design of uav systems
DESCRIPTION
Design of UAV Systems. c 2003 LM Corporation. Control stations. Lesson objective - to discuss Control stations including … Functions Approaches Sizing Example problem. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation 10-1
Lesson objective - to discuss
Control stationsincluding …
• Functions• Approaches• Sizing• Example problem
Expectations - You will understand the fundamentals of UAV control stations and the overall size, weight and complexity of the associated systems
Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation 10-2
Importance
• UAV systems cannot operate without control stations
- Even if they are autonomous
• A good understanding of control station design issues and requirements are among the most important issues addressed during UAV pre-concept design
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
Control Functions
Mission Planning
Mission and Payload Management Information Processing and Dissemination
Launch and Recovery
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/pioneer.htm
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/disseminate/uav_tcs.htmhttp://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/pioneer.htm
http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/equip/afmss.htm
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
levels of control l
Level 1 -Receipt and transmission of secondary imagery or data.
Level 2 -Receipt of imagery or data directly from the UAV.
Level 3 -Control of the UAV payload.
Level 4 -Control of the UAV, less takeoff and landing.
Level 5 -Full function and control of the UAV to include takeoff and landing.
Source -http://www.fas.org/irp/program/disseminate/uav_tcs.htm
UAV Tactical Control System (TCS) Definitions
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
Levels of autonomy
Direct control Flight path controlhttp://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/eagle-eye.htm
Supervised controlFully autonomous
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/uav_gcs.htm
UAV Annual Report FY 1997 DarkStar
Control stick
d/dt,dh/dt and dV/dt
Attack return etc.
…or Navigation Control
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
Span of control
System Unique Multi-System
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/disseminate/uav_tcs.htmhttp://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/eagle-eye.htm
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
Control Location
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/disseminate/uav_tcs.htm
Ground
Rear Area
ForwardArea
Sea
Air
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/disseminate/uav_tcs.htm
http://www.army.mil/armyimages.htm
http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/pioneer.htm
Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
Global Hawk example
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
Global Hawk MCE
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
Global Hawk LRE
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
Pioneer GCS
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
Predator GCS
The GCS consists of (1) a pilot position and (2) a payload operator position (interchangeable), (3) a Data Exploitation, Mission Planning and Communications position where imagery is annotated and initially exploited, and a (4) SAR workstation
Source http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/daro/predator/toc.html
30 ft x 8 ft x 8 ft commercial van
Trojan Spirit GDT
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
Pointer GCS
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
UCAV control (status)
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
Another common GCS
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
And another
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
Mission control issues
Manpower requirements
Weapon control concept (for UCAV)
Overall size
Estimated cost
Vehicle control concept
Payload control concept
Site requirements
Product exploitation concept
Mission planning concept
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
Selection considerations
• Mission planning concept - For military users, manned and unmanned aircraft will almost certainly use common mission planning tools. Example
- USAF Mission Support System (AFMSS) has individual data modules that tailor it for each aircraft in the fleet. Global Hawk and Predator missions are planned like any other aircraft
- Civilian users will probably do the same - the selection of UAV mission planning tools may be driven by what exists
• Vehicle control concept will be driven by near vs. long term cost considerations and mission needs
- Autonomy costs a lot to develop, direct control doesn’t- Autonomy will cut long term operations and support costs
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
Considerations - cont’d
• Payload control concept will be driven by the ConOps- If the ConOps is to bring data back for analysis,
automated payload control will be cost effective- If the ConOps requires real time data analysis and
sensor retasking, direct control will probably be required- Automation can be used to reduce operator work load
• Payload product exploitation concept will also be driven by Conops- If data is to be sent elsewhere for analysis, no on-site
processing will be required- Otherwise, significant on-site processing will be required
- Efficient data processing tools will be required to keep the task work load down and the crew size small
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
Considerations - cont’d
• The weapon control concept (for UCAV) will be driven by ConOps and weapon type
- It is highly unlikely that machines will be allowed to attack without human authorization unless a target is preplanned and fixed (like a cruise missile)
- Otherwise operator intervention and authorization to attack will be required
- The amount of information required to support a decision to attack may be substantial
- Fire and forget weapons can also be highly automated- On board guided weapons by definition require high
levels of operator involvement
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
• Site requirements - At a minimum, a control station will be required at the launch and recovery area- Depending on the ConOps, other control stations may
be required - Mission control is often collocated with the user of the
system or its product (Global Hawk example)- Sometimes, multiple users are involved
Considerations - cont’d
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
• Manpower requirements - With enough automation, a single operator should be able to handle multiple UAVs and their payloads- To date, however, multiple operators are required
for one UAV with the typical assignments being(1) Launch and recovery(2) Vehicle control(3) Payload control(4) Payload information processing
- Predator example (for 4 air vehicle squadron)- 6 air vehicle operators- 9 payload operators- 9 data exploitation and mission planners- 3 SAR imagery analysts
Considerations - cont’d
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
Sizing
Little public control station information is available• What information does exist is mostly from
marketing brochures- Lots of pictures, little substance
• Janes UAVs and Targets has some data that we can parameterize for sizing purposes
The available data falls into two broad categories
• Short range, portable systems
• Van or trailer mounted long range control stations with environmental enclosures
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
Size and cost
Control station sizing(including supprt equip)
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1 10 100 1000 10000
Volume (cuft)
Control station only
0
500
1000
1500
2000
1 2 3 4
Seats
GH MCEGH LREPredator GCSCamcopterBristol UTCSJavelin
No enclosures
• Nominally each operator station in an enclosure requires about 350 - 400 cuft at about 12 lbs/ft^3
• There is very little publicly available control station cost information; Global Hawk CGS @ $45M (including comms), Predator @ $6.8M (excluding comms)
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
Lesson objective - to discuss
Control stationsincluding …
• Functions• Approaches• Sizing• Example problem
Next subject
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
Example problem
• Five medium UAVs, four provide wide area search, a fifth provides positive target identification- WAS range required (95km) not a challenge
• Only one UAV responds to target ID requests• No need to switch roles, simplifies ConOps• No need for frequent climbs and descents
• Communications distances reasonable (158nm & 212 nm)
• Speed requirement = 280 kts • Air vehicle operating altitude differences reasonable• We will study other
options as trades• Where should the control
station(s) be located?• How big are they?
100 nm
200 nm x 200 nm
158 nm
27.4 Kft
10 Kft27.4 Kft 27.4 Kft
212 nm
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
• Command and control approach• How to control the UAVs, where to locate control
stations and how many operators to employ• Control options
• Direct control (remotely piloted)• Inexpensive but high operations and support risk
• Navigation (waypoint and flight path) control• Slightly more complicated but low risk operations
• Supervised control (high level mission management)• Operational benefits but complicated development
• Autonomous• Minimizes operators but very complicated to develop
• Control locations will be driven by our threshold requirement approach • Minimum requirement is for one control station
• Located at the launch and recovery base• Navigation control approach will minimize risk
Considerations
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
Number of operators
• Assume one air vehicle operator can control all wide area search operations • Low work load activity – basically a monitoring task
• Another air vehicle operator handles ID operations• Controls both air vehicle and payload
• Wide area search/moving target payload operations require one operator (at a
minimum)• Fourth operator processes data and disseminates intelligence to users• Fifth operator for launch and recovery and backup• Sixth operator to control air and ground computer and communications systems
100 nm
200 nm x 200 nm
158 nm
27.4 Kft
10 Kft27.4 Kft 27.4 Kft
212 nm
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
• Control Station element• Waypoint/flight path control• 6 control consoles [air vehicle/EO/IR (2), SAR (1), C3I (1),
product process/dissemination(1), launch and recovery(1)]
Updated requirements
C3I = C2I + Communications
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
Homework
Assess control station requirements for your project and develop a approach that you think will work(1) Determine control station locations(2) Estimate number of operators and seats(3) Estimate weight(s) and volume(s)(4) Document your derived requirements
Submit your homework via Email to Egbert by COB next Thursday. Document all calculations.
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Design of UAV Systems
Control stationsc 2003 LM Corporation
Intermission