design and testing of a vertical axis turbine drivenby automotive drag as an alternativeenergy...

University of Perpetual Help System Laguna Sto. Niño, City of Biñan, Laguna

College of Engineering and Aviation

(02)520-8290local3006/Cell phone No. 09228900917

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DESIGN AND TESTING OF A VERTICAL AXIS TURBINE DRIVEN

BY AUTOMOTIVE DRAG AS AN ALTERNATIVE

ENERGY SOURCE FOR STREETLIGHTS

An Undergraduate Thesis

Presented To

The Faculty of College of Engineering and Aviation

University of Perpetual Help System Laguna

In Partial Fulfilment for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science In Mechanical Engineering

BASTO, Jomar M.

PUNSALANG, Christian Kevin P.

SAPITULA, Ralph D.

SUNGA, Owen Joshua D.

March 2017




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This thesis entitled “DESIGN AND TESTING OF A VERTICAL AXIS TURBINE

DRIVEN BY AUTOMOTIVE DRAG AS AN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCE

FOR STREETLIGHTS”, prepared and submitted by Basto, J., Punsalang, K., Sapitula,

R., and Sunga, O.J. in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of

Science in Mechanical Engineering has been examined and is recommended for Oral

Examination.

Engr. Johndelon P. Mendoza

Adviser

APPROVAL BY THE PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the Panel on Oral examination with a grade of _______ %.

THESIS COMMITTEE

Engr. Jimmy B. Teodoro

Chairman

Engr. Kim Marwin A.Marwin Cruz Engr. Nestor T. Epino

Member Member

FINAL APPROVAL

Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering.

Dr. Flocerfida L. Amaya

Dean, College of Engineering and Aviation




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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The completion of this research could have not been possible without all the

participation, support and assistance of many people whose names may not all be

enumerated. Their contributions are sincerely appreciated and gratefully acknowledged.

The researchers of the study would like to express their deep appreciation to those who

helped them to complete this project study.

DEDICATION

Behind the success of this research, the researchers want to dedicate this to their

families, for serving as their inspiration in finishing this project, for their continuous and

unending support, love and understanding;

Most especially, Almighty God, for giving them enough strength, courage and

patience not only during the conduct of the study but throughout the everyday life.

J. Basto

C. K.Punsalang

R. Sapitula

O.J Sunga.




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ABSTRACT

Title: DESIGN AND TESTING OF A VERTICAL AXIS

TURBINE DRIVEN BY AUTOMOTIVE DRAG AS

AN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCE FOR

STREET LIGHTS

Researchers: BASTO, Jomar M.

PUNSALANG, Christian Kevin P.

SAPITULA, Ralph D.

SUNGA, Owen Joshua D.

Degree: Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

Academic Year: 2016-2017

Adviser: Engr. Johndelon P. Mendoza

The objective of the project is to design and test a vertical axis wind turbine to

recapture automotive drag produced by oncoming vehicles on the highway. Highways

can provide a considerable amount of wind to drive a turbine due to high vehicle traffic.

This energy is unused. The wind turbines will be placed alongside of the highway. Using

all of the collected data, existing streetlights on the medians can be fitted with these wind

turbines. Additionally, since the wind source will fluctuate, a storage system for the

power generation will be designed to distribute and maintain a constant source of power.

Ideally, the turbine can be used globally as an unlimited power source for streetlights and

other public amenities.




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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i

Approval Sheet ii

Acknowledgment iii

Dedication iii

Abstract v

Table of Contents vi

List of Tables ix

List of Figures x

Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction 1

Conceptual Framework 2

Operational Framework 3

Objectives of the Study 4

Assumption of the Study 4




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Scope and Delimitation 5

Significance of the Study 5

Definition of Terms 6

Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature 7

Related Studies 13

Synthesis of the Study 15

Gap/s Bridged by the Present Study 15

Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Locale 16

Research Design 17

Block Diagram 18

Data gathering Procedure 19




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Chapter 4 PRESENTATIONS, ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION OF DATA 40

Chapter 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

Findings 50

Conclusions 51

Recommendation 52

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

Appendix A (Gantt Chart) 54

Appendix B (Team Poster) 56

Appendix C (Researcher’s Profile) 58




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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 3.1 Automotive Drag Speed Data Sheet 22

2 3.2 Power Performance Initial Calculations 28

3 3.3 Automotive Drag Speed Vs. Rotor RPM 32

4 3.4 Generator RPM and Voltage Output 34

5 4.1 Recorded rotor speed during testing 41

6 4.2 Power output of the generator 42

7 4.3 Required battery power vs. Motor Output 44

8 4.4 Automotive Drag Velocity and Available wind power 45

9 4.5 Rotor Power Developed 45

6 4.6 Summary of Test Results 46

7 4.7 Rotor Efficiency 47

8 4.8 Generator Efficiency 47




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9 4.7 Overall Efficiency 48

10 4.8 Cost Break down of vertical axis turbine components 49

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 1.1 Conceptual Framework 2

2 1.2 Operational Framework 3

3 3.1 Place of the Study 16

4 3.2 Project Development 18

5 3.3 Data for the Month of September 19

6 3.4 Data for the Month of October 20

7 3.5 Data for the Month of November 21

8 3.6 Various Shapes of Blade 25




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9 3.7 Initial Blade Design 30

10 3.8 Initial Image Rendering of the Prototype 35

11 4.1 Final Assembly of the Vertical Axis Turbine 40

12 4.2 Voltage and Ampere of the Generator

42

10 4.3 Power Output Curve of the Generator 43




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CHAPTER 1

The Problem and its Background

Introduction

Our society consumes each year a huge amount of its energy resources and the

significant part of these energy resources is based from fossil fuels. A large portion of this

energy is being rejected to the ambient in the generation of electricity and the

transportation sectors. This is due to inefficient utilization of energy resources and system

inefficiencies.

Renewable energy such as solar and wind energy has a high potential in reducing

our dependency on the usage of fossil fuels. Wind energy is the rapid growing source of

clean energy worldwide. However, the major problem with this technology is fluctuation

in the source of wind. Recent study shows that there is a near constant source of wind

power on the highways due to turbulence produced by moving vehicles.

Highways/Expressways can provide a considerable amount of wind to drive a

turbine due to high vehicle traffic. Thorough research on wind patterns is required to

determine the average velocity of the wind created by oncoming vehicles. The wind

turbines are placed alongside of the highway, therefore fluid flow from sides of the

highway is considered in the design. Existing streetlights on the highways can be fitted




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with these turbines. Additionally, since the source will fluctuate, a storage system for the

power generation is needed to distribute and maintain a constant source of power.

Ideally, the turbine can be used globally as an unlimited power source for

streetlights and other public amenities.

This study focused on designing and applying a renewable energy generating

mechanism to help/aid on lessening consumption of electricity which also generally

reduced the burning of fossil fuel. The general overview of this paper is the potential use

of drag from moving vehicles as a source of energy for generating electricity by the

process of converting it into usable electricity in powering streetlights with low power

consumption.

Conceptual Framework

Fig. 1.1 Conceptual Framework Illustration

Renewable Energy

(Vertical Axis

Turbine)

Alternative Source of

Energy




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Fig. 1.1 shows the conceptual framework of the study. The conventional concept

of renewable energy was used in generating electricity. Therefore, using the conceptual

framework, the researchers designed a vertical axis turbine that can be used as an

alternative source of energy. The mechanical energy that produced by the system is

converted to electrical energy by using an energy conversion device.

Operational Framework

Figure 1.2: Operational Framework Illustration

Fig. 1.2 shows the operational framework of the study. The operational

framework shows on how to create a mechanism which helped in reducing electricity

Harnessed Alternative

Source of Energy

Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

Reduced Electricity

Consumption




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consumption through vertical axis turbine. The researchers designed and tested a vertical

axis turbine. Different factors such as the design, cost and other variables were

determined. Also, the power output and efficiency of the turbine and the generator were

analyzed.

Objectives of the Study

This study determined whether the harnessed alternative energy by a vertical axis

turbine has an impact on lessening the energy consumption. The purpose of this study is

to propose an alternative source of power by recapturing the turbulence produced by

moving automotive. Specifically, this study aimed to;

1. Design and test a prototype of a vertical axis turbine and

2. Verify its performance by determining the power output of the system.

Assumption of the Study

With the use of the proposed design of the vertical axis turbine, the mechanism

can be used to recapture energy produced by moving automobiles as an alternative source

of electricity for streetlights. Additionally, electricity consumption will be expected to

lessen due to the power produced by the generator of vertical axis turbine.




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Scope and Delimitations

The study is limited only on designing and testing vertical axis turbine on a small-

scale basis for generating electricity as an alternative source for streetlights and the

amount of electricity it can produce. This would have a wide range of applications on

fields ranging from household appliances to industrial application, but this study focused

mainly in powering streetlights with low voltage requirement. The researchers limited

their study in the highway of Governors Drive in Carmona, Cavite where the experiment

was conducted.

Significance of the Study

The motivation for designing a highway wind turbine is to contribute towards the

global trend in wind energy production in a feasible way. As technology rapidly grows,

people became unaware of energy consumption.

Mainly, the idea behind this study is to reuse the drag produced by moving cars

into useful and clean electricity for streetlights. The idea is to reduce the amount of

pollution created by burning fossil fuels by introducing a potential source of clean

energy.




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This study will also benefit the future researchers who want to focus on the

application of vertical axis wind turbine.

Definition of Terms

The following are the terms used by the researchers in the study. For a common

frame reference, the following are hereby operationally defined:

Vertical Axis Turbine - a machine which converts automotive drag to electrical

energy.

Automotive Drag- turbulence produced by moving vehicles which drive the

Vertical Axis Turbine.

Alternative Energy Source – energy that replaces traditional source of electricity.

Streetlights – a light mounted on a pole connected to the vertical axis turbine.




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CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents the background and various relevant literatures regarding

the concept of vertical axis turbine and its applications. It also includes the synthesis of

the study and the gaps bridged by the study to further understand the research to be done.

Related Literature

Wind Turbines: National and Global Context

According to Motavilli (2005), the wind turbine technology has gone through

many restructuring and changes in the United States. Due to increasing cost of electricity,

California became the first state to develop a power system utilizing wind as a source.

American Wind Energy Association (2002) also stated that the United States wind

industry continued to incline in the 1980s when several states followed. It reached a

plateau because of the electrical industry restructuring and the expiration of the federal

tax credits (United States, Department of Energy, 2008). However, because of increasing

concerns in climate change, technology advancement, and the creation of the market and

policy from the Production Tax Credit (PTC) and state implemented renewable standards,

the wind energy industry is on demand once again.




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According to Pryor and Barthelmie (2010), the generated electricity from the

wind contributed over 1 % of the global demand in 2007. In accordance to the recent

report by the Department of Energy of the United States (2008), they found out that the

U. S possesses accessible and affordable resources of wind energy far in excess of the

necessary amount to provide 20 % of the country’s electricity by the year 2030 (Goselin

2007). Greenpeace (2010) states that 10 % of the world power need will be supplied by

wind energy. Pryor and Barthelmie (2010), wind energy ranks second to hydroelectric

power generation in terms of installed capacity among the renewable energy technology

applied in power generation.

According to Global Wind Energy Council (2009), the global wind turbine

installation is on steady climb in the past decade. Currently, the total installed wind

power capacity worldwide is about 121 Giga-watts. Based from the information given by

the American Wind Energy Association (2010), 1000 kilo-Watts of wind power generates

is approximately enough to electrify up to 300 average households.

Global Wind Energy Council (2008) stated that the United Stated surpassed

Germany in terms of global wind turbine installation. United States and Europe are the

leaders in wind power utilization. Developing countries like China are also experiencing

growth in wind industry. One-third of the global wind turbine capacity was developed in




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Asia in 2008. Additionally, installed micro wind turbines for household use and other

applications are also experienced by the third-world countries.

According to the article of Saurabh Mahapatra (2016), the Philippines is now the

largest in terms of total installed capacity of wind energy. It has overtaken all of its South

East Asian neighbours. The Philippines now has an operational 400MW of installed wind

turbine capacity, more than anything among other country in the Association of South

East Asian Nation (ASEAN) Region, according to media reports quoting Sen. Juan

Miguel Zubiri who played an important role in the passage of Renewable Energy Law of

2008.

Wind Turbine Production Cost

International Energy Agency (1997) stated that the production cost of wind

turbines dramatically declined by about 20 % in the 1990s. This is due to increasing

number of manufactured wind turbine. Currently, the manufacturing cost of small scale

wind turbine that is connected to the grid almost get twice every 3 years. About a century

ago, during the first year of exploitation of oil a similar cost reduction was accomplished.

Additionally, the Danish Wind Industry Association (2007) states that 50 %reduction of

cost can accomplished by the year 2020. Moreover, based from their White Book, the




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European Union Commission said that 30 % of the wind energy cost will be reduced

from 1998 – 2010 (Prehn Morten Surensen, 1997).

The production cost’s comparison of energy among countries, however, is very

hard as it varies. This is due to different structures of taxation, availability of resources

and several other reasons. Additionally, the regulation of the market has an impact on the

prices of electricity among countries.

Wind Turbines Environmental Impact and Reliability

According to T. Ackerman (2000), Wind Power can be considered as

environment friendly, but it is not emission free. The manufacturing of components of

wind turbine such as blades, the tower, the nacelle, the materials exploration, and the

transfer of equipment triggers to the use of energy, therefore, it is still produced

emissions as this energy are fossil fuel based. These are called as indirect emissions.

Additionally, the visual impact and the noise impact of this kind of technology are one

consideration in acceptance of the public, particularly if it is nearly close to human

houses. Reducing the rotational speed and varying the speed are technical means of

decreasing the noise impact. Both the visual and noise impact can also be reduced by

proper installation of wind turbines.




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The wind turbine reliability is based on the functionality of its parts under

assigned environment conditions, process of manufacturing, handling, and process of

aging and stress. Chands et al. (1998) had assessed the expert maintenance method. The

reliability of the systems has the possibility to improve. Denson (1998) studied what

causes the electronics system to fail and contributing factors to the failure of the

components of a wind turbine.

Walford (2006) stated in his report in the Sandia National Laboratories that the

critical factor in the success of the wind energy project is the wind turbine system

reliability. Poor reliability directly affects both the project’s stream revenue through

increased operation and maintenance (O&M) costs and reduced availability to generate

power because of the downtime of the turbine.

Wind Turbine Blade Design and Performance Analysis

Young-Tae Lee (2008) in his article “Numerical Study of the Aerodynamic

Performance of a 500 W Darrieus- type vertical axis turbine” studied the performance

and characteristic of a Darrieus-type vertical axis turbine with NACA airfoil blades. The

output of the Darrieus-type vertical axis turbine can be characterized by power and

torque. Various parameters related to vertical axis turbine designs such as helical angle,




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chord length, rotor diameter, and pitch angle greatly affects the performance of the

turbine.

Nikam et.al (2015) in his research article “Literature Review on Design and

Development of Vertical Axis Turbine Blade” concluded that the Darrieus-Type turbine

with a NACA airfoil blade produced a maximum power output optimizing the design

parameters.

Loganathan (2012) investigated a domestic scale vertical axis wind turbine

considering blade geometry with semi-circular shaped blades under a range of wind

speeds during operation. A 16-bladed rotor was initially designed and its torques and

angular speeds were measured over a range of wind speeds using a wind tunnel. The

results indicated that the 16-bladed wind turbine can be used for domestic scale wind

power generation. Results show that the wind turbine device has positive effect to

increase the rotor speed to a significant amount. The average rotor speed increased by

about 26% for the 16-bladed rotor




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Related Studies

Sharma (2012) assessed the potential of the wind energy on highways. He found

out that the air exerted by the moving vehicles will create air displacement around the

vehicles and along the path ways which will create enough wind speed and air

distribution to rotate the wind turbine. This wind has high pressure and not used.

Joe (2007), student from University of Arizona designed a wind turbine that

captures the wind produced by moving vehicles. These turbines produced approximately

9,600 kWh per year enough to power streetlights and other public amenities.

Ashok et. al (2015) suggested that the proposed model of helical vertical axis

wind turbine can be a good source of renewable energy on highways. The drag produced

by moving vehicles can drive the vertical axis turbine which can be used to generate

electricity. It can be stored in battery and can be utilized for lighting, charging, etc.

A group of mechanical students from Florida International University studied also

about generating electricity using highway wind turbine. They chose Vertical Axis

Turbine due to its advantage over Horizontal Axis Turbine.

El-Samanoudy et.al (2010) said that the vertical axis turbine is preferably chosen

over the horizontal axis turbine such as the shaft of the rotor is put vertically and nearly

located to the ground, as well as the generator and the gearbox. The turbine does not




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require to be pointed into the wind. Also there is no need to put a high tower. This makes

the wind turbine easier to maintain if needed. They can be installed on hilltops, on

ridgelines and on the top of buildings and in any areas where the force of the wind is

nearer the ground. Since they are placed lower, they can be used where tall devices are

not allowed by the law. As a result, the use of the vertical axis wind turbine may be

efficient; although of having some disadvantages such as, they cannot cover a large area

of wind. They are not very efficient with regards to extraction of energy because they

operate near the ground where the air flow is turbulent.

Mithun Raj (2015) designed and simulated a vertical axis turbine for highway.

The results showed that the power output also depends on the torque output and the rotor

speeds and hence it is suggested that the selection of turbine should also depend on the

speed at which the vehicle travels normally to increase the efficiency of the turbine. This

proposes placing the VAWTs (Vertical Axis Wind Turbines) at the median of the road so

that the wind from these vehicles moving on the road produces a tangentially acting force

which increases the efficiency of these turbines.




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Synthesis of the study

The researchers considered that each of the literature and studies stated in this

project study is similar to the present researches as majority of the materials that used in

this study is the same with the past studies conducted. Only that the design of the

prototype was different compared to the existing one. Through the past studies

conducted, the researchers were able to optimize the design of the vertical axis turbine

driven by automotive drag.

Gap Bridged by the Present Study

After an in-depth analysis and reading done by the researchers, they observed that

there were no studies done about the vertical axis turbine driven by automotive drag

particularly in Carmona, Cavite as the proposed site of installation.

Based on the gap identified, the researchers adapted it as a development of a

vertical axis turbine driven by automotive drag in Governor’s Drive Barangay Bancal,

Carmona, Cavite as well as an improvement of the existing design.




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Chapter 3

Research Methodology

This chapter contains elaboration on the research design and its components,

which are methods of research, sources of data, test procedures, project development and

the evaluation criteria on testing.

Research Locale

Fig. 3.1Place of the Study




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The previous figure above shows the research locale where the study was

conducted. The study was conducted along the highway of Governor’s Drive located in

Barangay Bancal, Carmona Cavite because it is the easiest and nearest possible site for

the researchers. The highway is a 4-way lane and constant number of vehicles is passing

by day and night.

Research Design

The researchers employed experimental research design. Series of trials was done

in gathering automotive drag speed on the location performed to determine the design for

the system. Using the design wind speed, each component was chosen based on the

design criteria.

The researchers had undergone preliminary researches and significant amount of

consultations with professionals. The knowledge acquired was used to design the

mechanism in the form of vertical axis turbine that generated electrical power from drag

produced by moving automotive.

The relevant aspect in the design and construction of the vertical axis turbine is its

ability to provide an alternative energy source for streetlights. The overall efficiency of

the system will be measured on actual testing of its power output.




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Block Diagram

Fig. 3.2 Project Development

Fig. 3.2 shows how the system works. Vertical axis wind turbines have their main

rotor shaft set vertically. The generator and belt drive are usually set below and the rotor

blades rotate around the shaft. As the vehicles passed by, it produces turbulence which

drags the rotor blades and spin around the main shaft. The spinning shaft drives the

Generator Battery

Automotive

Drag Turbine Blades Rotor Shaft

Power

Transmission

Streetlights




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3.2

4.54

4.8

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1st week 2nd week 3rd week 4th week

Auto

moti

ve

Dra

g S

pee

d (

m/s

)

September

Automotive Drag Speed

generator and electricity is generated, the electricity will be regulated to charge a lead

acid battery and directly used the direct current which will now power the streetlights.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers proceed to Governor’s Drive Barangay Bancal, Carmona, Cavite

which was the test location for data gathering used for designing of the prototype. The

parameters required are the automotive drag velocity measured in m/s. A digital

anemometer was used to measure the automotive drag speed on the location. One trial per

week was done at different possible testing sites in the location for the month of

September, October, and November.

Figure 3.3 Data for the month of September




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Figure 3.3 shows the data gathered for the month of September. The data shows

that the automotive drag speed ranges from 3.2 m/s to 4.8 m/s.

Figure 3.4Data for the month of October

Figure 3.4 shows the data gathered for the month of October. The automotive drag

speed gathered was much higher than the data gathered for the month of September. The

data ranges from 5 m/s to 6.4 m/s.

65.5

6.4

5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7


Auto

moti

ve

Dra

g S

pee

d (

m/s

)

October

Automotive Drag Speed




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4.3

3.62.9

3.9

0

1

2

3

4

5


Auto

moti

ve

Dra

g S

pee

d (

m/s

)

November

Automotive Drag Speed vs Time

Figure 3.5Data for the month of November

The figure above shows the data gathered for the month of November. There is a

little variation on the data gathered as compared to the data for the month of September

and October.




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Month Drag Speed (m/s)September 1st Week 3.2

September 2nd Week 4.5

September 3rd Week 4

September 4th Week 4.8

October 1st Week 6

October 2nd Week 5.5

October 3rd Week 6.4

October 4th Week 5

November 1st week 4.3

November 2nd week 3.6

November 3rd week 2.9

November 4th week 3.9

Average 4.51

Summary of Data Gathering

Table 3.1 Automotive Drag Speed Data Sheet

Table 3.2 shows the data sheet for the automotive drag speed. The data gathering

was done at different time frame per week. The gathered data were used as basis for the

computation of the design consideration of the prototype. Automotive Drag speed from 1

to 2 meters below the ground was obtained.




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Design Consideration

The following were considered in the design of the prototype.

A. Speed of the Automotive drag

The speed of the automotive drag is very much essential for the production of the

electricity in the vertical axis turbine. Minimal amount of automotive drag will be

able to rotate the turbine.

B. The tower height and design

The tower for the vertical axis turbine will be kept little to obtain whole air

density from oncoming vehicles. The researchers should also concentrate on the design of

the tower because it should be able to withstand for maximum wind speed and also its

own weight.

C. The Design of the Blade

The most complicated part of the design is the blade because they must be

propelled by automotive drag in any direction. The blade of the vertical axis turbine

must be angled and curved so that bigger surface area is exposed to the automotive




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drag from the moving vehicles. The blade must also be lightweight as possible so that

it can drive the generator. The central part is a hollow shaft wherein the turbine blades

will be attached. It must be large enough to fit with the size of the streetlights. As

discussed earlier the shape of the wind mill blades is the important one if one could

place an efficient design of a blade then the efficiency of the windmill will be

increased.

The various windmill shapes are as follows:

1) Flat, unmodified blade surface

2) Wing shape with one leading edge

3) Both edges tapered to a thin line

4) Both edges leading blade




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A drawing of tested shape blades are provided below.

Figure 3.6 Various Shapes of Blade

Designing the Vertical Axis Turbine

Choosing Turbine Size

The swept area is the section of air that encloses the turbine in its movement, the

shape of the swept area depends on the rotor configuration, this way the swept area of a

horizontal axis wind turbine is circular shaped while for a straight-bladed vertical axis

wind turbine the swept area has a rectangular shape and is calculated using:




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S = DL

where: S is the swept area (m3)

D is the rotor radius (m),

and, L is the blade length (m).

The swept area limits the volume of air passing by the turbine. The rotor converts

the energy contained in the wind in rotational movement so as bigger the area, bigger

power output in the same wind conditions.

Power and power coefficient

The following formulas will be utilized to design the vertical axis turbine size.

P = ½ρAV3

where P; Power available extracted from the wind, V is the velocity of the wind (m/s) and

ρ is the air density (kg/m3), the reference density used its standard sea level value (1.225

kg/m3 at 15ºC), for other values the source (Aerospaceweb.org, 2005) can be consulted.

Note that available power is dependent on the cube of the airspeed.




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The power coefficient (Cp) is the power extracted divided by the power available

Cp= Power Extracted

½ρAV3

The maximum value for the power coefficient is called “Betz Limit”

Cp max = 0.5926 or 59.26%

The maximum power that can be extracted from a given wind stream is defined

by what is known as the Betz limit, therefore, the power extracted is calculated by the

following equation

Power Extracted = ½ (Cp)ρAV3

V= Automotive Drag Velocity (m/s)

ρ = fluid Density

Cp value represents the part of the total available power that is actually taken

from wind, which can be understood as its efficiency.




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Table 3.2 Power Performance initial calculations

Table 3.3 shows what were the initial estimated performance of the wind turbine,

the power coefficient had been estimated analysing the data taken from similar market

wind turbines. The researcher made an assumption of 20% turbine efficiency. It shows

that based on 1.04 m2 swept area, the turbine can produce a shaft power of 12.14 watts at

4.51 m/s of average automotive drag velocity.

Inputs

Over-all Diameter 1.3 meter *chosen for the fitting location

Blade Length 0.8 meter

Automotive Drag Velocity 4.51 m/s *Based on Ave. automotive Drag Speed

Power Coefficient 59.26% *Constant Cp for wind (Betz Limit)

0.2 *Estimated Cp for the turbine

*Ranges 15% to 35% for small turbine

Outputs

Turbine Swept Area

Power Available in the wind 60.68 watts

Power produce by the turbine 12.14 watts

ESTIMATED POWER CALCULATIONS




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Choosing the Number of blades

The more blades there are on a wind turbine, the higher will be the torque (the force

that creates rotation) and the slower the rotational speed (because of the increased drag

caused by wind flow resistance). But turbines used for generating electricity need to

operate at high speeds, and actually do not need much torque. So, the fewer the number

of blades, the better suited the system is for producing power.Theoretically, a one-bladed

turbine is the most aerodynamically efficient configuration. However, it is not very

practical because of stability problems. Turbines with two blades offer the next best

design, but are affected by a wobbling phenomenon similar to gyroscopic precession.

Since a wind turbine must always face into the wind, the blades will have to change

their direction vertically when there is a shift in wind direction. This is referred to as

yawing. In the case of a two-bladed system, when the blades are vertical (i.e., in line with

the tower and the axis of rotation) there is very little resistance to the yawing motion.

But when the two blades are in the horizontal position, the blades span a greater

distance from the axis of rotation and so experience maximum resistance to yawing

(notice how a spinning figure skater slows down when they bring their arms away from




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their body). As a result, the yawing motion starts and stops twice per revolution, and this

leads to stress on the turbine due to blade chattering.

On the other hand, a turbine with three blades has very little vibration or chatter.

This is because when one blade is in the horizontal position; its resistance to the yaw

force is counter-balanced by the two other blades. So, a three-bladed turbine represents

the best combination of high rotational speed and minimum stress.

Top View Isometric View

Figures3.7 Initial Blade Design

The above figure shows the initial design of the blade of the wind turbine

rendered using Solidworks. The design is based on a wing shape with one leading edge,




41

and to be made as lightweight as possible so that it can be able to rotate smoothly. The

arms were support by circular flat bar to maintain the stability of the turbine when

running.

Theoretical RPM computation

Considering the automotive drag speed islowest wind speed from table 3.2.

𝜔 𝑇𝑆𝑅 𝑥 𝑣

𝑑

Assuming a Tip Speed Ratio of 2

𝜔 (2)𝑥 2 9 /𝑠

3

𝜔 62 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠

𝑛𝑟 6

2𝜋𝑥 𝜔

𝑛𝑟 6

2𝜋𝑥 62 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠

𝑛𝑟 𝟒𝟑 𝒓𝒑𝒎




42

Drag Speed (m/s) Rotor RPM2.0 m/s 29rpm

2.5 m/s 37rpm

3.0m/s 44rpm

3.5 m/s 51rpm

4.0 m/s 59rpm

4.5 m/s 66rpm *Theoretical RPM output based on ave. Drag speed

5.0 m/s 73rpm

5.5 m/s 81 rpm

6.0 m/s 88rpm

6.5 m/s 95rpm

7.0 m/s 103 rpm

Table 3.3 Automotive Drag Speed Vs. Rotor RPM

Table Above shows the theoretical rotor RPM expected at a certain drag speed.

As speed goes up, the rpm of the rotor becomes faster.

Motor minimum RPM requirement

The motor which is used as a generator provides 21 volts and 2-A current at 3150

rpm. Its volt to rpm ratio is 1/150V/RPM (21 divided by 3150). The researchers aim is to

charge a lead acid motorcycle battery with terminal voltage of 2.5 volts. The battery will

charge at a minimum voltage of 2.5 volts. The motor is used as a generator and it is not

100 % efficient unlike the generator. It is roughly 85 % efficient as the generator.




43

Therefore,

𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑃𝑀( 𝑖𝑛) min 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑

(𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

𝑟𝑝𝑚) ( 𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦)

𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑃𝑀( 𝑖𝑛) 2 5𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

(1

150)𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

𝑟𝑝𝑚( 8)

𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑃𝑀( 𝑖𝑛) 𝟒𝟒𝟏 𝟏𝟕

Hence, the motor which is used as a generator must at least rotate at

approximately 441 rpm to produce 2.5 volts to be able to charge the motorcycle lead acid

battery.

Choosing Speed Ratio

The generator must turn at more than 450 rpm at lowest automotive drag speed of

2.9 m/s to be able to produce a voltage greater than 2.5 volts to be able to charge a lead

acid battery with terminal voltage of 2.5 volts. Thus;

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑁(𝑔𝑒𝑛)

𝑁(𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟)




44

Rotor RPM Generator RPM Theoretical Voltage Output

29rpm 464 2.62

37rpm 592 3.35

44rpm 704 3.98

51rpm 816 4.62

59rpm 944 5.35

66rpm 1056 5.98

73rpm 1168 6.62

81 rpm 1296 7.34

88rpm 1408 7.98

95rpm 1520 8.61

103 rpm 1648 9.34

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 5 𝑟𝑝

29 𝑟𝑝

𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝟏𝟓 𝟓𝟏

The researchers provide a pulley with a speed ratio of approximately 16.

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑦

𝐷𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑦

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 2 𝑖𝑛

3/ 𝑖𝑛

𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝟏𝟔

Table 3.4 Generator rpm and voltage output

The table above shows the tabulated data for theoretical voltage output of the

motor for a certain generator RPM with 85 % motor efficiency assumption.




45

Fig. 3.8 Initial image rendering of the prototype

Above figure shows the preliminary design of the vertical axis turbine. The

researchers used the initial value for the estimated calculations made above that fit within

the design criteria tobe able to fabricate the prototype. Efficient placement is necessary to

harvest the maximum energy from automotive drag.




46

Materials and Specification

Now that the initial calculations have been made and the design was already

rendered, it is now time for the researchers to find and prepare the necessary and

available materials that is needed for the crafting of the wind turbine. The following

materials have been prepared according to the desired turbine design:

Pole -1 piece 8 ft. (height) by 48 cm (outside diameter) Galvanized Iron Pipe.

Blade arm and support – 1 piece 20 ft. length by ¾ inch width flat bar

Bearing – 2 piece ARB 6210-2rs 50 cm inside diameter by 90 cm outside

diameter by 20 cm overall width sealed ball bearing.

Blade – 1 whole piece aluminum sheet.

Base – 20 cm by 17 cm steel plate.

Motor – 21 volt dc supply at 3150rpm, 2A current output

12 volt lead acid motorcycle battery

Blocking Diode, Connecting wires, and Light bulb

Apart from the parts said above, certain materials and components are required

during main assembly of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine, such as aluminum strips, threaded

rod, bolts for fastening, rivets.




47

Transmission system:

The belt and pulley system is used as the transmission system in this turbine

The gear ratio of 1:16 has been used.

Fabrication Sequence

Fabrication of vertical axis wind turbine consists of different parts which are

needed to be fabricated as parts of main assembly. Following are the parts of VAWT, to

be fabricated:

Blades- fabrication of blade consists of aluminum blades, flat bars,

aluminum sheet circular cross section support for arm support. The cut

metal sheet is coupled into the skeletal frame by rivets to form the design

curve of the blades.

Pole – the pole served as the support for the wind turbine, also it served as

shaft were the bearing will be attached.

Base - the base aims at providing a strong support to the turbine. Hence,

have flexibility in design in accordance with supporting strength.




48

Testing Procedure

In order to test the effectiveness of the system, series of experiments and trials

will be conducted in measuring revolution per minute of the rotor, power output of the

generator and the overall efficiency of the system.

The actual revolution per minute of the rotor was measured to know the

performance of the system. Available wind power will be computed by the basic wind-

power equation that is used for estimating extractable power from any moving fluid mass.

Shaft power generated on the rotor will be calculated by

𝑃𝑠 2𝜋𝑇𝑛

6

𝑇 𝐹𝑤 𝑥 𝑟

Where, 𝑃𝑠 = Shaft Power, T = Torque, 𝐹𝑤 = Wind load and n = actual RPM

The power output is the actual reading of power generated by the system and will

be measured by the voltage output multiply by its current.




49

The effectiveness of the turbine will be evaluated through its overall efficiency

which is its power generated over the wind power available.

𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑

𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑥 %




50

CHAPTER 4

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

This chapter includes presentation, analysis and interpretation of data which were

drawn from the actual testing of the vertical axis turbine along the highway of Governor’s

Drive Barangay Bancal, Carmona, Cavite. The results of the study are presented in

tabulation and graph form and were interpreted by the researchers.

System Specification

Figure 4.1 Final Assembly of the Vertical Axis Turbine




51

Test Results

Data have been collected at the test location alongside of the highway. The

variation in the automotive drag velocity results in the changes in the rotation of the

blades rotor. The number of successful revolution of the rotor is counted per minute. The

relevance of the rotor rpm is to know the required rpm of the generator needed for the

system to generate a certain power output. The table below gives the actual data collected

in the highway for rotor rpm. Four trials were done during the testing of the prototype at a

random time. The rotational speed of the rotor was recorded.

Trial Average Drag Velocity

(m/s)

Rotor Speed

(RPM)

1 4.90 72

2 3.89 57

3 4.01 59

4 4.42 65

Table 4.1Recorded rotor speed during testing

Using the recorded rotor speed, the researchers used the obtained speed ratio of 16

to be able to determine the rotational speed of the generator. Table 4.2 presents the data

for the output produce by the generator. The generator output is obtained by multiplying

the voltage and current reading in the digital multi tester during the test.




52

Rotor

Speed

(RPM)

Generator

(RPM)

Measured Voltage

(V)

Measured Current

(A)

Generator Output

(W)

72 1152 6.42 0.58 3.72

57 912 4.92 0.483 2.37

59 944 5.23 0.497 2.59

65 1040 5.55 0.528 2.93

Table4.2 Power output of the generator

Using the recorded rotor speed, the researchers used the obtained speed ratio of 16

to be able to determine the rotational speed of the generator. Table 4.2 presents the data

for the output produce by the turbine generator. The generator output is obtained by

multiplying the voltage and current reading in the digital multi tester during the test.

Figure 4.2 Voltage and Ampere of the Generator

6.42

4.92 5.235.55

0.58

0.483 0.4970.528

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1152 912 944 1040

Am

per

e (A

)

Volt

age

(V)

Generator RPM

Generator RPM vs Voltage

Voltage (V) Current (A)




53

3.72

2.372.59

2.93

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

1152 912 944 1040

Gen

erat

or

Pow

er (

W)

Generator (rpm)

Generator RPM vs Power

`

Figure 4.3 Power Output Curve of the Generator

The graph given in the Figure 4.2 and Figure 4.3 gives the actual data collected in

highway at different rotational speed of the turbine blade. The generator rpm is relevant

in the rotors rpm as the output of the system is depending on its current speed on the test.

As the rotational speed of the rotor becomes higher, the output power of the generator

also increases. The highest recorded power output of the turbine generator was 3.57

watts, hence, it can produce a 3.57 watt-hour if it is running on an hour.




54

The table below shows the tabulation of the required battery charging power and

the motor power output. The researchers determine whether the battery will charge or

not.

Required

Voltage (V)

Required

Current (A)

Measured

Voltage (V)

Measured

Current (A) Will charge?

1 2.5 0.3 6.11 0.58

2 2.5 0.3 4.86 0.483

3 2.5 0.3 5.03 0.497

4 2.5 0.3 5.55 0.528

Table 4.3 Required battery power vs Motor output

Power Coefficient

Theoretically, the output power of any wind turbine is Power Extracted = ½

ρAV3, where V= Velocity (m/s), ρ = fluid Density (1.225 kg/m3) and A = swept area. The

table below shows the peripheral velocity obtained from the rotor RPM and the

corresponding available wind power. The area is based on the swept area of the prototype

which is 1.04 m2.




55

Peripheral Velocity (m/s) Wind Power (watts)

4.90 74.94

3.89 37.49

4.01 41.07

4.42 55

Table 4.4 Automotive Drag Velocity and Available wind power

Practically, with an average of 4.16m/s automotive drag velocity rotating a

turbine at 72 rpm which accounts for 74.94 watts of available wind power according to

the equation. Hence one can obtain an output of 35-75 watts with an automotive drag

speed of. 3.9-5.0 m/s.

The next table presents the tabulation of the power input of the turbine. Shaft

power generated on the rotor will be calculated by the formula; 𝑃𝑠 𝜋𝑇𝑛

60, where 𝑃𝑠 is the

shaft power, T = Torque and n is the rotational speed of the shaft of the turbine rotor.𝑇

𝐹𝑥𝐷 1

𝜌𝑣 𝐷(𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑦).𝜌 225: 𝐷 3 8

Velocity

(m/s)

Torque

(N.m)

Rotor Power

(watts)

4.90 4.482 33.79

3.89 2.825 16.86

4.01 3.001 18.54

4.42 3.647 24.82

Table 4.5 Rotor power developed




56

Evaluation Results

Table 4.5 shows the summary of the results for the actual test of the system. All

categories are dependent on the rate of the automotive drag speed at the time of the test.

As the automotive drag speed goes up, the rotor rotational speed will increase and the

output of the whole system will simultaneously increase.

Drag

Velocity

(m/s)

Wind power

(W)

Rotor

RPM

Rotor power

(W)

Generator

(RPM)

Generator

Output

(W)

4.90 74.94 72 33.79 1152 3.72

3.89 37.49 57 16.86 912 2.37

4.01 41.07 59 18.54 944 2.59

4.42 55 65 24.82 1040 2.93

Table 4.6 Summary of test results

Efficiency of the System

The rotor efficiency of the can be calculated using the formula:

Rotor 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑥 % . Table 4.5 shows the tabulation for the

mechanical efficiency of the system.




57

Wind power

(W)

Rotor power

(W) Rotor Efficiency

74.94 33.79 45.08%

37.49 16.86 44.97%

41.07 18.54 45.14%

55 24.82 45.12%

Table 4.7 Rotor Efficiency

The generator efficiency of the turbine can be calculated using the formula:

Generator 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑥 %. Table 4.6 shows the tabulation for

the generator efficiency of the system.

Rotor power

(W)

Generator Output

(W) Generator Efficiency

33.79 3.72 11%

16.86 2.37 14.06%

18.54 2.59 13.97%

24.82 2.93 11.80%

Table 4.8 Generator Efficiency

The efficiency of the turbine can be calculated using the formula:

O𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑

𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑥 % . The table below shows the tabulation

for the overall efficiency of the system.




58

Wind power (W) Generator Output

(W) Overall Efficiency

74.94 3.72 4.96 %

37.49 2.37 6.32 %

41.07 2.59 6.31 %

55 2.93 5.33 %

Table 4.9 Overall System Efficiency




59

Quantity Element Unit Cost (PhP) Total Cost (PhP)

1 8 Ft. G.I Pipe PHP 350.00 PHP 350.00

1 D.C Motor PHP 800.00 PHP 800.00

2 Ball Bearings PHP 173.00 PHP 346.00

1 Steel Plate PHP 315.00 PHP 315.00

1 Flat Bar PHP 90.00 PHP 90.00

2 Pulley PHP 520.00 PHP 520.00

1 Aluminum Sheet PHP 580.00 PHP 580.00

1 Blocking Diode PHP 50.00 PHP 50.00

1 LED Light Bulb PHP 340.00 PHP 340.00

1 Belt On hand PHP 0.00

1 Battery On hand PHP 0.00

Connecting Wires On hand PHP 0.00

Total Material Cost PHP 3,391.00

Labor Cost PHP 7,000.00

Miscellaneous And PHP 1,500.00

Others

Total Cost PHP 11,891.00

Breakdown of Expenses

Cost Analysis

Table 4.8 Cost Break down of vertical axis turbine components

The figure above shows the breakdown of cost in the fabrication of the vertical

axis turbine. The researchers do not have sponsors for this project therefore the costs is

divided among the group members. Actual cost of all the parts of the turbine including

the laborer cost and other expenses are listed in the above figure. To save money, the

researchers bought some of the parts in junkshop and some other parts are fabricated such

as the wind turbine blade, the housing of the bearings.




60

CHAPTER 5

Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendation

This chapter presents the summary of the research work undertaken, the

conclusions drawn from the data gathered and the recommendations made as outgrowth

of this study. This study is on the designing and testing of a vertical axis turbine driven

by automotive drag as an alternative energy source for streetlights.

Findings

In this study, a small scale vertical axis turbine was designed and tested for the

purpose of recapturing the turbulence produce by moving vehicles in the highway to

serve as an alternative source of energy for streetlights. The prototype which was

relatively simple and cheap to construct was in essence the main criteria for wind turbine

selection. A Darrieus H-type rotor was selected as it best fitted the design criteria. After

conducting the experiments, the salient findings of the study are as follows:

The minimum rpm requirement for the rotor was attained to be able to run the

generator and produce power. However, it is quite relatively low.

Based from the design of the prototype, at an average of 3.6 to 5.0 m/s, the

amount of wind power that it can extract is from 30-75 watts.




61

The mechanical efficiency of the turbine is almost at an average of 45%.

The output power of the generator reach up to 3.5 watts which is enough to charge

the lead acid motorcycle battery.

The overall efficiency of the turbine from wind power to generator power output

peak up to 6.47%.

Conclusion

The results collected so far in designing and testing the vertical axis turbine which

recaptures energy from oncoming vehicles are very encouraging and has a high potential

in reducing our dependency on the use of electricity which majority comes from fossil

fuel. Using the obtained data, a vertical axis turbine is designed and tested alongside the

highway of Governor’s Drive, Barangay, Bancal, Carmona, Cavite. Although one

turbine cannot provide enough energy, a collective number of these turbines can generate

large amount of usable energy that can be used to power a typical streetlights. The

location of installing these wind turbines is also a great factor. It is an advantage if these

turbines are placed wherein there is high volume of passing vehicles day and night like

expressways as it gives more opportunity for high turbulence. If this technology was

improved and will be implemented soon, highways can be lightened without the use of




62

conventional energy and we will be able to reduce large amount of non-renewable energy

and also our environment will benefit from it.

Recommendations

A small scale prototype of vertical axis turbine was design and tested using the

obtained parameters. The turbine is fabricated using available materials that fit the design

criteria. From the test result obtained during the experiment, it is noted that the prototype

can extract up to 75 watts of wind power for an average automotive drag speed of 4.16

m/s or approximately 15 kph and which can be eventually increased. The following

measures can be recommended by the researchers for the scope of future work:

Optimizing the design of the blade for trapping and recapturing more turbulence.

Using a generator, instead of motor that generates a higher voltage at a lower rpm.

Maximizing swept area of the blade that will fit the highway as it gives a higher

Tip Speed Ratio.

Incorporating a solar panel to the design to increase its efficiency.

A gear mechanism with high speed ratio is much better as it gives lesser loss in

transmission and increases the rpm of the generator, therefore, power output can

be higher.

More accurate fabrication of the structure of the turbine for better functionality.




63

References

Ackerman, T. (2000). Wind energy technology and current status, a review, Elsevier

Sciencep. 351

Champagnie, B. et al (2013). Highway Wind Turbines, EML 4905 Senior Design

Project, Florida International Univesity

Chands, P.K., Tokekar, S.K. (1998). Expert Based maintenance: A study of its

effectiveness, IEEE Trans Reliab, Vol. 47, p. 95-97.

Denson, W. (1998). The history of reliability prediction, failure causes for electronic

systems, IEEE Trans Reliab, Vol. 47, p. 325.

Joe Archinect. Retrieved March 15, 2013, from Arizona State University

http://archinect.com/blog/article/21451130/here-goes-please-comment

Mithun Raj K.K, Ashok S. (2015) Design and Simulation of a Vertical Axis Wind

Turbine for Highway Wind Power Generation, International Journal of Electrical

and Electronics Engineer, IJEEE, Volume 07, website:

www.arresearchpublication.com

Sharma,M.K, (2012). Assessment of wind energy potential from highways. In

International Journal ofEngineering Research and Technology, volume 1. ESRSA

Publications

www.cleantechnica.com/2016/01/28/philippines-now-largest-wind-power-generator-

asean-region/

www.learnengineering.org/2013/08/Wind-Turbine-Design.html

www.raeng.org.uk/publications/other/23-wind-turbine

www.ragheb.co/NPRE%20475%20Wind%20Power%20Systems/Vertical%20Axis%

20Wind%20Turbines.pdf

http://www.arresearchpublication.com/

http://www.cleantechnica.com/2016/01/28/philippines-now-largest-wind-power-generator-asean-region/

http://www.cleantechnica.com/2016/01/28/philippines-now-largest-wind-power-generator-asean-region/

http://www.learnengineering.org/2013/08/Wind-Turbine-Design.html

http://www.ragheb.co/NPRE%20475%20Wind%20Power%20Systems/Vertical%20Axis%20Wind%20Turbines.pdf

http://www.ragheb.co/NPRE%20475%20Wind%20Power%20Systems/Vertical%20Axis%20Wind%20Turbines.pdf




64

Appendices

Appendix A

(Gantt Chart)




65




66

Appendix B

(Team Poster)




67




68

Appendix C

(Researcher’sProfile)




69

Father’s Name

Mother’s Name

: Mr. George C. Basto

: Mrs. Myrna M. Basto

Date of Birth

Place of Birth

: September 25, 1995

: Mangaldan, Pangasinan

Nationality : Filipino

Dialects : English, Filipino, Ilocano

Civil Status : Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

BASTO,

Jomar Mejia B18, L8, Montecarlo

Townhomes,Brgy. Bancal,

Carmona, Cavite

E-mail: [email protected]

PERSONAL DETAILS

Level Name of the Institution Year Completed

Tertiary


University of Perpetual Help System- GMA

Campus

2014 – Present

2012 – 2014

Secondary San Fabian Integrated School – SPED CENTER

San Fabian, Pangasinan 2008 -2012

mailto:[email protected]




70

Father’s Name

Mother’s Name

: Mr. Salvador C. Punsalang

: Mrs. Cynthia P. Punsalang

Date of Birth

Place of Birth

: February 22, 1996

: Sta. Rosa Laguna

Nationality : Fiipino

Dialects : Filipino, English



PUNSALANG,

Christian Kevin Pabalan Block 30 Lot 15 Evergreen County

Brgy. Zapote, Biñan, Laguna

Phone : +639353561903

Email:[email protected]

PERSONAL DETAILS


Tertiary


2012 – Present

Secondary University of Perpetual Help System Laguna 2008 -2012





71

Father’s Name

Mother’s Name

: Mr. Rogelio Sapitula

: Mrs. Ma. Diose D. Sapitula

Date of Birth

Place of Birth

: October 9, 1994

: Quezon City


Dialects : English, Filipino



SAPITULA,

Ralph Dagami Block 8, Lot 22 SJV9

San Pedro Laguna

Phone : +63161042522

E-mail ID: [email protected]

PERSONAL DETAILS


Tertiary University of Perpetual Help System Laguna 2011 – present

Secondary San Pedro Relocation Center National H.S 2007 -2011





72

Father’s Name

Mother’s Name

: Mr. Alex A. Sunga

: Mrs. Cristina D. Sunga

Date of Birth

Place of Birth

: November 15, 1995

: San Pedro, Laguna


Dialects : English, Filipino



Sunga,

Owen Joshua D #17 Int. Luna St. Baranggay

Poblacion, San Pedro, Laguna

Phone : +639952506142

E-mail ID: [email protected]

PERSONAL DETAILS


Tertiary University of Perpetual Help System Laguna 2012 – 2017

Secondary Liceo San Pedro 2008 -2012





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EDITOR’S CERTIFICATION

March 8, 2017


Validation of Undergraduate Research

This is to certify that the undergraduate research of Bachelors of Science in Mechanical

Engineering entitled “DESIGN AND TESTING OF A VERTICAL AXIS TURBINE

DRIVENBY AUTOMOTIVE DRAG AS AN ALTERNATIVEENERGY SOURCE FOR

STREETLIGHTS”prepared and submitted by Jomar M. Basto, Christian Kevin P. Punsalang,

Ralph D. Sapitula, and Owen Joshua D. Sunga has been edited by the undersigned.

ROWENA R. CONTILLO, MAEd

English Teacher

Faculty Member, UPHSL- Senior High School