devanāgari script” (देवनागरी लिपि) and the writing system of hindi...
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The document deals the “Devanāgari Script” (देवनागरी लिपि) and the writing system of Hindi language (हिन्दी वर्तनी). This script is also used in writing other languages such as Sanskrit, Marathi, and Nepali etc. The script is written from left to right. There are no special forms for capital letters as are in Roman script. As a rule, each simple consonant character or letter represents a syllabic form, means each written consonant has an inherent short “a” (अ). In other words, each written consonant letter represents a consonant followed by the vowel “a”. In a case, when a consonant is to be pronounced without any vowel, then consonant letter is marked by a sign called “halant” (हलन्त). In Hindi, in certain positions, the inherent “a” is not pronounced. To denote, other vowels, special signs are attached to the consonant character or letter. These signs are called “matrās” (मात्राएँ). Every matra has its rule for attachment to the consonant or consonant double or consonant cluster. Devanāgari script has ligatures characters for consonant clusters also. Hindi stops (including “affricates”) and nasal consonants are arranged in five series (classes’ वर्ग) according to the place of articulation. These are: (1) Velars (now soft palate) (K-series कवर्ग) (2) Palatals (Ch-series चवर्ग) (3) Retroflex (now- post-alveolar) (T-series टवर्ग) (4) Dentals (t-series तवर्ग) (5) Bilabials (p-series पवर्ग). Devnāgari Script has two special signs: (1) Anunāsik (अनुनासिकता का चिह्न ँ) – This sign denotes the nasalization of a vowel. Nasalization in Hindi is a supra-segmental phoneme. (2) Anuswāra (अनुस्वार ं). This sign is not a specific sound. It represents many nasal consonants as-well-as nasalization of vowels in certain positions. It means, in certain positions, it represents the value of “Anunāsik” also. When preceding a Hindi stops series, the anuswāra sign, if used, represent the nasal consonant of the series, to which the stop belongs. In velar series, represent velar nasal consonant (ङ्). In palatal series, represent palatal nasal consonant (ञ्). In retroflex series, represent retroflex nasal consonant (ण्). In dental series, represent retroflex nasal consonant (न्). In bilabials, represent bilabial nasal consonant (म्). In other words, aanuswāra represents the “Pancmakshr” (पंचमाक्षर) or nasal consonant of the above mentioned series. Writing with anuswāra in such positions has been optional. It is also used preceding some other consonants such as “y”(य) , “r”(र) , “l”(ल), “s”(स) , “sh”(श), “h”(ह) . Some other facts of script and sounds and /or phonemes of Hindi have been also discussed.TRANSCRIPT
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(1994))
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5. http://www.rachanakar.org/2010/07/2.html
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'h' ' + ' (consonant cluster) '' '+' Sanskrit and certain modern languages such as Hindustani, are often said to have four types of
stops : voiceless and voiced, intersecting un-aspirated and aspirated. But in both named cases the aspiration (be it voiceless or voiced) is rather patently simply the phoneme /h/ which recurs
elsewhere: this leaves just a two-way manner contrast. (C. F. Hockett A Manual of Phonology, P. 107 (1955))
- (pattern congruity) , 1955 , " + (+) + (+) (phonemic level) (phonemes) - (Phonotactics) (consonant clusters) " 1961 20 (, , , , , , , , , ) Hindi and many other languages of India are generally said to have four series of stops: voiceless un- -aspirate, voiceless aspirate, voiced un-aspirate, and voiced aspirate. Of course, it is obviously possible to reduce these to two series,
each of which can occur in clusters with a following /h/. Linguists have disagreed as to which analysis is preferable. --- --- --- Of course, if the number of phonemes is reduced by treating some as clusters, the differences which exist between languages are not removed. They are
merely transformed from differences in the inventory of phonemes into differences in the inventory of clusters. There is little practical difference between saying that Hindi contrasts with English in having four rather two series of stops and saying that Hindi differs from English
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in having clusters of stops plus /h/. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -In English, there are numerous
differences in distribution between stops and affricates. This is not true for Hindi. The two
phonetic sound-types pattern alike in many respects. It is, therefore, useful to consider affricates not as a class apart, but only as a phonetically different type of stop. - - The result is a symmetrical pattern of twenty stop phonemes (in Hindi).
(H. A. Gleason, Jr., An Introduction to DESCRIPTIVE LINGUISTICS (Revised Edition) pp. 332- 335, New York, 1961)
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http://www.rachanakar.org/2014/11/blog-post_80.html#ixzz3KHZP8sub
(Phonemes) , Phoneme Spelling Frequency in Terms of Popularity in US English Text
The popularity of words in text needs to be considered for phonetic or phonics representation. See the phoneme spelling frequencies for the top 5k words of US English.
https://www.screenr.com/V0ZNClick the expand box at lower right. Note ...
Screenr - tzurinskas: Summary of spellings of the 40 US English phonemes by text
frequency,see... screenr.com
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. Some appreciation of the difficulties is necessary, since otherwise even simply stated
phonemic groupings will be misunderstood. We can, however, leave the subject of problems
and method by outlining some of misconceptions and inconsistencies which are apt to plague,
not the serious analyst, but the beginning student. The most disastrous type of misconception
is to allow phonemic classification to be influenced by spelling, with which it has little to do and
which it often contradicts.
(Archibald A. Hill: Introduction to Linguistic Structures from sound to sentence in English, P. 56,
New York, 1958)
, 28 , 2014 English is an uncommonly tricky language to spell. Every rule seems to have an exception and
homophones (for example rough and ruff) abound. English has a complicated history,
influenced structurally by many other languages and keen on borrowing words from yet more.
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As a result, it is very tolerant of illogical spellings (receipt anybody?). It is also spoken with a
large variety of accents, so it would be difficult to come up with a good English phonemic
orthography (where a system of signs corresponds exactly to sounds).
http://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/oct/28/-sp-spelling-language-learning-english
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