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Detection Methods Coherent Incoherent Photon Detection Bolometric Photon Counting Integrating

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Radio Telescopes Typical Designs Heterodyne Receivers

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Janskys First Radio Telescope 1933

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Grote Reber: 1937 Radio Telescope

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The Arecibo Radio Telescope

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Heterodyne Receivers Mix signal and local oscillator Mixed signal contains intermediate frequency f_signal f_local but also the sum of the frequencies

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Heterodyne Signal Detection

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MM and Sub-MM Telescopes Use both coherent and incoherent detection Heterodyne receivers for emission-lines Mostly bolometers for continuum

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Millimeter Valley on Mauna Kea

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NGC 6334

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SMA Receivers

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Bolometers Absorb and thermalize photons Measure temperature change Balance between heating and cooling results in long time constants Typically used in chopped operation

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Transition Edge Sensors: Extreme sensitivity to small temperature changes allows to build very sensitive bolometer arrays

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Photocathods The photoelectric effect Quantum nature of light Photomultipliers, channel plates

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Photocathod Devices Cathods Photomultiplier Image intensifiers Microchannel plates

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Physics of Semiconductors Basic Quantum Physics Solids Semiconductors PN Junctions

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Semiconductors Conduction in semiconductors Doping

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PN Junctions Formation of pn junction Rectifying properties Charge separating properties

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Electronics PN junctions and photodiodes Field Effect transistors Logic devices Analog switches Operational amplifiers A practical example

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Field Effect Transistor Junction FET (JFET) Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FET (MOSFET) CMOS circuits (Complementary Oxide Semiconductor)

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Fabrication of Integrated Circuits Doping Depositing metal Growing oxides (as isolators) All controlled by photoresist masking

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HAWAII-2: Photolithographically Abut 4 CMOS Reticles to Produce Each 2048 2 ROIC Twelve 2048 2 ROICs per 8 Wafer 2048 2 Readout Provides Low Read Noise for Visible and MWIR

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3-D Barrier to Prevent Glow from Reaching the Detector

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