design and simulation of pv water pumping system

5/25/2018 Design and Simulation of Pv Water Pumping System

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ABSTRACT

This project deals with the design and simulation of solar water pumping

system using watt single phase induction motor. The main scope is to provide an

economic way of water pumping in sub-urban areas. The design and evaluation of

an induction motor-driven water pumping system which is powered by solar panels

is configured in this project. Simulation can be used to study the behavior of

individual components of the system, study the interaction of various components,

or fine-tune the set points of control device. The outputs of the simulation are

available either in numeric or graphical form. The reason why an induction motor

has been chosen is that these motors are cheaper and more robust than the more

conventional DC motors. It is expected that, by using an induction motor, the

system performance will improve significantly for the same investment. The

efficiency of the AC drive for a 350 WP system was found to be 67%, which is

similar to that of DC systems. The source of energy is from a photovoltaic (PV)

module which is a current source.

The Modeling & Simulation of system has been carried out using MATLAB

software. The practical implementation is also done.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT iv

LIST OF FIGURES ix

LIST OF SYMBOLS xi

1. OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT 4

2. PHOTOVOLTAIC MODELLING

2.1 ENERGY AND ITS REQUIREMENT 5

2.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF SOLAR CELL 6

2.3 PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS AND POWER 7

GENERATION

2.3.1 Photovoltaic Cell 7

2.3.2 Photovoltaic generator 7

2.4 THE PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT 9

2.5 SOME IMPORTANT DEINITIONS 9

2.6 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SOLAR CELL 11

2.6.1 Ideal Solar Cell 11

2.6.2 Parasitic Resistances 12

2.7 MATLAB MODEL OF A PV SYSTEM 12

2.8 SIMULATION OF A PV MODULE 14

3 DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF BUCKBOOST CONVERTER

3.1 NEED FOR CONVERTERS 17

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3.2 TYPES OF CONVERTERS 18

3.3 CHOICE OF BUCK BOOST CONVERTER 18

3.3.1. Operation Of Buck Boost Converter 19

3.3.2 The Inverting Topology 19

3.3.3 A Buck Converter Followed By A Boost 20

Converter

3.4 SIMULATION OF BUCK BOOST CONVERTER 21

3.5 SIMULATION RESULTS OF BUCK BOOST 22

CONVERTER

4. DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF SINGLE PHASE INVERTER

4.1 NEED FOR AN INVERTER 23

4.2 GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF SINGLE PHASE 24

INVERTERS

4.3 FULL BRIDGE INVERTER 24

4.3.1 Principle Of Operation 24

4.4 APPLICATIONS 28

4.5 MATLAB SIMULINK 28

4.6 SIMULATION RESULTS 29

5 DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF SINGLE PHASE

INDUCTION MOTOR

5.1 SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR AN 30

INTRODUCTION

5.2 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION 31

5.2.1 Construction 31

5.2.2 Working Principle 32

5.2.3 Double Field Revolving Theory 33

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5.3 STARTING OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION 35

MOTORS

5.3.1 Capacitor Start Induction Motor 35

5.4 SIMULATION OF CAPACITOR RUN INDUCTION 36

MOTOR

5.4.1 No Load Test 37

5.4.2 Blocked Rotor Test 37

5.5 SIMULINK MODEL 37

5.6 SIMULATION RESULTS 39

6 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

6.1 GENERAL BLOCK DIAGRAM 41

6.2 OPTIONS CONSIDERED 42

6.2.1 Solar Array 42

6.2.2 Converter 42

6.2.3 DC Battery Source 44

6.2.4 Inverter 44

6.2.5 Single Phase Induction Motor 44

6.2.6 Astable Multivibrator 45

6.2.7 Hardware Results 47

7 CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

7.1 CONCLUSION 53

7.2 FUTURE SCOPE 53

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APPENDIX I 54

APPENDIX II 57

REFERENCES 58

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

2.1 Photovoltaic array integrated with components 8

For charge regulation and storage

2.2 A solar cell in a simple circuit 10

2.3 Equivalent circuit of an ideal solar cell 12

2.4 Equivalent circuit including series and shunt 13

resistance

2.5 Matlab Simulink diagram of a PV module 14

2.6 V-I and P-V characteristics of PV module at STC 15

2.7 Simulated V-I and V-P Characteristics of SPV 15

module for Various Insolation at Constant Temperature

T=250C

2.8 Simulated V-I and V-P Characteristics of SPV 16

module for Various Temperature at Constant

Insolation G = 1000W/m2

3.1 Circuit of buck-boost converter 20

3.2 Simulation of buck-boost converter 22

3.3 Output characteristics of buck-boost converter 22

4.1 Mode1 operation of single phase inverter 25




4.5 Simulink model of single phase inverter 29

4.6 Output voltage of single phase inverter 29

5.1 Elementary single phase induction motor 31

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5.2 Flux Rotation 34

5.3 Torque-speed characteristic of a 1-phase induction 34

motor

5.4 (a) connection; (b) phasor diagram at start 36

5.5 Simulink model of induction motor 38

5.6 T-n characteristics of single phase induction motor 39

5.7 tion motor 39

5.8 Overall matlab simulink circuit 40

6.1 Block diagram of Photovoltaic water pumping system 41

6.2 Arrangement of solar PV array 426.3 Hardware model of Buck Boost converter 43

6.4 Inverter and battery setup 44

6.5(a) Water pumping arrangement 45

6.5(b) Practical induction motor 45

6.6 Pcb circuit of an astable multivibrator 46

6.7 Entire setup of the PV water pumping system 47

6.8 Setup of the Induction Motor and the pump. 48

6.9 Astable multivibrator pulses 48

6.10 PIC control pulses 49

6.11 Inverter output voltage and Inverter output current 49

6.12 Battery charging current and Battery discharging current 50

6.13 Battery output voltage 50

6.14 Induction motor output current and output voltage 51

6.15 Induction motor output voltage and current 51

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LIST OF SYMBOLS

K - Boltzmanns constant (=1.381x10-23J/K)

Vc - Capacitor voltage of the converter

Q - Charge of electron (=1.602x10-19

C)

ID - Current through the diode in PV model

Ish - Current through the shunt resistance

A -Diode Ideality factor (1< a< 2 for a

single cell)

Ir -Diode reverse saturation current in PV

model

D - Duty ratio of converter

IL - Inductor current of the converter

G - Insolation level

Xm -Magnetizing component of an induction

motor

Imp - Maximum output current of PV panel

Pmp - Maximum Power of PV panel

Gn - Nominal Insolation level (1000 W/m2)

Ipvn - Nominal photocurrent of PV panel

Tn -Nominal Temperature (273K) of PV

panel

Vocn -Nominal value of open circuit voltage of

PV panel

Iscn -Nominal value of short circuit current of

PV panel

Voc - Open circuit voltage of PV panel

Iph -Photon generated current of the PV

module

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Ipv - PV panel current

Vpv - PV panel Voltage

Rr,Lr -Rotor resistance and Inductance of

Induction motor

Rse - Series Resistance in PV model

Isc - Short Circuit current of PV panel

Ki -Short-circuit current temperature

Coefficient in PV model

Rsh - Shunt Resistance in PV model

Ra,La-

Stator resistance and Inductance of

Induction motor

F - Switching frequency of the converter

T - Temperature

Vta - Thermal Voltage (=aKT/q)

Jse - Short circuit current density

Jdark - Dark current density

Jo - Constant

- Efficiency

Vo - Output voltage of converterVs - Input voltage to the converter

L1,C1 -Inductance and Capacitance of the

converter

Voi - Output voltage from the inverter

Vsi - Input voltage to the inverter

Ns -Synchronous Speed of the induction

motor


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1

CHAPTER 1

OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Water pumping has a long history; so many methods have been developed to

pump water with a minimum of effort. These have utilized a variety of power

sources, namely human energy, animal power, hydro power, wind, solar and fossil

fuels for small generators. Nowadays the electric energy is mostly obtained from

hydroelectric fossil or nuclear plants. In the past decades alternative and renewable

energy sources have deserved a growing interest due to environmental issues.

Considering that traditional energy sources are finite (e.g. petroleum), the costs per

generated kWh are expected to be continuously hiking. On the other hand, the

dissemination of energy generation plants, together with R&D in system

components and processes, pulled the generation costs of alternative energy

sources to levels in many cases competitive with traditional sources. Recent

awareness of global warming and increasing prices of fossil fuels has drawn more

attention towards the usage of renewable energy sources today. Among the various

renewable energy systems, solar energy systems have the merits such as clean

without any environmental pollution problems and infinite in mass, and are

becoming one of our future energies .Using an abundant primary source, the solar

photovoltaic (SPV) cells (associated in photovoltaic modules) convert the radiant

energy from the sun directly into electricity.


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Albeit the various alternatives, solar energy comes at the top of the list due

to its abundance, and more even distribution in nature than any other renewable

energy such as wind, geothermal, hydro, wave and tidal energies .

Moving on to the solar water pumping system, there is tremendous scope in

this area particularly in India. Because, with about 300 clear, sunny days in a year,

India's theoretical solar power reception, on only its land area, is about 5 Petawatt-

hours per year (PWh / year) (i.e. 5 trillion kWh / year or about 600 TW). The daily

average solar energy incident over India varies from 4 to 7 kWh / m2

with about

15002000 sunshine hours per year (depending upon location), which is far more

than current total energy consumption. For example, assuming the efficiency of PV

modules was as low as 10%; this would still be a thousand times greater than the

domestic electricity demand. This would be sufficient as well to meet the

electricity demands in urban areas and electricity requirements for irrigation would

be easily settled.

In this project, DC voltage obtained from solar PV array is boosted up using

a buck-boost converter. The boosted voltage is fed into inverter to make it

alternating in nature and this voltage is fed to induction motor. A centrifugal pump

is driven that is mounted on the same shaft of induction motor. The individual

components mentioned above are discussed in detail in forthcoming chapters.


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1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

In 1993, the paper Optimized solar water pumping system based on

induction motor driven centrifugal pump, by C.V. Nayar , E. Vasu , S.J. Phillips

[11] suggests development of induction motor driven submersible centrifugal

pump formed by two power electronic interfaces , each forming a complete

photovoltaic system.

In 1993, the paper Optimum matching of direct coupled electro

mechanical loads to a photovoltaic generator by K. Khousem and L.Khousem [7]points out that the performance of photo voltaic pumping system based on an

induction motor are degraded once the insulation varies far from the value called

nominal, where the system was sized.

In 1996, the paper Development for a model for photovoltaic arrays

suitable for use in simulation studies of solar energy conversion systems by J.A.

Gow and C.D. Manning [4] focuses on developing a clean but effective system to

characterize existing cells and generate device-dependent data that links

environmental irradiance , temperature and electrical characteristics.

In 1995, the paper Simulation and Performance of photovoltaic pumping

system by W. Lawrance, B. Richert and T. Langridge [8] describes an efficient

system for pumping water using a Brushless D.C motor driven by PV array.


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In 2010, the paper A comparative study on performance improvement of a

Photovoltaic pumping system by A. Betka and A. Moussi [1] suggests the

optimal operation of photo voltaic pumping system based on induction motor

driving a centrifugal pump .The optimization problem consists in maximizing the

daily pumped water quantity via the optimization of motor efficiency for any

operating point.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

To design a photovoltaic system that yields maximum efficiency so that this

system can be used in sub urban areas. This project also aims at effective storage.

The effective storage parameters are the volume of tank, height at which the tank is

situated from the ground. So this project mainly focuses on effective storage of

hydraulic energy.


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CHAPTER 2

PHOTOVOLTAIC MODELLING

2.1 ENERGY AND ITS REQUIREMENT

Energy is the basic unit of life. The existence of mankind is impossible

without energy. This project is concerned about electrical energy. At the present

scenario, the source of electrical energy is only from non-renewable resources.

These resources have been continuously depleted to benefit mankind. However

these non-renewable resources will not be available after a few decades. The only

possible solution is the usage for renewable resources which are abundant in

nature. Amongst the renewable resources the photovoltaic resource has a key role.

This project focuses on utilizing the solar energy in an efficient way for water

pumping in remote areas where electricity is always a major concern. Also solar

PV systems do not require fuel and waste management and have no pollution

problems. A solar cell is used to trap energy from sunlight. In order to process the

power generated by the solar cell, converter is used at the output side of the solar

cell. A buck- boost converter is chosen for water pumping application. The output

voltage of the converter may contain ripples. To reduce these ripples LC filter is

added after the converter. The only disadvantage in using solar PV system is the

rise of initial cost. However researches are being carried on to overcome this.


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2.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF SOLAR CELL

The photo voltaic effect was first reported by Edmund Bequerel in 1839

when he observed that the action of light on a silver coated platinum electrode

immersed in electrolyte produced an electric current. In 1876 William Adams and

Richard Day found that photo current could be produced in a sample of selenium

when heated by two heated platinum contacts. The photovoltaic action of the

selenium differed from its photo conductive action in that a current was produced

spontaneously by the action of light. No external power supply was needed. In

1894, Charles Fritts prepared what was probability the first large area solar cell bypressing a layer of selenium between gold and another metal. However, it was not

the photo voltaic properties of materials like selenium which excited researchers,

but the photoconductivity.

The fact that the current produced was proportional to the intensity of the

incident light, and related to the wavelength in a definite way meant that

photoconductive materials were ideal for photographic light meters. It was not

until the 1950s, with the development of good quality silicon wafers for

applications in the new solid state electronics, that potentially useful quantities of

power were produced by photovoltaic devices in crystalline silicon. The first

silicon solar cell was reported by Chapin, Fuller and Pearson in 1954 and

converted sunlight with an efficiency of 6%, six times higher than previous

attempt. Nevertheless, the early silicon solar cell did introduce the possibility of

power generation in remote locations where fuel could not be easily delivered. The


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obvious application was to satellites where the requirement of reliability and low

weight made the cost of cells unimportant and during the 1950s and 60s, silicon

solar cells were widely developed for applications in space.

2.3 PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS AND POWER GENERATION

2.3.1 Photovoltaic Cell

The solar cell is the basic building block of solar photovoltaic. Solar cells

consist of a p-n junction fabricated in a thin wafer or layer of semi-conductor the

cell can be considered as a two terminal device which conducts like a diode in the

dark and generates a photovoltaic voltage when charged by the sun. Usually it is a

thin slice of semiconductor material of around 100 cm2

area. The surface is treated

to reflect as little visible light as possible and appears dark blue or black. A pattern

of metal contacts is imprinted on the surface to make electrical contact. When

charged by the sun, this basic unit generates a dc photo voltage of 0.5 to 1 volt and

in a short circuit, a photo current of some tens of milliamps per cm2.

2.3.2 Photovoltaic Generator

Although the current is reasonable, the voltage is too small for most

applications. To produce practical dc voltages the cells are connected together in

series and encapsulated into modules. A module typically contains 28 to 36 cells in

series, to generate a dc output voltage of 12 V in standard illumination conditions.

12 V modules can be used singly, or connected in parallel and series into an arraywith a larger current and voltage output. Cells within a module are integrated with


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bypass and blocking diodes in order to avoid the complete loss of power which

would result if one cell in the series failed. Modules within arrays are similarly

protected. The array, which is also called a photovoltaic generator, is designed to

generate power at a certain current and voltage which is some multiple of 12 V,

under standard illuminations.

For almost all applications, the illumination is also a variable for efficient

operation all the time and the photovoltaic generator must be integrated with a

charge storage system (a battery) and with components for power regulation as

shown in Figure 2.1. The battery is used to store charge generated during sunnyperiods and the power conditioning ensures that the power supply is regular and

less sensitive to the solar irradiation.

PowerPV Load

Conditioning

8

Figure 2.1 Photovoltaic array integrated with components for charge regulation and

Storage

Generator

Storage

[Battery (dc)

or grid (ac)]


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2.4 THE PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT

Solar photovoltaic energy conversion is a one-step conversion process which

generates electrical energy from light energy. The explanation relies on ideas from

quantum theory. Light is made up of packets energy, called photons, whose

energy only depends upon the frequency, or colour, of the light. When exposed to

light photons with energy greater than the band gap energy of semiconductor are

absorbed and create electron-hole pair. These carriers are swept apart under the

influence of the internal electric fields of the p-n junction and create a current

proportional to incident radiation. When the cell is short circuited, this currentflows in the external circuit; when open circuited, this current is shunted internally

by the intrinsic p-n junction diode. Normally, when light is absorbed by matter,

photons are given up to excite electrons to higher energy states within the material,

but the excited electrons relax quickly back to their ground state.

In a photovoltaic device, however, there is some built-in asymmetry which

pulls excited electrons away before they can loosen up, and feeds them to an

external circuit. The extra energy of the excited electrons generates a potential

difference, or electro-motive force (e.m.f). This force drives the electrons through a

load in the external circuit to do electrical work.

2.5 SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

Open circuit voltage: When a solar cell is switched on by light it develops a

voltage or e.m.f. analogous to the e.m.f. of the battery. The voltage developed


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when the terminals are isolated (infinite load resistance) is called open circuit

voltage Voc.

Short circuit current: The current drawn when the terminals are connected

together is called the short circuit current I sc. Since current is roughly proportional

to the illuminated area, the short current density Jsc is a useful quantity. For any

intermediate load resistance RL the cell develops a voltage V between 0 and Voc

and delivers a current I such that V= IRL and I(V) is determined by the current

voltage characteristic of the cell under that illumination. A simple circuit of a solar

cell is shown in Figure 2.2.

Load

solar cell

Figure 2.2 A solar cell in a simple circuit

Dark current density: When a load is present, a potential difference

develops between the terminals of the cell. This potential difference develops

between the terminals of the cell. This potential difference generates a currentwhich acts in the opposite direction to the photocurrent, and net current is reduced

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from its short circuit value. This reverse current is usually called dark current. For

an ideal diode the dark current density Jdark(V) varies like

Jdark(V) = Jo (eqV/ kT 1) (2.1)

where Jo is a constant, k is Boltzmanns constant and T is the temperature in

degrees Kelvin.

Efficiency:The efficiency of the cell is the power density delivered at the

operating point as a fraction of the incident light power density, PS.These four quantities JSC, VOC, FF and efficiency are the key performance

characteristics of a solar cell. All of these should be defined for particular

illumination conditions.

The Standard Test Condition (STC) for solar cells is the Air Mass 1.5

spectrum, an incident power density of 1000 W m-2

, and a temperature of 25oC.

2.6 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SOLAR CELL

2.6.1 Ideal Solar Cell

Electrically the solar cell is equivalent to a current generator in parallel with

an asymmetric non-linear resistive element i.e. a diode. When illuminated, the

ideal cell produces a photocurrent proportional to the light intensity. That photo

current is divided between the variable resistance of the diode and the load. For

higher resistances, more of the photocurrent flows through the diode, resulting in a


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higher potential difference between the cell terminals but smaller current through

the load. The load thus provides the photo voltage. As per the equivalent circuit

shown in Figure 2.3, without diode there is nothing to drive the photocurrent

through the load.

Figure 2.3 Equivalent circuit of an ideal solar cell

2.6.2 Parasitic Resistances

In real cells, power is dissipated through the resistance of the contacts and

leakage currents around the sides of the device. These effects are equivalent to two

parasitic resistances in series (Rse) and in parallel (Rsh) with the cell. The series

resistance arises from the resistance of the cell material to current flow and it is a

particular problem at high current densities, for instance under concentrated light.

The parallel or shunt resistance arises from the leakage of current through

the cell and is a problem in poorly rectifying devices. Series and parallel resistance

reduce the fill factor. For an efficient cell RSshould be small and RSHas large as

possible. From Figure 2.4, when parasitic resistances are included, the diode

equation becomes

J = JSC - JO ( eq ( V + JARs ) / kt

) 1 - ( V+JARs ) / Rsh (2.2)

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Figure 2.4 Equivalent circuit including series and shunt resistance

2.7 MATLAB MODEL OF A PV SYSTEM

A single diode model is used for the modeling of PV module. Theadvantage of using PV module is that the direct conversion of light energy into

electricity is directly possible and also it is static in nature. The PV cell has non-

linear characteristics. The output voltage from the PV module depends on

insolation and temperature gradient. A group of solar PV cells together form the

PV power generation system. Equations (1)-(4) are used for the mathematical

modeling of PV cell. The output current from PV panel is given as

shDphpv IIII

(2.3)

Photon generated current of the PV panel, Iphis given as

n

pvnniphG

GITTKI (2.4)

The current through the diode is calculated as

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1V)RIV(expII tasepvpvrD (2.5)

and 1)(exp

)(

taocnnv

scnni

r VVTTK

ITTKI

(2.6)

2.8 SIMULATION OF PV MODULE

The MATLAB-SIMULINK model for the PV panel is as shown in Figure

2.5 and the results are presented in Figure 2.6.

Figure 2.5 MATLAB- Simulink diagram of PV module

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Figure 2.6 V-I and P-V characteristics of PV module at STC

Datasheet for a solar PV module available in lab (SOLKAR panel) is

presented in Appendix. The characteristics for different illumination levels and

different temperature conditions are presented in Figure 2.7 and Figure 2.8

respectively.

Figure 2.7 Simulated V-I and V-P Characteristics of SPV module for Various Insolation atConstant Temperature T=25

0C

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Figure 2.8 Simulated V-I and V-P Characteristics of SPV module for Various Temperature

at Constant Insolation G = 1000W/m

2

Thus the solar PV model was simulated using Simulink and the above mentioned

results were obtained.

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CHAPTER 3

DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER

3.1 NEED FOR CONVERTERS

In many industrial applications, it is required to convert a fixed voltage DC

source into a variable voltage DC source. A DC-DC converter converts directly

from dc to dc and is known as a DC converter. A dc converter can be considered as

DC equivalent of an AC transformer with a continuously variable turns ratio. Like

a transformer, it can be used to step down or step up a dc voltage source.

DC converters are widely used for traction motor control in electric

automobiles, trolley cars, marine hoists, forklift trucks and mine haulers. They

provide smooth acceleration control, high efficiency and fast dynamic response.

DC converters can be used in regenerative breaking of dc motors to return

energy back to the supply, and this feature results in energy savings for

transportation systems with frequent stops. DC converters are used in dc voltage

regulators; and also are used, in conjunction with an inductor, to generate a dc

current source, especially for current source inverter.

DC-DC converter is nothing more than a DC transformer or a device that

provides a loss less transfer of energy between different circuits at different voltagelevels. When DC-DC conversion is needed there is also a need for control and a


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need for higher efficiencies. If the latter were not important we could just use a

voltage divider and get the change in voltage we are looking for. In modern dc

electronics we need more than just voltage reduction. What really are needed are

voltage transfers, polarity reversals, and increased and decreased voltages with

control. One method of building a dc transformer is to use switching converters

called choppers. The provided switching function requires a duty ratio, which will

give us the control that has been needed.

3.2 TYPES OF CONVERTERS

By the principle of operation, they are of two types of converters .They are

1. Step up converters

2. Step down converters

The four basic topologies of converters are

1. Buck converters

2. Boost converters

3. Buck-boost converters

4. Cuk converters

3.3 CHOICE OF BUCK BOOST CONVERTER

The choice of converter is based on constant charging current. Based on the duty

cycle of converter it can operate in two modes basically

1. buck mode

2. boost mode


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When the PV system is fed using battery, the system operates in buck mode

When the PV system uses solar energy, it operates in boost mode

3.3.1 Operation of Buck-Boost Converter

The buck boost converter is a type of dc-dc converter that has output

voltage magnitude greater or lesser than input voltage magnitude. Two different

topologies are called buck-boost converter. Both of them can produce a range of

output voltages, from an output voltage much larger (in absolute magnitude) than

the input voltage, down to almost zero.

3.3.2 The Inverting Topology

The output voltage is opposite polarity of input. This is a switched mode

power supply with a similar circuit topology to boost converter and buck converter.

The output voltage is adjustable based on duty cycle of the switching transistor.

One possible drawback of this converter is that the switch does not have a terminal

at ground, this complicates driving circuitry. Neither drawback is of any

consequence if power supply is isolated from the load circuit as the supply and

diode polarity can simply be reversed. The switch can be either on ground side or

on supply side.


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3.3.3 A Buck Converter Followed By a Boost Converter

The output polarity is of same polarity as input, can be lower or higher than

input. Such a non-inverting buck boost converter may use a single inductor that is

both used as buck inductor or boost inductor.

Operation

As shown in Figure 3.1, the output voltage polarity of buck boost regulator

is opposite to that of input voltage. Hence it is also called inverting regulator.

Figure 3.1 Circuit of buck-boost converter

The switch used here is generally a MOSFET. The L, C and D are the

filtering components. T is the transistor switch. The output current is shown

negative. T is turned at t=0. It conducts from 0 to dt. Hence the current flows

through inductance. Diode is reverse biased. Inductance stores the energy from 0 to

dt. The current through inductor keeps on increasing. The capacitor discharges and

supplies current to the load. Load current is assumed to be continuous and ripple

free. The output voltage varies according to capacitor voltage.

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At dT the transistor switch is turned off. Inductance generates the voltage

L(diL/dt),this forward biases diode D. The inductance supplies energy to load from

dT to T. Hence inductor current decreases. The capacitor is also charged. Hence its

voltage also rises.

The average output voltage is given as

so VD

DV

1

Converter design equations are given as follows,

f

DRDL

2

)1(1

fR2

D

C1

Where R is the load of the converter, and D is the duty cycle of the

converter.

3.4 SIMULATION OF BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER

The Simulink model of the Buck-Boost converter is presented in the Figure

3.2. By varying the duty cycle, it is made to operate two modes.

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Figure 3.2 Simulation of buck-boost converter

3.5 SIMULATION RESULTS OF BUCK-BOOST COVERTER

The simulation of buck-boost converter was carried on using MATLAB-

SIMULINK and the results are presented in Figure 3.3.

(a) (b)

Figure 3.3 Output characteristics of buck-boost converter

The buck-boost converter was designed and simulated.

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CHAPTER 4

DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF SINGLE PHASE INVERTER

4.1 NEED FOR INVERTER

An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC)

to alternating current (AC).The converted AC can be at any required voltage and

frequency with the use of appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits.

Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of

applications, from small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric

utility high-voltage direct current applications that transport bulk power. Inverters

are commonly used to supply AC power from DC sources such as solar

panels or batteries. The inverter performs the opposite function of a rectifier.

The output voltage waveform of the inverter can be square wave, quasi

square wave or low distorted sine wave. The output voltage can be controlled with

the help of drives of switches.

The inverters can be classified as voltage source inverters or current source

inverters. When input DC voltage remains constant, then it is called voltage source

inverter (VSI) or voltage fed inverter. When input current is maintained constant,

then it is called current source inverter (CSI) or current fed inverter (CFI).

Sometimes, the DC input voltage to the inverter is controlled to adjust the output.

Such inverters are called variable DC link inverters.


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24

4.2 GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF SINGLE PHASE INVERTERS

1. Half bridge inverter

2. Full bridge inverter

Here for the sake of conversion of the DC voltage obtained from the buck-boost

converter to an AC voltage in order to feed it to the induction motor, single phase

inverter is considered.

4.3 FULL BRIDGE INVERTER

The diodes are required for feedback when the load is inductive. Here for

separate simulation of the inverter, a resistive load is used. When the load is

resistive, does not carry any current.

4.3.1 Principle of Operation

A Single phase bridge voltage source inverter is shown in Fig.1. It consists

of four MOSFETS or say switches. When MOSFETS 1 and 2 are turned on

simultaneously, the input voltage Vdc appears across the load. If switches 3 and 4

are turned on at the same time, the voltage across the load is reversed and is V dc.

The modes of conduction are shown from Figure.4.1 to Figure 4.4. The rms output

voltage can be found from the following equation


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2

2

0

22 oT

si

o

oi dtVT

V

(4.1)

Hence the output voltage of the inverter can be obtained theoretically and

compared with the practical results.

Mode 1 (1, 2 conduct)

1 and 2 are applied to the drive at t=0. But they dont conduct until t1.

Diodes, D1 and D2 conduct from 0 to t 1.

Figure 4.1 Mode1 operation of single phase inverter

Hence 1 and 2 are reverse biased and they do not conduct. From t1to T/2, 1

and 2 conduct. The load current is positive and it increases from 0 to +I max.

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Mode 2 (D3 and D4 conduct)

At T/2, switches 1 and 2 are turned off and 3 and 4 are applied drives. The

load inductance (in case of RL load) generates a large voltage. The diodes D3 and

D4 are forward biased due to the inductance voltage. These diodes conduct and

output current flows through DC supply. This is called as feedback operation.


There is negative current when D3 and D4 conduct and hence 3 and 4 are

reverse biased and they dont conduct even though base drives are applied. When

the load becomes zero say at t 23 and 4 start conducting.

Mode 3 (3 and 4 conduct)

At t2 the switches 3 and 4 start conducting. The output current is negative

and increases to Imax.

26


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The supply current is positive and the output voltage is negative during this

period.

Mode 4 (D1 and D2 conduct)

At T, 3 and 4 are turned off and 1 and 2 are applied to the drive. The output

current is Imax.Hence load inductance generates large voltage. Due to this voltagethe diodes D1 and D2 are forward biased.

27


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Hence they start conducting. The load energy is fed back to DC supply

whenever diodes conduct. The output voltage waveform is square wave having

amplitudes of Vdc..

4.4 APPLICATIONS

DC power source utilization, uninterruptible power supplies, induction

heating, HVDC power transmission, variable frequency derives air conditioningetc.

4.5 MATLAB SIMULINK

As explained above, a single phase inverter was modeled using the matlab

simulink model and circuit is shown in the Figure 4.5.

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Figure 4.5 Simulink model of single phase inverter

4.6 SIMULATION RESULTS

Figure 4.6 shows the output voltage characteristics of the single phase

inverter.

Figure 4.6 Output voltage of single phase inverter

Thus the modeling of inverter was completed.

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30

CHAPTER 5

DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION

MOTOR

5.1 SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR-AN INTRODUCTION

An induction or asynchronous motor is a type of AC motor where power is

supplied to the rotor by means of electromagnetic induction. These motors are

widely used in industrial drives, particularly poly phase induction motors, because

they are rugged and have no brushes. Single-phase versions are used in smallappliances. Their speed is determined by the frequency of the supply current, so

they are most widely used in constant-speed applications, although variable speed

versions, using variable frequency drives are becoming more common. The most

common type is the squirrel cage motor, and this term is sometimes used for

induction motors generally. The characteristics of single phase induction motors

are identical to 3-phase induction motors except that single phase induction motor

has no inherent starting torque and some special arrangements have to be made for

making it self-starting. It follows that during starting period the single phase

induction motor has to be converted to a type which is not a single phase induction

motor in the sense in which the term is ordinarily used and it becomes a true single

phase induction motor when it is running and after the speed and torque have been

raised to a point beyond which the additional device may be dispensed with. The

starting device adds to the cost of the motor and also requires more space.


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Figure 5.1 Elementary single phase induction motor

An induction motor with a cage rotor and a single phase stator winding is

shown schematically in Figure 5.1. The actual stator winding is distributed in slotsso as to produce an approximately sinusoidal space distribution of mmf. With

regard to this project the main cause for the choice of an induction motor is, it has

high efficiency when compared to conventional dc motors, also the optimal size

and cost. The frequent speed control of induction motors is also possible.

5.2 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

5.2.1 Construction

Similar to a DC motor single phase induction motor has basically two main

parts, one rotating and other stationary. The stationary part is called stator while

the rotating part is the rotor. The stator has a laminated construction, made up of

stampings. The stampings are slotted on its periphery to carry the stator or the main

winding. This is excited by a single phase supply. The stator winding is wound forcertain definite number of poles means when excited by a single phase a.c supply,

31


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stator produces a magnetic field which creates the effect of certain number. The

number of poles for which the winding is wound decides the synchronous speed of

the motor, denoted as Ns.

Ns= (5.1)

The induction motor never rotates in the synchronous speed but rotates at a

speed which is slightly less than the synchronous speed. The rotor construction is

of squirrel cage type. In this type, rotor consists of un-insulated copper or

aluminium bars placed in the slots. The bars are permanently shorted at both the

ends with the help of conducting rings called end rings. Since they are shorted the

resistance is very small. The air gap between stator and rotor is kept uniform and

as small as possible. The main feature of rotor is that it automatically adjusts itself

for same number of poles as that of stator windings.

5.2.2 Working Principle

For the motoring action there must exists two fluxes which interact with

each other to produce the torque. In DC motors, field winding produces the main

flux while DC supply given to the armature is responsible to produce armature

flux. The main flux and the armature flux interact to produce the torque.

In the single phase induction motor single phase AC supply is given to the

stator winding. The stator winding carries an alternating current which produces

the flux which is also alternating in nature. This flux is called the main flux. This

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33

flux links with the rotor conductors and due to transformer action e.m.f. gets

induced in the rotor. The induced e.m.f. drives current through the rotor as rotor

circuit is closed circuit. This rotor current produces another flux called rotor flux

required for the motoring action. Thus second flux is produced according to the

induction principle due to induced e.m.f hence the motor is named so. The single

phase is not self-starting which can be explained through the double field revolving

theory.

5.2.3 Double Field Revolving Theory

Any alternating quantity can be resolved into two rotating componentswhich rotate in opposite directions and each having a magnitude as half of the

maximum magnitude of the alternating quantity. In case of single phase induction

motor, the stator winding produces an alternating magnetic field having maximum

magnitude of m. According to this theory, two components of the stator flux ,

each having magnitude half of maximum magnitude of start flux. Both these

components are rotating in the opposite direction at the synchronous speed which

is dependent on frequency and stator poles. Let f is the forward component

rotating in anticlockwise direction while bis the backward component rotating in

anticlockwise direction. The resultant of these two fluxes at any instant gives the

instantaneous value o the stator flux at that instant. As shown in Figure 5.2, the

resultant of these two is the original flux.


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Figure 5.2 Flux Rotation

Both the components are rotating and hence get cut by the rotor conductors.

Due to cutting of flux, e.m.f gets induced in rotor which circulates rotor current.

The rotor flux interacts with fto produce a torque in one particular direction say

anticlockwise, while rotor flux interacts with backward component, b, to produce

a torque in clockwise direction. At start, these two torques are equal in magnitude

Figure 5.3 Torque-speed characteristic of a 1 phase induction motor

taking into account the changes in flux

and opposite in direction. Each torque tries to rotate the rotor in its own direction.

Thus the net torque experienced by the rotor is zero at start and hence the single

phase induction motors are not self-starting as represented by Figure 5.3.

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35

5.3 STARTING OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

The single phase motors are always classified based on their starting

methods. Appropriate selection of these motors depends upon the starting and the

torque requirements of the load, duty cycle, and limitations on the starting and the

running current drawn from the supply by these motors. Following are the starting

methods available.

(a) Split-phase induction motor

(b) Capacitor start induction motor

(c) Permanent split-capacitor motor

(d) Capacitor start-capacitor run motor

(e) Shaded pole induction motor

In this project, based on the water pump, the capacitor start induction

motor has been opted.

5.3.1 Capacitor Start Induction Motor

Capacitors are used to improve the starting and the running performance of

the motors. The capacitor start induction motor is also a split phase induction

motor. From Figure 5.4 it is inferred that a capacitor of a suitable value is added in

series with the auxiliary winding through a switch such that I a the current in the

auxiliary winding leads the current Imin the main coil by 90 degrees in time phase

so that the starting torque is maximum for certain values of Iaand Im. Since the two

windings are displaced by 90 degrees, maximum torque is developed at start.


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However the auxiliary winding and the capacitor are disconnected after the motor

has picked up speed of about 75% of the synchronous speed. The motor will start

without any humming noise. However after the auxiliary winding is disconnected,

there will be some noise.

Figure 5.4 (a) connection; (b) phasor diagram at start

Since the auxiliary winding and the capacitor are used intermittently, these

can be designed for minimum cost. However, it is found that the best compromise

among the factors of starting torque, starting current and costs results with a phase

angle somewhat less than 90 degree between Iaand Im.

5.4 SIMULATION OF CAPACITOR RUN INDUCTION MOTOR

The double field revolving theory can be effectively used to obtain the

equivalent circuit of a single phase induction. The method consists of determining

the values of both the fields clockwise and anticlockwise at any given slip. When

the two fields are known, the torque produced by each can be obtained. The

difference between these two torques is, the net torque acting on the rotor. Certain

tests are performed on the induction motor in order to obtain the required

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37

.2)

st equal to the synchronous speed in this condition. Hence

lip is assumed be zero.

.4.2 B

rt circuit current. And this voltage can be adjustedy the help of auto transformer.

.5 SIMULINK MODEL

obtained resembles the transformer model. It is given

the following Figure 5.5.

parameters of the equivalent circuit. The tests conducted are no-load test or open

circuit test and blocked rotor test or short circuit test

5.4.1 No-Load Test

The test is conducted by rotating the motor without load. The input current,

voltage and power are measured.

W0 = V0 I0 cos

(5

The motor speed is almo

s

5 locked Rotor Test

In this test, the rotor is held still such that it will not rotate. A reduced

voltage is applied to limit the shob

5

The equivalent circuit

in


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Figure 5.5 Simulink model of induction motor

The equations used to derive the torque and speed of the equivalent circuit

shown in Figure 5.5 are given as,

Pf= (If)2. . Forward power equation

(5.3)

Pf= (Ib)2. . Backward power equation (5.4)

f ; (5.5)

Tb = Pb (5.6)

erefore, the net torque is given in equation (7)

Tf= P

Th

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39

T = Tf- Tb(5.7)

And also %efficiency = * 100 (5.8)

.6 SIMULATION RESULTS

calculated

and they are plotted against speed as shown in Figure 5.6 and 5.7.

5

From the above equations [3] to [8] , torque and efficiency are

Figure 5.6 T-N characteristics of single phase induction motor


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40

racteristics of single phase induction motor

a=5.9 ; La=0.048H; Xm=0.374H; Rr=101 ; Lr=3.21mH;

s=0.64to1.2

he complete simulation circuit is shown in Figure 5.8.

Induction motor parameters

HP motor; R

C

T

Figure 5.8 Overall Matlab Simulink circuit

ce the software implementation was carried out using the MATLABoftware.Hens


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41

CHAPTER 6

HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

.1 GENERAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

e

and

ost converter. i.e. the

utput voltage of the PV module is fed to the converter.

6

As shown in the Figure 6.1 above, the PV module receives energy from th

sunlight. This form of thermal energy is converted into electric energy through

photovoltaic effect. This output voltage of the PV module is of very less value,

needs to be boosted up. Here comes the usage of buck bo

o

Figure 6.1 Block diagram of Photovoltaic water pumping system

motor, the voltage needs to be inverted. Hence the inverter gains its role. The dc

Thus the voltage is boosted up to the desired value. Since we use an AC


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form of voltage is thus inverter and is fed into the induction motor which is

connected to the pump in the same shaft.

6.2 OPTIONS CONSIDERED

6.2.1 Solar Array

Specification of the photovoltaic module as shown in Figure 6.2

Voltage : 21.2V

Current : 2.55A

Power rating : 37W

No. of cells/module : 36 cells

No. of panels : 7 panels

3X3 Panel Board

Electronic Load

Solar Panels Electronic Load

Figure 6.2 Arrangement of Solar PV Array

6.2.2 Converter

A DC-DC converter is a device that accepts a DC input voltage and

produces a DC output voltage. Typically the output produced is at a different

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voltage level than the input. The converter we researched for the purpose

considered in this project was a buck-boost converter. It starts at the lowest input

voltage. The components used to design the hardware of the converter as shown in

Figure 6.3.

Mosfet : IRF460

Power Diode : 1N5408

Capacitor : 0.3F, 60V

Inductor : e-core type, 1.23mH

43

Power CircuitControl Circuit

Figure 6.3 Hardware model of Buck-Boost converter

The power circuit was made to operate in both the modes by varying the

duty cycle and hence the voltage was made to boost.


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6.2.3 DC Battery Source

In order to the store the energy when the power is not utilized a battery

source was included after the converter circuit. Hardware setup as shown in Figure6.4

Ratings of the Battery: 600VA

Figure 6.4 Inverter and battery set up

6.2.4 Inverter

It is a device which converts the DC to AC. A single phase inverter which

was available in the laboratory was utilized for this purpose.

Ratings of the Inverter:50 Hz

6.2.5 Single Phase Induction Motor

For practical purpose the single phase induction motor available in the

laboratory was made use. Hardware setup as shown in Figure 6.5

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Ratings of the Motor: watt

Figure 6.5(a) Water Pumping Arrangement

Figure 6.5(b) Practical induction motor

6.2.6 Astable Multivibrator

In order to count the number of water cycles the induction motor has

pumped the astable multivibrator was utilized. At t 1, the water begins to discharge

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and t2is the time taken to complete the cycle, hence t1-t2 gives the time taken to

fill up the volume of the tank.

Components Used:

Diode : 1N4007

Resistor : 10.1K , 4.37K

Capacitor : 0.01F, 0.1F

The hardware setup of astable multivibrator is as shown in Figure 6.6

Figure 6.6 PCB circuit of an astable multivibrator

The circuit has been connected and the output pulses generated were

verified. The output pulse was almost to be 4V.

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6.2.7 Hardware Results

The layout for the hardware setup of the PV pumping system is shown in

Figure 6.7. Input to the boost converter is provided by the Solar Photo voltaic

module.

Figure 6.7 Entire setup of the PV water pumping system

By inter connecting the system, the following results were obtained. The

Voltage from the solar photovoltaic module was fed to the converter. The

respective control pulses were obtained for the converter. As shown in Figure.8,

astable multivibrator was connected to the induction motor. The pulses from the

multi vibrator are shown in Figure 6.9. Thus according to the pulses (Figure 6.9),

the beep sound appears whenever the water begins to discharge.

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Figure 6.8 Setup of the Induction Motor and the pump.

Figure 6.9 Astable multivibrator pulses

48

The control pulses for the converter generated from the PIC controller for

various duty cycles are shown in Figure 6.10


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(a) 70% duty cycle (b) 80% duty cycle

Figure 6.10 PIC control pulses

Thus when the MOSFET is triggered using the pulse as shown in Figure

6.10, the voltage is boosted up and is fed to the inverter. The generated output

characteristics of inverter are shown in Figure 6.11

(a) (b)

Figure 6.11 Inverter output voltage and Inverter output current

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Under poor illumination conditions, battery can be used as a back-up. When

the converter is to be operated in buck mode, the inverter gets its supply from the

battery. The charging current and discharging current of the battery are shown in

Figure 6.12.

(a) (b)

Figure 6.12 Battery charging current and Battery discharging current

Figure 6.13 shows battery output voltage, which is fed to inverter under poor

illumination conditions.

50

Figure 6.13 Battery output voltage


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The output voltage and current of the induction motor during the running

condition are measured using the Digital Storage Oscilloscope and are shown in

Figure 6.14 and Figure 6.15. The input to the induction motor is given from the

inverter.

(a) (b)

Figure 6.14 Induction motor output current and output voltage

51

Figure 6.15 Induction motor output voltage and current


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52

Thus the implementation of design, simulation and implementation of the

photovoltaic water pumping system was carried out. As per the facilities available

in the solar research lab, 9 photovoltaic panels were available, from which a total

of 110V of voltage is obtained which was given to the converter circuit, which is

boosted up to the level required by the inverter i.e. 230V approx. Then this voltage

is given to the induction motor which drives the hp water pump and hence the

water is pumped. Hence the theoretical and the practical results were made to co-

ordinate.


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53

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

7.1 CONCLUSION

In this project analysis of PV fed water pumping system has been carried

out. To extract maximum power buck-boost converter is used. The outcome of the

project is effective hydraulic storage. Though direct coupled dc motors with PV

systems are already in use at present, an induction motor paves the way to achieve

maximum efficiency. A battery is included in the system which stores energy when

system is not in use. So even in case of pure sunlight conditions, this can serve thepurpose. Though the power conversion capability of solar cell is limited,

researches are being done to improve the same. In this project simulation results

have been presented for low voltage levels but the concept can be extended to

higher voltage levels with same inferences for industrial purpose.

7.2 FUTURE SCOPE

The agricultural side of the world, particularly India, is facing much moreproblems due to the insufficient availability of technology. So the main idea of this

project lies here. In order to develop an economical system of water pumping in

rural or sub urban areas this project was developed. The induction motor could be

further increased in its efficiency by many methods. Future researches in this area

will definitely prove to be worthwhile. Since constant and rapid researches are

performed to develop the solar panel into a more economical model, the solar

energy would serve the future scope for electricity.


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APPENDIX I

A 1.1 EXIDE POWERSAFE BATTERIES:

Charge Parameters

Charge Voltage

ApplicationsTemperature Cut-off Point Range

Max Charge

Current

Cyclic Use 27O

C 14.7 14.6 - 14.8 0.2 CA

Standby Use 27OC 13.53 13.38

13.68

0.2 CA

Temperature Compensation Coefficient : 5 mV/OC

(Cyclic)/-3mV/OC(Standby)

Ratings:

Voltage: 12V

Current: 100Ah

Standby Use 13.6V 13.8V

Cycle Use 14.6V - 14.8V

Maximum Initial Current 20A

Voltage Regulation 27OC

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55

A 1.2 MICROTEK UPS EV/E2MODELS:

Technical Specifications

Input Voltage 100V 300V(Wide Input

Voltage Range)

180V 260V(Normal Input

Voltage Range)

Output Voltage On Mains Mode Same as input

Output Voltage on UPS mode 200V 230V 10%

Output Frequency on UPS Mode 50Hz 0.1HzSwitching from mains to UPS and from Automatic

UPS to mains

Output waveform on mains mode Same as Input

Output waveform on UPS mode TPZi

waveform(TRAPEZOIDAL WAVEFORM)

Battery charging current Constant charging approx. 10%

of the rated battery

Current in AH

Charger Constant current, constant

wattage

Efficiency EV models > 84% E2models >

87%

UPS overload / UPS short circuit 110%/300%

UPS transfer time 15ms


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56

Browns out mains voltage 100V 40V

Technology MICROCONTROLLER

BASED DESIGN

Auto Reset Feature Yes

Front Panel

LED Indications

1. Mains on

2. UPS on3. Battery charging

a. LED Continuously Glows When Charged

b. LED Blinks When Battery Is Charging

4. Fuse Blown

5. UPS Overload

6. Battery Low

Back Panel

1. Mains Input Terminal Block/Lead For AC Input

2. Circuit Breaker for mains overload / short circuit protection.

(4Amps/6Amps for UPSE2275 / 400 Model, 6Amps / 7Amps for UPSEB /

E2600 / 625 model, 8Amps/ 10 Amps for UPSEB / E

21400/1550 Model).

3. Output socket for load

4. Positive Battery Lead.


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57

5. Negative Battery Lead

6. Slide Switch for Mains Input Voltage Range Selection

7. Slide Switch to Select the Maximum Charging Voltage.

(This switch is not in UPSE2275/400 model)

(HIGH = 14.2VDC / Standard(STD)=13.8VDC)

Select the appropriate Voltae as recommended by the Battery

Manufacturer/Supplier.

CAUTION: Proper selection of switch position is recommended based on

the battery manufacturers specifications, for proper backup and also to avoid

any damage to the battery due to wrong selection.8. Fuse ( 10Amp Slow Blow for UPSEB/E

2600/625/850/875/1400/1550

models , 2Amp Slow Blow or UPSE2275/400 model) for Charger.

A 1.3 SOLAR PANEL SPECIFICATIONS

1 Rated Power (Pmax) 37.08W

2 Voltage at maximum power (Vmp) 16.56V

3 Current at maximum power (Imp) 2.25A

4 Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) 21.24V

5 Short Circuit Current (Isc) 2.55A

6 Size of Solar module 990mm x 440mm

7 Total number of cells in series 36

8 Total number of cells in parallel 0

9 Cell arrangement(row x col) 6 x 6


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1N4001 1N4007 1 of 4 2006 Won-Top Electronics

Pb1N4001 1N40071.0A STANDARD DIODE

Features

Diffused Junction

Low Forward Voltage Drop High Current Capability A B A

High Reliability

High Surge Current Capability

Mechanical Data C

Case: DO-41, Molded Plastic D

Terminals: Plated Leads Solderable per

MIL-STD-202, Method 208

Polarity: Cathode Band

Weight: 0.35 grams (approx.)

Mounting Position: Any

Marking: Type Number

Lead Free: For RoHS / Lead Free Version,

Add -LF Suffix to Part Number, See Page 4

Maximum Ratings and Electrical Characteristics @TA=25C unless otherwise specified

Single Phase, half wave, 60Hz, resistive or inductive load.

For capacitive load, derate current by 20%.

Characteristic Symbol1N

4001

1N

4002

1N

4003

1N

4004

1N

4005

1N

4006

1N

4007Unit

Peak Repetitive Reverse Voltage

Working Peak Reverse Voltage

DC Blocking Voltage

VRRM

VRWM

VR

50 100 200 400 600 800 1000 V

RMS Reverse Voltage VR(RMS) 35 70 140 280 420 560 700 V

Average Rectified Output Current

(Note 1) @TA= 75CIO 1.0 A

Non-Repetitive Peak Forward Surge Current

8.3ms Single half sine-wave superimposed on

rated load (JEDEC Method)

IFSM 30 A

Forward Voltage @IF= 1.0A VFM 1.0 V

Peak Reverse Current @TA= 25C

At Rated DC Blocking Voltage @TA= 100CIRM

5.0

50A

Typical Junction Capacitance (Note 2) Cj 15 pF

Typical Thermal Resistance Junction to Ambient(Note 1)

R JA 50 C/W

Operating Temperature Range Tj -65 to +125 C

Storage Temperature Range TSTG -65 to +150 C

Note: 1. Leads maintained at ambient temperature at a distance of 9.5mm from the case

2. Measured at 1.0 MHz and Applied Reverse Voltage of 4.0V D.C.

DO-41

Dim Min Max

A 25.4

B 4.06 5.21

C 0.71 0.864D 2.00 2.72

All Dimensions in mm


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MARKING INFORMATION TAPING SPECIFICATIONS

PACKAGING INFORMATION

PackagingReel Diameter /

Box Size (mm)

Quantity

(PCS)

Carton Size

(mm)

Quantity

(PCS)

Approx. Gross Weight

(KG)

TAPE & REEL 330 5,000 370 x 370 x 420 25,000 13.0

TAPE & BOX 255 x 75 x 150 5,000 400 x 273 x 415 50,000 21.0

BULK 198 x 84 x 20 1,000 459 x 214 x 256 50,000 19.5

Note: 1. Paper reel, white or gray color. Core material: plastic or metal.

2. Components are packed in accordance with EIA standard RS-296-E.

TAPE & REEL

Cathode = Polarity Band

1N400x = Device Number

x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7

WTE = Manufacturers Logo

1N400x

WTE

0.8mmMAX

5mm

1.2mmMAX

0.8mmMAX

6mm

52.4mm

Cathode Tape: Red

Anode Tape: White

330mm

Product ID Label

Inspection Hole(both ends)

805mm

TAPE & BOX

255mm

Product ID Label

150mm

75mm

BULK

198mm

84mm20mm


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ORDERING INFORMATION

Product No. Package Type Shipping Quantity

1N4001-T3 DO-41 5000/Tape & Reel

1N4001-TB DO-41 5000/Tape & Box

1N4001 DO-41 1000 Units/Box

1N4002-T3 DO-41 5000/Tape & Reel

1N4002-TB DO-41 5000/Tape & Box


1N4003-T3 DO-41 5000/Tape & Reel

1N4003-TB DO-41 5000/Tape & Box


1N4004-T3 DO-41 5000/Tape & Reel

1N4004-TB DO-41 5000/Tape & Box

1N4004 DO-41 1000 Units/Box 1N4005-T3 DO-41 5000/Tape & Reel

1N4005-TB DO-41 5000/Tape & Box


1N4006-T3 DO-41 5000/Tape & Reel

1N4006-TB DO-41 5000/Tape & Box


1N4007-T3 DO-41 5000/Tape & Reel

1N4007-TB DO-41 5000/Tape & Box


1. Products listed in boldare WTE Preferreddevices.2. Shipping quantity given is for minimum packing quantity only. For minimum

order quantity, please consult the Sales Department.3. To order RoHS / Lead Free version (with Lead Free finish), add -LF suffix

to part number above. For example, 1N4001-TB-LF.

Won-Top Electronics Co., Ltd (WTE) has checked all information carefully and believes it to be correct and accurate. However, WTE cannot assume anyresponsibility for inaccuracies. Furthermore, this information does not give the purchaser of semiconductor devices any license under patent rights tomanufacturer. WTE reserves the right to change any or all information herein without further notice.

WARNING: DO NOT USE IN LIFE SUPPORT EQUIPMENT. WTE power semiconductor products are not authorized for use as critical components in lifesupport devices or systems without the express written approval.

Won-Top Electronics Co., Ltd.No. 44 Yu Kang North 3rd Road, Chine Chen Dist., Kaohsiung, TaiwanPhone:886-7-822-5408 or 886-7-822-5410Fax:886-7-822-5417Email:[email protected]:http://www.wontop.com


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2003 Microchip Technology Inc. Advance Information DS39617A-page 1

PIC18F2455/2550/4455/4550

Universal Serial Bus Features:

USB V2.0 Compliant SIE

Low-speed (1.5 Mb/s) and full-speed (12 Mb/s)

Supports control, interrupt, isochronous and bulktransfers

Supports up to 32 endpoints (16 bidirectional)

1-Kbyte dual access RAM for USB

On-board USB transceiver with on-chip voltageregulator

Interface for off-chip USB transceiver

Streaming Parallel Port (SPP) for USB streaming

transfers (40/44-pin devices only)

Power Managed Modes:

Run: CPU on, peripherals on

Idle: CPU off, peripherals on

Sleep: CPU off, peripherals off

Idle mode currents down to 5.8A typical

Sleep current down to 0.1A typical

Timer1 oscillator: 1.1A typical, 32 kHz, 2V

Watchdog Timer: 2.1 A typical

Two-Speed Oscillator Start-up

Flexible Oscillator Structure:

Five Crystal modes, including High-Precision PLL

for USB Two External RC modes, up to 4 MHz

Two External Clock modes, up to 40 MHz

Internal oscillator block:

- 8 user selectable frequencies, from 31 kHz to 8 MHz

- User tunable to compensate for frequency drift

Secondary oscillator using Timer1 @ 32 kHz

Fail-Safe Clock Monitor

- Allows for safe shutdown if any clock stops

Peripheral Highlights:

High current sink/source: 25 mA/25 mA

Three external interrupts

Four Timer modules (Timer0 to Timer3)

Up to 2 Capture/Compare/PWM (CCP) modules:

- Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution 6.25 ns (TCY/16)

- Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution 100 ns (TCY)

- PWM output: PWM resolution is 1 to 10-bit

Enhanced Capture/Compare/PWM (ECCP) module:

- Multiple output modes

- Selectable polarity

- Programmable dead-time- Auto-Shutdown and Auto-Restart

Addressable USART module:

- LIN bus support

Master Synchronous Serial Port (MSSP) modulesupporting 3-wire SPI (all 4 modes) and I2CMaster and Slave modes

10-bit, up to 13-channels Analog-to-Digital Convertermodule (A/D) with programmable acquisition time

Dual analog comparators with input multiplexing

Special Microcontroller Features:

C compiler optimized architecture with optionalextended instruction set

100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flashprogram memory typical

1,000,000 erase/write cycle data EEPROMmemory typical

Flash/data EEPROM retention: > 40 years

Self-programmable under software control

Priority levels for interrupts

8 x 8 Single Cycle Hardware Multiplier

Extended Watchdog Timer (WDT):

- Programmable period from 41 ms to 131s

Programmable Code Protection

Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming(ICSP) via two pins

In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins

Wide operating voltage range (2.0V to 5.5V)

Device

Program Memory Data Memory

I/O10-bitA/D(ch)

CCP/ECCP(PWM)

SPP

MSSP

Timers8/16-bitFLASH

(bytes)

# Single-Word

Instructions

SRAM(bytes)

EEPROM(bytes)

SPIMaster

I2C

PIC18F2455 24K 12288 2048 256 24 10 2/0 No Y Y 1 2 1/3

PIC18F2550 32K 16384 2048 256 24 10 2/0 No Y Y 1 2 1/3

PIC18F4455 24K 12288 2048 256 35 13 1/1 Yes Y Y 1 2 1/3

PIC18F4550 32K 16384 2048 256 35 13 1/1 Yes Y Y 1 2 1/3

28/40/44-Pin High-Performance, Enhanced Flash USB

Microcontrollers with nanoWatt Technology


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PIC18F2455/2550/4455/4550

DS39617A-page 2

Advance Information2003 Microchip Technology Inc.

Pin Diagrams

RB7/KBI3/PGD

RB6/KBI2/PGC

RB5/KBI1/PGM

RB4/AN11/KBI0/CSSPP

RB3/AN9/CCP2*/VPO

RB2/AN8/INT2/VMO

RB1/AN10/INT1/SCK/SCL

RB0/AN12/INT0/SDI/SDA

VDD

VSS

RD7/SPP7/P1D

RD6/SPP6/P1CRD5/SPP5/P1B

RD4/SPP4

RC7/RX/DT/SDO

RC6/TX/CK

D+/VP

D-/VM

RD3/SPP3

RD2/SPP2

MCLR/VPP/RE3RA0/AN0

RA1/AN1RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF

RA3/AN3/VREF+

RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT

RA5/AN4/SS/LVDIN/C2OUT

RE0/CK1SPP/AN5

RE1/CK2SPP/AN6

RE2/OESPP/AN7

AVDD

AVSS

OSC1/CLKI/RA7

OSC2/CLKO/RA6

RC0/T1OSO/T13CKI

RC1/T1OSI/CCP2*/UOE

RC2/CCP1/P1A

VUSB

RD0/SPP0

RD1/SPP1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

40

39

38

37

36

35

34

33

32

31

30

29

28

27

26

25

24

23

22

21

40-Pin PDIP

10

11

2

3

4

5

6

1

8

7

9

12

13

14 15

16

17

18

19

20

23

24

25

26

2728

22

21

MCLR/VPP/RE3RA0/AN0

RA1/AN1

RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF

RA3/AN3/VREF+

RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT

RA5/AN4/SS/LVDIN/C2OUT

VSS

OSC1/CLKI/RA7

OSC2/CLKO/RA6

RC0/T1OSO/T13CKI

RC1/T1OSI/CCP2*/UOE

RC2/CCP1

VUSB

RB7/KBI3/PGDRB6/KBI2/PGC

RB5/KBI1/PGM

RB4/AN11/KBI0/RCV

RB3/AN9/CCP2*/VPO

RB2/AN8/INT2/VMO

RB1/AN10/INT1/SCK/SCL

RB0/AN12/INT0/SDI/SDA

VDD

VSS

RC7/RX/DT/SDO

RC6/TX/CK

D+/VP

D-/VM

28-Pin SDIP, SOIC

Note: Pinouts are subject to change.

* Assignment of this feature is dependent on device configuration.


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2003 Microchip Technology Inc.

Advance InformationDS39617A-page 3

PIC18F2455/2550/4455/4550

Pin Diagrams (Continued)

44-Pin QFN

1011

23

6

1

87

2930313233

232425262728

9

PIC18F4455

OSC2/CLKO/RA6OSC1/CLKI/RA7VSS

AVDD

RA5/AN4/SS/LVDIN/C2OUTRA4/T0CKI/C1OUT

RC7/RX/DT/SDORD4/CCP2*/P2ARD5/SSP5/P1BRD6/SSP6/P1C

VSS

VDDRB0/AN12/INT0/SDI

RB1/AN10/INT1/SCK/SCLRB2/AN8/INT2/VMO

RD7/SSP7/P1D 5

4 AVSSVDD

AVDD

1011

23

6

1

87

2930313233

232425262728

9

PIC18F4455

NCRC0/T1OSO/T13CKIOSC2/CLKO/RA6OSC1/CLKI/RA7VSSVDD

RA5/AN4/SS/LVDIN/C2OUTRA4/T0CKI/C1OUT

VSSVDD

44-Pin TQFP

5

4

PIC18F4550

RC7/RX/DT/SDORD4/SPP4

RD5/SPP5/P1BRD6/SPP6/P1CRD7/SPP7/P1D

RB0/AN12/INT0/SDI/SDARB1/AN10/INT1/SCK/SCL

RB2/AN8/INT2/VMORB3/AN9/CCP2*/VPO

Note: Pinouts are subject to change.

* Assignment of this feature is dependent on device configuration.

PIC18F4550

RE0/CK1SPP/AN5RE1/CK2SPP/AN6RE2/OESPP/AN7

RE0/CK1SPP/AN5RE1/CK2SPP/AN6RE2/OESPP/AN7


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PIC18F2455/2550/4455/4550

DS39617A-page 4


NOTES:


75/104

DS39617A-page 5


Information contained in this publication regarding device

applications and the like is intended through suggestion only

and may be superseded by updates. It is your responsibility to

ensure that your application meets with your specifications.

No representation or warranty is given and no liability is

assumed by Microchip Technology Incorporated with respect

to the accuracy or use of such information, or infringement of

patents or other intellectual property rights arising from such

use or otherwise. Use of Microchips products as critical

components in life support systems is not authorized except

with express written approval by Microchip. No licenses are

conveyed, implicitly or otherwise, under any intellectual

property rights.

Trademarks

The Microchip name and logo, the Microchip logo, dsPIC,

KEELOQ, MPLAB, PIC, PICmicro, PICSTART, PRO MATE and

PowerSmart are registered trademarks of Microchip

Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other countries.

FilterLab, micro, MXDEV, MXLAB, PICMASTER, SEEVAL

and The Embedded Control Solutions Company are

registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated

in the U.S.A.

Accuron, Application Maestro, dsPICDEM, dsPICDEM.net,

ECONOMONITOR, FanSense, FlexROM, fuzzyLAB, In-Circuit Serial Programming, ICSP, ICEPIC, microPort,

Migratable Memory, MPASM, MPLIB, MPLINK, MPSIM,

PICC, PICkit, PICDEM, PICDEM.net, PowerCal, PowerInfo,

PowerMate, PowerTool, rfLAB, rfPIC, Select Mode,

SmartSensor, SmartShunt, SmartTel and Total Endurance are

trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the

U.S.A. and other countries.

Serialized Quick Turn Programming (SQTP) is a service mark

of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A.

All other trademarks mentioned herein are property of their

respective companies.

2003, Microchip Technology Incorporated, Printed in the

U.S.A., All Rights Reserved.

Printed on recycled paper.

Note the following details of the code protection feature on Microchip devices:

Microchip products meet the specification contained in their particular Microchip Data Sheet.

Microchip believes that its family of products is one of the most secure families of its kind on the market today, when used in the

intended manner and under normal conditions.

There are dishonest and possibly illegal methods used to breach the code protection feature. All of these methods, to our

knowledge, require using the Microchip products in a manner outside the operating specifications contained in Microchips Data

Sheets. Most likely, the person doing so is engaged in theft of intellectual property.

Microchip is willing to work with the customer who is concerned about the integrity of their code.

Neither Microchip nor any other semiconductor manufacturer can guarantee the security of their code. Code protection does not

mean that we are guaranteeing the product as unbreakable.

Code protection is constantly evolving. We at Microchip are committed to continuously improving the code protection features of our

products. Attempts to break microchips code protection feature may be a violation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. If such acts

allow unauthorized access to your software or other copyrighted work, you may have a right to sue for relief under that Act.


76/104

DS39617A-page 6 Advance Information 2003 Microchip Technology Inc.

AMERICAS

Corporate Office2355 West Chandler Blvd.Chandler, AZ 85224-6199Tel: 480-792-7200Fax: 480-792-7277Technical Support: 480-792-7627Web Address: http://www.microchip.com

Atlanta3780 Mansell Road, Suite 130Alpharetta, GA 30022Tel: 770-640-0034Fax: 770-640-0307

Boston2 Lan Drive, Suite 120Westford, MA 01886

Tel: 978-692-3848Fax: 978-692-3821

Chicago333 Pierce Road, Suite 180Itasca, IL 60143Tel: 630-285-0071Fax: 630-285-0075

Dallas4570 Westgrove Drive, Suite 160Addison, TX 75001Tel: 972-818-7423Fax: 972-818-2924

DetroitTri-Atria Office Building32255 Northwestern Highway, Suite 190Farmington Hills, MI 48334Tel: 248-538-2250Fax: 248-538-2260

Kokomo2767 S. Albright RoadKokomo, IN 46902Tel: 765-864-8360Fax: 765-864-8387

Los Angeles

18201 Von Karman, Suite 1090Irvine, CA 92612Tel: 949-263-1888Fax: 949-263-1338

Phoenix2355 West Chandler Blvd.Chandler, AZ 85224-6199Tel: 480-792-7966Fax: 480-792-4338

San Jose2107 North First Street, Suite 590

San Jose, CA 95131Tel: 408-436-7950Fax: 408-436-7955

Toronto6285 Northam Drive, Suite 108Mississauga, Ontario L4V 1X5, CanadaTel: 905-673-0699Fax: 905-673-6509

ASIA/PACIFIC

AustraliaSuite 22, 41 Rawson StreetEpping 2121, NSWAustraliaTel: 61-2-9868-6733Fax: 61-2-9868-6755

China - BeijingUnit 915Bei Hai Wan Tai Bldg.No. 6 Chaoyangmen BeidajieBeijing, 100027, No. ChinaTel: 86-10-85282100Fax: 86-10-85282104

China - Chengdu

Rm. 2401-2402, 24th Floor,Ming Xing Financial Tower

No. 88 TIDU StreetChengdu 610016, ChinaTel: 86-28-86766200Fax: 86-28-86766599

China - Fuzhou

Unit 28F, World Trade PlazaNo. 71 Wusi RoadFuzhou 350001, ChinaTel: 86-591-7503506Fax: 86-591-7503521

China - Hong Kong SAR

Unit 901-6, Tower 2, Metroplaza223 Hing Fong RoadKwai Fong, N.T., Hong KongTel: 852-2401-1200Fax: 852-2401-3431

China - ShanghaiRoom 701, Bldg. B

Far East International PlazaNo. 317 Xian Xia RoadShanghai, 200051Tel: 86-21-6275-5700Fax: 86-21-6275-5060

China - Shenzhen

Rm. 1812, 18/F, Building A, United PlazaNo. 5022 Binhe Road, Futian DistrictShenzhen 518033, ChinaTel: 86-755-82901380Fax: 86-755-8295-1393

China - Shunde

Room 401, Hongjian BuildingNo. 2 Fengxiangnan Road, Ronggui TownShunde City, Guangdong 528303, ChinaTel: 86-765-8395507 Fax: 86-765-8395571

China - Qingdao

Rm. B505A, Fullhope Plaza,

No. 12 Hong Kong Central Rd.Qingdao 266071, ChinaTel: 86-532-5027355 Fax: 86-532-5027205

IndiaDivyasree Chambers1 Floor, Wing A (A3/A4)No. 11, OShaugnessey RoadBangalore, 560 025, IndiaTel: 91-80-2290061 Fax: 91-80-2290062

Japan

Benex S-1 6F3-18-20, ShinyokohamaKohoku-Ku, Yokohama-shiKanagawa, 222-0033, JapanTel: 81-45-471- 6166 Fax: 81-45-471-6122

Korea168-1, Youngbo Bldg. 3 FloorSamsung-Dong, Kangnam-KuSeoul, Korea 135-882Tel: 82-2-554-7200 Fax: 82-2-558-5932 or82-2-558-5934

Singapore200 Middle Road#07-02 Prime CentreSingapore, 188980Tel: 65-6334-8870 Fax: 65-6334-8850

TaiwanKaohsiung Branch30F - 1 No. 8Min Chuan 2nd RoadKaohsiung 806, TaiwanTel: 886-7-536-4818

Fax: 886-7-536-4803TaiwanTaiwan Branch11F-3, No. 207Tung Hua North RoadTaipei, 105, TaiwanTel: 886-2-2717-7175 Fax: 886-2-2545-0139

EUROPEAustria

Durisolstrasse 2A-4600 WelsAustriaTel: 43-7242-2244-399Fax: 43-7242-2244-393

DenmarkRegus Business CentreLautrup hoj 1-3Ballerup DK-2750 Denmark

Tel: 45-4420-9895 Fax: 45-4420-9910

FranceParc dActivite du Moulin de Massy43 Rue du Saule TrapuBatiment A - ler Etage91300 Massy, FranceTel: 33-1-69-53-63-20Fax: 33-1-69-30-90-79

GermanySteinheilstrasse 10D-85737 Ismaning, GermanyTel: 49-89-627-144-0Fax: 49-89-627-144-44

ItalyVia Quasimodo, 1220025 Legnano (MI)Milan, ItalyTel: 39-0331-742611

Fax: 39-0331-466781NetherlandsP. A. De Biesbosch 14NL-5152 SC Drunen, NetherlandsTel: 31-416-690399Fax: 31-416-690340

United Kingdom505 Eskdale RoadWinnersh TriangleWokinghamBerkshire, England RG41 5TUTel: 44-118-921-5869Fax: 44-118-921-5820

07/28/03

WORLDWIDESALES ANDSERVICE


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SOES023 MARCH 1983 REVISED OCTOBER 19

POST OFFICE BOX 655303 DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

COMPATIBLE WITH STANDARD TTL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

Gallium Arsenide Diode Infrared Source

Optically Coupled to a Silicon npn

Phototransistor

High Direct-Current Transfer Ratio

Base Lead Provided for ConventionalTransistor Biasing

High-Voltage Electrical Isolation . . .

1.5-kV, or 3.55-kV Rating

Plastic Dual-In-Line Package

High-Speed Switching:

tr= 5 s, tf= 5 s Typical

Designed to be Interchangeable with

General Instruments MCT2 and MCT2E

absolute maximum ratings at 25 C free-air

design and simulation of pv water pumping system

Documents

simulation areavailable

modeling simulation

pv system

buck converter

v5252018 design

wp system

choice of buck boost

converters 17vi5252018