SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGNBACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) (ARCHITECTURE)BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [ARC3413]

DESIGN STUDIO INTEGRATIONNAME : TSAI WAN CHINGSTUDENT ID : 0315185LECTURER : MR. SANJAY

1.0 Lighting Analysis1.1 Natural LightingDaylight factor (DF) is defined as the ratio of interior illuminance ) to available outdoor illuminance: DF= indoor illuminance, at a given point , outdoor illuminance Where is the unobstructed horizontal exterior illuminance. The daylight factor concept is applicable only where the sky luminance distribution is known or can reasonably be estimated. In this scenario, the average daylight level in Malaysia ) is assumed to be 20000 lux.

Second Floor Fruits KioskAverage Lux Reading ) = 11250 luxDaylight Level In Malaysia) = 20000 luxDaylight Factor = (/)100% = 56.25% (x0.1) = 5.62%

Mezzanine Floor Fruits Kiosk Average Lux Reading ) = 11970 luxDaylight Level In Malaysia) = 20000 luxDaylight Factor = (/)100% = 59.85% (x0.1) = 5.98%

Daylight Factor(%)ZoneDistribution

5Well litArtificial lighting is not required except at dawn, but glare problem may happen

Both of the area have daylight factors of 5.62% and 5.98% respectively, which is bright and sufficient for the market activities. 1.2 Artificial LightingLighting Standard MS1525 : 2007Sufficient lighting should be provided to achieve comfortable atmosphere and appearance. Artificial Lighting - Ground Floor Food Kiosk

Proposed Light and SpecificationType of FixtureRecessed Down Light

Photo of Luminaire

Type of Light BulbPhilips ST422B

Wattage Range(W)15

Color Temperature, K2700

Color DesignationWarm White

Lumens3300 lm

Lumen Method LocationGround Floor Food Kiosk

Dimension of Room, L x W12.7 x 5.5

Total Floor Area69.85

Mounting Height, (m)3.4 - 0.9 = 2.5

Room Index, KK == = 1.54

Utilization Factor(UF)0.44

Maintenance Factor(MF)0.75

Standard Illuminance Level Required(lux)500

Number of Fittings Required, NFor recessed down light,N = = = 32

32 units of recessed down lights are required at the area.

Spacing to Height Ratio (SHR)SHR = = = 0.59SHR = = 0.59(S) = 0.59 X 2.5 = 1.48m

Fittings Layout by approximately(m)Fittings required along 12.7m wall

= 8.59= 9 rows

Spacing along 5.5m wall

= 3.72= 4 rowsTherefore, approximately 9 x 4 = 36 units of luminaires required.

Proposed Lighting Arrangement

To achieve an uniform lighting arrangement throughout the L-shaped food kiosk, a total of 60 recessed downlights are used.

1.3 PSALI - First Floor Fruit Kiosk

Proposed Light and SpecificationType of FixtureSuspended Track Light

Photo of Luminaire

Type of Light BulbLEDARE LED bulb GU10

Wattage Range(W)8

Color Temperature, K2700

Color DesignationWarm White

Lumens1200 lm

Lumen Method LocationFirst Floor Fruit Kiosk

Dimension of Room, L x W14.16 x 6.5

Total Floor Area92.04

Mounting Height, (m)3.4 - 0.9 = 2.5

Room Index, KK == = 1.78

Utilization Factor(UF)0.44

Maintenance Factor(MF)0.75

Standard Illuminance Level Required(lux)500

Number of Fittings Required, NFor fluorescent light,N = = = 116.2= 116

= 2929 units of track lights are required at the area.

Spacing to Height Ratio (SHR)SHR = = = 0.71SHR = = 0.71(S) = 0.71 x 2.5 = 1.78m

Fittings Layout by approximately(m)Fittings required along 14.16m wall

= 7.9= 8 rows

Spacing along 6.5m wall

= 3.7= 4 rows

Therefore, approximately 8 x 4 = 32 units of luminaires required.

Proposed Lighting Arrangement

To achieve an uniform lighting arrangement throughout the L-shaped fruit kiosk, a total of 41 track lights are used.

2.0 Acoustic Analysis2.1 Reverberation Time Calculation - First Floor Fresh Cut Fruits Kiosk Total Floor Area 135.9

Volume of Zone 461.9

Occupancy25

Assume that, Peak hour : 50 peopleNon peak hour : 20 peopleMaterialFunctionArea(Absorption Coefficientin 2000 Hz(s)Sound Absorption(sa)

PlasterCeiling135.90.045.4

BrickWall1720.058.6

TimberFloor Finishing135.90.113.6

TimberLaminated Table300.154.5

TimberChair140.11.4

Air-135.90.079.5

Total Sound Absorption by Materials43

TimeNumber of PeopleAbsorption Coefficient in 2000Hz(s)Sound Absorption(sa)

Peak Hour500.525

Non Peak Hour200.510

According to the tables above, the total sound absorption at fresh cut fruits kiosk at 2000Hz during peak hour and non peak hour are 68sa and 53sa respectively.

Reverberation Time [Peak Hour]RT = 0.16 x V / A = 0.16 x 461.9 / 68 = 1.09s

Reverberation Time [Non Peak Hour]RT = 0.16 x V / A = 0.16 x 461.9 / 53 = 1.39s

The reverberation time for fresh cut fruits area during peak hour is 1.09s. According to Acoustic Standard ANSI(2008), the reverberation time of fresh cut fruits area during peak hour has already exceed the optimum reverberation time that is below 1.2s.The reverberation time for fresh cut fruits area during non peak hour is 1.39s, which has also exceed the optimum reverberation time, 1.2s.

In order to reduce the reverberation time, acoustic tiles with 0.6 absorption coefficient acts as the finishing wall. MaterialFunctionArea(Absorption Coefficientin 2000 Hz(s)Sound Absorption(sa)

PlasterCeiling135.90.045.4

BrickWall172-x0.058.6-0.05x

Acoustic TilesFinishesx0.60.6x

TimberFloor Finishing135.90.113.6

TimberLaminated Table300.154.5

TimberChair140.11.4

Air-135.90.079.5

Total Sound Absorption by Materials43+0.55x

TimeNumber of PeopleAbsorption Coefficient in 2000Hz(s)Sound Absorption(sa)

Peak Hour500.525

Non Peak Hour200.510

Assume reverberation time required for non peak hour is 1.2s.Reverberation Time [Non Peak Hour]RT = 0.16 x V / A1.2 = 0.16 x 461.9 / (53+0.55x)53+0.55x = 61.590.55x = 8.59x = 15.62 Reverberation Time [Peak Hour]RT = 0.16 x V / A = 0.16 x 461.9 / [68+(0.55 X 15.62)] = 0.96s

Hence, 15.62 area of acoustic tiles are needed in order to achieve reverberation time of 1.2s, even though during peak hour, which is within the ANSI requirements.Material to Reduce Reverberation Time - Acoustic Tiles

Acoustic tile decreases the volume of the room, resulting in shorter reverberation time, and the tiles will absorb rather than reflect the sound. Acoustic tiles with a Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC) of 0.75 or better is recommended as the higher the number, the better it is. The installation absorbs 65% of the noise in a room, creating a quieter space.

Advantages of Acoustic Tiles:- Quick and easy acoustical solution- Create unique patterns- Panel size allows for flexible mounting options- Paintable & Printable finish

2.2 Combined Sound Pressure Level - First Floor Fresh Cut Fruits Kiosk The sound level assumption are made during peak hour(9am) where fruit business and eateries are having high human activities, and non peak hour(2pm), lower number of occupant in the market. Noise sources have been categorized as external traffic noise and internal noises that creates by human activities within the market.

Peak Hour(9am)(i) External Noise SourcesSound penetrate from main road : 82 dBBack Alley : 60 dBCombined SPL for external noise sources:

82 = 10 log (/ log = 8.2 = antilog 8.2= =

60 = 10 log (/log = 6 = antilog 6= =

Total intensities, = + =

= 10 log (/ = 10 log( = 82.01 dB

(i) Internal Noise SourcesNoise from First Floor Fresh Cut Fruits Kiosk : 73dBNoise from First Floor Seating Area : 65dBCombined SPL for internal noise sources:

73 = 10 log (/ log = 7.3 = antilog 7.3= =

65 = 10 log (/ log = 6.5 = antilog 6.5= =

Total intensities, = + =

= 10 log (/ = 10 log( = 73.65 dB

Total intensities, = + = + =

= 10 log (/ = 10 log (/ ) = 82.6 dB

Hence, combined SPL at peak hour is 82.6dB.

Non Peak Hour(2pm)(i) External Noise SourcesSound penetrate from main road : 70 dBBack Alley : 57 dBCombined SPL for external noise sources:

70 = 10 log (/ log = 7 = antilog 7= =

57 = 10 log (/log = 5.7 = antilog 5.7= =

Total intensities, = + = = 10 log (/ = 10 log( = 70.21 dB

(i) Internal Noise SourcesNoise from First Floor Fresh Cut Fruits Kiosk : 62dBNoise from First Floor Seating Area : 56dBCombined SPL for internal noise sources:

62 = 10 log (/ log = 6.2 = antilog 6.2= =

56 = 10 log (/ log = 5.6 = antilog 5.6= =

Total intensities, = + =

= 10 log (/ = 10 log( = 62.97 dB

Total intensities, = + = + =

= 10 log (/ = 10 log ( / ) = 70.97 dB

Hence, combined SPL at non peak hour is 70.97dB.In short, the combined SPL at peak hour is 82.6dB and 70.97dB at non peak hour. These sound levels have exceeded the general recommended sound level for market which is 48-52dB. This is due to the constant activities of fresh cut fruits and nonstop conversation at seating area, and also the fact that the market is located next to the main road near traffic light and back alley, which has high pedestrian and traffic flow. The implementation of perforated steel metal panel acts as the facade of the building helps to reduce the noise level.

Material for Sound Reduction - Perforated Steel Metal Panel

The use of perforated steel metal panel acts as the facade of the building, which forms sound barriers due to the reflective material, noise will be bounce off, but is not eliminated. Barriers incorporating absorptive materials mitigate sound waves, and protect hearing and health. These barriers have a layer of absorbing material and air beneath the perforated metal panel.

Advantages of Using Perforated Steel Metal Panel:- Supply of perforated metal sheets out of variety of materials: galvanized steel, stainless steel, aluminum, and carbon steel- Able to fabricate perforated metal into a component that is ready to be installed- Able to provide panels based on your specifications for target frequency range, thickness of panel and projected cost- Able to custom finish components to match any color scheme

2.3 Sound Transmission Loss - Mezzanine Fruit KioskMaterialArea(SRI(dB)Transmission Coefficient of Material

Brick Wall54.4426.31 x

Steel Panel Window14.2453.16 x

Brick WallSRI = 10 log (1/T)42 = 10 log (1/)antilog 4.2 = (1/) = 6.31 x

Steel Panel WindowSRI = 10 log (1/T)45 = 10 log (1/)antilog 4.5 = (1/) = 3.16 x

= = 5.66 x

= 10 = 1017667.84 = 42.47dB

The overall transmission loss from the main road to the mezzanine fruit kiosk is 42.47dB, which means that the amount of sound vibration generated inside will deducted by 42.47dB before transmitting through the walls or windows to the exterior, and vice versa, The external noise at the main road is 82dB during peak hour, therefore, the total sound level transmitted from main road junction to the interior of mezzanine fruit kiosk is 82dB- 42.47dB = 39.53dB.

ReferencesCavanaugh, W. (2010). Architectural Acoustic. New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons.Departments of Standards Malaysia. (2007) Malaysian Standard MS1525. (1st Edition)Descottes, H. (2011). Architectural Lighting Designing with Light and Space. New York ; Princeton Architectural Press.Karlen, M., & Benya. J. (2004). Lighting Design Basics. Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Storey, S. (2002). Lighting Design. London : Pavilion Books.