desire for hastened death amongst veterans facing terminal illness va st. louis health care system...
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Desire for Hastened Death Amongst Veterans Facing Terminal Illness
VA St. Louis Health Care System
Anupam Agarwal, MD, MSHAMedical Director, Palliative Care ProgramAssociate Chief of StaffVA St. Louis Health Care System
Mark F. Heiland Ph.D.Clinical PsychologistSiteman Cancer Center, Barnes Jewish HospitalWashington University at St. Louis
Disclosure: There are no relevant financial relationships to disclose
ObjectivesIntroduction Definition of Desire for Hastened Death Distinguish
DHD from Suicidal Ideation DHD LiteratureDHD RecommendationsAssessmentClinical managementDocumentationFuture studies of DHD recommended
Definition: Desire for Hastened Death (DHD)
Wish for death to come sooner rather than laterConsequence of progressive diseaseNot imminently suicidalNot request for assisted suicideResponse to symptoms of suffering (medical and
psychological)Plan/intent of self-harm projected into the future
when suffering or debility is unbearable (uncommon)May occur in context of current suffering
Examples of DHD
“I intend to take my life when…”Medical treatment is no longer helpful.Cancer recurs. When pain is constant and unbearable.When I become debilitated and cannot get out of
bedCancer treatment is too disfiguringI just want God to take me away from my sufferingI don’t want to be a burden to my family
Categories of DHD(Nissim, Gagliese & Rodin, 2009)
Hypothetical exit plan: To be executed at some future point in disease progression: a sense of control
Expression of despair related to physical symptoms: Transient in nature
Letting go: Related to physical depletionDisengage from life: Resignation.
Risk Factors(Hudson et al., 2006; Olden et al, 2009)
Burden to othersLoss of autonomy (desire for
control)Loss of dignityPresence of physical symptoms
(e.g., pain)Depression/anxietyHopelessnessExistential concerns (e.g.,
meaninglessness)Personality traits
Fear of futurePrevious experience with death
(i.e., care-giver)Lack of social supportLoss of “self”Avoid dying processFear of medical symptoms
(dyspnea)Poor quality of careSubstance abuseLoss of physical functioning
DHD as Distinguished From Suicidal Ideation (Leeman, 2009)
Desire for Hastened Death Suicide Ideation
• Physical illness• More rational • Socially understandable • Psychological symptoms
secondary to medical symptoms• Medical interventions to reduce
physical symptoms
• Bereavement less complicated
• Psychiatric illness• Less rational• Socially intolerable• Psychological symptoms primary• Psych interventions to reduce
mental symptoms
• Bereavement more complicated
DHD as Distinguished From SIIn Palliative Care Patients
Medical CauseA wish for death due to Intent to end life due to medical condition medical condition
DHD SI A wish for death due to Intent to end life due to psychiatric condition or psychiatric condition or psychological distress psychological distress
Psychiatric Cause
Barriers to Assess and Respond to DHD(Hudson et al, 2006)
Provider PatientFear of diminishing hopeTime consumingUncertainty about when to
assessFear of responding
inappropriatelyProfessional/legal sanctionsLack of knowledgeInvasion of privacyNot responsible for DHD
Only 25 % discuss DHD unprompted
Not enough timeBurden health care
professionalProfessional will not helpDHD is unreasonableDHD perceived to be failure
of coping with illness
VA PCCT Assessment(Based on Literature and Peer Recommendations)
Presence of DHD: Do you have a wish for death to come sooner rather than later?
Awareness of contributing factorsDistinguish from SI and PTSD Explore mitigating factorsAssess depression/hopelessness (Rodin et al., 2008)Perceived burden to others (McPherson, Wilson &
Murray, 2007)Assess motivation to change treatment approach
Palliative Care Clinical ProtocolReferral to Palliative Care Consult Team (PCCT):
First contact by Psychologist: Evaluate DHD Psychological functioning DHD factors Psycho-social interventions
Physician: Medical symptoms Evaluate “Total pain” Education about palliative interventions, S/S, EOL issues
Referral to other services (NP, MSW, MDIV)Follow-up careFeedback to referring provider
Palliative Care Team ActionsDelivering further bad news to DHD patient: MD jointly with
PsychologistPsychiatric /other consultants evaluation Need for inpatient palliative care?Education of patient and caregiver: S/S management, what to
expect, treatments availableEducate patient and family in coping with sufferingMaintain accessibility of providersMeaning and purpose, gain sense of control, hopeStay engaged, communicate Re-evaluate, re-evaluate
Clinical Interventions
Depression and Hopelessness (Rodin et al, 2008; Chochinov et al, 2005; Chochinov et al, 1998)
Social relationships (Schroepfer, 2008; Ransom et al, 2006)
Palliative care (Peteet et al, 2009)
Clinical interview: Responding to emotional cues (Hudson et al, 2006)
Counter transference Elicit emotion Contributing factors Specific concerns
Clinical Recommendations
Continuity of careEducation re: palliative treatment approachMedical symptom managementCoping with advanced diseaseMeaning-based interventions (Spira, 2000)Interpersonal interventions (McLean & Jones, 2007)Inpatient care at Palliative Care/ Hospice UnitConsultation and support from others
Documentation Recommendations
Provide rational for diagnosisDocument DHD/SI and motivationProvide rationale for level of risk managementDocument changes in goals of careDocument assessment findingsDocument consultation/supervisionF/U and evaluation of resolution of DHD / outcomes:
“good death”
Recommendations for Future Studies of DHD
Develop research protocolExpand study population base Use of DHD protocol by other PCCT providersIncrease validity and reliability:
standardized assessments: DHDstandard protocolanalysis
BibliographyBlackhall, L.J. (2009). Cultural diversity and palliative care. In Chochinov, H.M. & Breitbart, W.
(Eds.), Handbook of psychiatry in palliative medicine (2nd ed., pp. 186-201). New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.
Chochinov, H.M., Wilson, K.G., Enns, M. & Lander, S. (1998). Depression, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation in the terminally ill. Psychosomatics 39 (4), 366-369.
Chochinov, H.M., Hack, T., Hassard, T., Kristjanson, L.J., McClement, S. & Harlos, M. (2005). Understanding the will to life in patients near death. Psychosomatics, 46 (1), 7-10.
Hudson, P. L., et al. (2006). Responding to desire to die statements from patients with advanced disease: Recommendations for health professionals. Palliative Medicine, 20, 703-710.
Hudson, P.L., et al. (2006). Desire for hastened death in patients with advanced disease and the evidence base of clinical guidelines: a systematic review. Palliative Medicine, 20, 693-701.
Kissane, D.W., et al. (2004). The demoralization scale: A report of its development and preliminary validation. Journal of Palliative Care, 20 (4), 269-276.
BibliographyLeeman, C.P. (2009). Distinguishing among irrational suicide and other forms of hastened
death: Implications for clinical practice. Psychosomatics, 50 (3), 185191.McLean, L.M. & Jones, J. M. (2007). A review of distress and its management in couples
facing end-of-life cancer. Psycho-Oncology 16, 603-616. McPherson, C. J., Wilson, K.G. & Murray, M. A. (2007) Feeling like a burden to others: a
systematic review focusing on the end of life. Palliative Medicine 21, 115-128.Nissam, R., Gagliese, L. & Rodin, G. (2009). The desire for hastened death in individuals with
advanced cancer: A longitudinal qualitative study. Social Science & Medicine, 69, 165-171.
Olden, M., Pessin, H., Lichtenthal, W.G. & Breitbart, W. (2009). Suicide and the desire for hastened death in the terminally ill. In Chochinov, H.M. & Breitbart, W. (Eds.), Handbook of psychiatry in palliative medicine (2nd ed., pp. 101-112). New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.
Peteet, J.R., Meyer, F., deLima Thomas, J., Vitagliano, H.L. (2009). Psychiatric indications of admission to an inpatient palliative care unit. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 12 (6), 521-524.
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