World History IIChris Anderson

Developing Nations

16th and 17th Centuries: feudalism was being erased by powerful monarchies

Powerful kingdoms were created by these monarchs

Most monarchs ruled by absolutismThe people believed in divine right of kings

Controlled by a very powerful family—the Hapsburgsthe Hapsburgs held power in most of Western Europe

The Spanish Hapsburgs were cousins to the Hapsburgs that controlled the Holy Roman Empire

The family controlled:SpainNetherlandsMilan (in Italy)BurgundyParts of PortugalNew World

I. Spain

Philip II (1556-1598):Philip: most powerful Spanish monarchVERY CatholicSaw himself as the defender of the Catholic faithTried to end Protestantism faiths while he was king

Supported the Inquisition to rid Europe of all non-Catholics

Attempted to increase Hapsburg power in Europe by getting into many warsThese wars were NOT good for Spain

Very hard working kingDid NOT trust people/suspicious of everyoneNOT a good decision maker

Philip II

Philip had a large empire to controlAlthough Spain was unified, the different

territories of Spain still had some independence

Philip favored one Spanish territory—CastileAll of his advisors came from CastilePhilip placed his capital (Madrid) in the

territory of CastileThis favoritism made the territory of Aragon

angry1590s: Aragon revolted—unsuccessfully—

against Philip

Philip tried to force the Netherlands to become Catholic

The people of the Netherlands (Protestants) resisted

A bloody war erupted between the Netherlands and Spain

1581: Netherlands claimed their independence from Spain

England gave the Netherlands some assistance

The Netherlands will gain their independenceEngland’s aid to the Netherlands angered

Philip

Philip was angry because he was heart broken

He had wanted to make Queen Elizabeth his wife

He had defended her on many occasions—even defying the Pope to protect her

******TELL STORY******Philip vowed to remove Elizabeth from the

English throne1586: Philip begins a plan to invade EnglandPhilip took 2 years to amass the money,

forces, and resources he neededElizabeth’s spies kept her aware of Philip’s

plans

May 30, 1588: Philip sent 130 ships and 33,000 men to invade England (Spanish Armada)

Elizabeth and England were waiting for the Spanish

England had better and faster ships with cannon that shoot further than the Spanish cannon

*****TELL STORY******The English were able to defeat the Spanish

Armada with the “help of God”

After their loss to England, Spain began to fall in power

Spain had lost lots of money in warsLittle $ left to run the kingdomSpain had to borrow money from foreign

banksSpain’s economy was in declineAgriculture and industry were in declinePhilip had to declare bankruptcy 3 times

Philip II died leaving his nation’s problems to his successors

Philip III (Philip’s II son) was weakPhilip IV (Philip’s III son) was also weak1640s: Spain experienced a food shortage1647: the plague came back to SpainThe Spanish people were scaredMany began to rebel

Charles II—Last of the Spanish Hapsburgs:

1665: Philip IV died His son, Charles II, took the Spanish throneCharles was only 4-years oldCharles’ mom ruled in his placeCharles was physically and mentally weak—

not a good kingCharles had no heir to his throneUpon his death, the different monarchs of

Europe argued over who would be the next monarch of Spain

Charles II

II. EnglandTudor Dynasty developed a strong monarchy

in EnglandTudors controlled England from 1485-1603Tudor monarchs improved their power and

allowed for orderTudor monarchs also allowed Parliament to

gain more power in England

Henry VII:1st Tudor MonarchMade England prosperousExpanded foreign tradeImproved tax collectionAvoided major wars

Henry VII

Henry VIII:2nd Tudor monarchThe most powerful Tudor monarchEntangled England into many warsTurned England into a naval powerMost famous for his numerous marriages—6

in allHe did work with Parliament to break

England away from the Catholic ChurchDied in 1547, leaving his 9-year old son

Edward as kingEdward died in 1553 at the age of 16

Henry VIII

Mary (“Bloody Mary”):Attempted to return England to the Catholic

faith1554: she married Philip II of Spain1555: re-instated Catholicism in EnglandShe burned over 300 ProtestantsShe died before having any kidsUpon her death, the throne passed to her ½

sister

Queen Mary

Elizabeth (the Fairy Queen):1558: assumes the throne at age 25Shrewd, educated, and stubbornWould visit her people and stay in their

homesEngland entered the English Renaissance

under her reignMany wanted her to take a husband and

allow him to rule the kingdomShe never eagerly search out for a husbandUsed a council of 19 nobles to help her ruleParliament controlled $ under her reign

Elizabeth I

Created laws and policies to regulated the lives of her peopleStatute of Apprentices of 1563: said work

was a social and moral dutyPoor laws of 1597 & 1601: made local areas

responsible for their homeless and unemployed

England was in severe debt under ElizabethShe carefully spent the nation’s money—

garnering the nickname “pinchpenny”To raise $ for England, she:

Sold royal landSold royal officesSold licensesAllowed for monopoliesCollected custom taxes

Most of her attempts to get $ were not enough

She was forced to turn to Parliament to get $ through taxation

Elizabeth’s foreign policy:The greatest threats to England were France

and SpainElizabeth knew she could defeat each

individually, but not a combined/unified France and Spain

She came up with a plan to keep her kingdom safe

Her balance of power was simple:If Spain became too powerful, she (England)

would side with FranceIf France became too powerful, she (England)

would side with SpainEngland acted like the balancer

EnglandFrance Spain

Elizabeth’s Balance of

Power

Elizabeth also had to worry about problems closer to home—Scotland and IrelandElizabeth did not want Ireland or Scotland to

ally with France or Spain1550s: Scotland was Catholic and hostile to

England1560s: Elizabeth helped Scotland become

Protestant and an English allyPart of Ireland was controlled by England and

resisted English rule1560s: She allied with Ireland

1603: Elizabeth dies childlessThe Tudor dynasty died with herKing James VI of Scotland becomes King

James I of England James created a new English Dynasty--Stuart

Dynasty

Sir Francis Walsingham

Lord Robert Dudley

King James I

III. FranceHenry IV (Henry Navarre) (1589-1610):Started the Bourbon Dynasty in FranceStarted life as a Huguenot (French Protestant)Converted to Catholicism before becoming kingIssued the Edict of Nantes to end the religious

feuds in France in 1598Allowed Protestant to worship their ideas in areas

that were mainly ProtestantIn Catholic areas, Protestants could not worshipProtestants started creating their own citiesAllowed Protestants to create fortified towns/cities

Henry IV

Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu:1610: Henry IV died leaving the throne to his

son Louis XIIILouis was only 9-years oldLouis’ mom (Marie de Medici) served as

regent for 7 years1617: @ the age of 16, Louis overthrew his

mom and took the French throneMarie convinced her son to take Cardinal

Richelieu as his main advisor

Louis XIII

Cardinal Richelieu

Louis will turn over ALL government control to Cardinal Richelieu

Richelieu attempted to create an absolute monarchy in FranceHe needed to take power away from the noblesHe needed to take power away from the

ProtestantsHe destroyed nobles’ castles until they

relinquished their powerHe kept the Edict of Nantes allowing

religious freedom, but took away the Protestants rights to fortified townsProtestants had to tear down their city/town

walls

Richelieu then set out to make France into a powerful nation

He made the army powerfulHe strengthened the economy of FranceHe created the French Academy to teach

people French Culture

Louis XIV (1643-1715):1643: Louis XIII died leaving his son, Louis

XIVLouis XIV was only 5-years oldLouis had 2 regents

His mom—Anne of AustriaCardinal Mazarin (he took over when Richelieu

died)1661: Louis XIV took over the throne for real

at the age of 23

Anne Austria with Louis XIV

Louis XIV

Louis ruled over France for 72 yearsNicknamed the “Sun King”

He believed that everything in France revolved around him

He was very powerfulLived a lavish, kingly life

He did not live in Paris, but built a new palace at VersaillesThe palace was a symbol of his power, wealth,

and glory

Versailles

Louis XIV had a tax system that brought in little $The Poor paid heavy taxesNobles, clergy, and government officials did

NOT have to pay taxes

Louis also made changes in religionHe feared the Huguenots would try to remove

him as king1685: he repealed the Edict of Nantes

The Huguenots and other Protestants in France were not allowed to practice their faith

Protestants were forced to send their kids to Catholic school

Many Protestants left France

War of Spanish Succession (1701-1713):Louis XIV wanted to expand FranceLouis saw his opportunity in Spain with the weak

King Charles IILouis had convinced Charles to leave the Spanish

throne to one of Louis’ grandsons--Philip of AnjouRemember, Charles was weak in mind

Charles’ will stated that Philip of Anjou would take over Spain when Charles died

A Frenchman taking over Spain angered Charles’ Hapsburg cousins in Austria

Other nations did not want France to have influence in Spain—offset of the balance of power

Charles died, the Spanish throne passed to Philip of Anjou—he became Philip V of Spain

Most of Europe was against having Louis’ XIV grandson as the Spanish king—war erupts

Philip V of Spain

The War of Spanish Succession lasted from 1701-1713

The two sides in the war:England, the Dutch, Austria vs. France and

Spain1713: the war ended with the Treaty of

UtrechtBoth England and the Dutch accepted Philip V

as king of SpainFrance and Spain could NOT be united under

one kingFrance lost some land in the New World

The war left France financially weakWhen Louis XIV died in 1715, France was in

financial ruinBy the end of the 1700s, France would be in

revolution

The Hapsburg family remained strong in the German states—especially Austria

German Hapsburgs were attempting to create their own absolute monarchy

This attempt caused problems between Catholics and Protestants—the Thirty Years’ War

All nations of Europe fought in the Thirty Years’ War except England

IV. German States:

Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648):After 1555: Tensions were growing between

Catholic and Protestants in the HRECalvinism was spreading rapidly in the HREHRE (Germany) was NOT unified—divided

into 300 little states with their own rulers (princes)

Many of these princes resisted Hapsburg rule

1618: the Thirty Years’ War started in the German state of Bohemia

Ferdinand of Styria became the new ruler of Bohemia

Ferdinand was a devout Catholic and wanted to help the Hapsburgs create an absolute monarchy in the HRE

Ferdinand went after the Protestant Czechs living in BohemiaHe took away the Protestant Czechs ability to

worship freely in BohemiaThe Czechs rebelled, starting a war1620: Ferdinand had put down the rebellion, but

the war did not stop—other parts of the HRE and other European nations had joined the war

Denmark—Protestant—joined the war against the Catholic HapsburgsDenmark wanted to gain some German landDenmark was defeated

Sweden—Protestant—joined the war against the Catholic HapsburgsSweden wanted to gain some German land

1635: France—Catholic—joined the war AGAINST the Catholic HapsburgsCardinal Richelieu was afraid to have a

powerful nation on France’s bordersThe war had become more about politics than

religion

Treaty of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years’ WarAdded the Calvinist religion as a recognized

religion in the HREThe HRE remained divided into 300 states—

Hapsburgs did NOT create their absolute monarchy

State of Austria—Maria Theresa:1648: Hapsburgs created a strong Monarchy

in the state of AustriaAustria became the most powerful German

state in the HRE1740: Maria Theresa became the new

ruler of AustriaShe was just 23 years oldShe was a very good leaderClever and resourcefulCreated a strong Austrian government

Just one problem, it was illegal for a female to rule Austria

Maria Theresa--Austria

Charles VI—Maria’s father—had created the Pragmatic Sanction in 1713 in case he had no sonsThe document said that all of Europe’s rulers

would promise NOT to divide up Hapsburg lands

Would also allow a female to rule Austria

Prussia—Frederick II (“Frederick the Great”):

1740: Frederick II became ruler over the state of Prussia

Prussia was gaining lots of power in the HREFrederick wanted to expand Prussia

He began seized Austrian land--SilesiaHis seizing of Silesia broke the Pragmatic

SanctionWar will erupt between the states of Austria

and Prussia—The War of Austrian Succession

Frederick the Great

War of Austrian Succession (1741-1748):Prussia had a powerful militaryMaria Theresa did NOT want to go to war, but was

forced to—she did not want to lose her land***Austria received help from England and the

Netherlands******Prussia received aid from France and Spain***The war ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

Frederick would keep SilesiaMaria Theresa was allowed to continue her rule of

the rest of AustriaMaria Theresa was angry at the treaty, resulting in a

2nd war

Seven Years’ War (1756-1763):Maria Theresa changed her alliances

Austria allied with France and RussiaPrussia and Austria continued to fight over SilesiaThe war was also fought in the New World—The

French and Indian WarFrance and England were fighting over land in the

New WorldEngland will win the French and Indian War

Both wars ended with the Treaty of Paris Frederick kept SilesiaMaria kept the rest of AustriaEngland received Canada and all land East of the

Mississippi RiverEngland became the leading power in India

Russia had remained isolated from the rest of Europe

Developed its own civilization based onEastern Orthodox ChurchByzantine Empire

The monarchy in Russia was absoluteThe monarchy was able to crush anyone in its

path

V. Russia

Ivan IV (1533-1584):One of the most powerful early czars (tsars)Nicknames “Ivan the Terrible”Became czar at age 3While growing up, he witnessed lots of fighting

between rival noble groupsAs an adult, he did not trust the noblesHe increased Russian trade and contact with

Western EuropeDeveloped a strong army

Attempted to expand with this armyWanted to gain a warm water seaport for Russia,

but failed

Ivan IV

Peter the Great (Peter I):An impressive sized man—nearly 7-feet tallVery powerfulWanted to turn Russia into a modern nationRealized that Russia had a limited knowledge

of the worldDiscovered that most Russians were illiterateStudied England and the NetherlandsForced the Russian people to adopt and use

Western European ways

Peter the Great

Sent people to study in Western European schoolsShipbuildingLanguagesmath

Expanded Russia1689: he claimed Siberia1721: defeated the Swedes and gained control

of the Baltic coastlineHe built himself a new capital on the Baltic—

St. Petersburg

Peter created the dvorianie in Russia—a new class of nobilityTheses nobles were loyal to the czar for lifeIn return, the nobles received landThe dvorianie controlled Russia’s peasants

Peter tried to copy France’s style of government

He copied the French tax system—bad ideaThe nobles paid NO taxesThe poor were heavily taxed

Peter created the Holy SynodThese were bishops controlled by Peter

Peter’s reforms made Russian stronger in foreign affairs

Inside Russia, Russian culture was nearly destroyed

Catherine the Great (1762-1796):Born in Germany—not RussianFormer wife to Czar Peter IIISeized power from her husband in 1762Heavily influenced by western ideasRussian commoners lost lots of rights under

her ruleHad great foreign policy—why she is called

GreatExpanded Russia’s bordersSecured a warm water seaport on the Black

SeaRussia’s last true absolute monarch

Catherine the Great