DETECTION OF TRANSBOUNDARY ANIMAL DISEASES

USING PARTICIPATORY DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN

PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA

Mwapu Dika NDAHI, Ayi Vandi Kwaghe, Joy Gararawa Usman,

Samuel Anzaku, Alim Bulus, Jude Angbashim.

PENAPH Technical Workshop,

Chiang Mai, Thailand

11th – 13th December, 2012

Outline

� Introduction

� Objectives

� Methodology

� Results and Discussion

� What went well and why?

� What did not and why?

� Conclusion

Introduction

� Transboundary Animal Diseases (TADs) are

epidemic diseases which are highly contagious and have the potential for very rapid spread, irrespective of national borders.

These diseases cause a high morbidity and mortality in susceptible animal populations causing serious socio-economic and possibly public health consequences.

Their economic importance is a major constraint in

international trade.

Objectives

� To determine the presence or absence of TADs using PE methods in Plateau State

� To improve the detection & reporting of TADs in Nigeria using PDS.

Methodology

� The study was conducted in 35 villages from six local government areas in the Northern senatorial zone of the state

� PDS Team – 3vets and 1 animal health worker

� Pre-advocacy visits were conducted

� All age groups of farmers and women were interviewed for more viable results.

Methodology cont’d

� The following tools were used

(a) Check list

(b) Scoring and Ranking

(c) Visualization

Data Analysis

� Data was analyzed as indicated in “A Manual for Participatory Disease Surveillance Practitioners: Introduction to participatory epidemiology and its application to highly pathogenic avian influenza participatory disease surveillance”.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Fig I: Livestock species and ranking based on population in 35 villages in Plateau state

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Poultry Sheepand goats

Dogs Pigs Cattle Cats

Simple ranking

Simple ranking

Table 1: Poultry diseases and their local names in 35 villages of Plateau state

Diseases/ Infestation Local names in Hausa

language

Newcastle Disease (ND) Farin kasha, Farin zawo, Zawo, Ro chowo (Berom language)

Fowl pox Kuraje

Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD)

Tari, Mura

Lousiness Kwarkwata

Coccidiosis Kashin jinni

Fig II: Diseases of poultry and ranking using PP in 35 villages of Plateau state

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Newcastledisease(ND)

Fowl pox CRD Lousiness Coccidiosis

Ranking using PP

Ranking using PP

Table 2: Diseases of Sheep and goats and their local names in 35 villages of Plateau state

Diseases/ Infestaion Local names in Hausa/Fulani

languages*

Peste de Petit Ruminant (PPR)

Zawo, Mura, Zawo da majina, Atini,

Faciolosis Hanta, Masassaku

Helminthosis Tsutsan ciki

Foot rot Ciwon Kafa

Mange Makenkero

CCPP Mura, Tari

Trypanosomosis Samore*

Streptothricosis Kirchi

Ectoparasitism Kaska, Kwarkwata

Fig III: Ranking of diseases of sheep and goats in 35 villages of Plateau state

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350

Ranking usin PP, Matrix scoring

Ranking usin PP, Matrixscoring

Table 3: Diseases/Infestation of cattle and local names in 35 villages of Plateau state

Diseases/ Infestation Local names in Hausa/Fulani

languages*

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

Mboru *

Faciolosis Ciwon hanta, Masassaku

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP)

Huhu

Helminthosis Zawo

Dermatophylosis Kirchi

Trypanosomosis Samore*

Lumpy skin disease Mbolo *

Ectoparasitism (tick infestation)

Kaska

Fig IV: Diseases of cattle and ranking in 35 villages of Plateau state

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Ranking using PP, Matrix scoring and DIMS

Ranking using PP, Matrixscoring and DIMS

Table 4: Diseases of pigs and their local names in 35 villages of Plateau state

Diseases Local names in Hausa language

Helminthosis Ampul, Tsusan chiki

Lousiness Kwarkwata

African Swine Fever (ASF)

Zazzabi/ciwon aladu

Cysticercosis _

Mange _

Diamond skin disease _

Fig V: Diseases of pigs and ranking in 35 villages of Plateau state

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70

Ranking using PP, Matrix scoring, DIMS

Ranking using PP, Matrixscoring, DIMS

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30

40

50

60

70

Ranking using PP, Matrix scoring

Ranking using PP,Matrix scoring

Table V: Diseases of dogs and their local names in 35 villages of Plateau state

Diseases/ Infestation Local names in Hausa language

Rabies Huakan Kare

Helminthosis Tsusan Chiki

Myiasis Tsusan Jiki

Parvovirus enteritis _

Ectoparasitism (lice and tick infestation)

Kwarkwata, Kaska

Mange _

Fig VI: Diseases of dogs and ranking in 35 villages of Plateau state

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120

Ranking using PP, Matrix scoring, DIMS

Ranking using PP, Matrixscoring, DIMS

Transboundary animal diseases of livestock species in 35 villages of Plateau state

� Poultry: Newcastle Disease (ND)

� Sheep and goats: Peste de Petit Ruminant (PPR)

� Cattle: Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP)

and Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD).

� Pigs: ASF

� Dogs: Rabies

Challenges faced in livestock rearing

Challenges faced by the farmers in these villages include:

� Diseases

� Access to veterinary services.

� Drought during dry season.

� Predation of chicks by hawks.

� Lack of housing for local birds.

� Poverty still poses challenges in the use of veterinary drugs and services by the farmers in these communities.

Table VI: Ethno-veterinary practices in the 35 villages in Plateau state

Specie Disease/symptom Local treatment

Poultry

Newcastle Disease Fowl pox

Cactus, Decoction of cactus + gautan kaji (a plant fruit in hausa language), Pepper in water. Use of palm oil on affected areas.

Sheep and Goats

Peste de Petit Ruminant (PPR). Mange Contagious ecthyma

Grounded Boaboa leaves (kuka in Hausa language)+ Maize or guinea corn bran, orally. Hawa (fish poison) in Hausa dialect, applying it on the Affected areas. Mahogany oil + balm, rubbed on the affected area

Table VI: Ethno-veterinary practices in the 35 villages in Plateau state

Species Disease/Symptom Local tretment

Sheep and goats Cough Diarrhea Loss of appetite

Lemon extract administered orally. kuka (boaboa leaves) grounded + potash, administer orally Daddawan baso (Hausa dialect) made from locust bean seeds is given to increase appetite.

Cattle Lumpy Skin Disease Fasciolosis Trypanosomosis Swellings

Branding. Mahogany. Mahogany + salt + potash Branding

Dogs Rabies Myiasis / Helminthosis

Use of pia or cocoyam Ogogoro (locally brewed beer) administered orally

What went well?

� Commitment of the team (committed to the work, time conscious and cooperative)

� Good relationship with fieldworkers (Animal health workers at the rural level)

� Know the livestock species kept and disease profile

� Ability to acquire disease status and season of occurrence in communities which gives information for effective disease control

What went well? Cont’d

� Identification and recognition of seasonal occurrences - planning of intervention programmes (ND vaccination in rural poultry).

Increase awareness on disease reporting in the grassroots

� Exposure of Animal Health workers to PE

� Exposure to most parts of the state, opportunity to meet and interact with communities with different ethnic diversities

What went well? Cont’d

� Potential for private veterinary practice identified

� Federal Government intervention through Sanitary mandate Veterinarian

� Proffer solution to some problems that farmers face (control of ND don’t buy sick chickens from the market and introduce to your own) and other biosecurity measures.

� Enlightenment of farmers on zoonotic/notifiable diseases

What went well? Cont’d

� Pictorial presentation of animal and their disease conditions elicits quick response from respondents

� The communities were receptive and cooperative

� Promises were not made to raise their expectation (Appraisal team are not decision makers!)

What did not go well?

� Inability to proffer immediate solutions to some of their problems

� Difficult terrain

� Hoarding of knowledge on traditional remedies

� Inability to identify some of the trees and plants used for ethno veterinary medicine

� Dominance by opinion leaders

Conclusion

� PDS has revealed the presence of transboundary animal diseases in Plateau state.

� PDS has provided insight on the challenges faced by rural farmers in livestock rearing.

� PDS also revealed the existence of ethnoveterinary practices in rural areas and the need for veterinary services.

� This study shows that there is a need for PDS to be integrated into our surveillance system

Acknowledgement

� Early Detection Response Surveillance for Avian Influenza in Africa (EDRSAIA)

� International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)

� National Animal Disease Information and Surveillance, Nigeria (NADIS)

� Support Programme for National Action Plan for Avian Influenza (SPINAP)

Thank you