design & fabrication of wind-solar hybrid power...
TRANSCRIPT
Design & Fabrication ofWind-Solar Hybrid Power
Generation Model
A M R I T M A N D A L
K o l k a t a , W e s t B e n g a lI n d i a
+ 9 1 8 1 1 6 4 0 1 0 5 2
A m r i t . m a n d a l 0 1 9 1 @ g m a i l . c o m
AbstractWind power generation and solar power generation arecombined to make a WIND-SOLAR HYBRID POWERGENERATION SYSTEM. A 6v, 5Ah lead-acid battery is used tostore solar power and charging is controlled by a charger circuitwhich has been discussed here. Power output of this hybridsystem is 7 watts (9VDC, 0.77A DC) .
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CERTIFICATE FOR APPROVAL
TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN
This is to certify that the project entitled “WIND-SOLAR HYBRIDPOWER GENERATION WITH A WORKING MODEL ” is up to thestandard of W.B.U.T 8th semester syllabus. The project work has beendone with precision and is quite satisfactory.
_____________________
H.O.D EE DEPT. PROJECT MENTOR
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTTo begin with, I would like to extend my heartiest gratitude to our respected
guide Prof. B.Roy Chowdhury for his untiring endeavor and constant enthusiasmthroughout the length of the project.
I would like to take this opportunity to thank the head of our department Prof.P.K.Pradhan for providing me with the chance of working on this interesting projectunder the guidance of Dr. B.B.Sen and Prof. B.R.Chowdhury.
Finally, Prof.G.Banerjea and Dr.S.Sen owe special mention as without theirdisciplined guidance and care, the completion of the project within the givendeadline would have been a distant dream.
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index
INDEXSl. No. Particulars Page No.1.
2.
3.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Introduction
Objective
Methodology
i) Wind Power Gen.
ii) Solar Power Gen.
iii) Battery Charger
Overall process
Constraints
Conclusion
Future Propects
References
4-6
7-9
10-34
35-35
36
37
37
37
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INTRODUCTIONEnergy is playing an important role in human and economic development. On of thedriving forces for social and economic development and a basic demand of nation isenergy. Most of the energy production methods are one-way, which requires change ofform for the energy. In parallel to developing technology, demand for more energy makesus seek new energy sources. In parallel to developing technology, demand for moreenergy makes us seek new energy sources. Researches for renewable energies have beeninitiated first for wind power and then for solar power. Efficiency of solar powerconversion systems is ca. 18%, whilst that of wind power is ca. 55%. These efficienciescould be increased by 50% with beam tracking, beam focusing and wind directionadaptive motion methods.Energy Resources- Solar and Wind
India is large country and the rate of electrification has not kept pace with the expandingpopulation, urbanization and industrialization and has resulted in the increasing deficitbetween demand and supply of electricity. This has not only resulted in underelectrification but also put heavy pressure on the governments to keep pace with demandfor electricity. People not served by the power grid have to rely on fossil fuels likekerosene and diesel for their energy needs and also incur heavy recurring expenditure forthe poor people in rural areas. Wherever the rural areas have been brought under powergrid the erractic and unreliable power supply has not helped the farmers and the need foran uninterrupted power supply especially during the critical farming period has been hasbeen a major area of concern.Solar EnergyIndia receives a solar energy equivalent of 5,000 trillion kWh/year with a daily averagesolar energy incidence of 4-7 kWh/m2. This is considerably more than the total energyconsumption of the country. Further, most parts of the country experience 250-300 sunnydays in a year, which makes solar energy a viable option in these areas.Decentralized renewable energy systems, which rely on locally available resources, couldprovide the solution to the rural energy problem, particularly in remote areas where gridextension is not a viable proposition Solar energy, with its virtually infinite potential andfree availability, represents a nonpolluting and inexhaustible energy source which can bedeveloped to meet the energy needs of mankind in a major way. The high cost, fastdepleting fossil fuels and the public concern about the eco-friendly power generation ofpower have led to a surge of interest in the utilization of solar energy.
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Wind EnergyThe development of wind power in India began in the 1990s, and has significantlyincreased in the last few years. Although a relative newcomer to the wind industrycompared with Denmark or the United States, India has the fifth largest installed windpower capacity in the world. In 2009-10 India's growth rate was highest among the othertop four countries.As of 31 Jan 2013 the installed capacity of wind power in India was 18634.9MW, mainlyspread across Tamil Nadu (7134 MW), Gujarat (3,093 MW), Maharashtra (2310.70MW), Karnataka (1730.10 MW), Rajasthan (1524.70 MW), Madhya Pradesh (275.50MW), Andhra Pradesh (200.20 MW), Kerala (32.8 MW), Orissa (2MW), WestBengal (1.1 MW) and other states (3.20 MW). It is estimated that 6,000 MW of additionalwind power capacity will be installed in India by 2012. Wind power accounts for 6% ofIndia's total installed power capacity, and it generates 1.6% of the country's power.
Power Plant Producer Location State Total Capacity(MWe)
Vankusawade WindPark
Suzlon Energy Ltd Satara District. Maharashtra 259
Cape Comorin Aban Loyd Chiles Offshore Ltd. Kanyakumari Tamil Nadu 33
Kayathar Subhash Subhash Ltd. Kayathar Tamil Nadu 30
Ramakkalmedu Subhash Ltd. Ramakkalmedu Kerala 25
Muppandal Wind Muppandal Wind Farm Muppandal Tamil Nadu 22
Gudimangalam Gudimangalam Wind Farm Gudimangalam Tamil Nadu 21
Puthlur RCI Wescare (India) Ltd. Puthlur AndhraPradesh
20
Lamda Danida Danida India Ltd. Lamba Gujarat 15
6
Chennai Mohan Mohan Breweries & Distilleries Ltd. Chennai Tamil Nadu 15
Jamgudrani MP MP Windfarms Ltd. Dewas MadhyaPradesh
14
Jogmatti BSES BSES Ltd. ChitradurgaDistrict
Karnataka 14
Perungudi Newam Newam Power Company Ltd. Perungudi Tamil Nadu 12
Kethanur Wind Farm Kethanur Wind Farm Kethanur Tamil Nadu 11
Hyderabad APSRTC Andhra Pradesh State RoadTransport Corporation.
Hyderabad AndhraPradesh
10
Muppandal Madras Madras Cements Ltd. Muppandal Tamil Nadu 10
Shah Gajendragarh MMTCL Gadag Karnataka 15
Shah Gajendragarh Sanjay D. Ghodawat Gadag Karnataka 10.8
Acciona Tuppadahalli Tuppadahalli Energy India PrivateLimited
ChitradurgaDistrict
Karnataka 56.1
Poolavadi Chettinad Chettinad Cement Corp. Ltd. Poolavadi Tamil Nadu 10
Shalivahana Wind Shalivahana Green Energy. Ltd. Tirupur Tamil Nadu 20.4
Dangiri Wind Farm Oil India Ltd. Jaiselmer Rajasthan 54
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has fixed a target of 10,500 MW between 2007–12, but an additionalgeneration capacity of only about 6,000 MW might be available for commercial use by 2012.
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has announced a revised estimation of the potential wind resourcein India from 49,130 MW assessed at 50m Hub heights to 102,788 MW assessed at 80m Hub height. The wind resourceat higher Hub heights that are now prevailing is possibly even more.
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Objectives
The aim of this work is design and implementation of a solar-wind hybrid energy system.This work is expected to help to understand the basics of solar-wind hybrid power generation. Asmall part of the daily electricity consumption with an efficient utilization of solar and windpower. Here we made a hybrid system where the solar power is stored in a battery and thecombination of battery output and wind power output fed to the load. Because of the availabilityof wind is through out the day & night whereas solar power is only available in daylight and fora limited time, here we are not storing the wind power.
In brief, the objectives are:
Wind power generation Solar power generation Storage of generated solar power To Design a suitable charger for battery Make a wind-solar hybrid power system Display electrical power output using a LED lighting system
Wind Power Generation:To extract energy from wind and to convert that energy into electrical power, we need a WindTurbine setup which can convert the mechanical power into electrical power. The blades of thewind turbine are fixed to the rotor part of the generator set which is mounted on the turbineusing gear-arrangement.
Wind with a speed of 5km/hr or more causes the rotation of the blades of the turbine. As theblades rotate, the mechanical power then converts into electrical power with the help ofgenerator set.
Solar Power Generation:As mentioned earlier sun gives us energy in terms of both heat & light. But we are usinglight energy for producing electrical energy. The system which converts sunlight toelectrical energy is called Solar Cell. It is basically a photo-volatic cell or PV cell which isphoto sensitive.
8When sunlight falls on the ‘N’ side, the free electron flows from ‘N’ to ‘P’. As the electronget enough energy to breakdown the bond and flow through the load. So current flows inopposite direction. This is the main operating principle of solar cell.Storage of Generated Solar Power:For storing the solar energy we will use a battery. The battery will be charged during theday. At night it will supply the loads. The load can be supplied during the charging time if -The storage energy in battery > Energy required to drive the load
Suitable Charging Circuit for Battery-Backup:The charger will charge any 6V lead acid battery including flooded, gel and AGM. It is fullyautomatic and will charge at a rate up to about 4A until the battery voltage reaches apreset point at which it will switch to a very low current float charge. If the battery voltagedrops again the charger will begin charging until the voltage once again reaches the cut offpoint. In this way it can be left connected to a battery indefinitely to maintain full chargewithout causing damage. A set of Green & Red LEDs indicate when the battery is fullycharged & it’s charging state.Wind-Solar Hybrid Power System Setup:After completing the wind turbine and solar power generation setup, we will check theoutput of the each power source. After successful power generation from both the powersource we will combine the two power source. While doing this we will consider thevoltage and current value of each power source because if there’ll be a mismatch in anyparameter stated before, the system may not work and even a part or the whole systemmay damage.
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An overview of the whole process
Combiner Box
LED Lighting System
Lead-AcidBatteryBackup
Solar PanelWind Turbine
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Methodology
Wind power Generation:There are basically two types of wind turbine available-1. Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)2. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT)For wind power generation in our project we are using HAWT type wind mill.A very brief detail on HAWT has been highlighted here: Differential heating of the earth’ssurface and atmosphere inducesvertical and horizontal air currentsthat are affected by the earth’srotation and contours of the land andgenerates WIND. A wind turbine obtains its powerinput by converting the force of thewind into torque (turning force)acting on the rotor blades. The amount of energy which the windtransfers to the rotor depends on thedensity of the air, the rotor area, andthe wind speed.
P Power
ρ Air Density (kg/m3)
A Blade Area -turbine (m2)
VWind velocity (m/s)
P = 0.5 X ρ X A X V3
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MAJOR COMPONENTS OF HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINE
12We have made a Horizontal Axis Wind turbine (HAWT) type wind mill with two turbinesset-a twin turbine wind mill model. Before going elaborate our project work, a shortdiscussion on the effect of the type of materials of blade, blade-size, blade shape and thegear-arrangement have been represented here.Blade shape used
A B C D
Variables Held Constant
• 12” blades were used• Turbine was placed 6 feet away from box fan wind source• A non-geared turbine was used• Average wind speed was about 3.5 mph at the turbine
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
1 2 3 4
volta
ge (V
)
No. of Blades
Effect of Number of Blades and Blade Shape on Voltage
A
B
C
D
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Blade shape used
A B C D
Variables Held Constant
12” blades were used Turbine was placed 6 feet away from box fan wind source Average wind speed was about 3.5 mph at the turbine
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
A B C D
volta
ge (V
)
Blade Type
Effect of Geared and Non-Geared Turbines on Voltage
Geared
Non-Geared
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Blade shape used
A B C D
Variables Held Constant
Blade Type D was used for all experiments Turbine was placed 6 feet away from box fan wind source A geared turbine was used Average wind speed was about 3.5 mph at the turbine
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
8 inches 12 inches 18 inches
volta
ge (V
)
Blade Size
Effect of Blade Size on Voltage
Blade size
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Blade shape used
A B C D
Variables Held Constant
Two 8” Type D blades were used for all experiments Turbine was placed 6 feet away from box fan wind source A geared turbine was used Average wind speed was about 3.5 mph at the turbine
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
cardboard Aluminium sheet PVC pipe
volta
ge (V
)
Blade Size
Effect of Blade Material on Voltage
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Discussion:When setting up the experiments we noticed that angle of the rotor blades plays a majorpart in determining the voltage produced. The most voltage was produced when theblades were angled slightly from the plane of rotation. This configuration however alsotook the longest to get started and might not be very effective at harnessing the power ofwind gusts. When the rotor blades were placed at greater angles the turbine picked upspeed faster but it never reached optimal rotational speeds.Blade shape also played a role in voltage production. We believe that both surface areaof the blade and shape are important. Shape D performed very well in most settings.B also did well with the two blade configuration. We believe a bulged blade with arounded top would work best. This shape is a combination of the best features of Band DThe number of blades was important as well. The two blade configuration seemed tobe most efficient. Perhaps more blades tend to create more drag as they rotate athigher speeds. Surprisingly the one blade design also worked very well but theproblems of properly counterbalancing the rotor probably lower the output.We constructed blades out of different materials to see if there was any difference inperformance. We found that the balsa rotors performed best. This could be due to thelow profile of the balsa sheets. The balsa that we had limited our size so this experimenthad to be performed on 8 inch rotors.Blade size had an effect on our measured results. I believe that we did not have anadequate setup to properly test this variable. In our tests the smallest bladesperformed best. I think this occurred because the small blades were completely in thewind while the ends of the larger blades were not. The ends of the larger bladesprobably just caught a lot of drag as they spun around slowing down the turbine. Toproperly test this parameter a large wind tunnel with constant wind speed would benecessary.The presence of gears to speed up the drive shaft of the DC more had a great effect onvoltage produced. We only performed non-geared arrangement. The data of the gearedarrangement has been taken from the internet. It would probably be worthexperimenting with differing degrees of gearing to find the optimum combination.
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On the basis of the above experimental value and to generate and supply adequatepower to load, we designed and fabricated a twin-turbine wind mill set. Here, we used two PMDC (Permanent Magnet DC) motors to work as a generator. Both are same rated i.e. 12V, 0.75Amps, 2400 rpm . Two symmetrical 3-bladed set made of aluminum used as turbine blade. These two-turbine are connected in series so that output voltage is the result of thesummation of these twin-turbine set. Height of the wind-mill stand is about 24 inches. Distance between the turbines is about 8 inches. Base of the wind-mill is 6x6 sq. inches Diameter of the turbine-holder is 1.25 inches.
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WIND POWER GENERATION MODEL
1.5 inches
8 inches
21 inches
2-wind turbine based model
Twin-turbine set
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3-blade
PMDC Motor5
inch
es
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On running condition, Open Circuit Voltage of each wind-turbine is around 1.85VDC. When connecting them in series, Voc becomes 3.6V DC An LED board has been connected to the system’s load terminal and this LED boardfully lighted up. The actual set-up of the wind-mill with load and without load has shown here.
Twin-turbine Wind mill set Wind mill set on running condition
Voc = 1.85V DC
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Output the wind turbinesGenerator VOC(VDC) ISC(Amp DC)G1 1.85 0.46G2 1.76 0.48
G=G1+G2 3.56 0.82
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Solar Power Generation:
A BRIEF DETAILS OF SOLAR CELL
The Solar Cell block represents a solar cell current source.The solar cell model includes the following components: Solar-Induced Current Temperature Dependence Thermal PortSolar-Induced CurrentThe block represents a single solar cell as a resistance Rs that is connected in series with aparallel combination of the following elements: Current source Two exponential diodes Parallel resistor Rp
Equivalent Circuit of a solar cell
MATLAB REPRESENTATION
OF SOLAR CELL
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The following illustration shows the equivalent circuit diagram:
The output current I is:where:Iph is the solar-induced current:
where: Ir is the irradiance (light intensity) in W/m2 falling on the cell. Iph0 is the measured solar-generated current for the irradiance Ir0. Is is the saturation current of the first diode. Is2 is the saturation current of the second diode. Vt is the thermal voltage, kT/q, where: k is the Boltzmann constant. T is the Device simulation temperature parameter value. q is the elementary charge on an electron. N is the quality factor (diode emission coefficient) of the first diode. N2 is the quality factor (diode emission coefficient) of the second diode. V is the voltage across the solar cell electrical ports. The quality factor varies for amorphous cells, and is typically 2 for polycrystallinecells. The block lets you choose between two models:
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An 8-parameter model where the preceding equation describes the output current A 5-parameter model that applies the following simplifying assumptions to thepreceding equation The saturation current of the second diode is zero. The impedance of the parallel resistor is infinite.If you choose the 5-parameter model, you can parameterize this block in terms of thepreceding equivalent circuit model parameters or in terms of the short-circuit current andopen-circuit voltage the block uses to derive these parameters.All models adjust the block resistance and current parameters as a function oftemperature.
Temperature DependenceSeveral solar cell parameters depend on temperature. The solar cell temperature isspecified by the Device simulation temperatureparameter value.The block provides the following relationship between the solar-induced current Iph andthe solar cell temperature T:where: TIPH1 is the First order temperature coefficient for Iph, TIPH1 parameter value. Tmeas is the Measurement temperature parameter value.The block provides the following relationship between the saturation current of the firstdiode Is and the solar cell temperature T:where TXIS1 is the Temperature exponent for Is, TXIS1 parameter value.The block provides the following relationship between the saturation current of thesecond diode Is2 and the solar cell temperature T:where TXIS2 is the Temperature exponent for Is2, TXIS2 parameter value.
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The block provides the following relationship between the series resistance Rs and thesolar cell temperature T:where TRS1 is the Temperature exponent for Rs, TRS1 parameter value.The block provides the following relationship between the parallel resistance Rp and thesolar cell temperature T:where TRP1 is the Temperature exponent for Rp, TRP1 parameter value.Thermal PortThe thermal port model, shown in the following illustration, represents just the thermalmass of the device. The thermal mass is directly connected to the component thermal portH. An internal Ideal Heat Flow Source supplies a heat flow to the port and thermal mass.This heat flow represents the internally generated heat.
The internally generated heat in the solar cell is calculated according to the equivalentcircuit diagram, shown at the beginning of the reference page, in the Solar-InducedCurrent section. It is the sum of the i2·R losses for each of the resistors plus the losses ineach of the diodes.The internally generated heat due to electrical losses is a separate heating effect to that ofthe solar irradation.
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A MATLAB DEMONSTRATION OF TWO 6V SOLAR PANEL CONNECTED INSERIES
We’ve made a MATLAB simulink model to demonstrate the workingmechanism of solar cells and their connection also shown here in the nextpictures. The parameters of solar cell used also included here. Output of the model shows the voltage, current and power output whichhas been pointed out in the following images.
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36x2 solar cells connected in series
6x3 solar cells connected in series
6 solar cells connected in series
18x2 solar cells connected in series
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Block Parameter of Solar Cell and Powergui
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Output Parameters of the Solar Panel Model
Currentoutput (A)
VoltageOutput (V)
PowerOutput(W)
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Lead-Acid Battery Charger CircuitWe have made a Lead-acid battery charger circuit using a comparator IC741. In the circuitwe used a voltage regulator to get 7.5V DC and a transistor TIP122 which will work as arelay in this circuit.Circuit Design:
31The Main Components of the Circuit
IC 741
TIP 122
LM 317
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Testing of the Circuit1) The input to the circuit can be fed from a standard 12V 1 amp adapter.2) To set up the circuit initially do not connect any battery.3) Feed 12V input, adjust the 2K2 pot to get 7v across the battery charging terminals.4) Next, adjust the 10K preset such that the green LED just lights up fully and the red LED shuts off.5) Circuit is now ready to function.6) Switch OFF power. Connect a discharged battery and switch ON power, the circuit will do the rest.itwill cut off as soon as the battery voltage reaches 7V.
ICs: Quantitya) LM 317 (v-reg) 1
b) IC 741 (comparator) 1c) TIP 122 (transistors) 1
Resistors:(all are 1/4 watts)470 ohms 1220 ohms 1100 ohms 110k ohms 11k ohms 1100kohms 1
2k2 preset pot 110k preset pot 1
Diodes:1N4007 2
3.3v Zener 20.1uF capacitor 1(disk type)
LED: green & red 2
Components Used:
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Battery Charger Circuit:
1. This is the circuit set-up in 3.5x6 inches box. Input of this circuit comes from two6v, 3watt solar modules connected in series to get 12v,1A DC output.
2. The output of the circuit is connected to a 6v,5Ah lead-acid battery which is fullycharged. that' why the RED LED is lighted up.
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3. Here is the multi-meter reading. It shows that the battery-voltage is 6.36v. andbecause of that the RED LED is blinking.constraints
The major problem we faced was with the wind turbine-during the setting upprocess we took a single wind turbine model and the output was very low. Another problem was determining the blade design. We tried 3 different shapes ofblade. In solar power generation, we had to use two same rated solar PV module. There was a regulating problem initially with the lead-acid battery charger circuit.
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the whole process
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Conclusion & future Prospect
This project model can be implemented in rural areas where the power cut-off isregular. With some modification in wind-turbine part and increasing the no. solar panel andwattage this model can be utilized as stand-alone system specially in offshore-onshore where the speed of wind is adequate. By using a Power Converting Unit (PCU) this model can be utilized as a Grid-tiepower system.
References:1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_India#Future2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_energy_consumption3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy4. http://www.solarenergy.gen.in/5. http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/hybrid-wind-and-solar-electric-systems6. http://www.mathworks.in/help/physmod/simscape/ref/solverconfiguration.html7. http://www.mathworks.in/help/physmod/powersys/ref/powergui.html8. http://www.mathworks.in/videos/animate-a-wind-farm-with-matlab-part-1-68738.html