 71
objection - complaint: objection; protest.
protest
execute كردن اجرا - a person having authority in an organization: execute.
accustom - condition: to adapt; to accustom to.
possessed naturally طبيعي مالكيت - innate: inherent: possessed naturally.
inherent
contribution - the greatest contribution of psychology has been in determining the content of man's physical needs.
psychology
determining تعيين content
growth - the external effects and characteristics of psychology growth of self-realization are being
individuality increasingly studied, and some of the known characteristics are: learning, discovering new relationship
creativity خالقيت between events, greater individuality through development of innate potentialities and creativity.
solely - there were some individuals who reported receiving job satisfaction solely from hygiene factors.
hygiene seekers - these hygiene seekers, who are motivated to seek only relief of dissatisfaction have not reached the
relief of dissatisfaction نارضايتي از رهايي stage of personal development in which the need for self-realization is active. In other words, hygiene
avoidance seekers, seek happiness by avoidance behaviour and are fixated at a low level of maturity.
fixate
maturity
dissipate دادن هدر - dissipate: to cause to lose; waste.
labyrinth - maze: a confusing network of walled pathways; labyrinth.
conduct - maxim: principle or rule of conduct; saying.
saying
investigate - probe: to examine; investigate.
rouse - prod: to rouse; to action.
action
incite - spur: to incite; prompt.
prompt
subsist - subsist: to exist; to maintain life.
اعتراض - ايرادشكايت - اعتراض
كردن - آشنا دادن عادت
اصلي - ذاتيخدمت - - - كمك اعانه سهم
نفس - معرفت روانشناسي علم
گنجايش - - حجم مقدارنمود - - - پيشرفت ترقي رشد
فردي - - ويژگي فرديت شخصيت
- F منحصرا فقطبهداشت - هواخواهان بهداشت جويندگان
اجتناب - - پرهيز گيري كنارهكردن - - متمركز كردن محكم كردن تثبيت
كمال - بلوغ
ماز - مارپيچ پلكانكردار - رفتار
حكمت - - پند حديثكردن - تحقيق كردن رسيدگي
دادن - حركت اوردن در هيجان بهعمل - - حركت جنبشكردن - تحريك انگيختن
عاجل - - سريع برانگيختنكردن - گذران كردن زيست
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 72
UNIT 22
joke writer نويس فكاهي - as a joke writer for Bob Hope for 20 years, Gene Perret had taken hundreds of flights.
steward هواپيما ميهماندار - so he was only half listening when the air steward began reciting safety instructions.
reciting
safety instructions امنيتي دستوراتprick - suddenly Perret's ears pricked up. "there may be 50 ways to leave your lover," the steward said,
aeroplane (airplane) هواپيما "but there are only five ways to leave this earoplane."
upright - and then: "please return your seat to its upright and motst uncomfortable position. Later you may
lean lean back and break the knees of the passenger behind you."
grab - Perret uses this story to make a serious point: humour can grab someone's attention and get a
get a message across برساند را پيغامي message acros. Some people can't tell a joke to save their lives."
humour
trick - the secret is developing your own style, learning a few tricks and taking the time to practise.
comedy collection كمدي مجموعه - the first step Perret recommends is building a "comedy collection." Jot down 25 jokes, asides or
jot down نوشتن شتاب با stories that you find funny.
aside
one-liner - then work out whether you are better with stories or one-liners. Don’t try to be what you're not.
pig - matching people with the wrong material is "like teaching a pig to sing," Perret says. "it not only
annoy wastes your time, it annoys the pig."
recite خواندن بر از - he tells a story about helping his little daughter prepare to recite a poem at kindergarten.
deprecate - when he offered to write one for her, she said, "no, Dad, this is in front of the whole school. I'd
self-deprecating humour نقدي خود شوخي rather it was good." nothing puts people more at ease than self-deprecating humour.
self-depreciation
comic - adapt your material to your style. Comic material has to be put into the speaker's own words.
multisyllabic هجايي چند - W. C. Fields loved multisyllabic words and the stilted sentence--"what contemptible scoundrel
stilted تاب و آب با stole the cork from my lunch?" Bob Hope would call the offender by a simpler word, like jerk.
contemptible
scoundrel
steal (stole)
خواندن - موزون صداي با خواندن بر از
كردن - تحريك واداشتن حركت به
عمودي - - قائم راستكردن - تكيه زدن تكيه
قاپيدن - ربودن
شوخي - خلقفن - - و فوت نيرنگ حيله
) شوخي - - ) تنها جداگانهلطيفه - بذله
گراز - خوكرنجاندن - كردن دلخور
دانستن - قبيح دانستن بد
خود - شماري كوچك نفس تحقيرمضحك - آور خنده
تحقير - - قابل پست خوارالت - رذل
زدن - دستبرد دزديدن
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 73
cork پنبه چوبoffender
jerk ابله insult - be careful with insulting humour. Once at a company function, Perret based a whole routine on a
mid-speech صحبت ميانه copying machine that never worked. In mid-speech, the manager of the department that made the
storm (ed out) machine, stormed out.
never to cut too close to the bone - it taught Perret never to cut too close to the bone. He now teases audiences only about matters
tease that they joke about themselves.
jest كردن شوخي - when Bob Hope jests with a president, he doesn’t make foreign policy a target, but the president's
target كردن هدفگيري golf game, or his inability to catch fish.
inability
catch fish ماهي صيدspot - "you can always spot Gerry Ford on the golf course," Hope once said. "his golf-cart is the one with
golf course گلف زمين the red cross painted on top."
golf-cart گلف چرخred cross سرخ صليبthumb شست - perret"s rule of thumb on any critical gibe is: when in doubt, leave it out.
rule of thumb
gibe
open and close شود تمام و شروع - he advises people to forget the idea that a speech should open and close with a joke.
formulaic - that kind of formulaic speaking could signal insecurity.
signal insecurity
guffaw - if you still insist on a guffaw before getting into your talk, remember that an opening joke or story
set up must have a strong point that will set up the entire speech.
drive home فهماندن - to drive home your messsae, put the joke after it. For instance, …
reinforcement تقويت - one executive told his employees he wanted them to attack their most pressing problems first. the
frog reinforcement: "as we used to say back home, it you got a frog to swaller, don’t look at it too long."
swaller
swallow
bang - if you feel you need to end your talk with a joke, make sure you go out with a bang. When a closing
flat joke falls flat, it is almost impossible to recover.
it's almost impossible to recover است سخت جبرانشcomedian - even the most experienced comedians have to be prepared for an accasional misfire.
occasional اتفاقي
كننده - تخطي متخلف
به - كردن توهين توهين
) شد - - ) بلند فريادش آوردن يورش كردن حملهندادن - آزار نزند آب به گدار بي
گذاشتن - سر به سر انداختن دست را كسي
درماندگي - ناتواني
خال - - - نقطه ديدن دادن تشخيص
عمومي - قانون كلي قانونطعنهآميزگفتن - - سخن گفتن طنز انداختن دست
) قانونمند - ) فرمول به وابسته يا مثلناامني - نشانه تزلزل نشانه
خنديدن - قاه قاه قاه قاه) گرفتن - - ) بر در چيني مقدمه كردن برپا
وزغ - قورباغه
بلعيدن - دادن قورتزدن - محكم بستن
مزه - - بي تخت صاف
كمدين - دار خنده هاي نمايشنامه نويسنده
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 74
misfire گلوله نكردن عملoccasional misfire اتفاقي ندادن جوابpro طرفدار - that's when the pros pull out their life-saver --a line that helps make up for the bomb.
pull out
bungle - when Bob Hope bungles a line, he sometimes follows it by saying, "my wife told me that story
life saver would never work. I see you all side with her."
you all side with her موافقيد اون با همه شماhint - a few more hints: keep your material short, tell it slowly and, no matter how hilarious they are, don’t
hilarious laugh at your own jokes while you're telling them.
come across - even experienced joke writers come across interesting jokes unexpectedly.
stewardess - the stewardess was attracting the attention of the passengers to something which they would
pre-establish patterns ساخته پيش الگوهاي probably not pay much attention. Humour does not follow pre-established patterns.
grasp - grab: grasp; grip; get.
grip
wit - humour: joke; wit.
disgrace contempt: disgrace; the state of being dishonoured.
dishonour
contempt
comical - hilarious: comical.
half listening - they were half listening to the news, although it was important.
work out چيزي درباره كردن فكر يا هريزي - I've worked out a new way of doing it.
storm out زدن حرف عصبانيت با - "don’t you know who I am?" she stormed out.
cut too close to the bone آزردن - his comments about her size cut too close to the bone.
to go out with a bang - the team won their last four games, going out with a bang.
to fall flat - the joke fell flat.
to side with someone - the kids always sided with their mother against me.
idiomatic اصطالحي - define the following idiomatic expressions as used in the mentioned paragraphs.
marital زوجي - no situation in life can be as stressful as marital conflict which seems to have no solution.
conflict
inevitable - in particular, you have to learn to find your way through the inevitable and repeated crises of all
repeated marriages.
crises بحران honeymoon عسل ماه - the first time of change in the relationship is when the honeymoon is over. Then people begin to
realistically experience more fully and realistically what it means to share one's life with another person.
آمدن - بيرون كردن ترككردن - خراب كردن بندي سرهم
) كننده - ) حمايت غريق نجات
ايما - تذكرمضحك - دار خنده
به - خوردن بر شدن مواجه) زن ) هواپيما مهماندار
زدن - چنگ قاپيدنچنگ - زني چنگ
مزاح - طبع گويي بزلهتوهين - - رسوايي خفت
كردن - ننگين ننگخفت - - اهانت تحقير
انگيز - شگفت مضحك ) ندادن ) گوش چيزي يا كسي به F كامال
گذاشتن - تاثير كردن توجه جلبنداشتن - تاثير شدن رد
بودن - موافق كردن حمايت
ستيزه - كشمكشناگزير - ناپذير اجتناب
مكرر - پي در پي
گرايانه - واقع بطور بين واقع بطور
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 75
recapture - the couple want to get through the rouhg periods in order to recapture the recent ideal experience
melt into of the honeymoon. Quarrels between young lovers often melt into passionate lovemaking.
passionate
lovemaking ورزي عشقidealized - loving memories of powerful, idealized love cushion the conflicts of this early period in a marriage.
cushion
hostility - such memories increase, not lessen, the hostility between the couple. But such couples have
mutual other resources --friendships, shared activities, mutual interests, joint finances and, of course, children.
mutual interests طرفه دو عالئقjoint
joint finances مشترك هاي داراييreasonable outcome منطقي نتيجه - in this case, the ending of the marriage in some way seems the only reasonable outcome.
spoil - bungle: ruin; spoil; mismanage.
mismanage
disapprove - deprecate: criticize; disapprove; condemn.
incline - lean: to incline the weight of the body so as to be supported.
upward باال بطرف - prick: to point upward.
point
rouge - scoundrel: rogue; villain.
villain
artificially ساختگي يا مصنوعي بطور - stilted: artificially formal.
كردن - تسخير دوباره گرفتن پس
پرحرارت - - - آلود هوس احساساتي شهواني
سازي - دلخواه دادن شاعرانه و خيالي صورت) كردن - ) كم شدن مستهلك
دشمني - - خصومت عداوتمتقابل - طرفه دو
متصل - مشترك
تباهي - - فساد غنيمتبدگرداندن - كردن اداره بد
شمردن - ناپسند كردن ردكردن - - متمايل كردن خم كردن كج
اشاره - ساختن متوجه
پست - آدم ناكس
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 76
UNIT 23
it's shame دارد تاسف جاي - you're hopeless, that's a beautiful dress. It's a shame they didn’t have your size.
you're hopeless پايي و دست بي توsting - stinging remarks zap us every day, often when we're least prepared. They seem to be everywehre:
stinging remarks دار نيش نظرهاي اظهار on the road, when rush hour brings out the worst in people; in queues, when everyone's patience is
zap رساندن آزار wearing thin; at work and tat the dinner table, where people feel free to be rude.
rush hours
queue غيره و اتوبوس صفeveryone's patience is wearing thin ميرسد پايان به همه طاقتcriticism - there are so many styles of criticism that it's impossible to catalogue them all. There are common,
catalogue كردن فهرست everyday zaps (congratulations! You've finally done it.) and others so hurtful they leave us dizzy and
there are common, everyday zaps هستند روزمره عادي مكالمات ار upset (how do you manage to keep your bust so small?)
hurtful
dizzy
bust سينه comment نظر اظهار - there are comments insensitive beyond belief. When a man had plucked up the courage to tell his
insensitive mother that his wife had left him, his mother snapped, "what took her so long?"
beyond belief باورها ماورايpluck up
snap
haven - families are supposed to be havens from the world. But, in fact, relatives say things nevery would
relative خويشاوند outside the family, often with the exuse "you know I wouldn't say this if I didn’t love you."
tender - one woman remembers standing at the bathroom mirror at the tender age of 12 when her mother
we can have it seen to بديم دكتر نشون آنرا تونيم مي remarked,"Don’t worry, darling. If your nose gets bigger we can have it seen to." untill then, it had
until then زمان آن تا never even occurred to her that her nose was less than perfect.
زدن - - نيش زخم نيش
پرازدحام - ساعات شلوغ ساعات
انتقاد - جويي عيب
مضر - پرآزارشدن - گيج گيج
كرخت - - - حس بي روح بي عاطفه بي
كشيدن - - بيرون دادن �روز ب جرات و دلدادن - - را حكمي خشونت با ناگهاني گفتن دار نيش سخن
امن - جاي پناهگاه
بودن - حساس حساس
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 77
put-down - my favourite category of put-down is the welldressed insult otherwise known as "constructive
welldressed insult آراسته توهين criticism" (which is anything but.)
insult
otherwise known as
constructive criticism سازنده انتقادwhich is anything but
company رفتن كسي همراه - you can recognize these by the company they keep--usually such phrases as "I hope you don’t
candour mind if I'm honest" somehow, you're supposed to admire the critic for his candour and appreciate
punch بر زدن مشت his conern, while you try to recover from the punch in the gut.
gut
punch in the gut
vicious - it's easy, when defending yourself from insults, to get caught in a vicious cycle of attack and
counter attack ضدحمله counter attack.
deflect
barb - fortunately there are ways to deflect the barb--and boost self-esteem. Next time you are the vitim of
boost criticism, try one of these strategies.
self-esteem نفس عزتstrategy
behind آنسوي - look behind the insult
unload - people who criticize have a lot of hurt to unload. If you can't work out what's really bothering them, ask.
step back بكش كنار رو خودت remember, not every criticism has your name on it. So step back and consider the source.
consider the source كن توجه نقد اصل بهsingle out كردن انتخاب - the waiter isn't singling you out for trouble: his wife dumped him the night before.
dump كردن رهاcut up - the driver who cut you up isn't out to get you: he's rushing to the beside of a sick child. he's rushing to the beside of a sick child باشد بيمارش بچه كنار تا ميكندlet him in - let him in, boost him on his way. When you give people the benefit of the doubt like this, you'll
boost him on his way بگيريد تحويلش بيشتر feel soothed by your grace.
doubt
soothe
grace
the gentle art of verbal self-defence خود از كالمي دفاع ظريف هنر ب - in the Gentle Art of Verbal Self-Defence, Suzette Elgin suggests dividing an attack into its parts
unspoken and responding to the unspoken assumption--without playing the victim.
assumption
تحقير - - كردن پست ترحم روي از
كردن - خوار توهيننامند ... مي را آن ديگر اي گونه به
) انتقاد ) جز به هست چيزي هر كه
گويي - رك صفا خلوص
روده - شكمشده - زده زبان زخم سينه بر شده كوفته مشت
) خطرناك - - - ) نادرست بدطينت فاسد
شكستن - كردن منحرفنوك - - پيكان خارترقي - دادن ترقي
تدبير - استراتژي
كردن - خالي كردن تخليه
كردن - خراب كردن خرد
تو - بيايد بدهيد اجازه باشيد پذيرا را او
شك - - دودلي نامعلوميكردن - - آرام كردن دلجويي دادن تسكين
بركت - - و فيض بخشايندگي بخشيدن
نشده - فاش سربستهفرض - - پنداشت انگاشت
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 78
victim قرباني bait - the secret is to examine what was said--and unsaid-- before you get emotionally involved.
critic - face your critic.
stand up to - it's not easy to stand up to insults.
one trick is to be direct بكنيد مستقيم مقابله كه اين حل ه - one trick is to be direct. Defuse the negatvie comment with come-backs such as "is there any
defuse reason you would want to hurt my feelings?" as an alternative, ask the person to clarify his or her
comeback statement: "what did you mean by that?"
alternative
as an alternative كه اينست آن جايگزين حل راهyou are on to their game شديد متوجه را بازيشون حق ما - as soon as critics know you are on to their game they will leave you alone. Nothing shames more
being caught in the act گرفتن كاري انجام حال در را سي than being caught in the act.
material - someone once said to a friend of mine, "a new skirt? That looks like material you'd use to
upholster upholster a chair." the women replied, "well, come and sit on my lap."
devote - another woman told me about her mother, who has devoted her life to keeping an immaculate
immaculate house. One day the mother spied a cobweb in hey daughter's kitchen and asked, "what's that"
spy (spied) كردن جاسوسي her daughter quipped, "a nature project." making light of life is one the best weapons against insults.
cobweb عنكبوت تارquip
a nature project طبيعت نقشهmaking light of life زندگي گرفتن سادهwit - a quick wit can cope with almost anyone.
quick wit جواب حاضر گوي بذلهcope
set up signals
towel حوله - she began carrying a small towel, and whenever he made a hurtful remark she put it on her head.
embarrass he was so embarrassed that he stopped.
come up - another family came up with a phrase that serves the same purpose. Once after Sunday dinner,
that serves the same purpose ميكند بيان را هدف همان their guest commented."oh, that was wonderful! Chicken is cheap these days, isn't it?
serve a purpose
cutting remark دار نيش عبارت - now, whenever one of them makes a cutting remark, someone says, "chicken is cheap," and they
brush off all laugh.
go along كردن همراهي - brush it off. Go along with whatever is said. If your wife says, "you've gained about 20 pounds,
persist haven't you, dear? Respond: "actually it's closer to 25." if she persists, "aren't you going to do
remark anything about it?" try: "probably not, just be fat for a while." a remark has power only if you grant it
دادن - طعمه داممنتقد - - نگوهشگر نقدگر
ايستادن - چيزي مقابل در كردن مقابله
كردن - خنثي كردن خطر بيقانوني - - - دليل بهانه توجيح جواب
متناوب - پيشنهاد چاره
ماده - جنسمبل - روكشيدن زدن رومبلي
كردن - فدا كردن وقفمرتب - و تميز F كامال معصوم
گفتن - ايهام كنايه
طبع - - لطافت مزاح گويي بذله
شدن - حريف برآمدن عهده از- عملكردمتقابل كنيد وضع خود براي را نشانههايي
دادن - خجالت شدن شرمسارشدن - مطرح آمدن پيش
داشتن - منظور بودن هدفي حامل
) كردن - ) پوشي چشم ادبانه بي اخراج
كردن - اصرار كردن سماجتتوجه - بيان اظهار
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 79
grant power. By being agreeable, you immobilize it.
agreeable
immobilize
by being agreeable, you دهيد نشان موافق را خودتون خصimmobilize it داريد مي باز حركت از را آن
ignore - ignore the insult. Note the comment, realize, it doesn’t belong to you and simply let it go. The
survival بقا ability to forgive is one of the most important survival skills we can cultivate.
cultivate
wipe (off ) كردن پاك - next time someone zaps you, wipe an imaginary spot off your shirt. When the person asks what
imaginary you are doing, say, "oh, I thought something hit me, but I must have been mistaken."
spot لكه I must have been mistaken باشم كرده اشتباه بايدfeign - or feign lack of interest. Blink, yawn, look away. People hate to think they're boring.
blink
yawn
assault - try to accept some verbal assoult as the normal venting of the frustration we all enounter. Most of
verbal assaults كالمي حمالت us try not to insult others, but on occasion we make mistakes.
venting
encounter
on occasion مواردي درten per cent of the time اوقات درصد ده - ten per cent of the time, something you've just bought will turn out to be cheaper elsewhere.
turn out
thoughtless - ten per cent of the time, even your best friend may say something thoughtless and regret it.
regret
develop a thick skin باشيد كلفت پوست - in other words, develop a thick skin. It is often easier to assume that people are doing the best
impact they can, and that many are simplyh unaware of the impact of their behaviour.
decline - after a man had verbally attacked buddha, he responded, "my son, if someone declined to accept a
abuse present, to whom would it belong?" the man answered, "to him who offered it." "and so" said Buddha
establish "I decline to accept your abuse."
worth - the world is full of people who establish their worth by degrading others. They have pockets and
degrade purses full of put-downs--and they'll hand them out to anyone.
purse پول كيفput down
hand
كردن - - - تعهد كردن اعطا اعطا بخششماليم - - دلپذير سازگار
داشتن - نگه ثابت انداختن حركت از
پوشيدن - - چشم پنداشتن ناديده كردن رد
پروراندن - - كردن ترويج كردن كشت
تصوري - خيالي
بستن - بخود كردن وانمودكردن - باز سريع دوباره و بستن را پلك كردن تجاهل
كشيدن - خميازه كردن دره دهنتهاجم - حمله
ريختن - بيرون دفعبا - شدن مواجه شدن روياروي
) برگرداندن - ) كردن وارونهفكري - - بي از ناشي مالحظه بي فكر بي
خوردن - تاسف شدن نادم
تاثير - اثرگذاشتن - - زوال به رو نپذيرفتن كردن رد
) اهانت - - ) به كردن بدرفتاري استفاده سوءكردن - - اثبات كردن احراز كردن برقرار
بهاء - - قيمت ارزشكردن - پست دادن خفت
) اهانت - ) كردن پستدادن - انجام را كاري دست با دادن
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 80
hurl - refuse to accept their insults, even when hurled under the guise of love. By ignoring them, you'll
guise reduce tension, strengthen your relationships and increase your joy.
under the guise of love دوستي و عشق لواي درaffectionate - an insult may look very affectionate.
disregard - points that people disregard.
observation - everyday observations.
neutralize كردن خنثي - some hurting words can be neutralized by asking questions about them.
sympathetic - tender: loving; kind; sympathetic.
fellowship - company: fellowship; friendship; gathering.
gathering
award - grant: give; award
instruct - clothes shops usually instruct their sales staff to watch out customers who switch sizes of one part
watch out of a two piece outfit.
staff كارمندانswitch كردن عوضoutfit كردن تجهيزtwo-piece outfit تكه دو لباسahead - once, a woman ahead of me was buying pyjamas. While she was rummaging out her handbag, the
pyjamas assistant checked both sections in her purchase and said, "madam you have a small top and a large
rummage bottom"
rummage out آوردن در زياد جستجوي باhandbag
assistant
section
indignant - indignant, the customer looked him and replied, "you don’t look so great either!"
our home was on the market بود فروش معرض در ما خانه - our home was on the market, and estate agents were constantly showing it to prospective buyers.
estate agents امالك مشاورينprospective
come into season رسيد فرا گيريش جفت زمان - I was away at work each day, so this was not a problem until my beautiful persian cat came into
tom-cat نر گربه season. Anxious that she remain indoors, I put up a large sign: "please do not let cat out!"
invasion - another agent must have let your tom-cat out, because he was waiting at the door while I was …
directness - assault: attack; invasion -- candour: sincerity; honesty; directness.
spin (spun) - cobweb: the web spun by a spider.
spider عنكبوت
انداختن - كردن پرتظاهر - ماسك
خونگرم - مهرباننكردن - اعتنا گرفتن ناديدهنظر - - مالحظه مشاهده
غمخورا - - دلسوز همدردصحبتي - - هم دوستي رفاقت
اجتماع - - انجمن گردآوريدادن - - پاداش گذاردن امانت جايزه
) به - ) دادن تعليم كسي به كار نحوه بيانمواظب - بودن مراقب
كسي - حركت امتداد در جلوخواب - لباس پيژامه
كاويدن - كردن رو و زير
كوچك - - چمدان زنانه كيف دستي كيفمغازه - شاگرد دستيار
قطعه - قسمتمتغير - - رنجيده خشمگين
احتمالي - اين از بعد به مربوط
هجوم - تاز و تاختبودن - مستقيم صراحت
ريسيدن - تنيدن
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 81
steady - constant: regular; steady.
shaky - dizzy: shaky; unstable; unsteady.
unstable
disgrace - embarrass: shame; disgrace.
imitate - feign: to pretend; to imitate.
asylum پناهگاه - haven: asylum; refuge; shelter.
flawless عيب بي - immaculate: clean; tidy; flawless.
draw in - involve: to draw in as a participant.
participant
inconsiderate - rude: impolite; inconsiderate.
tactic شيوه - strategy: design; tactic; approach.
discharge - vent: to release; to discharge.
UNIT 24
moral
sense
what is right است درست و حق آنچهlegal rights
obligations
morality
principles of good behaviour خوب رفتار اصولanalysis
functional
dictate
conscience وجدان puzzle
puzzling relation آور شگفت رابطهconsequence
capture
betray به كردن خيانتfellow
give in
محكم - - - استوار مدام پي در پيمتزلزل - - لرزان لرزنده
نااستوار - متزلزلرسوايي - - آوردن خفت توهين
كردن - پيروي كردن تقليد
كشيدن - تو آوردن در حلقه درشريك - كننده شركت
مالحظه - بي پروا بي
تخليه - كردن خالي
معنوي - - اخالقي اخالقمعني - - حس شعور
مشروع - حقوق قانوني حقوقوظايف - الزماتاخالقيات - سيرت
موشكافي - - تحليل تجزيهاساسي - كاركردي
كردن - - تحميل دادن دستور كردن امر
معما - شدن متحير
نتيجه - - اثر پيامدگرفتن - - گرفتن غنيمت كردن دستگير
شخص - مردآمدن - در پا از شدن تسليم
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 82
reward
handsomely
torture
inform
over از پيشshield
criminal
accomplice
grudgingly
milder
nonordinary
correspondence
frequent
designate
altruism
loyalty
possibly
cohesiveness
rest به بودن متكيoccurrence
namely
violate
customary
overt
violation
confine
choice انتخاب persist
doggedly
exemplify
laboratory
terms شرايط persistence
nonreinforced
دان - اجر دادن پاداش) سخاوتمندانه - ) مطبوع بطور
دادن - - عذاب دادن زجر دادن شكنجهدادن - - گزارش گفتن دادن اطالع
كردن - - - حفاظت پوشش سپر حاميمجرم - جاني
جرم - - معاون جرم شريك همدستميلي - بي روي از لج يا كينه روي از
نرم - - - - خفيف مهربان سست ماليمغيرمعمول - غيرعادي
مطابقت - ارتباطمكرر - شونده تكرار
كردن - - - نامزد گماشتن برگزيدن كردن معينغيرپرستي - - دوستي بشر پرستي نوع
وظيفهشناسي - - وفاداري صداقتبهيچوجه - - F اصال شايد
چسبندگي - پيوستگي هم به
حادثه - - - - رخداد رويداد تصادف اتفاقنام - - - ذكر با بنام مثال براي يعني
) شكستن - - ) از كردن تخلف كردن مختلعرف - - مرسوم عاديعلني - - واضح آشكار
تخطي - تخلفكردن - منحصر كردن محدود
كردن - - اصرار كردن پافشاري كردن سماجتلجوجانه - سرسختانه
دادن - نشان نمونه با فهمانيدن مثال باالبراتور - آزمايشگاه
پافشاري - اصرارنشده - - تقويت مستحكم غير غيرمسلح
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 83
in the face of عليرغمextinction
common-sense terms عرف اصطالح درindicating determination عزم كننده مشخصwill ارادهstrength of character نهاد تواناييspecify
self-satisfaction
inner-direction دروني رهبريat times
captor كننده اسيرprisoner
sensibly محسوس يا نمايان بطورreasonably
strictly
opportunistic طلب فرصتgain
compliance
common definition كلي تعريفweigh
involve بودن شاملaccording to
decision rule گيري تصميم قانونanomalous
anomaly
pose
common sence
systematized relations
systematize
classical economics كالسيك اقتصادbehaviourist
behaviourist learning theories رفتارگرايي يادگيري فرضياتoperant
relevant
سازي - - - خاموش اعدام انقراض انهدام
كردن - - مشخص كردن معين كردن تعيينخشنودي - خود نفس ارضاي
اوقات - - گاهي گاهي گاه گاه گاه
اسير - زنداني
دليل - با معقوالنه - F دقيقا F اكيدا
بردن - فايده آوردن بدستفرمانبرداري - - - مطلوبيت تسليم اجابت
داشتن - - وزن كردن وزن سنجيدن
مطابق - طبق بر
شباهت - - بي متناقض غيرعادينابهنجاري - - قاعده خالف متعارف غير
قراردادن - - گذاردن كردن مطرحسليم - عقل عرف
اصولي - روابط يافته نظام روابطبه - دادن اسلوب كردن قاعده يا روش داراي
رفتارگرايي - رفتارگرا
كاركننده - - عامل موثرمناسب - مربوط
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 84
procedure
systematic اصولي to what extent حدي چه تاmoral outcomes اخالقي نتايجsubstitution
errorless
trail and error خطا و آزمونsocial trend اجتماعي روندgradually
aversive آزارنده slavery
abolish
Harvard's B. F. skinner هاوارد دانشگاه استاد اسكينر فpoint (out) كردن نشان خاطرwage
wage society كارگري جامعهmaintenance
reinforcement
lash
productive
ingenuity
alter
continual
establish
maintain كردن حمايتsubtle
define كردن تعريفexplicitly
objective
repertoire
organism
approximation
explicity specified شده مشخص روشني بهin the desired direction نظر مورد جهت در
شيوه - - - روش عمل طرز رويه
جايگزيني - - تعويض جانشينيخطا - بدون خطا نداشتن
رفته - رفته بتدريج
داري - برده بردگيبرانداختن - - كردن منسوخ بردن ميان از
كردن - - اجير اجرت دستمزد
نگهداري - ابقاءمدد - - تقويت استحكام
شالق - تازيانهبار - پر حاصل پر
هوش - - نبوغ ابتكار قوهكردن - اصالح دادن تغيير
هميشگي - - پي در پي پيوستهنهادن - بنا كردن داير
دقيق - - ماهرانه زيرك
وضوح - بطور F صريحامعقول - مقصود
فهرست - - - مقدورات موجودي مجموعهارگانيسم - سازمان
تقريب - تخمين
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 85
establishment
training
implicit
irrelevant
unsuccessful
employ
exhort
train دادن آموزشpossibility
terminal repertoires نهايي هاي مجموعهto date حاال تاhaphazard
called development of morality ميشود ناميده اخالقي اصول عهraise
internalize
superego
pick up
psychoanalyst روانكاو castration
anxiety
castration anxieties
therapist
existentially وجودي بطورpostpone
environment محيط release كردن رهاcripple
bond
crippling bonds كننده فلج بندهاي و قيدregard
accompaniment
discrimination
dictate
altruistic نوعدوستانه
برپايي - تاسيسآموزش - - تعليم پرورش
ضمني - - شرط بي التزاميربط - بي نامربوط
موفقيت - عدم شكستكردن - - مشغول كردن استخدام گماشتن بكار
كردن - ترغيب و تشويق كردن نصيحت
احتمال - امكان
تصادف - برحسب اتفاقي
پروراندن - كردن اقامهكردن - دروني ساختن باطني
وجدان - - اماره نفس اخالقي شخصيتشدن - آشنا آوردن بدست
كردن - اخته اختگيدلواپسي - تشويش
درمانگر - شناس درمان
انداختن - تعويق به انداختن عقب
كردن - - فلج عاجز گير زمينالزام - - رابطه قيد
كردن - مالحظه نگريستنمشايعت - همراهي
تبعيض - گذاري قرقكردن - تحميل كردن امر
gathered by: Mojgan Fathzade 86
spontaneous
existential
انگيز - خود خود به خودوجودي - هستي به مربوط