design of a novel turning tool cooled by combining

Bulletin of the JSME

Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems, and ManufacturingVol.15, No.1, 2021

© 2021 The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers[DOI: 10.1299/jamdsm.2021jamdsm0003]Paper No.20-00321

Design of a novel turning tool cooled by combining circulating

internal cooling with spray cooling for green cutting

Shengrong SHU*, Yu ZHANG*, Yiyun HE* and Han ZHANG*

Abstract

Cooling technology is vital in manufacturing industry, which can decrease cutting temperature, assist chip

removal and reduce or eliminate the generation of cutting liquid waste during metal cutting process. This paper

presents a novel turning tool cooled by combining circulating internal cooling with spray cooling, which can

cool the cutting tool tip from inside and outside of insert and assist blow chips away from cutting zone. Thermal-

fluid-solid coupling analysis using ANSYS Fluent is employed to investigate cooling performance of the

composite cooling turning tool. Optimization of the internal spray cooling structure is carried out by Taguchi

Method based CFD simulations and the optimal geometric parameters are picked out. The prototype of the novel

turning tool is fabricated through the integration of spray cooling technology into the previously developed

circulating internal cooling turning tool. The cooling effectiveness and practicality of the proposed novel turning

tool system are further examined and validated by cutting trials.

Keywords : Spray cooling, Circulating internal cooling, CFD simulation, Taguchi Method, Green machining

1. Introduction

Traditionally, a large amount of cooling liquid is poured to the cutting zone to cool the tool, workpiece and chips

during metal cutting process. Despite its role in reducing cutting temperature, improving the quality of workpiece and

assisting the chip removal, it brings a series of problems such as the harm to workers' health and pollution to environment

(Byrne, et al., 2003; Cetin, et al., 2011; Park, et al., 2010). So far, nations around the world have successively formulated

environmental regulations to restrict the use of cutting fluids. To overcome the negative effects of cutting fluid, many

researchers have conducted extensive study on green and harmless cooling cutting technology and related tooling design

(Dornfeld, et al., 2014; Vishal, et al., 2009; Vollertsen, et al., 2014).

A lot of cooling methods such as heat pipe cooling (Chiou, et al., 2007), internal cooling (Mia, 2017; Vicentin, et al.,

2011), or circulating internal cooling (Minton, et al., 2013; Isik, et al., 2017) and the corresponding cutting tools have

been applied to metal cutting. These newly designed tools with their respective cooling methods can achieve green or

near dry cutting. Among them, the circulating internal cooling tool performs prominently in reducing, predicting and

controlling the cutting temperature, and eliminating cutting fluid contamination in machining process (Shu, et al., 2013;

Wu, et al., 2018). The cooling liquid can flow along channels in internal cooling tool and get close to the cutting tool tip,

which quickly take away heat from cutting zone, further reducing the temperature at workpiece-tool-chip interfaces.

Moreover, the internal circulation of coolant avoids pollution to environment. However, it worth noting that it can’t cool

chips, workpiece and assist chip removal for that the cooling liquid only circulates inside the tool.

Spray cooling can compensate for the deficiency of circulating internal cooling in cooling and removing chips. It is

a near-dry cooling technique in cutting, which tiny liquid is mixed with compressed air to form fine droplets and spray

into cutting zone with airflow. The pressurized gas can help lifting up the chips and blowing them away from the cutting

zone (Nath, et al., 2017). Liquid droplets and film formed on the tool rake face and rotating workpiece can easily penetrate

into the cutting zone, which can lubricates and cools the tool-chip interface, thus improving the cutting tool life.

Compared with flood cooling, spray cooling shows similar machining performance on workpiece surface roughness and

*School of Mechatronics & Vehicle Engineering, East China Jiaotong University

808 Shuanggang East Street, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330013, China

E-mail: [email protected]

Received: 29 June 2020; Revised: 23 September 2020; Accepted: 14 December 2020

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2© 2021 The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers[DOI: 10.1299/jamdsm.2021jamdsm0003]

Shu, Yu Zhang, He and Han Zhang, Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems, and Manufacturing, Vol.15, No.1 (2021)

residual stress, but longer tool life (Nath, et al., 2017; Jun, et al., 2008; Hoyne, et al., 2013). Cutting tools equipped with

an external spray nozzle can't obtain stable cooling performance for spraying direction are strongly controlled by operator.

However, cutting tools with inner channels and nozzle avoid the adjustment, therefore ensuring accuracy and repeatability

of the cooling process. Based on this, we present a novel turning tool which integrates the spray cooling and the

circulating internal cooling.

The cooling structure of the tool not only affects cooling performance but also mechanical property. For example, to

pursue a better cooling effect, a large coolant passage and groove are arranged in the tail and head of toolholder

respectively, which in turn reduces rigidity of the tool (Vicentin, et al., 2011). Another internally cooled tool was

comprised of a tool shank, cooling adaptor and hollow insert of 1mm wall thickness so that the coolant can get close to

the cutting zone (Carlo, et al., 2014). Such an insert has poor impact resistance and thus is prone to breakage in cutting

process. Above suggests that we should take not only good cooling performance, but also sufficient rigidity and strength

into account when design the composite cooling tool. Since the numerical simulation has been applied to the optimization

of spray parameters (Pereira, et al., 2017, Obikawa,et al., 2009) and the prediction of cutting temperature distribution

during turning (Sharma, et al., 2018, Pervaiz, et al., 2014), the cooling structure of the novel turning tool will also be

optimized by this method.

In this paper, a novel composite cooling turning tool is proposed by integrating spray cooling technology into the

previously developed circulating internal cooling tool (Shu, et al., 2013; Shu, 2014). Thermal-fluid-solid coupling

analyses by using ANSYS Fluent are conducted to study effectiveness of the new turning tool. CFD simulations are

carried out according to Taguchi orthogonal table, and the optimum structure design parameters of spray cooling are

obtained by signal-noise ratio analysis of the simulated cutting temperature results. Finally, the prototype of optimized

composite cooling turning tool is fabricated and tested by cutting trials.

2. Design and configuration of the novel turning tool

As shown in Fig.1, it is the simplified CAD model of the composite cooling turning tool. It is a reformation design

based on a standard turning tool which is composed of MSSNR2020K12 toolholder and SNMG120408 insert, adaptor

and clamp. Cooling structures are built into these parts, and cooling channels for internal cooling and spray cooling are

formed by assembling them together.

The internal cooling structure of the composite cooling turning tool is adapted from the previously developed

circulating internally cooled turning tool (Shu, et al., 2013; Shu, 2014). A standard tungsten carbide insert was sliced to

a thin insert with 1.8mm thick, which help cooling liquid take away heat quickly. There is an annular groove on top of

the support seat and some micro holes are located in the adapter and toolholder. Previously research demonstrated that a

thickness of 1.8mm of insert and a wall thickness 0.7mm towards flank face of support seat are sufficient to withstand

moderate mechanical loads (Shu, 2014). Thermal grease was used to seal interfaces between insert and support seat, and

O-ring seals were employed to avoid coolant leakage at flow channel interfaces between adaptor and toolholder. For

convenience, inlet and outlet of cooling liquid were arranged on the bottom of toolholder. As shown in Fig.1, red arrows

represent the flow of cooling liquid. The cooling liquid pumped from coolant supply system flows into inlet channel,

washes against beneath insert, flows out the tool and returns to coolant container of cooling system, which take away

heat in machining process.

As to channels arrangement of spray cooling, it is important to note that the spray cooling structure should not be too

close to internal cooling channels, otherwise rigidity of tool will be greatly weakened. There are many possibilities for

the number and location of spray cooling nozzles. If only one spray cooling nozzle is placed on the toolholder, it would

be difficult to simultaneously cool and lubricate the tool-chip and tool-workpiece contact surfaces. As to three or more

nozzles are arranged at the front end of the toolholder, additional parts should be added. In addition, the improvement of

cooling and lubrication effect maybe not obvious for the interaction of multiple spray flow fields. So, considering

characteristics of the tool structure, two spray cooling nozzles are set at the upper and lower front of the toolholder,

respectively. The nozzle placed on the top front of toolholder is used to cool and lubricate the tool-chip interface. To

further increase cooling and lubricating efficiency, the nozzle deployed on the lower front of toolholder is to cool and

lubricate the tool-workpiece interface. The spray inlet on the bottom of toolholder is connected to spray cooling system

by a 1/8 inch pipe threaded joint. The sealing between spray cooling inlet and spray equipment was achieved by PTFE

thread seal tape, which is very reliable when the air pressure is less than 0.8Mpa.

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Because cooling structures inside the turning tool will weaken rigidity and strength, the dimensions of spray cooling

structure should be reasonably designed to ensure mechanical properties of the turning tool and maximize cooling

efficiency.

Fig. 1 Simplified model of the composite cooling turning tool Fig. 2 Geometric parameter of spray cooling

3. Taguchi's experimental design

The diameter of spray outlet has important influence on air flow rate, and also affects size, velocity and volume

fraction of droplets (Wang, et al., 2019). The distance between spray nozzle and cooling surface can significantly affect

spray field coverage, liquid film velocity and thickness (Maruda, et al., 2016). Therefore, cooling structure dimensions

of the composite cooling turning tool will affect heat transfer among compressed air, coolant droplets and cutting zone.

In order to improve cooling efficiency, the geometric parameters of spray cooling structure should be optimized.

As shown in Fig. 2, the important geometric variables include the upper spray outlet diameter (UOD), the lower

spray outlet diameter (LOD), the distance between upper spray outlet and cutting tool tip (First distance, FD), and the

distance between lower spray outlet and cutting tool tip (Second distance, SD). Taguchi method is used to investigate the

influence of above four factors and optimize spray cooling structure parameters of the turning tool. It utilizes orthogonal

arrays to minimize the time and cost of experiments, and the optimal combination of factors and levels can be obtained

by signal-noise ratio analysis of the simulated cutting temperature.

Table 1 Range of the four design parameters

Parameters levels

1 2 3

A UOD (mm) 1.0 2.0 3.0

B LOD (mm) 1.0 2.0 3.0

C FD (mm) 16.8 21.0 25.2

D SD (mm) 11.6 14.6 17.6

Table 2 L9 orthogonal array

Experiment upper spray outlet diameter

A

lower spray outlet diameter

B

First distance

C

Second distance

D Combination

1 1 1 1 1 A1B1C1D1

2 1 2 2 2 A1B2C2D2

3 1 3 3 3 A1B3C3D3

4 2 1 2 3 A2B1C2D3

5 2 2 3 1 A2B2C3D1

6 2 3 1 2 A2B3C1D2

7 3 1 3 2 A3B1C3D2

8 3 2 1 3 A3B2C1D3

9 3 3 2 1 A3B3C2D1

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Since channels of spray cooling are located at the front end of toolholder, the four design parameters are limited

within a certain range. Table 1 shows the four parameters and three levels of the novel turning tool. Table 2 presents

Taguchi's Table L9(34) employed in this procedure. In order to ensure that liquid droplets are sprayed toward cutting zone,

the upper nozzle points to tool tip and the angle between the axis of lower nozzle and tool rake face should be unchanged

for each design scheme.

After steady-state analysis for each design scheme in Table 2, the cooling performance is evaluated by area-weighted

average temperature of tool-chip interface. The lower the area-weighted average temperature of tool-chip interface, the

better cooling efficiency of the tool. Through statistical analysis performed on area-weighted average temperature of

tool-chip interface, we can find the optimal parameters and levels combination.

4. CFD simulation

4.1 Simulation setup

Thermal-fluid-solid coupling simulation analysis by using ANSYS Fluent are conducted to investigate cooling

performance of the composite cooling turning tool. Fig.3 shows the geometric model of CFD simulation. It comprises

the simplified turning tool, workpiece, a small piece of curved chip and fluid domain. The fluid zone can simulates flow

of air and droplets and is large enough to capture flow characteristic around cutting zone with a volume of 95mm × 80mm

× 70mm.

Fig. 3 Schematic view of the geometric model of simulation

Table 3 Simulation parameters

Variable Value Variable Value

Density of insert (kg/m3) 14900 Air/Water temperature (℃) 20

Elastic modulus of insert (MPa) 5.2E5 Specific heat of water (J/kg·K) 4182

Poisson's ratio of insert 0.4 Viscosity of water (kg/m·s) 0.001

Thermal conductivity of insert (W/m∙K) 52.3 Density of water (kg/m3) 998.2

Specific heat of insert (J/kg∙K) 302 Thermal conductivity of water (W/m·K) 0.6

Tool-chip contact area (ω mm×Lc mm) 0.5×1.5 Inlet velocity of internal cooling (m/s) 1

Heat flux on contact area (W/mm2) 10 Inlet pressure of spray cooling (MPa) 0.3

Since volume fraction of coolant droplet is much smaller than air, the discrete phase model (DPM) is selected to

simulate particle trajectories and properties within fluid domain. Considering entrainment during spraying, and

disturbance caused by fluid impingement on the surfaces of tool and workpiece, realizable k-ε turbulence model is used

in this simulation. The species transport model is activated in order to model coolant droplets boiling and vaporization.

The Wall-film model is applied to the simulation of liquid droplets colliding with walls thus forming thin films, splashing

and vaporization.

The mesh quantity and quality of simulation model will affect time and accuracy of calculation. In order to improve

computation efficiency under ensuring accuracy, grids are divided densely around the cutting zone and relatively coarse

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in other positions when meshing. Mesh convergence tests have been carried out by varying element sizes to get optimum

element sizes for different parts of each design scheme simulation model. Because the purified water has a good heat

transfer performance, and it is readily available and harmless to environment and human, we choose the purified water

as the cooling fluid for internal cooling and spray cooling in this study. For all the simulations, the tool-chip contact area

is 0.5mm×1.5mm, the heat flow rate conducted into the cutting insert is 10W/mm2, the coolant inlet velocity of internal

cooling is 1m/s and its temperature is 20°C, the coolant flow rate of spray cooling is 50mL/h and its temperature is 20°C.

Table 3 lists most of input values of thermal-fluid-solid coupling simulations for the composite cooling turning tool.

4.2 CFD results and discussions

CFD calculations under the given conditions were performed on 9 design schemes in the orthogonal array. Table 4

shows the simulated area-weighted average temperature of tool-chip interface for every design scheme. The differences

of these temperatures is not very large, mainly for small differences among levels of each design parameter.

In Taguchi design, signal-to-noise ratio (S/N ratio) is served as an index of product robustness. The larger S/N ratio,

the greater influence of control factor on product robustness. Usually, there are three types of S/N ratios including smaller-

the-better, higher-the-better, and nominal the-best. In this research, area-weighted average temperature of the tool-chip

interface is expected to be the smaller the better, thus S/N ratio of the smaller-the-better was utilized and results are shown

in Table 5. As can be seen from the rank of S/N ratio in Table 5, the influence of each parameter on the area-weighted

average temperature is in the order of UOD, SD, FD and LOD.

Table 4 Simulation results

No. of design A1B1C1D1 A1B2C2D2 A1B3C3D3

Temperature(K) 415.26 414.552 415.476


Temperature(K) 414.668 415.101 414.088


Temperature(K) 413.619 413.861 413.69

Table 5 S/N ratio of each factor

levels UOD(mm) LOD(mm) FD(mm) SD(mm)

1 -52.363 -52.351 -52.348 -52.354

2 -52.353 -52.351 -52.346 -52.342

3 -52.334 -52.349 -52.355 -52.354

Delta 0.029 0.002 0.009 0.013

Rank 1 4 3 2

Fig. 4 S/N effect chart of each factor

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In order to analyze the influence of four design parameters on tool-chip interface temperature intuitively, the S/N

main effect map of each factor is plotted according to Table 5 and shown in Fig. 4. As can be seen from Fig. 4, for UOD,

cooling effect becomes better with the increase of nozzle diameter. This may be primarily because the larger outlet

diameter, the larger flow rate of droplets when inlet air pressure is constant, so that more droplets enter the cutting zone

and take heat away. Similarly, the larger LOD, the more pronounced cooling effect. FD and SD have similar effect on

tool-chip interface temperature. The temperature of tool-chip contact area doesn’t decrease monotonously as the two

distances decrease, while the medium distances minimize the temperature. This may be due to most of droplets splash

and rebound after impacting with wall surface when the two distances are small, while droplet’s momentum is not big

when the distances are larger.

Based on above results, the optimal parameters levels combination is A3B3C2D2, in which the UOD = 3.0mm, the

LOD = 3.0mm, the FD = 21.0 mm, the SD = 14.6 mm. In the simulation results of each design in Table 3, the parameters

and levels combination with minimum area-weighted average temperature is A3B1C3D2. It is different from the optimal

levels combination, so further verification is needed.

4.3 Validation of the optimized turning tool

In order to verify that cooling efficiency of the optimized turning tool is higher than all design schemes in Table 2,

fluid-solid-thermal coupling simulation analysis was carried out. In this simulation, parameters and boundary conditions

are the same as above analysis.

Fig. 5 shows temperature contour and fluid velocities of the optimized turning tool. We can see from Fig. 5 a) that

maximum temperature of the optimized turning tool is 429.9K. Average temperature of the tool-chip interface is 423.5K

calculated through Fluent, which is smaller than that of the scheme A3B1C3D2. It demonstrates that the cooling

efficiency of the optimized tool is better. Fig. 5 b) presents the liquid droplets velocity contour. A large number of high-

speed droplets ejected from upper and lower outlets enter the cutting zone and then collide with tool, workpiece and chip.

A part of droplets splash while some form liquid films on the wall surfaces. Fig. 5 c) illustrates the air velocity distribution

and Fig. 5 d) exhibits the cooling liquid velocity vector. It indicates that turning tool cooled by combining circulating

internal cooling and spray cooling could greatly reduce cutting temperature by means of cooling the insert inside and

outside.

a) Tool temperature contour b) Droplet flow contours

c) Streamline of the air

d) Streamline of the cooling liquid

Fig. 5 Temperature contour and fluid velocities of the optimized turning tool

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In order to verify that the optimized turning tool meets strength and stiffness requirements, static structural analysis

of the ordinary turning tool and the composite cooling turning tool under same cutting force were carried out using

ANSYS. The main cutting force is 54N, the radial force is 124N and the feed force is 78N.21 The analysis results are

shown in Table 6. Under the same conditions, maximum stresses of the ordinary turning tool and the optimized composite

cooling turning tool both occur at the tool tip, and they are 542.39MPa and 558.28MPa respectively. The maximum

deformation of the composite cooling tool is 0.001937mm, larger than that of the ordinary turning tool. Compared with

the ordinary turning tool, strength and rigidity of the composite cooling turning tool are not weakened significantly. Thus

the optimized composite cooling turning tool is feasible in practice.

Table 6 Static structural analysis results of the ordinary turning tool and the composite cooling turning tool

Ordinary turning tool Composite cooling turning tool

Stress contours

Maximum stress 542.39 MPa 558.28 MPa

Deformation

contours

Maximum

deformation 0.0018026 mm 0.0019369 mm

5. Experimental study

5.1 Experimental setup

Fig. 6 shows the decomposition diagram of the optimized composite cooling turning tool. A series of cutting trials

were conducted on a CNC lathe to investigate practicality and effectiveness of the prototyped of novel turning tool cooled

by combining circulating internal cooling and spray cooling. Fig. 7 shows the experimental setup.

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Fig. 6 Schematic view of the novel turning tool

To eliminate the influence of tool wear on the cutting temperature, the aluminum alloy 6061 was chosen for the

workpiece material because its machinability characteristics. Its diameter and length are 60mm and 300mm respectively.

A K-type thermocouple was bonded to the tool minor flank face using heat-resistant adhesive, with a distance of 1.5mm

to the tool tip and 0.5 mm to the tool rake face. The maximum temperature that the heat-resistant adhesive can withstand

is 300℃, which meets the requirement of cutting trials. The thermocouple was connected to the JK808 handheld multi-

channel temperature tester so that it can record the temperature of the turning tool in real time, which is convenient for

observation of cutting temperature. Purified water was used as the coolant and the temperature was 23°C. The inlet

velocity of the internal cooling was 1m/s. The inlet air pressure of spray cooling was 0.3MPa and the water flow rate for

spray cooling was 50ml/h. These settings are the same as in numerical simulation.

Cutting trials were conducted with the prototyped of the composite cooling turning tool under combing circulating

internal cooling and spray cooling and only internal cooling condition. Dry cutting trials were undertaken with an

ordinary turning tool. Cutting trials were performed at different cutting speeds and depths of cut to investigate the

influence of cutting parameters on cooling efficiency. The cutting parameters and details about the tool geometry are

shown in Table 7.

Fig. 7 Experimental setup

Table 7 Cutting test parameters

Workpiece material Al 6061 Main cutting edge angle 45°

Cutting speed (r/min) 80, 100, 120 Clearance angle 5°

Depth of cut (mm) 0.3, 0.5 Water flow rate(inlet velocity) for internal cooling 47mL/min (1m/s)

Feed rate (mm/min) 40 Water temperature of internal cooling 23℃

Cutting insert Walter, KT930 Water flow rate for spray cooling 50 mL/h

Rake angle -5° Temperature of spray cooling 16℃

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5.2 Results and discussions

Table 8 lists steady-state temperatures of sampling points of the ordinary turning tool and the composite cooling

turning tool under various cutting conditions. It demonstrates that the composite cooling turning tool can effectively

decrease cutting temperature. Steady-state temperature of internal cooling turning tool is just a little lower than that of

the ordinary turning tool, while the composite cooling turning tool is nearly half. In addition, cooling performance of

both internal cooling and composite cooling is getting better with cutting speed increases.

Fig. 8 shows the sampling point temperatures variation from 0 to 120s under different cutting speeds at cutting depth

of 0.3mm when dry cutting with ordinary turning tool, internal cooling and composite cooling cutting with novel turning

tool. Fig. 8 a)~c illustrate that although temperatures of sampling points don't grow greatly with the increase of cutting

speed, temperature of dry cutting rises faster than that of circulating internal cooling and composite cooling. The reason

may be in spite of the increase of cutting speed produces more cutting heat, heat taken away by chips is also getting more

for the aluminum alloy has a large thermal conductivity. That is to say, heat flow into the tool will not increase

significantly with the increase of cutting speed. Moreover, internal cooling and spray cooling can take away more heat if

the tool temperature increases, which slow down the rise of the cutting temperature.

Table 8 Steady-state temperatures of sampling points under various cutting conditions

Depth of cut (mm) Cutting speed (m/min) Temperature of the sampling point (℃)

Dry cutting Internal cooling Internal cooling + Spray cooling

0.3

80 46.5 42.9 24.6

100 51.9 43.3 25.1

120 54.3 43.8 27.1

0.5

80 71.6 - 36.1

100 73.7 - 36.2

120 74.1 - 36.9

(a) Cutting speed=80m/min (b) Cutting speed=100m/min (c) Cutting speed=120m/min

Fig. 8 Temperatures variation of sampling points when the depth of cut is 0.3mm

Fig. 9 depicts the sampling point temperatures variation from 0 to 120s under different cutting speeds at cutting

depths of 0.3mm and 0.5mm when dry cutting with ordinary turning tool and composite cooling cutting with novel

turning tool. When cutting speed is constant, temperatures of sampling points of the ordinary turning tool and the

composite cooling turning tool rise as cutting depth increases, but temperature rise of the composite cooling turning tool

is smaller than that of the ordinary turning tool. Fig. 9 a) shows the sampling point temperature of the ordinary turning

tool has increased about 25°C, whereas that of the composite cooling turning tools has only grown at around 10°C. It can

be observed that the influence of cutting speed on cutting temperature is reduced when cutting depth increases from

0.3mm to 0.5mm. This may be because the internal circulating fluid getting closer to tool-chip interface with the increase

of cutting depth, the more heat cooling liquid takes away, hindering the rapid rise in cutting temperature.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 12010

20

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(a) Cutting speed=80m/min (b) Cutting speed=100m/min (c) Cutting speed=120m/min

Fig. 9 Temperatures variation of sampling points when DOC= 0.3mm and 0.5mm

6. Conclusions

In this paper, a composite cooling turning tool was developed, which integrate spray cooling technology into the

circulating internal cooling tool. The spray cooling structure parameters of the novel turning tool are optimized by

Taguchi method and CFD simulations. The optimal design parameters of the spray cooling structure are: UOD = 3mm,

LOD = 3mm, FD = 21.0mm, and SD = 14.6mm. Combined with spray cooling, the circulating internal cooling tool can

further reduce cutting temperature, indicating that the new turning tool can be used in the occasion of greater material

removal rate and be promising for green machining of difficult-to-cut materials such as titanium, Inconel, and explosive

material. The next work will study the influence of cooling parameters such as air pressure, temperature and flow rate of

coolant on cutting temperature. It help us to choose appropriate cooling parameters to decrease the cutting temperature

when it is too high during machining process, thus rapid tool wear can be avoided.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the funding support for this research by the National Natural Science

Foundation of China (Grant No. 51705153) and the Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.

20192BAB206029).

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