design consideration for rural and urban roads

8/12/2019 Design Consideration for Rural and Urban Roads

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DESIGN CONSIDERATION FOR

RURAL AND URBAN ROADS

BY :

LOKESH GUPTA

2ndSEM M.E

(HIGHWAY ENGG)


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RURAL ROADS

The rural roads are the basic infrastructures required for the

development of rural areas. Rural roads have been planned

under various rural road development programmes of the

government.

Many of the technical aspects of road making were never

given due consideration in rural roads eg:adequate compaction

of subgrade, drainage and host of others.


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Design consideration of rural roads:

The alignment should be as direct as possible so that there is

maximum economy in cost of construction, maintainance and

transportation.

The grades, curvatures and profiles should be so designed as to

be economical, consistent with the service requirements.

While improving the existing alignment, the endeavor should

be to utilise the existing facility as much as possible.


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Contd..

The alignment should not interfere any stage with services

like, power transmission, water supply etc.

To the extent possible, the alignment susceptible to

subsidence, marshy and low lying areas prone to flooding,

inundation to erosion should be avoided.

While connecting population centres, the alignment shouldpreferably skirt/bypass the population pockets rather than the

pass through the congested areas.


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Classification of Non-Urban Roads

(I) National Highways

(II) State Highways

(III) Major District Roads

IV) Other District Roads

(V) Village Roads


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Defintions:

National Highways are main roads running through the length

and breadth of the country connecting major ports, foreign

highways, State capitals, large industrial and tourist centres

etc.

State Highways are arterial routes of a State linking district

headquarter and important cities within the State and

connecting them with National Highways or highways of theneighbouring States.


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Contd

Major District Roads are important roads within a districtserving areas of production and markets and connecting these

with each other or with the main highways.

Other District Roads are roads serving rural areas ofproduction and providing them with outlet to market centres,

taluk headquarters or other main roads.

Village Roads are roads connecting villages or groups ofvillages with each other and to the nearest road of a higher

category.


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Design of Rural Roads:

The overall design of geometrics of any Road is a function of the

design speeds.

The design speed is a main factor on which geometric design elementdepends namely the sight distances, radius of horizontal curve, superelevation, extra widening of pavement, length of transition curve and

the length of the summit and valley curve are all dependent on designspeed.

The design speeds of the roads depends upon

1. Class of the road

2. Terrain.

The speed standards of a particular class of the roads thus depends onthe classification of the terrain through which it passes.


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TERRAIN CLASSIFICATION

The geometric design of any road is influenced significantly

by terrain conditions. Economy dictates choice of different

standards for different types of terrain.

1. Plain : 010 %

2. Ruling : 1025 %

3. Mountainous : 25

60 %

4.Steep :Greater than 60 %


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Design Speeds On (Non Urban) Rural Roads


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Urban roads:

The road system within urban areas are classified as urban roads

and will form a separate category of roads to be taken care by

the respective urban authorities.

The appropriate design criteria for a specific road largely depend

on a set of economic indicators, namely costs of construction

and operation on one side, and the financial benefits to the

community on another. These are strategic parameters that

influence a decision to build an urban road.


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CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN ROADS

For the purpose of geometric design, urbanroads are classified into four main categories.

(I) Arterial

(II) Sub-arterial

(III) Collector Street

(IV) Local Street


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Defintions:

(I) Arterial : A street primarily for through traffic, usually on a continuous

route.

(ii) Sub-arterial : A street for through traffic usually on a continuous route

but offering somewhat lower level of traffic mobility than the arterial.

(iii) Collector Street : A street for collecting and distributing traffic from

and to local streets and also for providing access to arterial streets.

(iv) Local Street : A street for access to residence, business or otherabutting property.


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Design Considerations Of Urban

Roads

Provide safe, short and fast thoroughfare and access to all road

users.

Clearly convey the primary function to road users and encourage

appropriate driver behavior.

Deliver traffic volumes at speeds compatible with function.

Provide convenient location for services.

Provide an opportunity for landscaping.


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Contd

Allow for parking, where appropriate.

Have due regard to topography, geology, climate, environment

and heritage of the site.

Provide low cost of ownership.

Noise and fume pollution is a problem in urban areas and thecross-section should provide for remedial measures such as

noise barriers, and adequate distance should be kept between

busy routes and populated areas.


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Contd While designing Urban Roads, travel desire lines of people by

various modes of transportation, the access needs of adjacent

land, network pattern and existing and proposed land-use

should be taken in to consideration.

Other factors like type of traffic, effect on environment,

drainage and maintenance must also be given prime

consideration.

Arterials should be designed for least stoppages.


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DESIGN SPEEDS

Classification Design Speed (km/hr)

Arterial : 80 KMPH

Sub-arterial : 60 KMPH Collector street : 50 KMPH

Local street : 30 KMPH


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RECOMMENDED LAND WIDTHS FOR

ROADS IN URBAN AREAS

Arterial : 5060 M

Sub-arterial : 3040 M Collector Street : 2030 M

Local street : 1020 M


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Freeways:

It is a class of highways with superior facilities and design

standards and are meant as through routes having very high

volume of traffic.

These are designed for high design speed usually 120kmph

and are meant to cater for a high volume of traffic.


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Advantages of Freeways:

a) Driver is free to select the speed based on individual choice anddesign features. Operating speeds at or greater than 100kmph.

b) Service rate in one direction not exceeding 75% of the capacity.

c) Very high volume of traffic, high level of safety and efficiency.

d) Local traffic and service to the abutting properties are absent.

e) Provided with divided carriageways, controlled access, grade

separations at cross roads and fencing for improved safety,

preservation of volume and higher speeds.


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.

Thank You.

design consideration for rural and urban roads

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