detection and monitoring of stored-grain insects bh. subramanyam, carl reed, and phil sloderbeck*...
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Detection and Monitoring of Detection and Monitoring of Stored-Grain InsectsStored-Grain Insects
Bh. Subramanyam, Carl Reed, and Phil Bh. Subramanyam, Carl Reed, and Phil Sloderbeck*Sloderbeck*
Department of Grain Science and IndustryDepartment of Grain Science and Industry*Department of Entomology*Department of Entomology
Kansas State UniversityKansas State UniversityManhattan, KS 66506Manhattan, KS 66506
[email protected]@ksu.edu2006 Grain Handlers Workshop2006 Grain Handlers Workshop
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DetectionDetection
Looking for presence or absence of Looking for presence or absence of an insect or an infestation (with an insect or an infestation (with respect to your sampling device)respect to your sampling device)
The type of device used and the The type of device used and the number of samples taken determine number of samples taken determine how good you are in finding an insect how good you are in finding an insect or an infestationor an infestation
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MonitoringMonitoring
Tracking trends in insect numbers or Tracking trends in insect numbers or infestation levels over timeinfestation levels over time
Helps you know when to take actionHelps you know when to take actionHelps you understand how Helps you understand how
populations are behaving with populations are behaving with respect to environmental conditionsrespect to environmental conditions
Helps you assess effectiveness of Helps you assess effectiveness of pest management actionspest management actions
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Detection and Monitoring Detection and Monitoring Require SamplingRequire Sampling
Counting all insects in a bin is difficultCounting all insects in a bin is difficultTheir distribution is unknownTheir distribution is unknownIt may take forever to count all It may take forever to count all
insects presentinsects presentTime and money are limited Time and money are limited Sampling will help in making inferences Sampling will help in making inferences
about the insects inhabiting a bin or siloabout the insects inhabiting a bin or silo
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Infestation in RailcarsInfestation in Railcars
WheatWheat21, 3 kg wheat samples/railcar were taken from 8 21, 3 kg wheat samples/railcar were taken from 8
railcars (Perez-Mendoza et al., 2004) railcars (Perez-Mendoza et al., 2004) They also had a lot of IDK They also had a lot of IDK 1024 insects were found in 7 of 8 railcars1024 insects were found in 7 of 8 railcars3% of insects were found immediately after 3% of insects were found immediately after
sample collectionsample collection77.1% were found 7 weeks after sample 77.1% were found 7 weeks after sample
incubationincubation
Relevance to detection??Relevance to detection??Relevance to fumigant efficacy??Relevance to fumigant efficacy??
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In Concrete ElevatorsIn Concrete Elevators
High insect density is within the top 3-4 ft and all High insect density is within the top 3-4 ft and all of the insects can be found within 40 ft from the of the insects can be found within 40 ft from the toptop
Discharge from spouts onto reclaim belt had Discharge from spouts onto reclaim belt had more insects than grain samples taken with a more insects than grain samples taken with a vacuum probevacuum probe
Fewer insects were found in treated empty bins Fewer insects were found in treated empty bins and the treatment effectiveness lasted 12 weeksand the treatment effectiveness lasted 12 weeks
Relevance: Understand where to sample!Relevance: Understand where to sample!
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Grain Sampling Methods: Grain Sampling Methods: Absolute EstimatesAbsolute Estimates
Diverter-type Diverter-type samplersampler
PelicanPelican Ellis cupEllis cup Grain trierGrain trier Vacuum probeVacuum probe ScoopScoop
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DiverterDiverter
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Pelican SamplerPelican Sampler
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Ellis CupEllis Cup
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Grain BulkGrain Bulk
• Probe sampler• Spear or trier
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Vacuum probe forVacuum probe forbulk-stored grainbulk-stored grain
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InsectomatInsectomat
Capable of processing Capable of processing large sampleslarge samples
Pass grain sample Pass grain sample twice for extraction of twice for extraction of all insects present all insects present (need to check (need to check efficiency in efficiency in separating insects separating insects from grain)from grain)
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Bagged GrainBagged Grain
Torpedo (spear) samplerTorpedo (spear) sampler Coning and quarteringConing and quartering Boerner divider and other Boerner divider and other
dividers (sample dividers (sample reduction)reduction)
Sieving (check efficiency)Sieving (check efficiency)
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Torpedo SamplersTorpedo Samplers
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Sieve SamplersSieve Samplers InclinedInclinedsievesieve
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DividersDividers
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Absolute Estimates Are…Absolute Estimates Are…
More reliable estimatesMore reliable estimates Pest management decision should be Pest management decision should be
based on absolute estimatesbased on absolute estimates Threshold for management: 1 insect/kgThreshold for management: 1 insect/kg Time consuming, laborious, and expensive Time consuming, laborious, and expensive
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Insect Sampling Devices: Insect Sampling Devices: Relative EstimatesRelative Estimates
Number of insects found in a trap Number of insects found in a trap constitutes a relative estimateconstitutes a relative estimate
There are many trap typesThere are many trap types
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Sticky traps for Sticky traps for flying insectsflying insects
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For almond moths andFor almond moths andIndianmeal mothsIndianmeal moths
Pherocon II trapsPherocon II traps
Pheromone lure
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Traps for Crawling InsectsTraps for Crawling Insects
Provides a hiding placeProvides a hiding place Includes various designsIncludes various designsCan be used with pheromone lures or food Can be used with pheromone lures or food
baits to enhance capture of speciesbaits to enhance capture of speciesCan capture multiple speciesCan capture multiple species
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Corrugated Harborage TrapsCorrugated Harborage Traps
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Corrugated Corrugated Paper TrapsPaper Traps
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Bait-Bag Bait-Bag TrapsTraps
Netlon netting (8x16 cm)Netlon netting (8x16 cm)Aperture 2 mmAperture 2 mmBrown rice-60 gramBrown rice-60 gram
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Food-baited TrapsFood-baited Traps
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Traps for Use in Bulk-Stored GrainTraps for Use in Bulk-Stored Grain
Perforated metal or plastic probes or cones Perforated metal or plastic probes or cones inserted into grain bulksinserted into grain bulks
Insects crawl through the holes and fall into Insects crawl through the holes and fall into a collection tube or conea collection tube or cone
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Pitfall Cone TrapPitfall Cone Trap
95 mm x 125 95 mm x 125 mm cone-mm cone-shaped with shaped with holesholes
Very sensitiveVery sensitive For surface For surface
area of the area of the grain bulkgrain bulk
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Probe trapsProbe traps
370 mm x 27 mmFunnel and collecting tubeCan be inserted into the grain bulk
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Trap Retrieval is Critical! Trap Retrieval is Critical!
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Automated counts of insects in grainAutomated counts of insects in grain(OPIsystems.com)(OPIsystems.com)
Stormax InsectorStormax Insector
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(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
51.3
cm
0
50
100
150
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Composite Adjusted Target Peak Amplitude
Nu
mb
ers
of
Ins
ects
Flat grain beetle (n=2105)
Rusty grain beetle (n=1284)
Sawtoothed grain beetle (n=1620)
Lesser grain beetle (n=1387)
Red flour beetle (n=2432)
Rice weevil (n=1834)
OPI Systems, Calgary, CanadaOPI Systems, Calgary, Canada
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Relative Estimates Are…..Relative Estimates Are…..
Faster, cheaper, and easier than absolute Faster, cheaper, and easier than absolute methodsmethods
Traps work 24 hours a day, 7 days a weekTraps work 24 hours a day, 7 days a week Interpretation of numbers is difficult (biological Interpretation of numbers is difficult (biological
and environmental variable affect insect and environmental variable affect insect captures)captures)
Can be used to pin point problem areasCan be used to pin point problem areas Can be used to evaluate effectiveness of pest Can be used to evaluate effectiveness of pest
management measuresmanagement measures
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Take Home PointsTake Home Points
Be a truck, railcar, bin, or elevator siloBe a truck, railcar, bin, or elevator silo Take more samples than fewer samplesTake more samples than fewer samples More than 10 and less than 30More than 10 and less than 30 Information from sampling can be used in 2 Information from sampling can be used in 2
computer programs (SGA and SGA Pro) to make computer programs (SGA and SGA Pro) to make pest management decisionspest management decisions
Without proper detection and monitoring of Without proper detection and monitoring of insects you will treating more number of times insects you will treating more number of times than needed or fail to treat when you really need than needed or fail to treat when you really need to!to!