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MS 1596: 2003

DETERMINATION OF CONCENTRATION AND

MASS FLOW OF PARTICULATE MATTER IN

FLUE GAS FOR STATIONARY SOURCE

EMISSIONS

Presented BY:

UiTM – A&A

Laboratory Malaysia’s 1st University

Affiliated Environmental

Laboratory

A&A SCIENTIFIC RESOURCES SDN BHD

APPLICATION & AIR EMISSION SOURCES

1. FUEL BURNING EQUIPMENTS

2. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT

1. Filter Bag 6. Spray Booth

2. Electrostatic Precipitator 7.Fume Cupboard

3. Scrubber 8. Others

4. Cyclone – Centrifugal Dust Filter

5. Multicyclone


IMPORTANT DEFINITION

DUCT/FLUE/CHIMNEY/ STACK

– enclosed structure where

gases travel

PARTICULATE MATTER – dust

GAS

– a mixture of gaseous component which may carry PM

Lighter -------------------------------------------- Heavier


AT THE END

NOT…….

The complicated

formula!!

YOU…

Will know how we perform dust

monitoring.


PRESENTATIONS CONTENT

SCOPE & PRINCIPLE

APPARATUS

ADVANCE PREPARATIONS

SITE REQUIREMENTS

SAMPLING, WEIGHING & CALCULATION

ACCURACY

TEST REPORT


What is Air Pollution? Any visible or invisible particle or

gas found in the air that is not

part of the original composition

CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS

•Nitrogen dioxide

•Ozone

•Particulate matter

•Sulfur dioxide


ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS

Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane

Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Carbon disulfide Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins & Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs)

Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene Vinylchloride

INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS

Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide

Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum


SCOPE I. Measurement of the concentration of particulate

matter (PM)

II. Measurement of mass flow rate of PM

STEADY

STATE

condition

Not suitable for:

1.Ventilation

2. Air conditioning system

3.Indoor atmosphere

4.Gases carrying droplets


Principle : PM Measurement

i. Sample is extracted

isokinetically &

homogenously over

a period of time.

ii. The PM entrained is

separated by a filter

medium

iii. The filter is then

dried and weighed.

ISO

means

EQUAL

KINETIC

means

MOTION


WHY ISO-KINETIC FOR PM?

For Gasesous measurement:

In the case of boiler, flue gas

largely contain :

1.N2

2.O2

3.H20

4.CO2

5.SO2

Well mixed

THUS,

can be sampled

at any point in

the stream

For PM measurement:

The Solid nature make it more

complicated

Conc. Of ashes & carbon varies

through out the gas stream

A&A SCIENTIFIC RESOURCES SDN BHD MOMENTUM

Flow rate of sample

extraction must be at

the same speed as the

flow of gas in the duct

If FL not correct;

1. Larger PM are either

favored or rejected

2.Sizing is skewed


SAMPLING

1.Advance preparation

2.Sampling

3.Weighing

4.Calculation

Sampling:

1. Cumulative Sampling –

reposition the nozzle at

the next sampling point,

adjust the control valve to

the required flow

2. Incremental Sampling –

withdraw the probe ,

remove the filter and

replace with new filter


ADVANCE PREPARATION

1. Know the process i.e. steady state or

cyclic – conduct closest to the steady

operating conditions

2. Select the best sampling location,

numbers and pattern of sampling points.

3. Observe the position of sampling ports,

working platform , ventilation, power supply

and safety features.

4. Select the test equipment, i.e. nozzle

size, gas analyzer , type of filter

5. Select the best date, time , operating

condition with the Plant Management


SITE PREPARATION

Sampling Location Sampling Location:

1. Straight duct

2. Constant shape & cross

sectional area

3. Preferably vertical

4. Downstream as far as

practical from any

obstruction

To ensure HOMOGENEITY:

1. The straight duct must

at least 7 hydraulic

diameter (HD)

2. Sampling plane at least

5 HD from the inlet &

outlet of duct

What if

Horizontal

Duct?

What if duct

too large?

BEND CAUSES TURBULANCE

obstruction

obstruction

obstruction

7

x


HORIZONTAL DUCT

1. If unavoidable, access

port from the top.

Clean the duct if

possible.

2. If top access is not

possible, measure

from the bottom.

Clean the duct. Extra

care shall be taken to

ensure probe did not

drop into the duct.

DUCT TOO WIDE

1. In practice, straight 7 HD will not often exist

where duct are too wide

2. Shall be mentioned in Test Report

3. This can give results less accurate than ± 10%

Minimum Sampling location distance from obstacle

Obstacle Distance (Hydraulic Dia.)

Duct Bend 1

Junction of 2 ducts 1

Partly closed lourve 3

Discharge side of fan 4


Min.

5

HD

Min.

5

HD

Obstruction

Handrail- clear of any apparatus

Size of port hole (0.5 dia):

Shall be ample for insertion of

equipment i.e. 4 inch/ 100mm

For small duct: > 200 mm d = 75 mm

< 200mm = 50 mm

NEW PLANT DESIGN:

ALLOWANCE SHALL

BE MADE FOR:

1.STARIGHT DUCT

2.SAMPLING

FACILITIES


SAMPLING PLATFROM

250

MM

SAMPLING

SAMPLING EQUIPMENT & PROCEDURE

STEP 1

Determine:

1. The no. & location of traverse point

2. Flue gas velocity

3. Moisture content in stack gas condensate volume

STEP 2

1. Select Nozzle size

STEP 3

Determine:

1. Isokinetic flow rate from velocity data

2. The PM concentration by sampling , Volumetric Discharge &

Emission Rates

Pitot tube, Thermocouple, Thimble Holder,

nozzle

Pump Interface Control Module

Impinger

Box

Hose

Condenser

Equipment:

Continuously measures the speed of flow in

the stack and ensure the pump, which is

extracting the sample through nozzle,

speeds up or slows down to match the duct

gas flow. Acceptable limit : ±10 %

MINIMUM NO. OF SAMPLING POINTS


Rectangular or Square Ducts

VELOCITY OF GAS NOT UNIFORM THROUGH OUT THE STACK

Velocity in the stack:

1. Maximum at the center,

2. Almost zero at wall due to boundary conditions ( UNDER NO CONDITIONS,

sampling to be done with 3cm from the stack’s wall)

Velocity distribution = PM size distribution:

1. Small PM toward the center

2. Large PM towards the wall

MINIMIZING THE AFFECT OF TURBULANCE


PARAMETERS Calculations based on the following

information:

PARAMETERS Calculations based on the following

information:

GENERAL ISO- Kinetic Sampling

Duct Gas velocity 1. Gas density

2. Differential pressure

(if using Pitot Tube)

Nozzle Diameter 1. Pump capacity

2. Duct gas velocity

3. Estimated PM conc.

4. Preferable Sampling Time

Gas Density 1. Duct temperature

2. Duct Static Pressure

3. Water Content

4. Composition of Duct Gas

Flow rate for

Isokinetic Sampling

1. Nozzle Diameter

2. Duct Gas Velocity at sampling

point

3. Gas condition – density, moisture

content

Gas Flow Rate 1. Duct gas velocity

2. Area of duct section

Sample Gas Volume 1. DGM measurement

Sample Gas Volume at

Std Cond

1. Static Pressure & Temp at DGM

AFTER SAMPLING

PM Conc. 1. Quantity of PM

2. Sample Gas Volume at Std

PM Mass Flow Rate 1. PM Conc.

2. Gas Flow rate thru the duct

PM expressed in terms of CO2 /O2 1. PM Conc.

2. Selected & Measured CO2 /O2


Measured by Equipment (In

stack):

1. Differential Pressure

2. Temperature

3. Duct Area

4. Static Pressure

5. Gas Composition

6. Moisture content

Calculated:

1. Density

2. Velocity

3. Flow Rate

4. Wet Sample Volume in probe

5. Existing Velocity in probe

6. Dry volume flow required

7. Particulate Concentration

8. Particulate flow rate

Measured by Equipment:

1. Temperature

2. Static Pressure

3. Dry gas volume flow

4. Gas volume dry

5. Filter weight

Known/Predetermined value:

1. Suction Nozzle Diameter

2. Pitot Tube Calibration

constant

3. Filter Weight (Blank)


Measured by Equipment (In

stack):

1. Differential Pressure

2. Temperature

3. Duct Area

4. Static Pressure

5. Gas Composition

6. Moisture content

Measured by Equipment:

1. Temperature

2. Static Pressure

3. MOIST gas volume flow

4. Filter weight

5. Sampling Time

Calculated:

1. Density, moist

2. Velocity, moist

3. Flow Rate, moist

4. Wet Sample Volume in probe

5. Existing Velocity in probe

6. Total moist volume displaced

7. Particulate Concentration

8. Particulate flow rate

Known/Predetermined value:

1. Suction Nozzle Diameter

2. Pitot Tube Calibration

constant

3. Filter Weight (Blank)


AT SITE…

Pitot, Filter, Thermocouple,

Pump, Duct Tape


COMBUSTION GAS

ANALYZER

IN THE LABORATORY


Location of Sampling Plane

Numbers of Sampling Points

Sampling Time

Nozzle Design

Nozzle Alignment

Departure from isokinetic sampling


Representative sample depends on:

1.Homogeneity of gas velocity

2.Sufficient number of sampling

points

3.Isokinetic withdrawal


REPORT

Report\Chimney 2.xlsx

Report\Chimney 3.xlsx

Report\Stack n Dark Smoke, Mei '13.pdf

Report\Stack n Dark Smoke, Mei '14.pdf

Report/Chimney 2.xlsx







Report/Stack n Dark Smoke, Mei '13.pdf






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