designing for long spans 2
TRANSCRIPT
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Long Span and Long Span and complex Structurecomplex Structure
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Loads acting onto a structural systemsLoads acting onto a structural systems
1. Dead load2. Live load3. Wind load4. Stress created by temperature differences5. Stress created by other form of disruption
including ground movement, vibration, deformation or earthquake
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How long is longHow long is long--span for buildingsspan for buildingsStructure with span larger than 20m can be regarded as long span structure for this span is usually unable to be achieved by ordinary RC structure.
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Materials suitable for various forms of long Materials suitable for various forms of long span and complex structurespan and complex structure
1. All reinforced concrete including precast2. All metal (e.g. mild-steel, structural steel,
stainless steel or alloyed alumimum, 3. All timber4. Laminated timber5. Metal/RC combined6. Plastic-coated Textile material7. Fiber reinforced plastic
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Common Structural Forms Common Structural Forms for Long Span Building Structuresfor Long Span Building Structures
1. Insitu RC, tensioned2. Precast concrete, tensioned3. Structural steel – erected on spot4. Structural steel – prefabricated and
installed on spot5. Portal frame – insitu RC6. Portal frame – precast7. Portal frame – prefabricated steel
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One way to classify long-span and complicated structuresForm active systemsVector active systemsSection active systemsSurface active systems
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Form active structural systemsForm active structural systems. . . are systems of flexible, non-rigid matter, in
which the redirection of forces is effected by particular form design and characteristic form stabilization
Example of structures:1. Cable structures2. Tent structures3. Pneumatic structures4. Arch structures
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Illustrated examples of parallel cable structures
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Examples of cable structures formed by arch
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Examples of tent structures
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Examples of pneumatic structures
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Examples of pneumatic structures
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Examples of arch structures
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Vector active structural systemsVector active structural systems. . . are systems of short, solid, straight lineal
members, in which the redirection of forces is effected by vector partition, i.e. by multi-directional splitting of single force simply to tension or compressive elements
Example of structures:1. Flat trusses2. Curved trusses3. Space trusses
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Flat truss systems
curved truss systems
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Illustrated examples of flat truss structures
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Illustrated examples of hinged truss structures
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Section active structural systemsSection active structural systems. . . are systems of rigid, solid, linear
elements, in which redirection of forces is effected by mobilization of sectional forces
Example of structures:1. Beam structures2. Frame structures3. Slab structures
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1 & 2 bay beams 1 & 2 bay frames
Beam-grid systems Slab structures
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Hinged frame structures
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Illustrated examples of multi-panel frame structures
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Surface active structural systemsSurface active structural systems. . . are systems of flexible or rigid planes
able to resist tension, compression or shear, in which the redirection of forces is effected by mobilization of sectional forces
Example of structures:1. Plate structures2. Folded structures3. Shell structures
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Shell structures
Folded plate
Multi-bay structures
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Various forms of folded structures
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Examples of shell structures
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Development History of Long Span Structure
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The development of long span structures
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How arch was constructed to provide a long span roof for traditional western buildings
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Long span roof structure as seen from the interior
Vaulted ceiling
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Exterior view of the Crystal Palace, built in 1851 for the first World Fair
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The Gallery of Machine, constructed in 1889 for the Paris Exhibition
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Other Overseas ExamplesThe Munich Olympic Stadium
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The Munich Olympic Stadium for the 1972 Olympic
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Other Overseas ExamplesThe Melbourne Central
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An openable roof operating on a Rail system
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Other Overseas ExamplesSky Dome, Toronto
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Toronto Tower
The Skydome
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Openable roof
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The Skydome
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Features of the roof system• SkyDome's roof system features a series of 3
moveable panels and 1 stationary panel. • the roof operates on a system of steel tracks and is
powered by a series of DC motors • roof area is 31,525 sq metres• weight is 11,000 tons • span at widest point 209 metres• height is 85m (from field level to highest point) • roofing material is PVC on insulated acoustic steel
deck • 100% of the field & 91% of seating area exposed
with the roof open• pen/close time - 20 minutes (21m per minute)
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Other Overseas ExamplesCharles-de-Gaulle International
Airport, France
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Charles-de-Gaulle International Airport, France, completed in 1998
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Interior view of the airport concourse
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Curving trusses extending from the roof to take up the external glass wall
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The Louisiana Superdome, USA – a 580m clear span sport complex opened in 1975
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Erecting the steel trusses for the Superdome, the towering structures in majority are the temporary supporting to facilitate the erection
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A pneumatic exhibition hall in a construction plant expo in Les Vegas, USA
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Interior view of the exhibition hall and the air-pressurizing fans
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Another example of Tent Structure – German Pavilion, Expo ’67, Montreal, Canada
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Other Overseas ExamplesTenerife Exhibition Central Stadium
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Tenerife Exhibition Centre in Spain, a shallow arch structure of 270m span completed in 1995.
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85m-span ribbed arch that formed the podium deck of the exhibition space which is constructed by in-situ, post-tensioned concrete
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TGC Station at the Airport of Lyon, France, completed in 1994. (span 120m)
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Station interior under the 120m span roof
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The Hamburg
Airport, UK
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Airport Terminal at Stuttgart, Germany
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Roof plan/detail of the Stuttgart
Terminal Building
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Example in China –
Guangzhou Olympus Stadium
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External view of Stadium
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Detail showing the form and shape of the cantilevered roof
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Hoisting the cantilever truss
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Placing the roof truss in position
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Tie systems to stabilize the cantilevered roof
Tie systems
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Enlarged details of the Tie systems
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Decking system of the roof
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Laying of the roof deck
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Piers supporting the cantilever roof truss
Semi-cladded roof underside
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The Guangzhou Gymnasium
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The Shanghai Stadium
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Beijing 2008 Olympus Centre – The Nest
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Beijing 2008 Olympus Centre – The Nest
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Example in Hong Kong
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Hong Kong Cultural Centre and Space Museum
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The Hong Kong coliseum
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The Hong Kong coliseum
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Span about 35m
Member Centre of the Hong Kong Jockey Club
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The Peak Tower
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The Peak Tower
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The Hong Kong Stadium
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Hanger structure for HK Aircraft Engineering Company Ltd. (HAECO) at ChekLap Kok Airport
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Headquarter Building, Hong Kong $ Shanghai Bank
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The Skylight structure of Festival Walk
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The Interior Space housed the Shying Ring and food court inside Festival Walk
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Linking structure between the International Finance Center Phase I and II
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The deck and roof structure of the HK Convention and Exhibition Centre
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Hoisting of the 80m-span roof truss
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Placing of the roof truss at the top of the core wall
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Linking structure between Phase I and II of the HK Convention and Exhibition Centre
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The New Hong Kong International Airport at Chek Lap Kok
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The New Hong Kong International Airport at Chek Lap Kok
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The Sky Dome, Cyber Port
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The Sky Dome, Cyber Port
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View of the mall interior under the Sky Dome in the Cyber Centre, Cyber Port
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The Arch in Kowloon Station
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The roof structure of Langham Place –Shopping Mall
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The Grand Atrium in Langham Mall
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New Lisbon Casino. Macau
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New Lisbon, the hotel tower
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