Designing An Urban Designing An Urban Runoff Pollution Runoff Pollution Prevention Program For Prevention Program For Copper Copper How An Hour In The Library Can How An Hour In The Library Can

Save You A Week In The LabSave You A Week In The Lab

Kelly D. MoranKelly D. Moran

TDC EnvironmentalTDC Environmental

Planning for TMDLsPlanning for TMDLs

Developing a cost-effective compliance Developing a cost-effective compliance strategy for urban runoff programs strategy for urban runoff programs facing pollutant-specific TMDLs facing pollutant-specific TMDLs requires requires information about pollutant information about pollutant sources and feasible control measuressources and feasible control measures

Without this information, Without this information, treating stormwater from treating stormwater from existing development existing development appears to be the only appears to be the only compliance optioncompliance option

Pollutant Sources: Pollutant Sources: Traditional ApproachTraditional Approach POTWsPOTWs Creeks/Creeks/

riversrivers SedimentsSediments Air Air

depositiondeposition

Pollutant Sources: Pollutant Sources: New ApproachNew Approach Find the pollutantFind the pollutant

in the watershedin the watershed Find how it is releasedFind how it is released

to surface waterto surface water Creates opportunities:Creates opportunities:

– Eliminate sourceEliminate source– Control at sourceControl at source

Don’t Start with Don’t Start with SamplingSampling Monitoring isn’t the greatest way to Monitoring isn’t the greatest way to

identify stormwater pollutant identify stormwater pollutant sourcessources– Need too many samplesNeed too many samples– Most variation due to weather, not Most variation due to weather, not

sourcessources Working up a stream rarely worksWorking up a stream rarely works

– Many sources present everywhereMany sources present everywhere

Start withStart with thethe literatureliterature

Top Data SourcesTop Data Sources

““Gray literature”—reports done by Gray literature”—reports done by other agenciesother agencies– Ask your networkAsk your network– E-mail questions to listserversE-mail questions to listservers– Web searchWeb search

Scientific literature Scientific literature – Best search approach: online databases Best search approach: online databases

at university science/engineering librariesat university science/engineering libraries Don’t fall for common wisdom (Don’t fall for common wisdom (e.g.,e.g.,

PCBs are NOT all from transformers)PCBs are NOT all from transformers)

General ApproachGeneral Approach

Try to do a mass balanceTry to do a mass balance– Compare total load to source estimatesCompare total load to source estimates– Estimate total load from monitoring, AB Estimate total load from monitoring, AB

1429 studies, and even models1429 studies, and even models Avoid land use based estimatesAvoid land use based estimates

– These won’t help identify control measuresThese won’t help identify control measures Select approach to match data qualitySelect approach to match data quality

– Classify sources as large or smallClassify sources as large or small– Numeric estimates not always possibleNumeric estimates not always possible

Copper UsesCopper Uses

Plumbing pipePlumbing pipe Heat exchangers, radiatorsHeat exchangers, radiators Industrial catalysts and electrodesIndustrial catalysts and electrodes Jewelry and other decorationsJewelry and other decorations Utensils such as pots and pansUtensils such as pots and pans CoinsCoins FertilizerFertilizer Roofs, gutters, flashing, and other architectural elementsRoofs, gutters, flashing, and other architectural elements Motor vehicle components like bearings, bushings, gears, Motor vehicle components like bearings, bushings, gears,

and wiringand wiring Pesticide (algaecide, fungicide, wood preservative, Pesticide (algaecide, fungicide, wood preservative,

bactericide)bactericide) Batteries Batteries Blue coloring for consumer productsBlue coloring for consumer products Semiconductor manufactureSemiconductor manufacture

Urban Runoff and Urban Runoff and Shoreline Activity Copper Shoreline Activity Copper Sources Sources Vehicle brake padsVehicle brake pads Architectural copperArchitectural copper Industrial copper useIndustrial copper use Copper air emissionsCopper air emissions Copper pesticides (including algaecides)Copper pesticides (including algaecides) Marine antifouling coatingsMarine antifouling coatings Soil erosionSoil erosion Copper in domestic water Copper in domestic water Vehicle fluid leaks and dumpingVehicle fluid leaks and dumping

Copper Release Copper Release EstimatesEstimates

1.1. Estimate release to watershedEstimate release to watershed

2.2. Estimate wash off fractionEstimate wash off fraction

Cu release = Watershed release x wash off fractionCu release = Watershed release x wash off fraction

Architectural CopperArchitectural Copper

Corroded copperCorroded copperwashed off in runoffwashed off in runoff

Annual Cu ReleaseAnnual Cu Releaserates in literaturerates in literature(grams/sq. meter/year)(grams/sq. meter/year)

Since release rates based on Since release rates based on stormwater measurements—assumed stormwater measurements—assumed 100% wash off100% wash off

Cu release = Cu roof areaCu release = Cu roof areaTOTALTOTAL x Annual Cu Release Rate x Annual Cu Release Rate

Cu roof areaCu roof areaLULU = Acres = AcresLULU x Roof Coverage x Roof CoverageLULU x Cu Roof % x Cu Roof %LULU

Vehicle Brake PadsVehicle Brake Pads

Many brake pads Many brake pads contain coppercontain copper

Wear debris released Wear debris released to air & roadsto air & roads

Wear and Cu content in literatureWear and Cu content in literature BPP wash off estimates (15%-24%)BPP wash off estimates (15%-24%)

– SFEI estimates typical urban Cu wash SFEI estimates typical urban Cu wash off fraction is 32%off fraction is 32%

Cu Release = NCu Release = Nvehiclesvehicles x % x %wearwear x Cu x Cuvehiclevehicle

Copper PesticidesCopper Pesticides

Many copper pesticides:Many copper pesticides:– Landscaping fungicidesLandscaping fungicides– Wood preservativesWood preservatives– AlgaecidesAlgaecides– Marine antifouling paintMarine antifouling paint

Pesticide use releases copperPesticide use releases copper DPR databasesDPR databases

http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/dprdatabase.hthttp://www.cdpr.ca.gov/dprdatabase.htmm– ProductsProducts– Sales (statewide)Sales (statewide)– Reported use (by county)Reported use (by county)

Estimating Urban Estimating Urban Pesticide UsePesticide Use

Cu release = Reported urban use + Unreported useUnreported Use = Statewide sales – Reported use

DPR pesticide use reports (by county)DPR pesticide use reports (by county) Can pick out urban uses from reportsCan pick out urban uses from reports Many uses not reported: remaining Many uses not reported: remaining

use must be estimateduse must be estimated

Generally scale use estimates on a per Generally scale use estimates on a per capita basiscapita basis

Adjust for pesticide copper content Adjust for pesticide copper content

Pesticide Wash OffPesticide Wash Off

Used wash off data from literature:Used wash off data from literature:– On soils: generally 0.5% to 1%On soils: generally 0.5% to 1%– Wood preservatives: about 8%Wood preservatives: about 8%

Had to roughly estimate:Had to roughly estimate:– Algaecides: Algaecides:

Lagoons: 100%Lagoons: 100% Pools, spas, fountains: 5%Pools, spas, fountains: 5% Reservoirs: no release to urban runoff Reservoirs: no release to urban runoff

except via domestic water flows except via domestic water flows

Marine CoatingsMarine Coatings

Copper biocideCopper biocidein boat paintin boat paint

Passive leachingPassive leachingprimary sourceprimary source

San Diego studies San Diego studies estimated annual release per average estimated annual release per average 12.2 meter long boat 12.2 meter long boat (grams/year/boat)(grams/year/boat)

Release directly to water—no wash off Release directly to water—no wash off adjustment neededadjustment needed

Cu Release = # Boats x Annual Cu Release Rate

Cu Sources in Urban RunoffCu Sources in Urban Runoff(Lb Cu/Year)(Lb Cu/Year)

Copper Source Load Uncertainty

Vehicle brake pads (no estimate yet for most) 10,000 + ? HArchitectural copper 4,500 M-HIndustrial copper use 3,300 MSoil erosion 7,000 MCopper in domestic water flows to storm drains 3,000 M-HVehicle fluid leaks and dumping 600 M-HCopper pesticides 11 - 14,000 HDeposition of copper air emissions (brakes?) 8,800 L-MTotal of identified sources About 50,000 HH

Total estimated urban stormwater load (SFEI) 90,000 MM

Cu Shoreline Activity Cu Shoreline Activity Sources (Lb Cu/Year)Sources (Lb Cu/Year)

Copper Source Load Uncertainty

Marine antifouling coatings 20,000 M-HCopper pesticides (algaecides in shoreline lagoons)

<2,000 H

Total of identified sources About 20,000 HH

Total estimated shoreline load (none found) Not estimated

Control Measure Data Control Measure Data SourcesSources Most information in “gray” literatureMost information in “gray” literature Treatment measures are studied—Treatment measures are studied—

alternatives are often not studiedalternatives are often not studied– Many alternatives eliminate the pollutantMany alternatives eliminate the pollutant– Often cost, community acceptance, Often cost, community acceptance,

freedom of choice are main issuesfreedom of choice are main issues Local demonstration projects valuableLocal demonstration projects valuable

– Beware: studying can cost more than Beware: studying can cost more than implementingimplementing

Evaluating Control Evaluating Control MeasuresMeasures Control at source usually most Control at source usually most

effective, cheapesteffective, cheapest Alternatives usually better than Alternatives usually better than

BMPsBMPs Considerations:Considerations:

– What does it cost? Who pays?What does it cost? Who pays?– How much management is needed?How much management is needed?– Does community accept alternatives?Does community accept alternatives?– Voluntary or mandatory?Voluntary or mandatory?

Control Measures: Urban Control Measures: Urban Runoff and Shoreline Runoff and Shoreline

Copper Copper Copper Source Feasible Control Measures

Marine antifouling coatings None at this time; pilot project recommended

Vehicle brake pads Brake Pad Partnership

Architectural copper Limit installation/require controls on runoff Collect wastewater from cleaning and treatment

Copper pesticides Aquatic pesticides permit program Prevent Cu wood preservative use where releases likely Regulate pool, spa, fountain discharges (if load warrants it)

Industrial copper use Industrial stormwater permit program

Copper air emissions None at this time; sources need to be identified

Soil erosion Construction stormwater permit; hydromodification plan

Copper in domestic water None at this time (other than public outreach)

Vehicle fluid leaks and dumping None necessary (other than public outreach)

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

Technical Assistance:Technical Assistance:– Ruby Pap, BCDCRuby Pap, BCDC– Joan Edwards and Karen McDowell, SFEPJoan Edwards and Karen McDowell, SFEP– Brake Pad Partnership Steering Committee and AdvisorsBrake Pad Partnership Steering Committee and Advisors– Thomas BarronThomas Barron– Nan Singhasemanon, DPRNan Singhasemanon, DPR– Leigh Johnson, UC Cooperative ExtensionLeigh Johnson, UC Cooperative Extension– Brandt GrotteBrandt Grotte– Geoff Siemering, SFEIGeoff Siemering, SFEI– Geoff Brosseau, BASMAAGeoff Brosseau, BASMAA– Arleen Feng, Alameda Countywide Clean Water ProgramArleen Feng, Alameda Countywide Clean Water Program– Richard Looker, SF Bay Regional Water Quality Control Richard Looker, SF Bay Regional Water Quality Control

BoardBoard Funding: Clean Estuary PartnershipFunding: Clean Estuary Partnership

– San Francisco Bay area urban runoff programs San Francisco Bay area urban runoff programs – San Francisco Bay area wastewater treatment plantsSan Francisco Bay area wastewater treatment plants