A traditional specialtyfor innovative cleanersHostapur sas

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Hostapur SAScontents

product profile 4

sytHesis 8

applications 12

Dishwashing liquids 15

Detergents 18

Household cleaners 21

Sanitary cleaners 22

Cosmetic hair and body care products 23

Industrial cleaners 26

Special technical sectors 27

pHysical and cHemical properties 28

Surface activity 30

Foaming power 31

Rheological properties 31

pH stability 31

Heat stability 31

Detergent action 31

Solubilization 32

Emulsifying action 32

Stability to hard water 32

Electrolyte stability 32

Chlorine-/oxidation stability 33

Enzyme stability 33

Synergistic interaction with soil release polymers 34

Solubility in water 35

Low-temperature properties 35

3toxicological and environmental properties 36

Toxicological profile 38

Ecology 39

Life cycle assessment 41

processing 42

Transport 44

Storage 44

Conveying/mixing 46

Dilution 46

Handling 47

tecHnical data 48

Summary of the properties of Hostapur SAS 49

Physical/chemical data 50

Ecological data 51

C-chain distribution 51

Registration status 51

Analysis 53

literature 53

product range 55

hostapur sas4

Hostapur SASproduct profile

5The demands imposed on surfactants have changed in the last few decades. Not only is an optimum price-performance ratio expected, but safety and impact on the environmental are also prime considerations.

The secondary alkane sulphonate Hostapur SAS meets these requirements in every respect. This surfactant has been highly successful on the market for many years. To date, over one million metric tonnes of Hostapur SAS have been produced in our european facilities.

One of the reasons for this great success is the enhanced environmental properties as shown by the life cycle assessment.

We are convinced that over the coming decades Hostapur SAS will continue to maintain and expand its position as one of the leading principal surfactants.

This brochure describes the specific properties and universal uses of Hostapur SAS. Further information and individual advice can be obtained.

abbreviations

SAS Secondary alkane sulphonate

LES Lauryl ether sulphate

LAS Linear alkylbenzene sulphonate

AES Alkyl ether sulphate

LS Lauryl sulphate

SRP Soil release polymer

Hostapur SAS A surfactant with optimum application properties and less impact on the environment

hostapur sas6

Hostapur SASgrades

Anionic surfactants for the detergent, chemical-technical and cosmetic industries, based on secondary alkane sulphonate sodium salt, starting product: n-paraffins.

cHemical structure

CH3 (CH2)m CH (CH2)n CH3 | SO3- Na+

m + n = 10 14; the sulphonate group is distributed over the carbon chain in such a way that it is mainly the secondary carbon atoms that are substituted.

inci nameSodium C14-17 sec-Alkyl sulphonate

cas numbers97489-15-1; 85711-70-2; 85711-69-9, USA: 68608-26-4; 68037-49-0

eine cs/elin cs numbers307-055-2; 288-331-9; 288-330-3

commercially available grades

active content appearance (25c)

Hostapur sas 30 approx. 30% clear faintly yellowish liquid

Hostapur sas 60 approx. 60% yellowish soft paste

Hostapur sas 93 approx. 93% yellowish waxy pellets

Hostapur sas 93 g approx. 93% yellowish fine granules

7The Hostapur SAS grades are noted for the following specific application properties:

very good solubility spontaneous dissolving, e.g. when used as dishwashing liquids good low-temperature properties

HigH wetting action good drainage properties and rapid drying of dishes

pronounced foaming power high yield of the finished products in use

excellent grease- and soil-dispersing action development of finished products with defined and optimum

detergent, cleaning and degreasing action

viscosity-depressing action permits the formulation of flowable, highly concentrated

detergents and cleaners with low water content and without solvents and preservatives; saves transport and packaging costs

outstanding enzyme compatibility positive influence on enzyme stability

cHemical stability over a wide pH range formulation of alkaline cleaners with long storage stability stability to oxidizing agents; intended for chlorine-containing

all-purpose cleaners

increases action of modern detergent additives,e.g. soil release polymers

very good electrolyte compatibility manufacture of heavy-duty detergents with high builder content

good skin compatibility formulation of mild dishwashing liquids

possibility of combination witH anionic, nonionic and ampHoteric surfactants versatility in formulation synergistic effects in use electrically neutral salts can be formed with cationic surfactants

cost reduction possibility of manufacturing highly concentrated liquid cleaners

without hydrotropes

surfactant of low aquatic toxicity witH less impact on tHe environment rapid biodegradation

range of grades Hostapur SAS is available in liquid and paste as well as in pellet

and powder form permits universal processing in all fields of use

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Hostapur SASsyntHesis

9The synthesis of Hostapur SAS by the Hoechst light/water process yields detergent raw materialsof consistently high quality. In this process the raw material and energy consumption as well as the emissions are optimized at a minimum.

hostapur sas10

The secondary alkane sulphonate Hostapur SASis syntHesized by sulpHoxidation of n-paraffins.1-6

Sulphoxidation, a basic reaction in aliphatic organic chemistry, was discovered as early as 1940 by C. Platz at the Hchst site of the former IG Farben AG 7, when n-paraffins were treated with sulphur dioxide and oxygen and simultaneously exposed to ultraviolet light. Since then the process has been developed into the present Hoechst light/water process 811, which can be described summarily by the following equation:

RH + 2SO2 + O2 + H2O RSO3H + H2SO4

Substitution is done largely at the methylene groups; the terminal methyl groups are considerably less reactive. 12 14

Besides the monosulphonates, smaller amounts of di- and polysulphonates are also formed, see Technical data, page 48.

figure 1: sulpHoxidation process The flow chart shows in diagrammatic form the industrial-scale production of Hostapur SAS.

SO3

SO2

O2

O2

n-paraffin

n-paraffin

H2O

H2O

NaOH

SAS- paste 60%

SAS-flakes 93%

n-paraffin H2O

rectification

neutralisation

reaction

separation

11

The industrial-scale sulphoxidation of the n-paraffins by the Hoechst light/water process is carried out in a multi-lamp reactor.The gas mixture of SO2 and O2 is introduced by means of gas injection equipment and on exposure to UV light produced in high-pressure mercury lamps made of quartz glass, sulphoxidation of the n-paraffins takes place in the presence of water. The reaction gas is circulated. A compressor is needed for maintaining gas circulation, as is a cooling system for adjusting the required temperature. The reaction liquid is removed at the bottom of the reactor and the product phase the lower phase is separated in a separating system. The upper phase paraffin phase is cooled and replenished with water and n-paraffin and then returned to the reactor. After concentration of the product phase in a vacuum, separation of the sulphuric acid and neutralization of the concen-trate with sodium hydroxide solution, the remaining paraffin is driven off with superheated steam. The distillate is again separated in a separator and the paraffin phase is returned to the reaction. The remaining melt is finally processed into pellets, Hostapur SAS 93, or into aqueous solutions, Hostapur SAS 60 or Hostapur SAS 30. Very pale reaction products of high quality are obtained.

One characteristic of the process described is that no other chemical auxiliaries, for example, solid catalysts or solvents, are required. The n-paraffins used for synthesis are obtained as a matter of course in the production of kerosene, and so Hostapur SAS manufacture offers a useful outlet for this material. The precise material flow and the energy balances are described in section Life cycle assessment, page 41.

hostapur sas12

Hostapur SASapplications

13

The Hostapur SAS grades are principal surfactants with excellent ecological, toxicological and economic properties.Because of their pronounced surface activity and specific properties, they have a very wide range of uses. Their major use is in dishwashing liquids, in which Hostapur SAS has proved highly successful for several decades. The Hostapur SAS grades are used as principal surfactants in combination with other surfactants for the manufacture of virtually all types of detergents and cleaners for household and industrial use.

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Most important uses forHostapur sas

disHwasHing liquids Standard dishwashing liquids Dishwashing liquid concentrates

laundry detergents Liquid detergents Detergent powders Detergent pastes Soaking agents

HouseHold cleaners All-purpose cleaners Liquid metal/ceramic cleaner Sanitary cleaners Floor cleaners Glass cleaners Toilet freshener blocks

cosmetic Hair and body care products Shampoos Showergels Foam baths Liquid soaps Toothpastes

industrial cleaners Automotive cleaners Metal degreasing agents Alkaline rust removers Hand cleaners

special tecHnical sectors Antistatic agents for polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene and polyethylene

Fire extinguishing foams Emulsion polymerization Textile and leather auxiliaries Oilfield chemicals

15

Dishwashing liquids

Consumers expect modern dishwashing liquids primarily to have optimum cleaning action and safety in use, in other words good skin compatibility, coupled with optimum environmental compatibility.

Another desirable feature is high yield, which can be achieved with concentrates. Adequate foaming power in the presence of grease and absence of streaks on dishes are taken for granted.

Hostapur SAS as a principal surfactant in combination with ampho-teric surfactants such as the alkyl amidobetaines and/or alkyl ether sulphates and/or nonionic surfactants as co-surfactants enables dishwashing liquids to be developed that meet the above-mentioned requirements almost ideally.15 -20

The high solubility of Hostapur SAS enables highly concentrated dishwashing liquids with good storage stability to be formulated without the addition of cost-increasing solubilizers. The demand for this product class is rising steadily.

These concentrates with a low water content offer primarily economic advantages such as lower transport and packaging costs. It is often possible to dispense with a preservative for these concentrates. Guide Formulations are available.

Preservation of formulations containing Hostapur SAS depends foremost on the composition of the finished product in question. Hostapur SAS is a rapidly biodegradable surfactant and must there-fore be preserved if the finished formulations have a low application concentration and a high water content. Most of the commercially available preservatives are suitable for this purpose. A preservativeloading test must however always be carried out. Formulations with a fairly high active detergent content, for example, over 40%, usually do not need to be preserved.

Microbiological studies of Hostapur SAS as a function of the concentration of active detergent showed that an inherently bacteriostatic effect is displayed with concentrations as low as about 40%. Therefore the sixty-percent commercial grade

Hostapur SAS 60 is not preserved and, like Hostapur SAS 93, is suitable for the manufacture of preservative-free preparations.

The low-temperature stability of the dishwashing liquids, for example, at -5C, can be further improved by small additions of OH-group-containing substances such as ethanol. An addition of 2% ethanol and 2% urea is recommended for concentrates with about 40% active detergent.

pH adjustment is generally done with sodium hydroxide solution or citric acid. When alkyl amidobetaines are used, an increase in viscosity may possibly occur in the acid pH range.

If necessary, moisturizing agents can additionally be incorporated in the formulation. Because of the good dermatological properties of Hostapur SAS this is, however, not necessary in most cases.

advantages of Hostapur sas in disHwasHing liquids

very good solubility and thus economizing on solubilizersvery good rinsing action, rapid drainage, shine and rapid dryingoptimum cleaning and degreasing action with a low concent-ration of active detergent and thus high dishwashing efficiencycreamy, fine-bubble foam, which can act as a soil- and fat-suspending agentcompatibility with anionic, nonionic and amphoteric surfactants.As a result synergistic effects are often achievedfaint inherent colour and therefore only small amounts of dye are required if coloration is neededgood skin compatibility, especially in combination with other surfactants

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Dishwashing liquids

Of the numerous possibilities for combining Hostapur SAS with surfactants that have a different chemical structure two-, three- and four-component combinations are described below by way of example; these mixtures enable dishwashing liquids with tailor-made properties to be developed.

The skin compatibility and the foaming power can be optimized by combining Hostapur SAS and alkyl ether sulphate, for example, Genapol LRO or ZRO. In practice a mixture of about 3 to 4 parts Hostapur SAS and about one part alkyl ether sulphate, relative to 100% active substance (ratio 3:1 or 4:1), has proved successful.

This combination also enables liquid concentrates with about 40% active detergent content to be formulated without the additional use of a solubilizer. Moreover, with this concentration the mixture of Hostapur SAS and alkyl ether sulphate is better and more rapidly soluble in the dishwashing water than the individual components separately.

The stability to hard water and the foaming power in hard water are also optimized by the alkyl ether sulphate content. By adding magnesium ions or other divalent metal ions to the Hostapur SAS: alkyl ether sulphate mixture the foaming power can be further improved, especially in the extremely low water hardness range.

A crucial parameter for the processing and use of dishwashing liquids is rheology. The viscosity of the commercially available products is about 400 to 700 mPas/20C. This viscosity can be achieved easily with 5 to 7% sodium chloride in Hostapur SAS: alkyl ether sulphate mixtures in the ratio 70:30, relative to 100% active detergent, and a content of 12 to 15% active detergent in the final formulation.

More highly concentrated Hostapur SAS: alkyl ether sulphate mixtures with a 40% active detergent content can be adjusted easily to viscosities suitable for practical purposes by incorporating viscosity-depressing additives such as ethanol and/or urea, as shown in fig. 2.

Fig. 2 shows the viscosity at +20C as a function of the concen-tration of Hostapur SAS/alkyl ether sulphate mixtures with the addition of ethanol and urea. This means that a 40% formulation consisting of 32% Hostapur SAS and 8% lauryl ether sulphate contains 4% ethanol and 4% urea.

figure 2: Viscosity of Hostapur SAS: alkyl ether sulphate mixtures with the addition of ethanol and urea

visc

osi

ty

[m

Pas

]100000

10000

1000

100

10

concentration c [%]10 20 30 40

A n 4 parts SAS: 1 part LES + 10% ethanol + 10% ureaB n 4 parts LAS: 1 part LES + 10% ethanol + 10% urea

17

The cleaning action can be tested in the mini-plate test on glass plates soiled with grease or in the plate test. An example is given in fig. 3.

Three-component mixtures can be formulated with Hostapur SAS , alkyl ether sulphate and betaine

(alkyl dimethyl betaine or alkyl amidobetaine), for example, mixed in the ratio 5:2:1 or 7:1:1, or

with Hostapur SAS , alkyl ether sulphate and nonionic fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers.

figure 3: Mini-plate test of Hostapur SAS: alkyl ether sulphate (4:1 mixtures) as a function of magnesium ion addition

nu

mb

er o

f p

late

s

15

10

5

0

Mg++-concentration [%]0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5

n concentration: 0.33 g a.s./L

water hardness: 0ppm CaCO3 (0d)

When betaines are used, not only the dermatological properties but also the rheological properties are improved. As a result additional moisturizing agents and viscosifiers are often not required. 21

A fatty alcohol polyglycol ether content, as a function of the fatty alcohol radical and the degree of ethoxylation, can produce an increase in solubilizing and emulsifying action as well as better wetting. These influence the cleaning effect to a marked degree when the product is used. The pronounced solubilizing action of Hostapur SAS can also obviate the need for special solubilizers for slightly soluble perfume oils, and thus cut costs.

Finally, there is the possibility of combining the four surfactant classes: alkane sulphonate, alkyl ether sulphate, betaine and fatty alcohol polyglycol ether.

In the aforementioned numerous possible combinations the economical principal surfactant Hostapur SAS is used as the main component. Depending on the mixing ratio, the application properties of these combinations such as degreasing, low-temper-ature properties, foaming power, feel on the skin, rheology and dermatology can be optimized. 22, 23

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Detergents liquid detergents

Liquid detergents are a major field of application for Hostapur SAS on account of its pronounced detergent properties.

The liquid detergents are divided below into light-duty liquids for delicate wash and heavy-duty liquid detergents.

The market for heavy-duty liquid detergents is still fairly young in Europe. In the USA the importance of these heavy-duty liquid detergents is much greater. These liquid detergents contain an average between 35 and 50% surfactants. In the USA the build-ers used are, for example, potassium tripolyphosphate and pyro-phosphate and sodium citrate. In Europe, by contrast, phosphates are largely notused. Moreover, in the USA, washing machines are designed differently from those in Europe and the average wash-ing temperatures are lower than 30C. The US formulations also do not contain any bleaching agents because these are mostly used separately.

In Europe the liquid detergents used have a different structure. They generally consist of a mixture of anionic and nonionic surfactants with soap in approximately the same ratio. In addition they contain solubilizers such as ethanol, propylene glycol and/or xylene sulphonate, possibly enzymes, optical brighteners and chelating agents. 15 24

If enzymes are used in the formulations, Hostapur SAS offers better enzyme compatibility than most of the anionic surfactants such as linear alkyl benzene sulphonate or alkyl sulphate.

As with the dishwashing liquids, when Hostapur SAS is used as the principal surfactant, for example, instead of linear alkyl benzene sulphonate, considerable savings of solubilizer such as ethanol can be achieved. Optimum liquid detergents without builders and having very good detergent action, solubility and stability contain as principal components Hostapur SAS, readily water-soluble higher-ethoxylated fatty alcohols and potassium or triethanolamine coconut soap; the anionic surfactant content of the total active detergent is generally one-third.25

19

advantages of Hostapur sas in Heavy-dutyand ligHt-duty liquid detergents

better solubility in water than linear alkyl benzene sulphonateHigh solubility, enabling highly concentrated detergents to be manufacturedHydrotropes can be reduced in quantity or omittedgood detergent actiongood dispersion and solubilization of the soil, oil and fat particlespronounced foaming power in the presence of soil and fatgood compatibility with electrolytes, which enables thehydrotropes to be reduced or even eliminatedgood calcium ion tolerancesaving on enzymessynergistic effects with soil release polymersgood dermatological properties

If builders are also incorporated in the liquid detergents, it is ad-vantageous to use freely soluble surfactants such as Hostapur SAS. A further beneficial property of Hostapur SAS is its good electrolyte compatibility, in other words good compatibility with the builders.

The liquid light-duty detergents are used at temperatures up to a maximum of 60C. Hostapur SAS as a principal surfactant can be combined in amounts of up to 40% with alkyl ether sulphates, nonionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants and/or soap.

Another possibility of formulating with Hostapur SAS is to develop highly viscous to gel-like detergents with special rheological properties in use. Hostapur SAS permits a high surfactant concentration and rapid dissolving in use. Hostapur SAS permits a high surfactant concentration and rapid dissolving in use.

Looking ahead, the demand for liquid detergents will undoubtedly continue to increase within the detergent market in Europe. This applies particularly to products that have an active detergent content of 50 percent and above. They thus meet the requirements for low-energy manufacture, high efficiency coupled with easy low metering and less impact on the environment. Detergents with high active substance concentrations can be developed without difficulty with Hostapur SAS.

hostapur sas20

Detergents detergent powders

Hostapur SAS can also be used to manufacture the various powder detergent types. The excellent solubility and the solubilizing properties lower the viscosity of the slurry. This brings a number of major advantages, especially substantial energy savings and capacity increases in the manufacture of detergent powders by the hot spraying process.

Fig. 4 shows an example of typical viscosity/solids content curves, determined on rehydrated tower powders. The powders each con-tained 9% Hostapur SAS (100%) or linear alkyl benzene sulphonate (100%). The substantially lower viscosity of the Hostapur SAS containing slurry is clearly discernible; measured in the Brabender Plastograph, model PI 3S. 26

Powder-type heavy-duty detergents can contain between 6 and 10% Hostapur SAS, relative to 100% active detergent, in combina-tion with fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers and soap as surfactant components.

Powder-type light-duty detergents contain 10 to 15% Hostapur SAS, relative to 100% active detergent, in combination with small amounts of soap and fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers.

figure 4: Relative viscosities of detergent slurries as a functionof the solids content and the type of sulphonate

rel.

visc

osi

ty [

scal

es*]

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

solid content [%]0 55 60 65

n SAS n LAS* measured with Brabender Plastograph

advantages of Hostapur sas in detergent powders

lower slurry viscosity

Higher solid content

energy and time saving

increase of spraying capacity

reduction of hydrolysis of sodium tripolyphosphatedue to less water content

21

liquid all-purpose cleanersLiquid all-purpose cleaners are the predominant household cleaners because of their ease of metering and wide range of uses. In general they are adjusted to a fairly low concentration of active detergent. Owing to the electrolyte content, for example, sodium chloride or sodium carbonate, solubility problems and thus clou-diness may occur. Hostapur SAS, on the other hand, has specific advantages for the formulation of all-purpose cleaners because of itsexcellent solubility and electrolyte compatibility. 27, 28

This also applies to the incorporation of fairly large amounts of water-soluble active detergents or to the formulation of fairly highly concentrated finished products. The latter can be produced with Hostapur SAS without any great problems; an addition of solvent such as butyl diglycol is often advantageous here. Abrasives such as calcium carbonate can also be combined in high amounts with Hostapur SAS. For the effective use of liquid all-purpose cleaners, high fat-dissolving power and soil-dispersing power are of crucial importance. Hostapur SAS brings these advantages in combination with other components.

In addition the product has an excellent wetting action even at low temperatures. This is particularly important for rapid cleaning; and equally for a largely streakfree and residue-free removal of dirt.

advantages of Hostapur sas in liquid all-purpose cleaners

excellent wetting action: Rapid distribution over the dirty, greasy surfaces to be cleanedelectrolyte compatibility: Reduction in or elimination of hydrotropesstrong degreasing and cleaning action: Largely streak-free surfacesgood solubility Manufacture of highly concentrated all-purpose cleanersgood skin compatibility

liquid metal/ceramic cleanerLiquid metal/ceramic cleaner usually contains a high abrasive content. The insoluble components are dispersed in the aqueous surfactant phase. To prevent the solid particles from settling, firstly abrasives with as small a particle size as possible are used and secondly a fairly high viscosity is employed.

By combining Hostapur SAS with other surfactants, for example, with Genapol UD 030, it is often possible without adding viscosifiers to increase the viscosity to a level where settling of the abrasive particles is prevented or reduced.

The usually thixotropic formulations display advantageous properties in use: during storage the viscosity is high and when subject to shear stress during application the metal cleaner becomes less viscous, in other words it flows readily from the bottle and can be spread easily over the surface to be treated.

Depending on its composition, the liquid metal cleaner can be applied to stainless steel, chromium, copper and brass surfaces. Besides a mild and gentle cleaning action, consumers expect above all a shiny finish and a water-repellent effect. The finished products are, however, intended to be suitable as widely as possible for the cleaning of glass ceramics. Here, too, rapid wetting of the surface to be cleaned, as made possible by Hostapur SAS, is important.

advantages of Hostapur sas inliquid metal/ceramic cleaner

advantageous rheological properties when appliedstabilization of the abrasivesgood wetting action increases efficiencygood grease-dissolving power

Household cleaners liquid all-purpose cleaners and liquid metal/ ceramic cleaner

hostapur sas22

Household cleaners sanitary cleaners

Sanitary cleaners are used chiefly for the easy and economical cleaning of bathrooms and toilets. They are intended to remove all traces of lime, dirt and soap rapidly. Furthermore, it is often desired to remove dark mould patches on joints, tiles and shower curtains. The current sanitary cleaners are adjusted either to an acid or an alkaline pH. In general these products are expected to have an antimicrobial or disinfectant action as well, which can be achieved by special additives such as active chlorine (hypochlorite) hydrogen peroxide or by acids.

Surfactants with good wetting action provide the cleaning action. Owing to its chemical structure (C-S bond to the sulphonate group), Hostapur SAS has good stability to oxidizing agents and is stable in both the acid and the alkaline pH ranges. This stability to reducing and oxidizing agents makes Hostapur SAS a preferred surfactant for sanitary cleaners.

Of special importance is the stability of the oxidizing agents used in the individual surfactant systems.

The allround cleaners for baths are intended to be effective at fairly low surfactant concentrations. As a result of the pronounced wetting and cleaning action of Hostapur SAS, this is also achieved according to the EC recommendation at anionic surfactant concent-rations between 5 and 15% in the finished product.

The chemical stability of Hostapur SAS also enables it to be used in toilet freshener blocks.

advantages of Hostapur sas in sanitary cleaners

chemical stability to oxidizing agentsstability in the acid and alkaline pH rangesgood wetting power and thus increase in effectivenessbetter chlorine stability than other surfactants

23

Cosmetic Hair and body care products

In cosmetic preparations Hostapur SAS has proved successful particularly as a co-surfactant on account of its productspecific properties. This applies especially to the combination with alkyl ether sulphates in the manufacture of hair and body care products.29

Compared to alkyl ether sulphates, Hostapur SAS has a stronger cleaning and degreasing action. The viscosity depressing property of the secondary alkane sulphonate also limits the concentration used in the fairly high-viscosity cosmetic hair and body care products. Apart from exceptions, mixtures with a higher content of alkyl ether sulphate are therefore used.

Guide values for the mixing ratios are as follows: For finished products with a content over 12% active detergent:

70 parts ether sulphate to 30 parts Hostapur SAS. For finished products with less than 12% active detergent

the mixing ratio should be: 80 parts ether sulphate to 20 parts Hostapur SAS.

The mixing ratios are calculated on 100% active substance.

figure 5: Viscosity increase of alkyl ether sulphate/Hostapur SAS mixtures as a result of additions of electrolytes (5%)

visc

osi

ty

[m

Pas

]

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

SAS: AES mixture

7:3 6:4 5:5 4:6 3:7

n NaCl 10% a.s. n KCl 15% a.s.n NaCl 15% a.s. n MgCl2 10% a.s.n NH4OH 15% a.s. n MgCl2 15% a.s.

The viscosity can be adjusted with sodium chloride and/or ammonium chloride and/or magnesium chloride very economi-cally. Similarly, fatty acid alkanolamides and fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers with a low degree of ethoxylation such as Genapol L-3 in combination with the above-mentioned electrolytes can be used. Fatty acid polyglycol esters or special cellulose ethers can also be used to increase viscosity.

Fig. 5 shows the viscosity curves of Hostapur SAS (SAS): alkyl ether sulphate (AES) mixtures with the addition of different electrolytes; magnesium chloride performs particularly well. The viscosity rises parallel to an increasing amount of alkyl ether sulphate.

A combination of alkyl ether sulphate, alkyl amidobetaine and Hostapur SAS, for example, in the mixing ratio 6:2:2, can bring advantages in respect of rheology, foaming properties and dermatological properties.

hostapur sas24

By adding Hostapur SAS to liquid hair and body care products the low-temperature cloud point as a function of the active detergent content and the mixing ratio can be lowered by about 4 to 7C. This is a particular advantage also for preparations containing pearlizing agents. Fig. 6 illustrates the good influence of Hostapur SAS on the low-temperature properties of the surfactant mixtures.

Special emulsifiers or solubilizers are needed to solubilize slightly soluble perfume oils. Owing to the pronounced solubilizing action of Hostapur SAS, the use of these auxiliaries is often unnecessary.

The flash foam required for use, especially in the presence of dirt and grease, can also be increased by the Hostapur SAS content in the formulations.

The numerous uses of Hostapur SAS in cosmetic preparations are described briefly as follows:

Cosmetic Hair and body care products

figure 6: Low temperature cloud and clear points as a function of the mixing ratio

tem

per

atu

re [

C]

+15

+10

+5

0

-5

-1

SAS: AES mixture

0:10 2:8 4:6 6:4 8:2 10:0

n cloud point n clear point

Hair sHampoosThe addition of Hostapur SAS enables hair shampoos with special effects to be developed. The stronger degreasing action of Hostapur SAS makes it possible to increase the cleaning action, for example, in mixtures with alkyl ether sulphates. This is an advantage in formulating low-cost effective shampoos for greasy hair.

The possibility is also afforded of manufacturing singleapplication shampoos, which can obviate the need for washing a second time.

Shampoo concentrates with a high active detergent content can also be formulated with Hostapur SAS in combination with other surfactants. Here, the viscosity-depressing property of Hostapur SAS is an advantage in formulation; in other words, viscosity depressing additives such as ethanol and glycols can largely be omitted.

Last but not least, Hostapur is suitable for the manufacture of special clean shampoos, which enable hair setting products or highly substantive cationic polymers to be washed out of hair.

sHower gelsThe universally usable shower gels are generally used for cleaning the skin and hair at the same time. Flash foam formation is particularly important in this application. With the partly use of Hostapur SAS a fine-bubble foam and rapid spread of the shower gel over the skin and hair can be achieved, as a function of the concentration used.

25

foam batHsFoam baths are used in extremely diluted concentrations in the bath water; the active detergent content in the bath water is 0.002%. The finished products are therefore often adjusted to an active detergent content of, for example, 50%. When the usual surfactants such as alkyl ether sulphates and alkyl amidobetaines are used, a gel that is slightly soluble in the bath water is usually produced in this concentration range. By adding Hostapur SAS, the solubility in water is improved dramatically. At the same time beneficial rheological properties such as flowability at room temperature are achieved. Moreover, it is not necessary to add the commonly used solubilizers.

liquid soapsLiquid soaps have become established as an alternative to conventional bar soaps in the body care product sector, above all because of their ease of use. Since the hands are, generally speaking, fairly dirty, a strong cleaning action is required. By using Hostapur SAS, this effect can be achieved easily.

soapsBy adding, for example, 1 to 3% Hostapur SAS to the soap formulation, processing can be facilitated and dispersion of the dyes used can be improved. To a certain extent the amount of the expensive C12 fatty acid can be reduced.

emulsionsBy adding small amounts of Hostapur SAS to emulsions, especially oil-in-water emulsions, the spontaneity of emulsion formation can be improved during manufacture. Moreover, finer distribution of the emulsified droplets is achieved.

tootHpastesHostapur SAS can also be used in toothpastes as an alternative to the lauryl sulphate sodium salt often employed as a foamer in dental care products. Advantages are the good cleaning action as well as the good electrolyte compatibility and dispersing action

advantages of Hostapur sas in cosmetic preparations

lowering of the raw material costs by partial replacementof other principal surfactantsimprovement in low-temperature stabilitymanufacture of highly concentrated formulationsimprovement in spontaneous solubility in waterreduction in solubilizers, especially with concentratesfoam stabilizationincreased cleaning action by varying the Hostapur SAS:alkyl ether sulphate mixing ratio

hostapur sas26

Industrial cleaners

HigH-pressure cleanersThese cleaners are in many cases adjusted to an alkaline pH with sodium hydroxide and sodium metasilicate. Hostapur SAS has optimum foaming and cleaning action in this pH range as well.

automotive cleanersHostapur SAS is used as a principal surfactant in car shampoos for private use and for commercial car washes. Equally, acid, alkaline or neutral cleaners can be formulated with Hostapur SAS for buses, railway trucks and lorries. The high cleaning action of the secondary alkane sulphonate in particular is of great importance here. Furthermore, the foaming properties and the associated soil-and oil-suspending power play a major role in effective use. The concentration of Hostapur SAS used, calculated on 100%, is generally between 2 and 5%. Hostapur SAS can however also be used with fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers in an approximate mixing ratio of 3:1.

alkaline rust removersThe pH stability in the presence of potassium hydroxide solution makes Hostapur SAS in amounts of 1 to 2% ideal for use in these products.

Hand cleanersHand cleaners are used in industrial plants and workshops for cleaning very dirty hands. To increase the cleaning action, mechanically effective substances such as wood flour, soda, sodium sulphate or polymer powder are used. Hostapur SAS in amounts of 10 to 50% can be used as the active detergent. The dispersion action and degreasing power of this surfactant is an advantage for this application.

cleaners for dairies and butcHers sHopsHostapur SAS can be used for manufacture of cleaners for butchers shops and milking machines because of its excellent cleaning and degreasing power.

advantages of Hostapur sas in industrial cleaners

High stability in a broad pH range (acid and alcaline)and oxidation agentsgood compatibility with all types of electrolytesexcellent wetting powerstrong degreasing and cleaning effectsgood dispersion and solubilization of fat, soil, and pigmentsHigh solubility and a good cold stability

27

Special technical sectorsHostapur sas Has many uses in tHe tecHnical sector.

Antistatic agents for polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene and poly- ethylene Plastics mostly have the undesirable property of accumulating a static charge. Surfactants such as Hostapur SAS form on the surface of the polymers a mono- or multi-molecular film, which increases the conductivity with atmospheric moisture. It is often possible to incorporate Hostapur SAS in the polymer compound, for example, in the case of polyvinyl chloride. This also applies to polystyrene and styrene copolymers and to polyethylene.

fire extinguisHing foamsThe pronounced flash foaming power of Hostapur SAS can be used in combination with other surfactants very effectively to formulate fire extinguishing agents.

emulsion polymerizationSecondary alkane sulphonates have been used successfully for decades in the emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride. Hostapur SAS has proved successful both as an emulsifier in continuous and discontinuous processes and for the stabilization of the latex following polymerization by the nucleation process; in the latter process polymerization is carried out with only a low emulsifier concentration and the dispersion is stabilized subsequently by adding suitable emulsifiers. Hostapur SAS is noted for its good dispersibility, which is evidenced by good stability of the latex to mechanical stress and good process control (little tendency for deposits to form in the reaction vessel). Owing to the absence of double bonds, the emulsifier does not act as a radical interceptor. This ensures a readily reproducible reaction course and results in end products with good heat stability because of the lower demand for persulphate (radical forming agent) and the lower tendency to block polymerization (no reaction between the emulsifier and the reaction partners). The low salt content of Hostapur SAS also has a positive influence on the heat stability of the end product.

In the manufacture of butadiene copolymers, butadienestyrene and butadiene-acrylonitrile latices, soaps (fatty soaps, resin soaps)

are generally used. The soaps have the advantage over the synthetic anionic emulsifiers that the polymer can be precipitated by acidification or addition of salt and the fatty or resin acid remaining in the product serves as a plasticizer at the same time. One evident disadvantage of the soaps is the instability of the latex (coagulation on slight change in pH and contamination, low resistance to fillers) and poorer chemical and heat stability. For these reasons the synthetic emulsifiers are increasingly gaining ground, particularly for special products, for example, the carbox-ylated butadiene copolymers (for carpet backcoating, for paper-making, adhesives etc). Because of its constant quality and low salt content, Hostapur SAS is highly suitable for this application.

textile and leatHer auxiliariesOwing to its chemical stability and very good wetting action, Hostapur SAS can be used in the manufacture of synthetic fibres and in the finishing of textile fibres, for example, as an antistatic agent. 30 Other uses for the secondary alkane sulphonate are cotton scouring, mercerizing and carbonization and the preparation of leather fatliquors.

oilfield cHemicals Hostapur SAS is also used successfully in the tertiary recovery of oil.

advantages of Hostapur sas for special tecHnical sectors

excellent antistatic effect for polyethylene, polystyrene and polyvinyl chlorideHigh foam stability and flash foaming power in combinationwith co-surfactantsgood emulsifier for the emulsion polymerization in continuous and discontinuous processesHigh wetting action in textile and leather auxiliaries for manufacture and finishing of textile fibresspecial additive with high heat and electrolyte stabilityfor the tertiary recovery of oil

hostapur sas28

Hostapur SASpHysical and cHemical properties

29

The secondary alkane sulphonates have a number of specific physical and chemical properties because of their structure.31 51 These properties are dependent on the chain length of the paraffin used. Hostapur SAS with paraffin radicals between 14 and 17 carbon atoms has optimum surface-active and chemical properties, which are described below.

hostapur sas30

Hostapur SAS surface activity

micelle formationThere are extensive studies of the surface-active properties of secondary alkane sulphonates. 52, 53 It is interesting to note that surfactants with a central functional group form micelles from comparatively few surfactant molecules.54 For Hostapur SAS the critical micelle concentration CM is about 2 x 10-3 molL -1 or 0.6 gL-1 at 20C. The structure of the micelles is spherical.

interfacial tensionThe interfacial tension with decane as the other phase is about 4.6 mNm-1, measured on a 1% aqueous Hostapur SAS solution.

surface tensionThe surface tension of Hostapur SAS (100% active substance), measured by the du Noy method at 25C, as a function of the concentration, is shown in fig. 7.

wetting actionHostapur SAS is a rapidly wetting surfactant. This gives rise to advantages in practical use in all cleaners. This applies particularly to use in dishwashing liquids and all-purpose cleaners. The excellent wetting action extends over a wide temperature range, not only in a neutral medium but also in the alkaline and acid

figure 7: Surface tension of Hostapur SAS (25 C)

surf

ace

ten

sio

n

[mN

/m] 70

60

50

40

30

concentration [g/L]0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10

figure 8: Wetting power of Hostapur SAS in accordance with DIN 53901

wet

tin

g t

ime

[s]

100

80

60

40

20

0

concentration c [g/L]

0.25 0.5 0.75 1

n 20C n 50C n 70C

figure 9: Wetting power of various surfactants in accordance with DIN 53901

wet

tin

g t

ime

[s]

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0SAS LAS AES LS

Csurfactant 0.1% a.s., temperature 37C,water hardness: 268ppm CaCO3 (15d), pH 7

pH ranges. The excellent wetting power in low concentrations at low temperatures is a noteworthy feature.

Fig. 8 shows the wetting action of Hostapur SAS as a function of the concentration and temperature.

The superior wetting power of Hostapur SAS compared with linear alkyl benzene sulphonate (LAS), lauryl ether sulphate (LE S) and lauryl sulphate (LS) is shown in fig. 9.

31

Hostapur SAS cHemical properties

foaming powerHostapur SAS has good foaming power, which is very pronounced, especially in soft water. Flash foam is a characteristic property of the secondary alkane sulphonates. An increase in foaming properties, especially in hard water, can be achieved, for example, by a combination of Hostapur SAS with an alkyl ether sulphate in the ratio 4:1. Figs. 10 and 11 below demonstrate the foaming power of Hostapur SAS in soft and hard water.

The good foaming properties of the Hostapur SAS/alkyl ether sulphate mixtures are clearly discernible.

rHeological propertiesThe viscosity of the aqueous Hostapur SAS solutions rises only slightly up to about 30% active detergent. Above 30%, however, a rapid rise in the inhomogeneous paste region can be observed. The low-concentration aqueous Hostapur SAS solutions exhibit Newtonian flow.

The flow properties of Hostapur SAS 30 and pastegrade Hostapur SAS 60 are of importance particularly for transport and conveying. The flow diagrams are given in section Conveying/mixing.

pH stabilityThe Hostapur SAS grades are stable in the acid and in the alkaline pH range.

Heat stabilityAqueous solutions of Hostapur SAS are stable up to temperatures of about 100C. The Hostapur SAS 93 pellets have a softening point of about 40C and become liquid when the temperature rises to about 140C. At temperatures above 140C, the surface of the Hostapur SAS 93 melt should be covered with an inert gas blanket such as nitrogen.

detergent actionThe good soil removal power of Hostapur SAS is not appreciably reduced by water hardness salts. The builders used in practice increase the cleaning effect.

1

figure 10: Foaming power of Hostapur SAS in distilled water by the ROSS-MILES method

foam

hei

gh

t [m

m]

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

concentration c [%]0.002 0.006 0.03 0.1 0.3 1.0

n AES n SAS n AES: SAS 7:3 n SAS: AES 4:1

water hardness 0ppm CaCO3 (0d), temperature 37C

figure 11: Foaming properties of Hostapur SAS in hard water by the ROSS-MILES method

foam

hei

gh

t [m

m]

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

concentration c [%]0.002 0.006 0.03 0.1 0.3 1.0

n AES n SAS n AES: SAS 7:3 n SAS: AES 4:1

water hardness 357ppm CaCO3 (20d), temperature 37C

hostapur sas32

Hostapur SAS cHemical properties

solubilizationThe good solubilizing power of Hostapur SAS towards hydrophobic oils and fats is characteristic of this type of surfactant. In practical use in cleaners, this means increased degreasing and often a saving of solubilizers, for example, for perfumes. The solubilizing effect rises with the surfactant concentration, the temperature and often also with the electrolyte content of the solution. Solubilization in the Hostapur SAS solution can also be increased and speeded up by mechanical means and lengthy stirring.

Using the solubilization of isopropyl myristate as an example, fig. 12 illustrates that Hostapur SAS has greater solubilizing power than alkyl ether sulphate.

emulsifying actionSecondary alkane sulphonates also display good emulsifying action. As co-emulsifiers, they are suitable for the manufacture of liquid and cream oil-in-water emulsions. Concentrations as low as under 1% bring spontaneous emulsion formation in manufacture and an improvement in emulsion stability. Moreover, finer distribution of the emulsified droplets is possible. The emulsifying action as a dishwashing liquid test is described by D. Miller. 55

figure 12: Solubilization of isopropyl myristate by Hostapur SAS :alkyl ether sulphate (LES ) as a function of the mixing ratio

wet

tin

g t

ime

[s]

5

4

3

2

1

0

SAS:LES mixture

0:10 2:8 4:6 6:4 8:2 10:0

n 15% a.s. n 10% a.s. n 5% a.s.

figure 13: Stability to hard water of Hostapur SAS and of mixtures with lauryl ether sulphate determined in accordance with DIN 53905

wet

tin

g t

ime

[s]

80

60

40

20

0SAS LES SAS:LES 4:1

stability to Hard water Hostapur SAS has a stability number of 3 in accordance with the DIN 53905 test. Accordingly, Hostapur SAS is a surfactant with moderate stability to hard water.

The stability to hard water of Hostapur SAS can be improved markedly by combining it with alkyl ether sulphates. As fig. 13 shows, a mixture of 4 parts Hostapur SAS (SAS) and 1 part lauryl ether sulphate (LE S) reaches an optimum value of 75.

electrolyte stabilityHostapur SAS has only slight sensitivity to electrolytes. The viscos-ity of the aqueous solutions is increased only slightly by additions of electrolyte such as sodium chloride or sodium sulphate.

33

cHlorine-/ oxidation stabilityHostapur SAS has excellent chlorine stability compared with many other surfactants. In combination with amine oxides, a synergistic effect is observed; in other words, the mixture has a higher stability than the individual surfactants alone. Hostapur SAS is therefore the ideal surfactant for formulating hypochlorite-containing cleaners, whether used alone or in combination with amine oxides.

As illustrated in fig. 14, the chlorine content falls fairly little in the presence of Hostapur SAS as a function of the storage time. The stability was determined on a solution with 2.5% active detergent in each case.

enzyme stabilityThe stability of enzymes such as protease (e.g. Savinase, manu-factured by Novozymes) in the presence of Hostapur SAS is shown in fig. 15 as a function of the storage time. It is clearly evident that after 7 days only a slight fall in enzyme activity (80%) can be observed in the case of Hostapur SAS. Hostapur SAS is a more enzyme compatible anionic surfactant than most anionic surfac-tants commonly used in liquid laundry detergent applications (e.g. linear alkyl benzene sulphonate).

figure 14: Chlorine stability in the presence of Hostapur SAS, amine oxide and a mixture of Hostapur SAS/amine oxide

resi

du

al a

ctiv

ity

[%]

100

80

60

40

20

02.5% SAS 2.5% amine oxide 1.5% SAS + 1% amine oxide

after n 6 weeks, n after 12 weeks, n after 20 weeksstarting value: 6.5% active chlorine

figure 16: Compatibility of Hostapur SAS with protease and lipase

resi

du

al a

ctiv

ity

[%]

100

80

60

40

20

0SAS LAS

n Savinase 16L, c = 0.3% n Lipolase 100L, c = 1.0%csurfactant 3.0g/L, water hardness 179ppm CaCO3 (10d), temperature 25C

figure 15: Compatibility of Hostapur SAS with protease

resi

du

al a

ctiv

ity

[%]

100

80

60

40

20

00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

n LAS n SAScsavinase 0.3%, csurfactant 3.0g/L, water hardness 179ppm CaCO3 (10d), temperature 25C

time [days]

The residual activities after 7 days storage at 25C are shown in fig. 16. Here too the good effect of Hostapur SAS on the stability of the enzymes is confirmed both in the case of proteases and of lipases.

hostapur sas34

Hostapur SAS cHemical properties

In modern detergent formulations the use of soil release polymers (SRP) is gaining increasing importance. Soilrelease polymers improve the detachment of oily and fatty soil from fabrics contain-ing synthetic fibres, especially polyester and polyester blended fabrics. They are now included in the top brands of most detergent manufacturers.

However, it is known that the effectiveness of these polymers is dependent substantially on the type of surfactants in the detergent.

The literature describes, how the soil release effect is generally reduced in combination with anionic surfactants.56 However, these studies are restricted to the major anionic surfactants in detergents, e.g. linear alkyl benzene sulphonate.

The soil release effect of a commercial soil release polymer in combination with Hostapur SAS was therefore investigated in comparison with combinations with linear alkyl benzene sulpho-nate (LAS) or alkyl sulphate (AS) in the well-known dirty motor oil test.

figure 17: Improvement in the soil release effect by Hostapur SAS

rem

issi

on

R [

%]

40

30

20

10

0SRP LAS AS SAS

n 0.06 g/L SRP n 1.0 g/L surfactant without SRPn 1.0 g/L surfactant + 0.06 g/L SRP

figure 18: Influence of the builder system on the performance of soil release polymers

rem

issi

on

R [

%]

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0LAS

+ 2.0 g NTPPLAS

+ 1.5 g zeolite+ 0.7 g soda

SAS+ 2.0 g NTPP

SAS+ 1.5 g zeolite+ 0.7 g soda

n 0.05 g/L surfactant + builder without SRPn 1.0 g/L surfactant + builder + 0.06 g/L SRP

Fig. 17 shows that in combination with Hostapur SAS, unlike combinations with linear alkyl benzene sulphonate or alkyl sulphate, a significant improvement in the soil release effect is achieved.

As is evident from fig. 18, the builder system as well as the surfactant influences the performance of soil release polymers.

The soil release polymer reaches its greatest effectiveness with the combination of Hostapur SAS plus the zeolite/soda system.

The combination of the polymer with Hostapur SAS plus sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) is more effective than the combination with linear alkyl benzenesulphonate plus STPP.

35

solubility in waterThe very good solubility of the Hostapur SAS grades in water is illustrated in fig. 19. As expected, the dissolving rate increases sharply as the temperature of the water rises.

figure 19: Solubility of the Hostapur SAS grades in distilled water

con

cen

trat

ion

c [g

/10

0g

]

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

temperature [C]

-10 0 10 20 30 40

n SAS 30 n SAS 60 n SAS 93

figure 20: Low-temperature cloud and clear points of 30% Hostapur SAS/alkyl ether sulphate mixtures

tem

per

atu

re [

C]

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

-5

-10

concentration c [%]

10 15 20 25 30

n SAS n LAS

tem

per

atu

re [

C]

figure 21: Low-temperature properties of Hostapur SAS as a function of the concentration

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

-5

-10

concentration c [%]

10 15 20 25 30

n SAS:AES 4:1 n LAS:AES 4:1

Hostapur SAS shows less tendency than other surfactants to form liquid crystalline phases or gels. Hostapur SAS is therefore very suitable for concentrates and liquid formulations.

low-temperature propertiesHostapur SAS has good low-temperature properties, especially in high application concentrations. This applies particularly in comparison with linear alkylbenzene sulphonate. Fig. 20 shows in graph form the low-temperature clear and cloud points of the individual Hostapur SAS (SAS)/alkyl ether sulphate (LES) mixtures.

The low-temperature cloud points of Hostapur SAS as a function of the concentration are shown in fig. 21.

hostapur sas36

Hostapur SAStoxicological and environmental properties

37

A modern surfactant must not present any risk to humans, animals, plants and the environment during manufacture, storage, transport, processing, use and in the waste water.As the following data show, Hostapur SAS is an environmentally friendly surfactant with very good biodegradability, good ecotoxicological values and good dermatological and toxicological compatibility that has been successful for decades. It is safe to use and poses no risk to the environment. Detailed reports on the toxicology and environmental properties of secondary alkane sulphonate are available in the literature. 57 74

hostapur sas38

Hostapur SAStoxicological profile

To confirm the favorable toxicological profile of Hostapur SAS, extensive toxico-logical and dermatological investigations were carried out over many years. The most important test results are given below:

acute oral toxicityLD50 (rat) = appr. 5000 mg/kg (60%)LD50 (mouse) = appr. 2900 mg/kg (60%)LD50 (mouse) = appr. 1900 mg/kg (93%)

skin and mucous membrane irritationAnimal studies conducted in accordance with OECD guideline 405 lead to the assumption that Hostapur SAS as well as other basic surfactants, e.g. LAS, irritates both the skin and the eyes. Below a threshold concentration (of 15% active detergent), however, no sig-nificant irritant effects are observed. Furthermore, well-document-ed human studies showed no indications of skin irritation caused by diluted Hostapur SAS solutions.

sensitizationHostapur SAS (60%) was tested in the Magnusson and Kligman maximization test and proved not to be skin-sensitizing.

mutagenicityHostapur SAS was tested in the AmesTest (S9) with Salmonella typhimurium and for chromosome mutations in the micronucleus test in vivo. In both test systems Hostapur SAS was not mutagenic.

reproduction toxicityHostapur SAS (60%) was tested in a two-generation trial for pos-sible reproduction toxicity properties. Up to a dose of 10,000ppm in the feed, no maternotoxic, embryotoxic and/or teratogenic effects of any kind were observed.

cHronic toxicityHostapur SAS (60%) was tested for chronic toxicity and/or carci-nogenicity in two longterm studies on rats and mice. No toxicologi-cally significant effects were observed after oral administration to rats of up to 2% in the feed over a period of two years. In addition, no signs of toxicity, either macroscopic or microscopic, were ob-served afterdermal application (three times per week for 80 weeks) to mice.

toxicokineticsThe toxicokinetic properties of radioactively labelled Hostapur SAS were investigated on rats. After oral adminis-tration, a dose-inde-pendent two-phase elimination with half-lives of 11 and 65 hours was observed. Over 90% of the dose administered was excreted within 24 hours.

Comparable toxicokinetic properties were also observed after der-mal application to rats.

conclusion: Hostapur sas is not sensitizing to skin. is not mutagenic and/or genotoxic. presents no risk in respect of reproduction toxicity. exhibited no systemic toxicity in two long-term studies and

was not carcinogenic. shows no signs of bio-accumulative potential and is eliminated

very rapidly.

In accordance with the CESIO classification Hostapur SAS with an active detergent content of over 15% must be labelled as irritant (Xi) whereas up to an active detergent content of 15%, Hostapur SAS does not require a hazard warning label. For detailed information see Safety data sheet.

Hostapur sas does not present a HealtH risk under conditions of use.

39

Hostapur SASecology

biodegradabilitySecondary alkane sulphonates are readily and rapidly biodegrad-able. The primary degradability is considerably in excess of 90%. In the OECD Confirmatory Test (sewage sludge simulation test) the rate of degradation is 99% (decrease in MBAS). In the modified OECD Screening Test (OECD 301 E), a test for total degradability, SAS has a DOC removal of 95%. The Ten-days-window criterionis thus met, i.e. SAS is readily biodegradable.

Compared with linear alkyl benzene sulphonates (LAS), secondary alkane sulphonates (SAS) are more rapidly biodegradable. This ap-plies especially at low temperatures. The degradation properties of secondary alkane sulphonates are shown on page 51.

In the Coupled Units Test (OECD 303 A, sewage treatment plant simulation test), the biodegradation/elimination is 96% +/-3%. In a modified Coupled Units Test, in which the sewage treatment plant simulation was better matched to the conditions in a modern municipal sewage treatment plant, 99% +/- 1% secondary alkane sulphonates were degraded/eliminated (DOC decrease).

hostapur sas40

Hostapur SASecology

aquatic toxicityCurrent data on the acute and chronic ecotoxicity and water biocenosis toxicity are given in tabular form in Technical data:

Possible toxic effects of surfactant as well as decomposition and cleavage products of the secondary alkane sulphonate were investigated in five pilot plants, in which the route taken by the anionic surfactant from the consumer via the sewage treatment plant to the surface water is simulated. Flora and fauna of the -mesosaprobic zone were used as indicators of the effect on living organisms. In addition, the embryolarval test was used to determine the toxic substances in the water.

The results can be summarized as follows: High COD, BOD and MBAS degradation rates of 90% were measured.

A slightly toxic effect (toxic is defined as an adverse effect on health, growth and reproduction) on the green algae species Spirogyra as a typical representative of the -mesosaprobic zone was observed at 40ppm secondary alkane sulphonate in the water.

conclusionThe surfactant has no significant effect on golden orfes and zebra fish. Surfactant residues and cleavage products have no significant toxic effect on the development of Cichlasome nigrofasciatum larvae into the fully grown organism.

Secondary alkane sulphonate has no significant toxic effect on Planorbis corneus.

Secondary alkane sulphonate has no significant toxic effect on Daphnia magna. On the basis of the EU labelling criteria in accordance with the 12th harmonization of Directive 91/325/EEC no environmental labelling is required for alkane sulphonates.

simplified risk assessmentA simplified qualitative risk assessment for Hostapur SAS shows that there is a sufficiently large safety margin between exposure concentration and effect concentration, the PEC/PNEC-ratio is far below 1.

The data used for the qualitative risk assessment are given in the table in Technical data.

conclusion:Based on data risk assessment Hostapur SAS there is only slight anaerobic degradability of secondary alkane sulphonates, like surfactants with a C-S bond, has no adverse effect on the environ-mental properties on the basis of the available data.

41

Hostapur SASlife cycle assessment

A balance sheet on the production of the most important surfactants at present used in detergents in Europe was drawn up by the European LCI Surfactant Study Group (CEFIC/ECOSOL) and Franklin Associates Ltd. (Tenside Surfactants Detergents 32 (1995) 2, 84 ff.).

In particular the surfactants linear alkyl benzene sulphonate (LAS), alkyl sulphate (AS), alkyl ether sulphate (AES), soap, secondary alkane sulphonate (SAS), fatty alcohol ethoxylate (AE) and alkyl polyglucoside (APG) were studied. These are obtained from petrochemical and oleochemical intermediates. The balance sheet is extremely comprehensive and includes the energy and material requirements as well as the emissions into the environ-ment and the production of waste, which are associated with all stages of surfactant manufacture. In accordance with the principles recommended by the SETAC, a Peer Review Panel has assessed the study.

The study shows that each system has effects on the environment through the consumption of many different raw material sources such as oil, natural gas, oleochemical/agricultural products and of minerals as starting materials as well as through energy produc-tion and transport. On the basis of the results, there is no clear scientific justification for singling out one of the systems as having a fundamental environmental advantage, either for the production of individual surfactants or for the various raw material sources, which range from petrochemical and oleochemical/agricultural raw materials to minerals.

The raw material consumption and the emissions into the environ-ment in the manufacture of secondary alkane sulphonate (SAS) by sulphoxidation of n-paraffin can be summarized as follows: 734kg oil, 105kg sulphur (for SO2) 138kg salt (for NaOH), 36kg oxygen (for sulphoxidation) are required for the production of 1000kg SAS.

The total raw material consumption including the required energy is 797kg oil, 154kg natural gas, 180kg coal.Of the total energy consumption of 51.9 GJ, process energy accounts for 36%; of the process energy 48% is apportioned to the SAS stage. 68% of the total energy requirement is covered by oil. The production of 1,000kg SAS gives rise to 64.2kg solid waste, of which 84% comes from the oil; the emissions into the environ-ment amount to 38kg. They stem mainly from the production and incineration of the oil.

conclusion:Hostapur SAS has a favourable energy balance sheet, especially when compared with alkyl ether sulphates. Furthermore it has good values in respect of the solid waste occurring in production.

hostapur sas42

Hostapur SASprocessing

43

Hostapur SAS can be suppliedin the following formsliquid = Hostapur sas 30paste = Hostapur sas 60pellets = Hostapur sas 93fine granules = Hostapur sas 93 g

The homogenous Hostapur SAS 30, which is a clear liquid at room temperature, is easy to transport, convey and store. Hostapur SAS 60, by contrast, is a paste that flows at +20C but that separates out into two phases of different composition if left to stand for a lengthy period of time. For this reason Hostapur SAS 60 must be homogenized before use by stirring and, if necessary, by heating. This measure is not necessary if full drums are completelyprocessed.

hostapur sas44

Hostapur SAStransport and storage

transportThe loading temperature ex works for delivery by road tanker is for

Hostapur SAS 30 5060C and forHostapur SAS 60 7090C.

Although Hostapur SAS 60 is still pumpable at room temperaturewith the pumps mentioned in section Conveying/mixing, the temperature during transport should not fall below 65C so as to facilitate handling and conveying. The road tankers intended for transporting Hostapur SAS 60 have standard R 3 connections or conventional hose couplings.

storageContainers made from the following materials have proved successful for storing the Hostapur SAS grades: fibre-glass-reinforced polyester resin, especially for storage

tanks with a capacity of 3070 m3, steel containers with suitable hard rubber lining or with

tried and tested internal coatings, for example, epoxy resin or phenol-formaldehyde resin,

stainless steel, for example, material no. 1.4541 (V2A) or 1.4571 (V4A).

The last-mentioned materials are also recommended forpipelines.

An example of the installation of a storage tank is shown diagrammatically in fig. 22.

Before storage tanks are installed, a guarantee of compatibility with Hostapur SAS at the intended storage temperatures should be obtained from the manufacturer in question.

45

Hostapur SAS 30 should be stored at temperatures above 20C, because cloudiness may occur at lower temperatures. This cloudiness has no effect on the quality of the product. Before use, however, the product must be homogenized.

As already mentioned, Hostapur SAS 60 separates out in storage into two phases, one containing more surfactant than the other. In addition, sodium sulphate can separate out at fairly low temperatures. It is therefore necessary to stir or pump round the tank contents constantly and at the same time to maintain a storage temperature of 6590C. If a circulating pump is used, entrainment of air must be prevented by suitable design of the return pipe. Our experts will gladly provide technical advice on planning and installing storage tanks for Hostapur SAS grades.

feed hose

floating distribution system

stainless steel carbon steel rubber lined fibre-glass reinforced polyester

insulation

steam 2-5 bar

condensate

sampling

Filter

Production

Heat Exchanger

PumpTank

T > 65 C

Hostapur SAS 93 presents no problems in transport and processing. When processing Hostapur SAS 93 G, fine dust formation caused by abrasion can be expected. Hostapur SAS 93 and 93 G can be kept almost indefinitely under normal conditions but, since they are hygroscopic, must be kept away from contact with water and atmospheric moisture.

fig. 22: 60-t storage tank for Hostapur sas 60 stainless steel carbon steel rubber lined fibre-glass reinforced polyester

hostapur sas46

Hostapur SASconveying/mixing,dilution, Handling

conveying/mixingThe rheological properties of Hostapur SAS 30 and Hostapur SAS 60 that are important for conveying are shown in figs. 2325 below.Hostapur SAS 30 and 60 can be conveyed by displacement pumps such as gear pumps, supplied by e.g. Hermetic,

79194 Gundelfingen, Germany Mohno pumps, supplied by e.g. Netzsch,

84478 Waldkraiburg, Germany helical blade pumps or twin-screw displacement pumps made

of stainless steel, supplied by e.g. Bornemann, 31676 Obernkirchen, Germany.

For homogenization, current models of low-speed stirrers can be used. It is important to eliminate eddying so as to prevent entrainment of air = foam formation. The stirrer blade should therefore rotate below the surface of the liquid. Good results have been obtained with low-speed interference-multistageim-pulse-counterflow stirrers (INTERMIG), supplied by Ekato, 79650 Schopfheim, Germany.

dilution of Hostapur sas 60 to 30% or less tHan 30% active detergent The storage of Hostapur SAS 60 can be simplified by adjusting the product on delivery to 30% or less active detergent by diluting it with water.

Any stirred vessel made of suitable material, see section Storage, with low-speed stirrers can be used. The soft and preserved water intended for dilution (hot water accelerates the dilution operation) is run into the vessel and the Hostapur SAS 60 is added and dis-solved with slow stirring (eddying should be avoided because of foam development). The product can also be homogenized by being pumped round.

Another possibility consists of running Hostapur SAS 60 into the storage tank and at the same time slowly adding hot water. The amount of water is governed by the efficiency of the pumps and should be no more than one-fifth of the amount pumped r ound per hour.

An example will illustrate this: Delivery of 20 t Hostapur SAS 60; tank size 50 m3; pumping rate 5 m3/h; water added 1/5 of 5 m3 = 1 m3/h. In this case it takes about 20 hours to produce 40 t Hostapur SAS 30 from 20 t Hostapur SAS 60.

300

200

100

0

visc

osi

ty

[m

Pas

]

figure 23: Viscosity of Hostapur SAS 30 measured with a Brookfield viscometer RVT , spindle 1, speed 20 min-1

temperature [C]

20 30 40 50 60 705 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

figure 24: Viscosity of Hostapur SAS 60 as a function of the shear rate, measured in a HAAKE-Rotovisco RV 20

10000

5000

2000

1000

500

200

100

shear rate D [s-1]n 50C n 20C

visc

osi

ty

[m

Pas

]

47

dissolving of Hostapur sas 93The solid Hostapur SAS 93 can be dissolved in water in any vessel made of suitable material and equipped with a low speed stirrer.

The solution is produced by running soft water or condensate (5060C) into the vessel and slowly stirring in Hostapur SAS 93. Stirring is continued until the Hostapur SAS 93 has completely dissolved. Experience shows that this takes about 1530 minutes.

If a preservative has not already been added to the water used for dissolving the solid matter, the resulting diluted Hostapur SAS solution must be protected against bacterial attack by the addition of suitable preservatives.

Water, which is used for dissolving, is one of the most likely sources of contamination. Hygienic condtions are an indispensable prerequisite for achieving a good commercial product. This applies to the ion exchange resins, storage tanks, valves and ventilation ducts as well as to the pipelines. A high standard in plant hygiene is always crucial to the manufacture of finished products contain-ing a low and harmless level of bacteria. Additional preservation ensures that the end product reaches the consumer in a perfect condition.

The choice of the most effective preservative or frequently also of combinations of several preservatives is dependent on the com-position of the formulations and often also on national legislation. Consequently, no universally effective type of preservative can be recommended here. Hostapur SAS is however fully compatible with most of the preservatives used in detergents and cosmetic cleaners. Experience shows that the bacteriostatic effect improves with increasing content of Hostapur SAS and the corresponding co-surfactants. This means that the amount of preservative can usually be reduced. In extreme cases it is even possible to dispense with preservatives altogether. Adjustment of the pH to a weakly acid value can also bring an improvement in preservative action. Whereas Hostapur SAS is stable in the acid pH range, the suscepti-bility of surfactants with ester groups to hydrolysis must be borne in mind. Generally speaking, it is advisable to conduct storage tests with compatibility studies and to test compatibility with the pack-aging.

HandlingBecause of the strong wetting and degreasing action, appropriate protective measures should be taken, particularly where lengthy exposure is involved. Therefore protective gloves and safety goggles should be worn when handling these raw materials.

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

visc

osi

ty

[m

Pas

]

figure 25: Viscosity of Hostapur SAS 60 as a function of the temperature at D=10 s-1, measured in a HAAKE-Rotovisco RV 20

temperature [C]

20 30 40 50 60 70

hostapur sas48

Hostapur SAStecHnical dataand literature

49

Summary of the propertiesof Hostapur SAS:good solubility the low viscosity of more highly concentrated solutions thus permits: easy manufacture of liquid detergents and cleaners saving of packaging costs reduction in the use of hydrotropes

excellent electrolyte compatibility

cHemical stability over tHe entire pH range

excellent stability in tHe presence of oxidizing agents, for example, HypocHlorite

saving of enzymes

good cleaning and degreasing properties

good foaming power

pale inHerent colour

good detergent action

good skin compatibility

rapid biodegradability

hostapur sas50

Hostapur SASpHysical/cHemical data

guide product data

feature Hostapur sas 30 Hostapur sas 60 Hostapur sas 93 Hostapur sas 93 g

Appearance at 20C clear faintly yellowish liquid yellowish soft paste yellowish waxy pellets yellowish fine granules

Average molecular weight 328gmol-1 328gmol-1 328gmol-1 328gmol-1

Active detergent content approx. 30% approx. 60% approx. 93% approx. 93%

Sodium sulphate content max. 2.1% max. 4.2% max. 6.5% max. 7.0%

Paraffin content max. 0.4% max. 0.7% max. 1.0% max. 1.0%

pH 5% as is in water 7.08.5 7.08.5 about 7.08.5 about 7.08.5

Bulk density about 600gL-1 about 570gL-1

Particle size (average fineness) < 1mm (75%)

density (gcm-3)

temperature Hostapur sas 30 Hostapur sas 60

20C 1.048 1.087

30C 1.042 1.081

40C 1.036 1.075

50C 1.031 1.068

60C 1.025 1.062

70C 1.017 1.055

80C 1.049

calorific data

Hostapur sas 30 Hostapur sas 60

specific Heat

kJ kg-1 K-1 3.56 2.76

(kcal kg-1 C-1) (0.85) (0.66)

tHermal conductivity

W m-1 K-1 0.47 0.28

(kcal m-1 h-1 C-1) (0.40) (0.25)

51

Hostapur SASecological data

biodegradability % biodegradation

OECD Confirmatory Test 99

Mineralization (DOC) SAS after 6 days (OECD Screening Test 301 E) 87

Radiolabelled experiments SAS (U-14C) after 6 days 45

Laboratory tests at low temperatures in a trickling filter plantSAS degradation at +1C air temperature (+8C in trickling filter) 85

Biodegradation in the OE CD Coupled Units Test (OE CD 303 A) > 90

c-cHain distribution

< C13 n-Paraffin max. 1%

C13-C15-n-Paraffin about 58%

C16-C17-n-Paraffin about 39%

> C17 n-Paraffin max. 2%

Monosulphonate* about 90%

Disulphonate* about 10%

* calculated on 100% active detergent

registration status Chemical name in accordance with IUPAC INCI name: Sodium C14-17 sec-Alkyl Sulphonate Registered in Japan (MITI) Registered in Korea, USA, Canada, Switzerland, Australia Labelling in accordance with 12th harmonization directive

91/325/EWG: no environmental hazard labelling required

hostapur sas52

Hostapur SASecological data

aquatic toxicity

acute toxicity

Fish toxicity (golden orfe, 48 h, OECD 203) LC0 7.1mg L-1

LC50 8.4mgL -1

LC100 9.9mgL -1

fisH toxicity

Guppy LC50 3.6mgL -1

Trout LC50 2.8mg 0L-1

Carp LC50 2.8mgL -1

Daphnia toxicity (Daphnia magna, 24 h, OECD 202) EC50 12.5mgL -1

Bacterial toxicity (sewage sludge) > 1000mgL -1

cHronic toxicity EC10 58 mgL -1

Chronic bacterial toxicity (Bringmann-Khn) EC50 95.5 mgL -1

Chronic algal toxicity (OECD 201) LOEC 3.0 mgL -1

Chronic Daphnia reproduction test (OECD 202) NOEC 0.37mgL -1

Coupled Daphnia multigeneration test (toxicity of the discharge from the modifiedOECD Confirmatory Test on three consecutive generations of Daphnia) no toxic effect

water biocenosis toxicity LOEC 3.5 (MBAS)

NOEC 1.4 (MBAS)

risk assessment of Hostapur sas

1. effects (noec) 1)

Fish 1.2mgL-1

Daphnia 0.6mgL-1

Algae 6.1mgL-1

2. exposure (d, nl)

STP intake2) 0.5mgL -1

STP discharge 2gL -1

STP removal 99.6%

River water < 1gL -1

3. pec/pnec3)4)

Fish/river water > 1200

Daphnia/river water > 600

Algae/river water > 6100

3. safety factors 0.03

1) NOE C: no observed effect concentration, 2) STP : sewage treatment plant, 3) PE C: predicted environment concentration 4) PNE C: predicted no effect concentration

Sources: 1. BUA-Stoffbericht 206, S. Hirzel Verlag. 2. Internal SAS exposure data

53

Hostapur SASanalysis, furtHer information, literature analysisFor literature on the analysis of secondary alkane sulphonates see Literature. 75 92

furtHer information Safety Data Sheet Guide Formulations Detergent Raw Materials Product Range

syntHesis

1 Asinger, F. and Saus, A.: Beitrag zur Sulfoxidation von Paraffinkohlenwasser-stoffen in Gegenwart von Gammastrahlen bzw. von ultraviolettem Licht, Arbeit

der TH Aachen (Techn. Chemie & Petrochemie), (1968)

2 Berthold, H. and Lipfert, G., in: Alkansulfonate (H. G. Hauthal, ed.), VEB Deutscher Verlag fr Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig, (1985), 13-50

3 Commichau, A.: Zur Kenntnis der Sulfoxidation von Paraffinkohlenwasserstof-fen und zur Sulfoxidation bzw. Sulfochlorierung von Fettsuren. Doktorarbeit der

Universitt Aachen, (1965)

4 Beermann, C.: ber die Sulfoxidation von Paraffinen und die verbesserte biologische Abbaubarkeit der Alkansulfonate, Symposium ber n-Paraffine in

Manchester, (1966)

5 Schneider, G.: Neue Waschrohstoffe auf petrochemischer Basis, SFW, 26 (1969)

6 Hoechst AG: Hostapur SAS: The raw material with a sure future, (1987)7 Platz, C. and Schimmelschmidt, K.: Pionierpatent: DRP 735 096, (1940)8 Ramloch, H. and Tuber, G.: Moderne Verfahren der Grochemie: Die Sulfoxi-dation, Chemie in unserer Zeit. 13, (1979), 157-162

9 Boy, A. et al.: Paraffin-sulfonates process boasts new extraction step ChemicalEngineering, 13, Oct., (1975)

10 Graf, R.: Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 578, (1952), 5011 Graf, R.: DR P J 74599, (1943)12 Saus, A. et al.: Substitutionsverhltnisse bei der Disulfoxidation vonParaffinkohlenwasserstoffen, Tenside Detergents 10, 3, (1973), 113-119

13 Orthner, L.: Angewandte Chemie 62, (1950), 30214 Hauthal, H. G.: Alkansulfonate VEB Deutscher Verlag fr Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig, (1985)

applications

15 Antwerpen, W. and Trautmann, M.: Formulierung hochkonzentrierter fls-siger Wasch- und Reinigungsmittel, SFW, (1984), 235-40

16 Siegel, D. and Quack, J. M.: Lessives Liquides A Usage Menager, Vortrag Spanischer Detergentienkongress, Barcelona, (1978)

17 Mller, M., Quack, J. M. and Vitores, L.: Entfettung und deren Bewertung, SFW, 18,19, 20, (1980)

18 Krings, Andree, H.: Anwendungstechnische Eigenschaften der wichtigsten Tensidtypen, Waschmittelchemie Hthig Verlag, 55-73

19 Trautmann, M.: Tenside Detergents 18, (1981), 73-78

20 Hauthal, H.G., in: Anionic Surfactants, Marcell Dekker, Inc. New York, Basel, Hong Kong, (1995), 143-220

21 Crass, G.: Tenside Surf. Det. 30, (1993), 40822 Turowski, A., Antwerpen, W. and Jrges, P.: Vortrag beim Sepawa- Kongress, Bad Drkheim, (1994)

23 Tischer, H., Wedler, C., Knofe, E. and Haage, K.: 6. Internationale Tagungber grenzflchenaktive Stoffe. Abh. Akad. Wiss. DDR, NI (D. Vollhardt, ed.),

Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, (1987), 583-587

24 Grey, S., in: Proceedings of the 3rd World Conference on Detergents: GlobalPerspectives (A. Cahn, ed.), AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, (1994), 82-87.

25 Hauthal, H. G., Seichter, E., Sowada, R. and Trautmann, P., in: Alkansulfonate (H.G. Hauthal, ed.), VEB Deutscher, Verlag fr

Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig, (1985), 143-178.

26 Hoffmann, H., Hohlfeld, G., Quack, J. M.: Untersuchungen ber das Viskosittsverhalten von Waschmittelslurries unter besonderer Bercksichtigung

des Einflusses der Tenside, SFW 8, (1978), 209-212

27 Trautmann, M. and Jrges, P.: Tenside Detergents 21, (1984), 57-6128 Trautmann, M.: New test method for assessing the cleaning action of all purpose cleaners, Vortrag anlsslich des spanischen Detergentienkongresses in

Barcelona, (1985)

29 Quack, J. M. and Reng, A. K.: Sekundres Alkansulfonat: Eigenschaften undEinsatzmglichkeiten in kosmetischen Prparaten, Fette-Seifen-Anstrichmittel

78, (1976), 200-206

30 Kleber, R. M.: Tenside Surf. Det. 31, (1994), 358

pHysical and cHemical properties

31 Hauthal, H. G.: In Anionic Surfactants, Marcell Dekker, Inc. New York, Basel, Hong Kong, (1995), 143-220

32 Hauthal, H. G. and Kretzschmar, G., in: Alkansulfonate (H.G. Hauthal, ed.),VEB Deutscher Verlag fr Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig, (1985), 83-111.

33 Hauthal, H. G., Mhle, L., Pfestorf, R. and Quitzsch, K.: Lecture to the 2nd World Surfactant Congress, Sect. C2, Paris, (May 1988), 24-27

34 Hauthal, H.G., Mhle, L., Pfestorf, R. and Quitzsch, K., in: 4. Internationale Tagung ber grenzflchenaktive Stoffe, Abh. der Akad. der Wiss. DDR, NI

(D. VoIlhardt, ed.), Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, (1987), 63-71.

35 Mhle, L., Hauthal, H. G. and. Quitzsch, K.: Z. Physik. Chem. 264, (1983), 28136 Mhle, L., Opitz, S. and Ohlerich, U.: Tenside Surf. Detergents. 30, (1993), 104-109

hostapur sas54

37 Ekwall, P. Mandell, L. and Fontell, K.: Mol. Cryst. Liquid Cryst. 8, (1969), 15738 Frumkin, A.: Z. Phys. Chem., Leipzig 116, (1925), 46639 Kunieda, H. and Arai, T.: Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 57, (1984), 28140 L in, I. J. and Somasundaran, P. J.: Colloid Interf. Sci. 37, (1971), 73141 Lunkenheimer K. and Miller, R.: Tenside Det. 16, (1979), 31242 Lunkenheimer, K. and Kretzschmar, G.: Z. Physik. Chem. 256, (1975), 59343 Lunkenheimer, K., Miller, R. and Becht, J.: Colloid Polymer Sci. 260, (1982), 1145

44 Rosen, M. J. and Murphy, D. S. J.: Colloid Interf. Sci. 110, (1986), 22445 Saito, M., Moroi, Y., and Matura, R. J.: Colloid Interf. Sci. 88, (1982), 57846 Sowada, R. J.: Prakt. Chem. 323, (1981), 9347 Sowada, R. J.: Zur Berechnung des HLB-Wertes isomerer und substituierterAlkansulfonate, Journal f. prakt. Chemie, 322, (1980), 723-729

48 Sowada, R. J.: Prakt. Chem. 322, (1980), 59049 Sowada, R. J.: Prakt. Chem. 322, (1980), 72350 Sowada, R. J.: Prakt. Chem. 323, (1981), 95151 Vold, M. J.: Colloid Interf. Sci. 90, (1982), 543-54552 Asinger, F., Ebeneder, F. and Richter, G.: ber den Einfluss von Disulfonaten auf die oberflchenaktiven und waschtechnischen Eigenschaften von Monosulfo-

naten, Journal fr prakt. Chemie, 4. Reihe, Band 2, (1955)

53 Asinger, F. and Freitag, G.: ber den Einfluss von Tetradekandisulfonaten auf die oberflchenaktiven und waschtechnischen Eigenschaften von Tetradekanmo-

no-Sulfonaten, Journal fr prakt. Chemie, 4. Reihe, Band 7, (1959)

54 Sowada, R.: Zur Berechnung der mizellaren Aggregationszahl homologer und isomerer Alkansulfonate, Journal f. prakt. Chemie, Band 323, (1981), 951-956

55 Miller, D.: Emulgierwirkung als Splmitteltest, SFW-Journal 122, (1996), 406-408

56 WF K Forschungsprojekt AiF.FV Nr. 10186, WFK-Forschungsinstitut frReinigungstechnologie e.V., D-47798 Krefeld

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Vol. 43, Marcel Dekker, New York, (1992)

58 Bennen, J. A., Ruckenstein, E. and Coll, J.: Interface Sci. 96, (1983), 469-48759 Bercovici, R., Krmann, H.: Welttensidkongress Mnchen, (1984)60 Berenbold, H. and Kosswig, K.: Tenside Surf. Det. 32, (1995), 152-15661 Brndel, S. and Dietzsch, K., in: Alkansulfonate (H. G. Hauthal, ed.), VEB Deutscher Verlag fr Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig, (1985)

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64 Gloxhuber, C.: Arch. Toxicol. 32, (1974), 245-27065 Hrsak, D., Bosnjak, M. and Johanides, V.: Kinetics of linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate and sec. alkane sulfonate biodegradation, Tenside Detergents 18, (1981)

66 Krone, M. and Schneider, G.: Biochemische Abbaubarkeit von sek. Alkan-sulfonat unter Labor- und Praxisbedingungen, Fette-Seifen-Anstrichmittel 70,

(1968), 10

67 Ltzsch, K., Neufahrt, A and Tuber, G.: Tenside Det. 16, (1979), 155-15568 Neufahrt, A., Ltzsch, K. and Weimer, K.: Radiometric studies of the biodegradation of sec. alkane sulfonate in a sewage plant model, Inter. Deter.

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69 Satake, I. and Matuura, R.: Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 36, (1963), 813-81770 Schberl, P.: Tenside Surf. Det. 28, (1991), 671 Scholz, N. and Mller, F. J.: Chemosphere 25, (1992), 56372 Scholz, N.: Tenside Surf. Det. 28, (1991), 27773 Schwuger, M. J.: Chem.-Ing. Techn. 42, (1970), 433-43874 Stalmans, M. and Berenbold, H. et al: European Life-Cycle Inventory for Detergent Surfactants Production, Tenside Surf. Det. 32, (1995), 84-109

analysis

75 Arens, M., Waldhoff, H. and Pfeiffer, H.: Fat Sci. Technol. 96, (1994), 107-11276 Berthold, H. and Janot, I., in: Alkansulfonate (