designing pro environmental behavior into product interfaces
DESCRIPTION
NYU Gallatin MA Thesis Presentation: Designing pro-environmental behavior into productsTRANSCRIPT
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Designing Product Interfaces to Promote Pro-Environmental Behavior
Dave Miller, IDSANew York University Gallatin School of Individualized Study
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Atmospheric CO2 Concentrationhttp://www.skepticalscience.com/co2-measurements-uncertainty.htm
390ppm
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Tomorrow’s Forecast
Climate Change 2007 Synthesis Reporthttp://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/figure-spm-5.html
Damage to corals and fish stocksDecline of agricultural output
20-50% of species face increased extinction riskCoastal cities face increased flooding
Widespread extinctionsDisruption of ecosystem services
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Carbon Intensity of Modern Life
Hans Rosling and the magic washing machinehttp://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/hans_rosling_and_the_magic_washing_machine.html
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Carbon Intensity 2050
Hans Rosling and the magic washing machinehttp://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/hans_rosling_and_the_magic_washing_machine.html
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CO2 Emissions ForecastSteven J. Davis, Ken Caldeira, H. Damon Matthews. Future CO2 Emissions and ClimateChange from Existing Energy Infrastructure
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Policy + Technologyhttp://www.celsias.com/article/case-carbon-tax/
http://www.chevrolet.com/
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Product Lifecycle
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Product Lifecycle: Relative Impacts
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Behavioral Intervention Points
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5 BILLION 2 BILLION
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Control of energy use vs. energy consumption
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Energy used in Washing Clothes
Running Washing Machine: 10-30%
Water Heating:70-90%
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Theoretical Framework: Fogg Behavior Model
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Information Delivery
ActionFeed Forward Feed Back
Time
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Feedback Presentation
Smartgauge Instantaneous
Feedback Longitudinal
Feedback9mpg fuel economy improvement over EPA test cycle
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Interface Design for Sustainability
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Problem: People don’t know what water
temperature goes with each cycle No information is provided about energy
use relative to water temperature choices
Hypotheses: Does making explicit the environmental
impact of water heating encourage users to use cold water?
Does providing functional information on controls allow users to make more informed choices?
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Study I: Proximity of the message Authority of the message
Does information on energy savings from washing in cold water change user behavior?
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Inline flow meters Measure hot and
cold water flow Datalogging
system Open Source
Arduino Microcontroller
Software determines water temperature selected
Measurement Systems
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2x2x2 factorial design + control Independent Variables
Proximity▪ High Proximity (label on washing machine)▪ Low Proximity (wall sign)
Authority▪ With Authority (Hercules Logo on sign)▪ No Authority (No Logo)
Time Period▪ Pre-intervention (no signage)▪ Post-Intervention (signage in place)
Control Condition (no signage) Dependent Variable
Cycle Water temperature selection
Study I
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High Proximity Low Proximity Control
Authority
No Authority No Prompt
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Study I Results
No Authority Authority No Authority Authority Low Proximity High Proximity Control
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
T128.6%
T121.5% T1
20.3%T1
18.4%
T127.1%
T124.5%
T225.1% T2
23.8%
T227.4% T2
27.1%
T223.6%
T225.9%
Study I Percent Cold Water Washes
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Study I: Discussion Main effect of proximity▪ High proximity (on machine) signs
significantly changed behavior▪ Low Proximity (on wall) signs did not
significantly change behavior No main effect of authority▪ Insufficient differentiation between signs▪ Label on machine assumed to be high-
authority▪ Is Hercules a recognized authority?
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Study II: Elements of the Message
Environmental Motivation Functional Information▪ Cycle Water temperature selection
(Hot/Warm/Cold)▪ Energy Saving button label (only on cold
water cycles)
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2x3x2 Factorial Design + Control Independent Variables
Environmental Motivational Prompt▪ Environmental Prompt Present▪ Environmental Prompt Absent
Button Label▪ Suggested use (Factory Label – e.g. “Whites”)▪ Saves Energy Button Label (on cold water cycles)
+ Suggested Use▪ Water Temperature Button Labels
+ Suggested Use Time Period▪ Pre-intervention▪ Post Intervention
Dependent Variable Cycle water temperature selection
Study II
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Current label
Cycle recommended for clothing type
Eco/Functional Label
Cycle recommended for clothing type
+Energy saving cycle
Functional Label
Cycle recommended for clothing type
+Water Temperature
No Prompt
Study II Outline
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Study II Results
Envir
onmental
Prompt
Envir
onmental
Prompt +
Tempera
ture Lab
els
Tempera
ture Lab
els
Envir
onmental
Prompt +
"Sav
es En
ergy"
button label
"Save
s Energ
y" button la
bel
Control
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
T122.7%
T125.5%
T129.0%
T128.9%
T120.1%
T138.6%
T224.8%
T227.0%
T229.5%
T231.0% T2
28.7%
T239.0%
Study II Percent Cold Water Washes
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Study II: Discussion Environmental Motivational Prompt▪ No significant effect
Functional Message▪ No significant effect
“Energy Saving” button label▪ Collapses motivational and functional
messages▪ Significant effect, only when alone▪ Reactance?▪ Noise in the data?
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Survey Results: Wash Temperature x Load Type
Stained or very dirty items
Whites Colors Bright Colors Delicates Technical fabrics / sports clothing
Sheets Towels
Hot 36 58 14 14 10 9 42 51
Warm 27 51 64 42 34 21 51 49
Cold 36 63 95 93 86 52 48 49
10
30
50
70
90
110
130
150
170
190
Wash Temperature Selections by Load TypeN
umbe
r of S
urve
y Re
spon
ses
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Loads washed at a time x sorting
1 2 3 4 5 More Than 5
Sorted 24 83 22 5 2 1
Unsorted 28 13 2 0 0 0
10
30
50
70
90
110
Number of loads run at once x wash loads separated
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Self-Reported Behavior Change vs. Telemetry
Functi
onal Lab
el
Control
Envir
onmental
Prompt
Prompt +
functi
onal lab
els
Prompt +
"Sav
es En
ergy"
button label
"Save
s Energ
y" button la
bel0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
Survey Results vs. Change in Behavior
Have you noticed any signs or labeling regarding energy conservation on the washing machines?Do you think the energy conservation labeling changed your behavior?Percent Increase In Cold Water Washes
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Conclusions for Product Design Behavior design can realize substantial
gains beyond engineering improvements alone
Designing environmental information into product interfaces is effective
Information should be presented ahead of users’ decisions
Information must be highly specific
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Failures
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Unable to change the washing machine button labels
Performance anxiety-clothes might not get clean in cold water
Different types of laundry loads (stains and soils)
Non-independence of events
Other influences Contamination from
other signs bedbugs
Limitations
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Deploy university-wide Work with Industry
Extend to other arenas Light switches Other products
Future Directions
Whirlpool Vantage Display
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Dave Miller IDSA
New York University Gallatin School of Individualized StudyStanford University Persuasive Technology LabIndustrial Designers Society of America – New York Chapter
[email protected]@davebmillerDaveBMiller.wordpress.com
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Normative Influences