DETERMINING THE ACCEPTANCE, FORGIVENESS,

GRATITUDE AND SPIRITUALITY AS PREDICTORS OF

RESILIENCE AMONG STAFF IN REHABILITATION CENTERS

Sallina binti Mansor

Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

IN COUNSELING

UNIVERSITI SAINS ISLAM MALAYSIA

January 2018

i

Sallina binti Mansor

2017/2018 4100054

Determining the Acceptance, Forgiveness, Gratitude and Spirituality

as Predictors of Resilience among Staff in Rehabilitation Centers

670226-10-5028 Prof. Dr. Haslee Sharil Lim bin Abdullah

ii

AUTHOR DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work in this thesis is my own except for quotations and

summaries which have been duly acknowledged.

Date: 30 January 2018 Signature :

Name : Sallina binti Mansor

Matric No. : 4100054

Address : No. 81, Jalan P8E/1, Presint 8,

62250 Putrajaya, W.P.Putrajaya

Malaysia

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, praise be to Allah SWT for giving me the opportunity to pursue

my dream and accomplish my highest level of academic qualification, a doctorate.

Praise be to Allah SWT for his blessings, without which, this effort would not have

been possible. Praise be to Allah for the strength and help given to me to complete this

journey. Peace and the blessings of Allah SWT be upon Prophet Muhammad S.A.W.

My highest appreciation goes to my beloved family especially my dear husband,

Noradnan Nordin, my sons and daughters, Muhammad Nor Aiman, Muhammad Nor

‘Irfan, Nur Aaliya Qamariah, Nur Liyana Aasyiqin and Nur Fateen Raudhah, for

everything that only “we” understand. A special gratitude goes to my respected

mother and father who never stop praying for my success, Puan Hajjah Saodah Haji

Abdul Jalil and Encik Haji Mansor Mohd Ali; father in law, Encik Haji Nordin

Yahaya and all the family members. Thank you for all your prayers, encouragement,

assistance, insights, advice and strength given during my long journey of study. All

your sacrifices and moral support provided during my most difficult times is much

appreciated. May this starter be the path for our generation to go higher, insyaAllah.

I would also like to convey my utmost thanks to my supportive, understanding and

kind supervisor, Prof. Dr. Haslee Sharil Lim bin Abdullah for his guidance in

preparing my research, from the very beginning to completion. Prof Sharil has always

been awakening me and being there and constantly around to provide his golden

support that I need in accomplishing this academic pursuit. Prof, may Allah rewards

you to be in Jannah. I would also like to offer the gratitude to my former supervisor,

the Honorable Dato’ Dr. Abdul Halim bin Mohd Hussin who has guide, encouraging

and motivating me before and after him joining the government sector. I also thanks

Associate Professor Dr. Mohd Rushdan Mohd Jailani, Dr. Saedah Abdul Ghani, Dr.

Mohd Isa Amat, Dr. Muhammad Khairi Mahyuddin and many other individuals for

their support and motivation. These deeds, I will never forget.

Last but not least, to all the Directors and staffs of the Drug Treatment and

Rehabilitation Centres, inside and outside of the institution, thank you for your

kindness and cooperation in assisting me in this research. Thak you my dear friend,

Dr. Asmah Ismail, for her endless courage and encourgament. To my dear Dr. Nadian,

thank you so much; may Allah give you the best in life. Dr. Rafidi, Dr. Azri, Ruzilah

and the many individuals whose names I may not be able to mention here, thank you.

Indeed, this thesis could not have materialized without the generated support of the

various parties whom I shall always remember. May we receive the best reward from

Allah S.W.T for all our contributions; ease all our affairs and grant each and every one

of us the best in this life and the life hereafter.

“PERANGI DADAH HABIS-HABISAN”

“LENGKAPKAN IBADAH TINGKATKAN IMAN”

iv

ABSTRAK

Daya tahan dalam kalangan kakitangan di pusat-pusat rawatan dan pemulihan dadah

kerajaan (DTRC) di Malaysia adalah penting untuk memastikan kakitangan dapat

menjalankan tugas dan tanggungjawab mereka dengan lebih profesional, kompeten

dan berkesan. Kajian ini mengkaji daya tahan kakitangan dan peranan penerimaan,

keampunan, kesyukuran dan kerohanian dalam usaha meningkatkan daya tahan

kakitangan di pusat-pusat ini. Di dalam kajian ini, tahap penerimaan, keampunan,

kesyukuran, kerohanian dan daya tahan ditentukan. Perbandingan penerimaan,

keampunan, kesyukuran, kerohanian dan daya tahan ini adalah berdasarkan ciri-ciri

demografik (jantina, tempoh perkhidmatan, kategori DTRC dan skala gred kerja) juga

dilakukan. Peranan pengantaraan kerohanian ke atas hubungan antara penerimaan,

keampunan, kesyukuran dan kerohanian dengan daya tahan juga ditentukan. Kajian

deskrriptif dan kuantitatif ini melibatkan 380 responden dalam kalangan kakitangan

DTRC di seluruh Malaysia. Instrumen kajian utama ialah soal selidik yang terdiri

daripada beberapa skala iaitu, Skala Daya Tahan Connor-Davidson, Soal Selidik

Penerimaan dan Tindakan, Skala Keampunan Heartland, Soal Selidik kesyukuran dan

Skala Pengalaman Kerohanian Harian. IBM SPSS 23.0 dan Amos 23.0 telah

digunakan untuk menjalankan statistik deskriptif dan inferensi. Dapatan menunjukkan

bahawa persepsi tentang penerimaan, kesyukuran dan kerohanian adalah tinggi tetapi

sederhana untuk keampunan, dan sederhana tinggi untuk daya tahan. Penerimaan,

keampunan, kesyukuran, kerohanian dan daya tahan tidak berbeza secara signifikan

antara responden lelaki dan perempuan. Berdasarkan tempoh perkhidmatan dan

kategori DTRC, tidak terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan dalam penerimaan,

keampunan, kesyukuran, kerohanian dan daya tahan. Perbandingan berdasarkan skala

gred kerja menunjukkan bahawa tidak terdapat perbezaan signifikan dalam

kesyukuran dan kerohanian tetapi berbeza secara signifikan dalam penerimaan dan

keampunan di mana pegawai mempunyai perbezaan purata yang lebih tinggi dan

signifikan berbanding penolong pegawai. Penerimaan, keampunan, kesyukuran dan

kerohanian adalah peramal signifikan kepada daya tahan di mana keampunan

memberikan kesan terbesar diikuti dengan kerohanian dan penerimaan, dan terakhir

sekali, kesyukuran. Penerimaan, keampunan dan kesyukuran dapat menjelaskan

34.8% varians dalam kerohanian manakala penerimaan, keampunan, kesyukuran dan

kerohanian dapat menjelaskan 82.6% varians dalam daya tahan. Kerohanian

merupakan pengantara signifikan kepada hubungan antara penerimaan, keampunan

dan kesyukuran dengan daya tahan. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa penerimaan,

keampunan, kesyukuran dan kerohanian adalah peramal yang kuat dan penting kepada

daya tahan. Oleh itu, kakitangan yang menunjukkan nilai-nilai ini boleh menjadi lebih

berdaya tahan dan mampu untuk menghadapi sebarang keadaan stres di DTRC.

v

ABSTRACT

Resilience among staff working in the Malaysian government’s drug treatment and

rehabilitation centres (DTRC) is of paramount importance because this quality helps

to ensure that the staffs are able to carry out their tasks and responsibilities with the

greatest professionalism, competence and effectiveness. This study examines their

resilience and the role of acceptance, forgiveness, gratitude and spirituality in

enhancing the staff’s resilience while working in these centres. In this study, the level

of acceptance, forgiveness, gratitude, spirituality and resilience are determined. A

comparison of these factors of acceptance, forgiveness, gratitude, spirituality and

resilience is made based on the demographic characteristics (gender, length of

services, category of DTRC and job grade scale). The mediating role of spirituality on

the relationship of acceptance, forgiveness and gratitude with resilience was also

determined. This descriptive and quantitative study undertakes to observe 380

respondents recruited from the DTRC staff throughout the country of Malaysia. The

main research instrument used in this study is a questionnaire which comprises several

scales encompassing the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, the Acceptance and

Action Questionnaire, the Heartland Forgiveness Scale, the Gratitude Questionnaire,

and the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale. The IBM SPSS version 23.0 and Amos 23.0

were used to run the descriptive and inferential statistics. Results show that the

perception of the respondents on the values of acceptance, gratitude and spirituality is

high but the perception of the respondents on forgiveness is moderate while for

resilience it was moderately high. The values of acceptance, forgiveness, gratitude,

spirituality and resilience were not significantly different between the male and female

respondents. Based on the length of services and the category of DTRC, results also

show significant difference in forgiveness but not significant on acceptance, gratitude,

spirituality and resilience. A comparison based on job grade scale shows that there is

no significant difference in gratitude and spirituality but there is a significant

difference in acceptance and forgiveness whereby a higher and significant mean

difference was seen in officers when compared to assistant officers. In addition,

acceptance, forgiveness, gratitude and spirituality were also noted to be significant

predictors of resilience. Forgiveness was observed to be giving the greatest effect

followed by spirituality and acceptance and finally, gratitude. This study shows that

the values of acceptance, forgiveness and gratitude can explain 34.8 percent of the

variance noted in spirituality whereas the values of acceptance, forgiveness, gratitude

and spirituality can explain 82.6 percent of the variance in resilience. Spirituality is a

significant mediator for the relationship between acceptance, forgiveness and gratitude

with resilience. This study also shows that the values of acceptance, forgiveness,

gratitude and spirituality are strong and important predictors of resilience. Therefore,

staffs who exhibit these virtues are able to become more resilient and so more capable

of coping with the stressful situations at the DTRCs.

vi

امللخصتعترب املرونة يف صفوف املوظفني يف املراكز احلكومية للعالج وإعادة التأهيل يف ماليزيا أمرا بالغ األمهية لضمان قدرة املوظفني على االضطالع مبهامهم ومسؤولياهتم بأكرب قدر من الكفاءة املهنية والكفاءة

لغفران واالمتنان والروحانية لتعزيز قدرة ودور القبول وا املوظفني صمودوالفعالية. تبحث هذه الدراسة املوظفني على الصمود يف هذه املراكز. يف هذه الدراسة، يتم حتديد مستويات القبول والغفران واالمتنان والروحانية والقدرة على الصمود. ومت أيضا إجراء مقارنة بني القبول والتسامح واالمتنان والروحانية والقدرة

، دي يت أر سيإىل اخلصائص الدميغرافية )نوع اجلنس، وطول اخلدمات، وفئة على الصمود استناداومقياس الصف الوظيفي(. كما مت حتديد دور الوساطة للروحانية على عالقة القبول والتسامح واالمتنان

يف مجيع دي يت أر سيمن بني موظفي مستجيبني 083مع املرونة. هذه الدراسة الوصفية والكمية يتعهد ديفيدسون -اء ماليزيا. وأداة البحث الرئيسية هي استبانة تضم عدة مقاييس هي مقياس كونور أحن

للقدرة على الصمود، واستبيان القبول والعمل، ومقياس الغفران يف هريتالند، واستبيان االمتنان، ومقياس لتشغيل إحصائيات 0033 أموس و 0033أي يب إم إس يب إس إس اخلربة الروحية اليومية. مت استخدام

وصفية واستنتاجية. وتبني النتيجة أن التصور على القبول واالمتنان والروحانية مرتفع ولكن معتدل للتسامح، وارتفاع معتدل من أجل القدرة على الصمود. ومل يكن القبول والتسامح واالمتنان والروحانية

دي يت أر ناث. استنادا إىل طول اخلدمات وفئة خمتلفا اختالفا كبريا بني الذكور واإل التكيفوالقدرة على ، مل تكن هناك اختالفات كبرية يف القبول، الغفران، واالمتنان، والروحانية والقدرة على الصمود. سي

وأظهرت املقارنة على أساس سلم الوظائف أنه ال توجد فروق ذات داللة إحصائية يف االمتنان والروحانية يف القبول والغفران حيث يكون للضباط فرق معنوي كبري ومهم مقارنة ولكن ختتلف اختالفا كبريا

القبول والتسامح واالمتنان والروحانية كلها مؤشرا هاما من القدرة على الصمود مع بالضباط املساعدين.أن الغفران يعطي أعظم األثر تليها الروحانية والقبول، وأخريا، االمتنان. القبول والتسامح واالمتنان ميكن

من التباين يف الروحانية يف حني أن القبول والغفران واالمتنان والروحانية ميكن أن يفسر 0.38%يفسر من التباين يف القدرة على الصمود. الروحانية هي وسيط كبري للعالقة بني القبول، الغفران %8038

ن والروحانية هي مؤشرات قوية واالمتنان مع املرونة. وأظهرت هذه الدراسة أن القبول والتسامح واالمتناومهمة للمرونة. ولذلك، فإن املوظفني الذين يظهرون هذه الفضائل قادرون على أن يصبحوا أكثر قدرة

دي يت أر سي على التكيف وقادرة على التعامل مع الوضع اجملهدة يف

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR DECLARATION ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii

ABSTRAK iv

ABSTRACT v

AL-MULAKHKHAS vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES xii

LIST OF FIGURES xvi

LIST OF APPENDICES xvii

LIST OF ABBREVIATION xviii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Background of the Study 1

1.2.2 Drug Addiction and Abuse 2

1.2.2 Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation in Malaysia 7

1.2.3 Legislation and Source of Power of AADK 9

1.2.4 Government Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation Centres

(DTRC) in Malaysia 12

1.2.4.1 Cure and Care Rehabilitation Centre (CCRC) 13

1.2.4.2 Cure and Care Vocational Centre (CCVC) 15

1.2.4.3 Cure and Care 1Malaysia Clinic ( C&C 1M Clinic) 15

1.2.4.4 Cure and Care Service Centre (CCSC) 17

1.2.4.5 Clients Integration Centre (PIK) 19

1.2.4.6 Caring Community House (CCH) 20

1.2.4.7 Triage Centre 21

1.2.5 Functions and Roles of the AADK Staffs 22

1.3 Problem Statement 23

1.4 Research Gaps 29

1.5 Research Objectives 33

1.6 Research Questions 34

1.7 Research Hypotheses 35

1.8 Significance of Study 39

1.9 Operational Definition of the Research Variables 43

1.9.1 Acceptance 43

1.9.2 Forgiveness 44

1.9.3 Gratitude 46

1.9.4 Spirituality 47

1.9.5 Resilience 48

1.9.6 AADK Staffs 50

1.10 Chapter Summary 52

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 53

2.2 Resilience 54

2.2.1 Conceptual Definition of Resilience 54

2.2.2 Theoretical Background of Resilience 57

viii

2.2.2.1 Theoretical Framework (The Metatheory of

Resilience and Resiliency) 61

2.2.2.2 Positive Psychology 67

2.2.3 Past Researchers on Resilience 73

2.2.4 Resilience from an Islamic Perspective 79

2.3 Acceptance 83

2.3.1 Conceptual Definition of Acceptance 83

2.3.2 Theoretical Background of Acceptance 87

2.3.3 Past Researches on Acceptance 88

2.3.4 Acceptance from an Islamic Perspective 92

2.4 Forgiveness 95

2.4.1 Conceptual Definitions of Forgiveness 95

2.4.2 Theoretical Background of Forgiveness 99

2.4.2.1 The Social-Psychological Theory of Forgiveness 99

2.4.2.2 The Cognitive Model of Forgiveness 100

2.4.2.3 The Process Model of Forgiveness 101

2.4.3 Past Research on Forgiveness 103

2.4.4 Forgiveness from the Islamic Perspective 106

2.5 Gratitude 108

2.5.1 Conceptual Definitions of Gratitude 108

2.5.2 Theoretical Background of Gratitude 110

2.5.3 Past Research on Gratitude 111

2.5.4 Gratitude from the Islamic Perspective 116

2.6 Spirituality 119

2.6.1 Conceptual Definitions of Spirituality 119

2.6.2 Theoretical Background of Spirituality 120

2.6.3 Past Research on Spirituality 121

2.6.4 Spirituality from the Islamic Perspective 124

2.7 The Relationships between Acceptance, Forgiveness,

Gratitude and Spirituality with Resilience 126

2.8 Spirituality as a mediator 131

2.9 The Research Framework 132

2.10 Chapter Summary 133

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 134

3.2 Resilience 134

ix

3.3 Location of the Study 135

3.4 Population and Sampling Methods 140

3.4.1 Study Population 140

3.4.2 Sample Size 141

3.4.3 The Sampling Procedures 145

3.5 Research Instruments 145

3.5.1 Demographic Information Sheet 146

3.5.2 Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) 146

3.5.3 Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II) 149

3.5.4 Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS) 151

3.5.5 Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ) 152

3.5.6 Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES) 153

3.6 Pilot Study 155

3.7 Data Collection Procedure 156

3.8 Data and Statistical Analysis 157

3.8.1 Determination of the Demographic Profiles 158

3.8.2 Determination of the Level of Acceptance, Forgiveness,

Gratitude, Spirituality and Resilience 158

3.8.3 Comparison of Acceptance, Forgiveness, Gratitude,

Spirituality and Resilience Based on Gender, Length of

Services, DTRC Category and Job grade scale 160

3.8.4 Predicting Roles of Acceptance, Forgiveness,

Gratitude and Spirituality on Resilience 161

3.8.5 Mediating Role of Spirituality on the Relationship

between Acceptance, Forgiveness and Gratitude with

Resilience 171

3.8.6 Chapter Summary 172

CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH FINDINGS

4.1 Introduction 173

4.2 Research Objectives 174

4.3 Research Questions 174

4.4 Profile of Respondents 175

4.5 Descriptive Analysis Result 179

4.6 Comparison of Acceptance, Forgiveness, Gratitude, Spirituality

and Resilience Based on Gender 180

4.7 Comparison of Acceptance, Forgiveness, Gratitude, Spirituality

and Resilience Based on Length of Services 183

4.8 Comparison of Acceptance, Forgiveness, Gratitude, Spirituality

and Resilience Based on the DTRC Category 186

4.9 Comparison of Acceptance, Forgiveness, Gratitude, Spirituality

and Resilience Based on Job grade scale of Staffs 189

4.10 Post hoc Tukey 192

4.11 Assessment of the Reflective Measurement Model in SEM 196

4.11.1 Data Screen 196

4.11.2 Missing Data 196

4.11.3 Analysis of Assumption 197

4.11.3.1 Multivariate Normality 197

x

4.11.3.2 Outliers 199

4.11.3.3 Linearity and homoscedasticity 199

4.11.3.4 Multicollinearity 200

4.12 Exploratory Factor Analysis 202

4.12.1 Acceptance (Accpt) Construct 202

4.12.2 Forgiveness (Forgv) Construct 204

4.12.2.1 Forgiveness (Forgv) – Self, Others and situations 212

4.12.3 Gratitude (Gratt) Construct 214

4.12.4 Spirituality (Spirit) Construct 216

4.12.5 Resilience (Ressc) Construct 220

4.13 The Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) 224

4.13.1 Validating the Pooled Measurement Model 224

4.13.2 Modeling the Measurement Model for a Pooled Construct 225

4.13.3 Assessing the Validity and Reliability for a Measurement Model 227

4.13.3.1 Unidimensionality

4.13.3.2 Validity 227

4.13.3.3 Reliability 232

4.14 Structural model validity 233

4.14.1 The Predicting Role of Acceptance, Forgiveness, Gratitude and

Spirituality on Resilience 233

4.14.2 The Mediating Role of Spirituality on the Relationship

between Acceptance, Forgiveness and Gratitude with Resilience 235

4.14.3 Final Structural Model 248

4.15 Chapter Summary 250

CHAPTER 5: DICSCUSSION

5.1 Introduction 251

5.2 Background of Context 252

5.21 Discussion One: Factors that influence Resilience among Staffs in

Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation Centres in Malaysia 253

5.22 Discussion Two: Effects of Resilience 254

5.23 Discussion Three: Spirituality as a Mediator 255

5.3 Discussion on Finding 261

5.3.1 The level of acceptance, forgiveness, gratitude, spirituality and

resilience among staffs working at the Drug Treatment and

Rehabilitation Centres in Malaysia 261

xi

5.3.2 The comparison of acceptance, forgiveness, gratitude,

spirituality and resilience of staffs working at the government

Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation Centres in Malaysia

based on demographics characteristics (gender, length

of services, category of DTRC and job grade scale of the staffs) 266

5.3.3 The differences in acceptance, forgiveness, gratitude,

spirituality and resilience based on the length of service of

staffs in the government Drug Treatment and

Rehabilitation Centres in Malaysia 270

5.3.4 The differences in acceptance, forgiveness, gratitude,

spirituality and resilience based on the category of

government Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation Centres in

Malaysia 274

5.3.5 The differences in acceptance, forgiveness, gratitude, spirituality

and resilience based on the job grades scale of staffs working at

the government Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation Centres

in Malaysia 277

5.3.6 The predicting role of acceptance, forgiveness,

gratitude and spirituality on the resilience of staffs working at

the government Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation Centres

in Malaysia 280

5.3.7 The Mediating Role of Spirituality on the Relationships

between Acceptance, Forgiveness and Gratitude with Resilience 283

5.4 Implication of Research Findings 287

5.4.1 Implication Based on the Theoretical Perspectives 287

5.4.2 Implication Based on Practical Perspectives 288

5.4.3 Implication Based on Research Perspectives 290

5.5 Limitation of the Study 291

5.6 Recommendation For The Future Study 293

5.7 Chapter Summary 294

REFERENCE 296

APPENDICES 320

xii

LIST OF TABLES

1.1 The Legislations on Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation in Malaysia 11

2.1 Some Conceptual Theories on Resilience 58

2.2 The Three Waves of Resiliency Inquiry 62

2.3 Summary of Previous Studies: Resilience 77

2.4 The Process Model of Forgiveness 102

3.1 Summary of DTRC 135

3.2 List of Cure and Care Rehabilitation Centres (CCRC) 136

3.3 List of Cure and Care 1Malaysia Clinics (C&C 1M Clinics) 136

3.4 List of Clients’ Integration Centres (PIK) 138

3.5 List of Cure and Care Serviced Centres (CCSC) 139

3.6 Random sample size table for the determined number of population 144

3.7 Reliability Coefficients (Cronbach Alpha) 156

3.8 Determination of Level of Acceptance, Forgiveness and Gratitude 159

3.9 Determination of Level of Spirituality 159

3.10 Determination of Level of Resilience 160

3.11 The three categories of model fit indexes 170

4.1 Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents 177

4.2 Level of Acceptance, Forgiveness, Gratitude, Spirituality and Resilience 181

4.3 Independent Sample t-Test Result to Determine Differences in

Acceptance, Forgiveness, Gratitude, Spirituality and Resilience

Based on Gender 184

4.4 One Way ANOVA Result to Determine Differences in Acceptance,

Forgiveness, Gratitude, Spirituality and Resilience Based on

Length of Services 186

4.5 Independent Sample t-Test Result to Determine Differences in

Acceptance, Forgiveness, Gratitude, Spirituality and Resilience Based on

DTRC Category 189

xiii

4.6 One Way ANOVA Result to Determine Differences in Acceptance,

Forgiveness, Gratitude, Spirituality and Resilience Based on Job grade

Scale 191

4.7 Post-Hoc Tukey Result to Determine Differences in Acceptance Based

on Job grade scale 192

4.8 Post-Hoc Tukey Result to Determine Differences in Forgiveness Based

on Job grade scale 192

4.9 Post-Hoc Tukey Result to Determine Differences in Resilience Based

on Job grade scale 193

4.10 Assessment of normality 197

4.11 Correlation Matrix 201

4.12 KMO and Bartlett’s Test for Acceptance (Accpt) 203

4.13 Total Variance Explained for Acceptance (Accpt) 203

4.14 Acceptance (Accpt) items 204

4.15 Reliability Analysis - Acceptance (Accpt) 204

4.16 KMO and Bartlett’s Test for Self 205

4.17 Total Variance Explained for Self 206

4.18 Self items 206

4.19 Reliability Analysis – Self 207

4.20 KMO and Bartlett’s Test of Others 208

4.21 Total Variance Explained for Others 208

4.22 Dedication items 209

4.23 Reliability Analysis – Others 209

4.24 KMO and Bartlett’s Test for Situations 210

4.25 Total Variance Explained for Situations 211

4.26 Situations items 211

4.27 Reliability Analysis – Situations 212

4.28 KMO and Bartlett’s Test for Forgiveness 213

xiv

4.29 Total Variance Explained for Forgiveness 213

4.30 Forgiveness (Forgv) items 214

4.31 Reliability Analysis – Forgiveness (Forgv) 214

4.32 KMO and Bartlett’s Test for Gratitude (Gratt) 215

4.33 Total Variance Explained for Gratitude (Gratt) 215

4.34 Gratitude (Gratt) items 216

4.35 Reliability Analysis – Gratitude (Gratt) 216

4.36 KMO and Bartlett’s Test for Spirituality (spirit) 217

4.37 Total Variance Explained for Spirituality (spirit) 218

4.38 Spirituality (spirit) items 219

4.39 Reliability Analysis – Spirituality (spirit) 219

4.40 KMO and Bartlett’s Test for Resilience (Ressc) 220

4.41 Total Variance Explained for Resilience (Ressc) 221

4.42 Resilience (Ressc) items 222

4.43 Reliability Analysis - Resilience (Ressc) 223

4.44 Summary of the Result Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) 223

4.45 The Composite Reliability (CR) and AVE for all constructs 228

4.46 Fitness Indexes indicate the fitness of the construct 230

4.47 Discriminant Validity Index Summary 231

4.48 The Regression Path Coefficients and its significance based on p-value

< 0.05 235

4.49 Result Path 236

4.50 The Path Regression Coefficient and its significance 237

4.50a The hypothesis testing for the causal effect of Accpt on Spirit 238

4.50b The Hypothesis testing for causal effect of Accpt on Ressc 238

4.50c The Hypothesis testing for the Causal Effect of Spirit on Ressc 239

xv

4.51 Result Path 240

4.52 The Path Regression Coefficient and its significance 242

4.52a The hypothesis testing for the causal effect of Forgv on Spirit 243

4.52b The Hypothesis testing for causal effect of Forgv on Ressc 243

4.52c The Hypothesis testing for the Causal Effect of Spirit on Ressc 243

4.53 Result Path 244

4.54 The Path Regression Coefficient and its significance 245

4.54a The hypothesis testing for the causal effect of Gratt on Spirit 246

4.54b The Hypothesis testing for causal effect of Gratt on Ressc 246

4.54c The Hypothesis testing for the Causal Effect of Spirit on Ressc 246

4.55 Summary of Findings 249

5.1 Summary of the Hypotheses Tests 258

xvi

LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 Trend of Detected Drug Addicts (New, Repeat and Total) for the

Year 2010-2015 in Malaysia (Source: AADK, 2015) 5

1.2 The Historical Development of Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation in

Malaysia (Source: AADK, 2015) 9

2.1 Richardson’s (2002) Metatheory Model of Resilience and Resiliency 66

2.2 The Research Framework 132

3.1 Six –Stage process for Structural Equation Modeling 162

4.1 Scatterplot of the standardized residuals 200

4.2 The Pooled-CFA for all constructs in the study 226

4.3 Pool-CFA after delete item low loading 230

4.4 Structural Model 232

4.5 The result of the direct effect of Accpt on Ressc (The Beta Coefficient is

0.632) 236

4.6 The AMOS output showing Regression Weights between construct 237

4.7 The result of the direct effect of Forgv on Ressc (The Beta Coefficient is

0.806) 240

4.8 The AMOS output showing Regression Weights between construct 241

4.9 The result of the direct effect of Gratt on Ressc (The Beta Coefficient

is 0.473) 244

4.10 The AMOS output showing Regression Weights between construct 245

4.11 The Final Structural Model 253

5.1 Framework of Study 252

5.2 The Final Framework of Study 257

xvii

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendices Page

Appendix 1 Research Questionnaire

321

Appendix 2 Approval Letter to Conduct the Study

331

Appendix 3 Permission to Use the Scales 333

xviii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AA Alcoholic Anonymous

AADK Agensi Antidadah Kebangsaan

ACT Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

AMAM Addiction Medicine Association of Malaysia

ASEAN Association of South East Nations

ATS Amphetamine-Type-Stimulants

CCH Caring Community House

CCRC Cure and Care Rehabilitation Centre

CCSC Cure and Care Service Centre

CCVC Cure and Care Vocational Centre

C&C 1M Cure and Care 1Malaysia Clinic

DTRC Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre

NADA NationalAnti-Drugs Agency

NIDA National Institute on Drug Abuse

PIK Pusat Integrasi Klien

PKAADK Pusat Khidmat Agensi Antidadah Kebangsaan

UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

270

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