Design and Implementation of Cooperative Learning and Problem-

Based Learning in Engineering

Karl A. SmithEngineering Education – Purdue UniversityCivil Engineering - University of Minnesota

ksmith@umn.eduhttp://www.ce.umn.edu/~smith

University of Notre DameEngineering Seminar

March 31, 2010

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Session Objectives• Participants will be able to :

– Describe Key Features of Cooperative learning– Explain rationale for Cooperative Learning

– Summarize research on How People Learn– Describe key features of the Backward Design process – Content (outcomes) –

Assessment - Pedagogy– Identify connections between cooperative learning and desired outcomes of courses and

programs• Participants will begin applying key elements to the design on a course, class

session or learning module

Background Knowledge Survey• Familiarity with

– Cooperative Learning Strategies– Informal – turn-to-your-neighbor– Formal – cooperative problem-based learning

– Approaches to Course Design• Wiggins & McTighe – Understanding by Design (Backward Design)• Fink – Creating Significant Learning Experiences• Felder & Brent – Effective Course Design

– Research• Student engagement – NSSE • Cooperative learning• How People Learn

• Responsibility– Individual course– Program– Accreditation– Other

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“Throughout the whole enterprise, the core issue, in my view, is the mode of teaching and learning that is practiced. Learning ‘about’ things does not enable students to acquire the abilities and understanding they will need for the twenty-first century. We need new pedagogies of engagement that will turn out the kinds of resourceful, engaged workers and citizens that America now requires.”

Russ Edgerton (reflecting on higher education projects funded by the Pew Memorial Trust)

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Student Engagement Research Evidence

• Perhaps the strongest conclusion that can be made is the least surprising. Simply put, the greater the student’s involvement or engagement in academic work or in the academic experience of college, the greater his or her level of knowledge acquisition and general cognitive development …(Pascarella and Terenzini, 2005).

• Active and collaborative instruction coupled with various means to encourage student engagement invariably lead to better student learning outcomes irrespective of academic discipline (Kuh et al., 2005, 2007).

See Smith, et.al, 2005 and Fairweather, 2008, Linking Evidence and Promising Practices in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Undergraduate Education - http://www7.nationalacademies.org/bose/Fairweather_CommissionedPaper.pdf

January 2, 2009—Science, Vol. 323 www.sciencemag.org

Calls for evidence-based teaching practices

MIT & Harvard – Engaged Pedagogy

January 13, 2009—New York Timeshttp://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/13/us/13physics.html?em

http://web.mit.edu/edtech/casestudies/teal.html#video

http://www.ncsu.edu/PER/scaleup.html

Lila M. Smith

Pedago-pathologiesAmnesia

Fantasia

Inertia

Lee Shulman – MSU Med School – PBL Approach (late 60s – early 70s), President Emeritus of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of College Teaching

Shulman, Lee S. 1999. Taking learning seriously. Change, 31 (4), 11-17.

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What do we do about these pathologies?

• Activity – Engage learners in meaningful and purposeful activities

• Reflection – Provide opportunities

• Collaboration – Design interaction

• Passion – Connect with things learners care about

Shulman, Lee S. 1999. Taking learning seriously. Change, 31 (4), 11-17.

Lila M. Smith

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Pedagogies of Engagement

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The American College Teacher: National Norms for 2007-2008

Methods Used in “All” or “Most”

All – 2005

All – 2008

Assistant - 2008

Cooperative Learning

48 59 66

Group Projects 33 36 61

Grading on a curve

19 17 14

Term/research papers

35 44 47

http://www.heri.ucla.edu/index.php

Reflection and Dialogue

• Individually reflect on Active and Cooperative Learning Successes. Write for about 1 minute– Context? Subject, Year, School– Structure/Procedure? What did you do/experience?– Outcome? Evidence of Success

• Discuss with your neighbor for about 2 minutes– Select Success Story, Comment, Question, etc. that

you would like to present to the whole group if you are randomly selected

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Active Learning: Cooperation in the College Classroom

• Informal Cooperative Learning Groups

• Formal Cooperative Learning Groups

• Cooperative Base Groups

See Cooperative Learning Handout (CL College-804.doc)

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Shaping the Future: New Expectations for Undergraduate Education in Science, Mathematics, Engineering and Technology – National Science Foundation, 1996

Goal – All students have access to supportive, excellent undergraduate education in science, mathematics, engineering, and technology, and all students learn these subjects by direct experience with the methods and processes of inquiry.

Recommend that SME&T faculty: Believe and affirm that every student can learn, and model good practices that increase learning; starting with the student’s experience, but have high expectations within a supportive climate; and build inquiry, a sense of wonder and the excitement of discovery, plus communication and teamwork, critical thinking, and life-long learning skills into learning experiences.

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• Here are the Grand Challenges for engineering as determined by a committee of the National Academy of Engineering:

• Make solar energy economical • Provide energy from fusion • Develop carbon sequestration methods • Manage the nitrogen cycle • Provide access to clean water • Restore and improve urban infrastructure • Advance health informatics • Engineer better medicines • Reverse-engineer the brain • Prevent nuclear terror • Secure cyberspace • Enhance virtual reality • Advance personalized learning • Engineer the tools of scientific discovery

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National Research Council Reports:1. How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience,

and School (1999).2. How People Learn: Bridging Research and

Practice (2000).3. Knowing What Students Know: The Science

and Design of Educational Assessment (2001).

4. The Knowledge Economy and Postsecondary Education (2002). Chapter 6 – Creating High-Quality Learning Environments: Guidelines from Research on How People Learn

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Designing Learning Environments Based on HPL

(How People Learn)

Resources• Smith, K. A., Douglas, T. C., & Cox, M.

2009. Supportive teaching and learning strategies in STEM education. In R. Baldwin, (Ed.). Improving the climate for undergraduate teaching in STEM fields. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 117, 19-32. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

• Pellegrino – Rethinking and Redesigning Curriculum, Instruction and Assessment

• Bransford, Vye and Bateman – Creating High Quality Learning Environments

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Backward DesignWiggins & McTighe

Stage 1. Identify Desired Results

Stage 2. Determine Acceptable Evidence

Stage 3. Plan Learning Experiences

and Instruction

Wiggins, Grant and McTighe, Jay. 1998. Understanding by Design. Alexandria, VA: ASCD

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It could well be that faculty members of the twenty-first century college or university will find it necessary to set aside their roles as teachers and instead become designers of learning experiences, processes, and environments.

James Duderstadt, 1999 [Nuclear Engineering Professor; Dean, Provost and President of the University of Michigan]

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Active Learning: Cooperation in the College Classroom

• Informal Cooperative Learning Groups

• Formal Cooperative Learning Groups

• Cooperative Base Groups

See Cooperative Learning Handout (CL College-804.doc)

Cooperative Learning is instruction that involves people working in teams to accomplish a common goal, under conditions that involve both positive interdependence (all members must cooperate to complete the task) and individual and group accountability (each member is accountable for the complete final outcome).

Key Concepts

•Positive Interdependence•Individual and Group Accountability•Face-to-Face Promotive Interaction•Teamwork Skills•Group Processing

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http://www.ce.umn.edu/~smith/docs/Smith-CL%20Handout%2008.pdf

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Book Ends on a Class Session

Book Ends on a Class Session

1. Advance Organizer2. Formulate-Share-Listen-Create (Turn-

to-your-neighbor) -- repeated every 10-12 minutes

3. Session Summary (Minute Paper)1. What was the most useful or meaningful thing you

learned during this session?2. What question(s) remain uppermost in your mind as we

end this session?3. What was the “muddiest” point in this session?

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Advance Organizer“The most important single factor influencing learning is what the learner already knows. Ascertain this and teach him accordingly.”

David Ausubel - Educational psychology: A cognitive approach, 1968.

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Quick Thinks

•Reorder the steps•Paraphrase the idea•Correct the error•Support a statement•Select the response

Johnston, S. & Cooper,J. 1997. Quick thinks: Active- thinking in lecture classes and televised instruction. Cooperative learning and college teaching, 8(1), 2-7.

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Formulate-Share-Listen-Create

Informal Cooperative Learning GroupIntroductory Pair Discussion of a

FOCUS QUESTION

1. Formulate your response to the question individually

2. Share your answer with a partner3. Listen carefully to your partner's answer4. Work together to Create a new answer

through discussion

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Minute Paper• What was the most useful or meaningful thing

you learned during this session?• What question(s) remain uppermost in your

mind as we end this session?• What was the “muddiest” point in this session?• Give an example or application• Explain in your own words . . .

Angelo, T.A. & Cross, K.P. 1993. Classroom assessment techniques: A handbook for college teachers. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.

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Session Summary(Minute Paper)

Reflect on the session:

1. Most interesting, valuable, useful thing you learned.

2. Things that helped you learn.

3. Question, comments, suggestions.

4. Pace: Too slow 1 . . . . 5 Too fast5. Relevance: Little 1 . . . 5 Lots6. Instructional Format: Ugh 1 . . . 5 Ah

Q4 – Pace: Too slow 1 . . . . 5 Too fast (3.0)Q5 – Relevance: Little 1 . . . 5 Lots (3.9)Q6 – Format: Ugh 1 . . . 5 Ah (4.1)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Q4 Q5 Q6

1

2

3

4

5

MOT 8221 – Spring 2010 – Session 1 (1/29/10)

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Q4 – Pace: Too slow 1 . . . . 5 Too fast (3.3)Q5 – Relevance: Little 1 . . . 5 Lots (4.2)Q6 – Format: Ugh 1 . . . 5 Ah (4.4)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Q4 Q5 Q6

1

2

3

4

5

MOT 8221 – Spring 2009 – Session 1

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Informal CL (Book Ends on a Class Session) with Concept Tests

Physics Peer InstructionEric Mazur - Harvard – http://galileo.harvard.edu

Peer Instruction – www.prenhall.comRichard Hake – http://www.physics.indiana.edu/~hake/

Chemistry Chemistry ConcepTests - UW Madison

www.chem.wisc.edu/~conceptVideo: Making Lectures Interactive with ConcepTests

ModularChem Consortium – http://mc2.cchem.berkeley.edu/

STEMTECVideo: How Change Happens: Breaking the “Teach as You Were Taught” Cycle – Films for the Humanities & Sciences – www.films.com

HarvardThinking Together & From Questions to Concepts Interactive Teaching in Physics: Derek Bok Center – www.fas.harvard.edu/~bok_cen/

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The “Hake” Plot of FCI

Pretest (Percent)

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00

ALS

SDI

WP

PI(HU)

ASU(nc)

ASU(c)

HU

WP*

UMn Traditional

XUMn Cooperative Groups

XUMn-CL+PS

Richard Hake (Interactive engagement vs traditional methods) http://www.physics.indiana.edu/~hake/

Traditional (lecture)

Interactive (active/cooperative)

<g> = Concept Inventory Gain/Total

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Physics (Mechanics) Concepts:The Force Concept Inventory (FCI)

• A 30 item multiple choice test to probe student's understanding of basic concepts in mechanics.

• The choice of topics is based on careful thought about what the fundamental issues and concepts are in Newtonian dynamics.

• Uses common speech rather than cueing specific physics principles.

• The distractors (wrong answers) are based on students' common inferences.

Informal CooperativeLearning Groups

Can be used at any timeCan be short term and ad hocMay be used to break up a long lectureProvides an opportunity for students to process material they have been listening to (Cognitive Rehearsal)Are especially effective in large lecturesInclude "book ends" procedureAre not as effective as Formal Cooperative Learning or Cooperative Base Groups

Strategies for Energizing Large

Classes: From Small Groups to

Learning Communities:

Jean MacGregor,James Cooper,

Karl Smith,Pamela Robinson

New Directions for Teaching and Learning,

No. 81, 2000.Jossey- Bass

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Active Learning: Cooperation in the College Classroom

• Informal Cooperative Learning Groups

• Formal Cooperative Learning Groups

• Cooperative Base Groups

See Cooperative Learning Handout (CL College-804.doc)

Formal Cooperative Learning

Cooperative Learning Research Support Johnson, D.W., Johnson, R.T., & Smith, K.A. 1998. Cooperative learning returns to

college: What evidence is there that it works? Change, 30 (4), 26-35.

• Over 300 Experimental Studies• First study conducted in 1924• High Generalizability• Multiple Outcomes

Outcomes

1. Achievement and retention2. Critical thinking and higher-level

reasoning3. Differentiated views of others4. Accurate understanding of others'

perspectives5. Liking for classmates and teacher6. Liking for subject areas7. Teamwork skills

January 2005 March 2007

Small-Group Learning: Meta-analysis

Springer, L., Stanne, M. E., & Donovan, S. 1999. Effects of small-group learning on undergraduates in science, mathematics, engineering, and technology: A meta-

analysis. Review of Educational Research, 69(1), 21-52.

Small-group (predominantly cooperative) learning in postsecondary science, mathematics, engineering, and technology (SMET). 383 reports from 1980 or later, 39 of which met the rigorous inclusion criteria for meta-analysis.

The main effect of small-group learning on achievement, persistence, and attitudes among undergraduates in SMET was significant and positive. Mean effect sizes for achievement, persistence, and attitudes were 0.51, 0.46, and 0.55, respectively.

Formal Cooperative Learning

1. Jigsaw

2. Peer Composition or Editing

3. Reading Comprehension/Interpretation

4. Problem Solving, Project, or Presentation

5. Review/Correct Homework

6. Constructive Academic Controversy

7. Group Tests

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http://www.aacu.org/advocacy/leap/documents/Re8097abcombined.pdf

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Teamwork Skills

•Communication• Listening and Persuading

•Decision Making•Conflict Management•Leadership•Trust and Loyalty

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Challenged-Based Learning• Problem-based learning

• Case-based learning

• Project-based learning

• Learning by design

• Inquiry learning

• Anchored instructionJohn Bransford, Nancy Vye and Helen Bateman. Creating High-Quality

Learning Environments: Guidelines from Research on How People Learn

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Professor's Role inFormal Cooperative Learning

1. Specifying Objectives

2. Making Decisions

3. Explaining Task, Positive Interdependence, and Individual Accountability

4. Monitoring and Intervening to Teach Skills

5. Evaluating Students' Achievement and Group Effectiveness

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Problem Based Cooperative Learning FormatTASK: Solve the problem(s) or Complete the project.

INDIVIDUAL: Estimate answer. Note strategy.

COOPERATIVE: One set of answers from the group, strive for agreement, make sure everyone is able to explain the strategies used to solve each problem.

EXPECTED CRITERIA FOR SUCCESS: Everyone must be able to explain the strategies used to solve each problem.

EVALUATION: Best answer within available resources or constraints.

INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTABILITY: One member from your group may be randomly chosen to explain (a) the answer and (b) how to solve each problem.

EXPECTED BEHAVIORS: Active participating, checking, encouraging, and elaborating by all members.

INTERGROUP COOPERATION: Whenever it is helpful, check procedures, answers, and strategies with another group.

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Cooperative Base Groups

• Are Heterogeneous• Are Long Term (at least one quarter or

semester)• Are Small (3-5 members)• Are for support• May meet at the beginning of each session or

may meet between sessions• Review for quizzes, tests, etc. together• Share resources, references, etc. for individual

projects• Provide a means for covering for absentees