Design and Implementation of an AC to High DC

Voltage Generation Circuit Using Voltage

Multiplier

Md. Mohasin Siddique

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur

February, 2019

Design and Implementation of an AC to High DC

Voltage Generation Circuit Using Voltage

Multiplier

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

degree of

Master of Engineering in Electrical and Electronic Engineering

By

Md. Mohasin Siddique

Student No. 112273-P

Under Supervision of

Dr. Md. Raju Ahmed

Professor, Dept. of EEE, DUET, Gazipur

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur

February, 2019

IV

Declaration

I declare that this project is my own work and has not been submitted in any form for

another degree or diploma at any university or other institute of tertiary education. Information

derived from the published and unpublished work of others has been acknowledged in the text

and a list of references is given.

Date: 25th February, 2019 Md. Mohasin Siddique

V

Acknowledgements

All praise is to Almighty Allah (S. T.) for having guided us at every stage of our life. I

would like to convey my sincere feeling and profound gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Md. Raju

Ahmed for his guidance, encouragement, constructive suggestions, and support throughout the

span of this project. Among many things I learned from Dr. Md. Raju Ahmed, that persistent

effort is undoubtedly the most important one, which enables me to sort out several important

issues in the area of DC voltage generation and long range wireless transmission. I also want to

thank Dr. Md. Raju Ahmed for spending so many hours with me in exploring new areas of

research and new ideas and improving the writing of this dissertation. I am also thankful to all

my colleagues of Summit Bibiyana II, and staffs of the Department of EEE of Dhaka University

of Engineering & Technology for their support and encouragement.

Most importantly, I wish to thank my parents for being my driving force and standing

with me through thick and thin. Without them I would never have come so far in pursuing my

dream. After all, I would like to express my gratitude to EEE Department of Dhaka University of

Engineering & Technology, Gazipur for providing an excellent environment for research.

Md. Mohasin Siddique

VI

Abstract

High voltage DC is indispensable for testing of dielectric strength of different electrical

appliances and equipment’s. In this project, single phase AC to high voltage DC generation

circuit is developed. Ladder network of capacitors and diodes on the basics of Cockcroft–Walton

circuit is used for generation of high DC voltage.

The measurement of High Voltage DC is not easy due to risk of deadly shock. Generally,

voltage divider is used to measure the high voltage. In this project wireless data monitoring

system is designed for the measure of high voltage. A simple low cost Arduino, GSM and GPRS

shield has been used for wireless monitoring. The Arduino is connected to the shield using GPRS

wireless network internet. Real-time data is sent to a server during operation the HVDC using the

GSM and GPRS shield which is stored for monitoring purposes. Therefore, the designed wireless

monitoring system is save and data can be store for future use.

Temperature and short circuit current protection feature is added to the designed circuit.

Therefore, if the high voltage generation circuit exceeds a temperature range or occur a short

circuit then the system will disconnect the input source and save from possible damage to the

system. Consequently, the designed circuit will be reliable and save.

This paper presents a voltage-doubler cascade circuit with wireless monitoring system in

a compact device approach. The proposed circuit is simulation by using Proteus 8, simulation

software then practically implemented in laboratory. The performance of the designed circuit is

analyzed.

VII

List of Contents

Page

Declaration IV

Acknowledgments V

Abstract VI

List of Contents VII

List of Figures XII

List of Tables XV

List of Abbreviations XVI

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Overview 1

1.2 Importance of high voltage in power system 2

1.3 Motivation of this project 3

1.4 Objective of the project 3

1.5 Organization of the project 4

Chapter 2

Literature review

2.1 Introduction 5

2.2 Study of existing system 5

2.3 Conventional methods for high voltage DC generation 7

2.3.1 Voltage doubler 9

2.3.1.1 Half wave voltage doubler 9

2.3.1.2 Full wave voltage doubler 11

2.3.2 Voltage tippler and quadrupler 13

VIII

2.4 Conventional methods for remote monitoring. 14

2.4.1 Key points of process 14

2.5 Breakdown voltage 15

2.6 Voltage divider 16

Chapter 3

System design and simulation of high voltage DC

3.1 Theory of major components used 17

3.2 Transformer 17

3.2 Capacitors 19

3.3 Diodes 20

3.4 Resistor 21

3.4.1 Potentiometer 22

3.5 Arduino-uno-R3 23

3.6 GSM/GPS/GPRS module 26

3.7 Voltage sensor 28

3.8 LM35 Temperature Sensor 29

3.9 LCD Display 29

3.10 Relay 31

3.11 Block diagram of the propose system 32

3.12 Voltage measuring system 34

3.13 Temperature measuring system 36

3.14 Over temperature protection system 37

3.15 Short circuit current (Isc) protection system 38

3.15 Final simulation 38

IX

Chapter 4

Hardware development and performance analysis of high

voltage DC

4.1 Developed hardware 50

4.2 Performance analysis 57

Chapter 5

Conclusions and Future Works

5.1 Conclusions 61

5.2 Future Works 62

REFERENCES 63

APPENDIX 66

X

List of Figures

Figure No. Name of Figure Page No.

Fig 2.1: Cockcrof-Walton cascade voltage-doubler circuit 7

Fig 2.2: Dickson charge pump circuit 8

Fig 2.3: Karthaus-Fischer cascade voltage-doubler circuit. 8

Fig 2.4: Half wave voltage doubler circuit 10

Fig 2.5: Full wave voltage doubler circuit 12

Fig 2.6: Voltage tripler and quadrupler circuit 13

Fig 2.7: A simple voltage divider 16

Fig 3.1: Transformer and correction constructional view 17

Fig 3.2: Phasor diagram of transformer 18

Fig 3.3: Capacitor AC response and electrolyte capacitor respectively. 19

Fig 3.4: Phasor diagram of capacitor 19

Fig 3.5: Diode IN4007 20

Fig 3.6: Resistor and phasor diagram respectively 21

Fig 3.7: Potentiometer and circuit-diagram respectively 22

Fig 3.8: Pin diagram of Arduino Uno R3 23

Fig 3.9: The schematic diagram of Arduino Uno R3 25

Fig 3.10: Pin diagram of the microcontroller ATmega328P 26

Fig 3.11: GSM/GPS/GPRS module (SIM908 Kit) and pin diagram respectively 27

Fig 3.12: Voltage sensor module and pin diagram respectively 28

Fig 3.13: Temperature sensor (LM35) and pin diagram 29

Fig 3.14: Pin diagram and front view of LCD display (16*2) 30

Fig 3.15: Single channel opto isolated relay module and SPDT relay working 31

Fig 3.16: Block diagram of high voltage dc generation circuit using voltage

multiplier with LCD display. 32

Fig 3.17: Block diagram monitoring system at wireless display terminal. 33

Fig 3.18: DC voltage measuring circuit 35

Fig 3.19: AC voltage measuring circuit 35

Fig 3.20: LM35 and Arduino interfacing 37

XI

Fig 3.21: Single channel relay module connection 37

Fig 3.22: The simulation circuit diagram 39

Fig 3.23: The simulation result and waveform during device is in service. 41

Fig 3.24: Simulation result and waveform during over temperature protection is 42

activated.

Fig 3.25: Wave shapes of input AC volt & output DC volt for 1st stage 43

Fig 3.26: Wave shapes of input AC volt & output DC volt for 2nd stage 43

Fig 3.27: Wave shapes of input AC volt & output DC volt for 3rd stage 44

Fig 3.28: Wave shapes of input AC volt & output DC volt for 4th stage 44

Fig 3.29: Wave shapes of input AC volt & output DC volt for 5th stage 44

Fig 3.30: Wave shapes of input AC volt & output DC volt for 6th stage 44

Fig 3.31: Wave shapes of input AC volt & output DC volt for 7th stage 45

Fig 3.32: Wave shapes of input AC volt & output DC volt for 8th stage 45

Fig 3.33: Wave shapes of input AC volt & output DC volt for 9th stage 45

Fig 3.34: Wave shapes of input AC volt & output DC volt for 10th stage 45

Fig 3.35: Wave shapes of input AC volt & output DC volt for 11th stage 46

Fig 3.36: Wave shapes of input AC volt & output DC volt for 12th stage 46

Fig 3.37: Wave shapes of input AC volt & output DC volt for 13th stage 46

Fig 3.38: Wave shapes of input AC volt & output DC volt for 14th stage 46

Fig 3.39: The simulation diagram shown the results of every stage DC output volt 47

for 55V AC input.

Fig 4.1: Photograph of high voltage DC generating circuit 50

Fig 4.2: Photograph of the voltage divider circuit 51

Fig 4.3: High voltage DC generation circuit hardware prototype installation 51

Fig 4.4: First stage output 52

Fig 4.5: Second stage output 52

Fig 4.6: Third stage output 52

Fig 4.7: Fourth stage output 52

Fig 4.8: Fifth stage output 52

Fig 4.9: Sixth stage output 52

Fig 4.10: Seventh stage output 52

XII

Fig 4.11: Eighth stage output 52

Fig 4.12: Ninth stage output 52

Fig 4.13: Tenth stage output 52

Fig 4.14: Eleventh stage output 52

Fig 4.15: Twelfth stage output 52

Fig 4.16: Thirteenth stage output 52

Fig 4.17: Fourteenth stage output 52

Fig 4.18: The LCD display of the developed system, showing different parameters 53

Fig 4.19: High voltage DC generation circuit trip massage in LCD display 53

Fig 4.20: The oscilloscope output waveform of input AC voltage and output DC 54

voltage of high voltage DC generation circuit.

Fig 4.21: The oscilloscope output waveform of input AC voltage and output DC 55

voltage of high voltage DC generation circuit when device is tripped.

Fig 4.22: Parameters, displaying in the PC screen 56

Fig 4.23: Running, alarm and tripping condition parameters in zoom view 56

Fig 4.24: Parameters of remote monitoring station. 60

Fig 5.1: Electricity generation coupled at DC micro bus with remote monitoring 62

station.

XIII

List of Tables

Table No. Title Page No.

Table 3.1: Arduino specification table 24

Table 3.2: GSM/GPS/GPRS module specification table 27

Table 3.3: Simulation output DC voltage of each 14th stage for fixed 48

input AC voltage.

Table 3.4: Simulation output DC voltage for variable input AC voltage of 14th 49

stages voltage multiplier circuit.

Table 4.1: Laboratory tested DC voltage output for different input voltage. 57

Table 4.2: Laboratory tested DC voltage output for fixed input voltage at 58

different stages.

Table 4.3: Comparison between ideal output DC voltage, simulation output DC 59

voltage and device output DC voltage

Table 4.4: Shown the developed high voltage DC generating circuit input AC and 59

output DC voltage as shown in LCD screen.

XIV

List of Abbreviations

HVDC High Voltage Direct Current

LCD Liquid Cristal Display

HV High Voltage

CW Cockcroft–Walton

CRT Cathode Ray Tube

EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

PWM Pulse with Modulation

ICSP In Circuit System Programming

GSM Global System for Mobile Communication

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

GPS Global Positioning System

SPDT Single Pole Double Throw

ISC Short circuit current

PHP Hypertext Preprocessor

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Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Overview

Power systems now a day consists of large scale complex structures which comply with

various applications such as research work, bulk transmission of power, HV cable and electric

breakdown strength testing, particle accelerators, lasers systems, x-ray systems, electron

microscopes, photon multipliers, electrostatic systems are required for high voltage levels [1].

There are two basic approaches that are generally used to generate dc high voltage for high-

voltage/low-current applications. Existing power supplies produces voltages lower than their

requisite based on the energy sources or insulation limits. For this reason, there has been many

ongoing research to produce a voltage greater than the supply voltage [2], [3]. This is usually

achieved by step-up transformers, voltage doubler, multiplier circuits, charge pump circuits,

switched-capacitor circuits, and boost or step-up converters [3]. Voltage multipliers are AC-

to-DC power conversion devices, comprised of diodes and capacitors that produce a high

potential DC voltage from a lower voltage AC source. Voltage multiplier circuits are widely

used in many high-voltage/low-current applications besides, it has lesser voltage drop and

faster transient response at start-up, when compared with conventional high voltage DC

generation circuit [5]. High voltage DC is achieved by using the voltage multiplier circuits.

Each stage is comprised of one diode and one capacitor. The half-wave series multiplier is

most commonly used in this category [8].

On the other hand, data acquisition and processing plays an important role in the area of

modern industry. System precision and performance is required depending on application.

Real-time monitoring of electrical parameters is needed beside the high performance and

precision of measurements with the development of modern industry towards networking [9].

The project is to designed and to develop a high voltage DC generation circuit using

capacitors, diodes and 230V AC circuit with remote monitoring equipment and over

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temperature protection. A ladder network connection using the capacitor and diodes is done

for this voltage multiplier circuit. Low current and high voltage are the conditions developed

using voltage multipliers. The electronic power meter is based on an Arduino from Microchip

Technology Inc. PIC family, which help to monitor data through internet and after measuring

the temperature if it is exceed the set value it will cut the power supply to protect the DC

generation circuit. Main purpose of this project is to design and implement a Voltage multiplier

that can produce a high voltage DC power supply from a single phase AC with remote interface

and over temperature protection. The multiplication factor to 14 stages will produce an output

within 1000 volt for safety reasons.

The hardware used in this project is meant for laboratory use even though we are to produce

a high voltage DC power supply. This design can be used in industrial applications. Voltage

doubler principle is also used in this project which is used to double the output voltage [9],

[10]. The output of the voltage doubler is introduced into a series of cascaded circuit to generate

a maximum of 1KV, however we could generate up to 10KV but due to safety concerns we

will keep the maximum as low as possible [11].

1.2 Importance of high voltage in power system

High voltage DC power supplies meet a wide range of high performance demands. A high

voltage power supply is a very useful source which can be effectively used in many

applications like biasing of gas-discharge tubes, radiation detectors, electron microscopes,

photon multipliers, metal cuttings, bio-medical field, industries, electrolysis process, electronic

megger, laser guns, LCD backlighting, cameras, lighters, electric fencing, testing sparkplug

also to check breakdown strength of transformer oil etc. Such a power supply could also be

used for protection of property by electric charging of fences. Here the current requirement is

of the order of a few micro amps.

In such an application, high voltage would essentially exist between wire and ground.

When wire is touched, the discharge occurs via body resistance and it gives a non-lethal but

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deterrent shock to an intruder. The circuit is built around a single transistorized blocking

oscillator.

A simple series voltage multiplier is used to boost up this voltage in steps to give a final DC.

The output voltage, however, is not very well regulated. But if there is a constant load, the final

voltage can be adjusted by varying the supply voltage.

This project can be enhanced by increasing the number of stages and high voltages can be

produced. The usage of transformers can be replaced by this circuit. This can be implemented

very cheaply using diodes and capacitors. The circuit is also very simple and small that the

disadvantages of bulky transformers can be eliminated and the voltage can be obtained very

effectively and efficiently.

1.3 Motivation of this project

In the present scenario, there exists a huge demand for the production of high voltage, but

unfortunately the conventional techniques are not meeting the current demand. Mostly transformers are

being used for the production of high voltage AC which has to be rectified to DC. This method is both

costly and bulky. Our project could be efficient both the ways. Here we are generating high voltage DC

using a single phase AC with capacitors and diodes. With the increase in cascading very high voltages

can be obtained. On the other hand, we implement remote monitoring systems which save time,

increase work efficiency, help proactive maintenance and can help to minimize disruptions.

1.4 Objective of the project

The main objective of this project is to design and set up a high voltage DC generation

circuit from single phase AC using voltage multiplier technique with long range remote

interface.

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The specific aims are summarized as follows:

To design a high voltage DC generation circuit using simulation software (Proteus 8

Professional).

To implement the high voltage DC generation circuit practically in the laboratory and

analyze the performance.

To design a voltage divider and GSM remote interfacing unit to monitor the

parameters remotely and safely.

To design an over temperature and short circuit current protection for high voltage

DC generation circuit.

1.5 Organization of the project

This project is organized as follows;

First chapter gives brief discussion of the introduction of the overall project.

Second chapter focuses on the literature & comprehensive review of high voltage DC

generation circuit from single phase AC using voltage multiplier technique with remote

interface.

Third chapter describe system design and simulation results and quantitative performance of

the proposed methods in details.

Fourth chapter deals hardware implementation issues, experimental results and

performance analysis of the developed system.

Finally, fifth chapter summarizes the overall project outcome with conclusion and

recommendations for future work.

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Chapter 2

Literature review

2.1 Introduction

The Cockcroft–Walton (CW) generator or half wave voltage doubler is an electric

circuit that generates a high DC voltage from a low-voltage AC or pulsing DC input. It was

named after the British and Irish physicists John Douglas Cockcroft and Ernest Thomas Sinton

Walton, who in 1932 used this circuit design to power their particle accelerator, performing

the first artificial nuclear disintegration in history. They used this voltage multiplier cascade

for most of their research, which in 1951 won them the Nobel Prize in Physics for

"Transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles". Less well known

is the fact that the circuit was discovered much earlier, in 1919, by Heinrich Greinacher, a

Swiss physicist [2], [10]. For this reason, this doubler cascade is sometimes also referred to as

the Greinacher multiplier. Cockcroft–Walton circuits are still used in particle accelerators.

They also are used in everyday electronic devices that require high voltages.

2.2 Study of existing system

To generate a high voltage DC from a single phase AC using voltage multiplier circuit

with remote interface, the theory and all application about CW voltage multiplier circuit has

been studies and understanding make a research about circuit theory and the characteristic of

each component to redesign the CW circuit. Later, some literature review will use to compare

this project with previous experiment and related project for this title.

The buck–boost converter is a type of DC to DC converter that has an output voltage

magnitude that is either greater than or less than the input voltage magnitude. It is equivalent

to a fly-back using a single inductor instead of a transformer. Both of them can produce a range

of output voltages, from an output voltage much larger (in absolute magnitude) than the input

voltage, down to almost zero. Like the buck and boost converters, the operation of the buck-

P a g e | 6

boost is best understood in terms of the inductor’s” reluctance” to allow rapid change in

current. From the initial state in which nothing is charged and the switch is open, the current

through the inductor is zero. When the switch is first closed, the blocking diode prevents

current from flowing into the right hand side of the circuit, so it must all flow through the

inductor. However, since the inductor doesn’t like rapid current change, it will initially keep

the current low by dropping most of the voltage provided by the source.

Over time, the inductor will allow the current too slowly increase by decreasing its

voltage drop. The output voltage is of the opposite polarity than the input. This is a switch with

a similar circuit topology to the boost converter and the buck converter. The output voltage is

adjustable based on the duty cycle of the switching transistor. One possible drawback of this

converter is that the switch does not have a terminal at ground; this complicates the driving

circuitry. Neither drawback is of any consequence if the power supply is isolated from the load

circuit (if, for example, the supply is a battery) because the supply and diode polarity can

simply be reversed. The switch can be on either the ground side or the supply side.

A buck (step-down) converter combined with a buck (step-down) converter. The output

voltage is typically of the same polarity of the input, and can be lower or higher than the input.

Also during this time, the inductor will store energy in the form of a magnetic field. A study

and design of a monitoring system for the continuous measurement of electrical energy

parameters such as input voltage, output voltage and temperature. This system is designed to

monitor the data over internet using Arduino Uno R3 and GSM/GPS/GPRS which also can be

use PIC microcontroller, Raspberry Pi with Wi-Fi module [20]. The design takes into

consideration the correct operation showing digital display is used to show the acquired

measurements. A computer will remotely monitor the data over internet.

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2.3 Conventional methods for high voltage DC generation

Voltage multiplier power supplies have been used for many years. Some of the most

commonly applied methods for producing a voltage larger than the power supply voltage

include step-up transformers, voltage doubler, multiplier circuits, charge pump circuits,

switched-capacitor circuits, and boost or step-up converters. Among these methods, diode-

capacitor topologies are more suitable [23].

In 1932, Cockcrof and Walton introduced a complex cascade voltage-doubler that is

shown in Figure 2.1 [24] and they received the Nobel Prize in 1951 for this work. Tis circuit

could produce a steady potential of about 700 kV that was three times greater than the applied

input voltage. However, due to existence of series connected coupling capacitances, the high

coupling voltage drop happens in this configuration. Tis phenomenon causes a small voltage

gain for the circuit of Figure 2. Furthermore, series connected output capacitor causes a low

output capacitance. In this circuit, except Cs1, other output capacitors were holding a floating

voltage. Therefore, employing the stored electrical charge in each capacitor, individually, for

other applications was complex.

Fig 2.1: Cockcrof-Walton cascade voltage-doubler circuit

In 1976, Dickson proposed a cascade diode-capacitor circuit, which was an

improvement for the Cockcrof-Walton circuit (Figure 2.1) [25]. Tis circuit configuration,

known as “charge pump,” required clock pulses as the input of the coupling capacitors. The

presented topology of the Dickson circuit was simpler than the Cockcrof-Walton circuit.

However, requiring the clock pulses can limit utilizing this circuit for high-voltage

applications. Figure 2.2 shows the Dickson charge pump, which is a kind of cascade voltage-

doubler.

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Fig. 2.2: Dickson charge pump circuit

In 2003, Karthaus and Fischer have simplified and improved circuit of the Cockcrof-

Walton (Figure 2.1) as shown in Figure 2.3. Tis improved circuit configuration was modifying

the Dickson circuit [26] transformation. However, in Karthaus-Fischer cascade voltage-

doubler, the clock pulses were eliminated, as the numbers of coupling and stray capacitors

were reduced. Therefore, the essential requirements of the circuit became less than the Dickson

circuit (Figure 2.2). Based on the achievement, the Karthaus Fischer circuit can even be utilized

for high-voltage applications. In addition, the input impedance of the Cockcrof Walton circuit

was reduced by changing the connection of the coupling capacitors, and its output capacitance

is increased by using an independent grounded stray capacitor for each stage, in Karthaus-

Fischer circuit [23].

Fig 2.3: Karthaus-Fischer cascade voltage-doubler circuit.

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The recent technological developments have made it possible to design a voltage

multiplier that efficiently converts the low AC voltage into high DC voltage comparable to that

of the more conventional transformer-rectifier-filter-circuit. The voltage multiplier is made up

of capacitors and diodes that are connected in different configurations. Voltage multiplier has

different stages. Each stage is made up of one diode and one capacitor. These arrangements of

diodes and capacitors make it possible to produce rectified and filtered output voltage whose

amplitude (peak value) is larger than the input AC voltage.

Based on the review, the existing cascade voltage doublers can produce an output

voltage higher than the applied input voltage. Depending on the output voltage Cockcrof-

Walton multipliers can be classified into three types:

2.3.1 Voltage doubler

A voltage doubler is an electronic circuit which charges capacitors from the input

voltage and switches these charges in such a way that, in the ideal case, exactly twice the

voltage is produced at the output as at its input. The simplest of these circuits are a form

of rectifier which take an AC voltage as input and outputs a doubled DC voltage

2.3.1.1 Half wave voltage doubler

As its name suggests, a half-wave voltage doubler is a voltage multiplier circuit whose

output voltage amplitude is twice that of the input voltage amplitude. A half-wave voltage

doubler drives the voltage to the output during either positive or negative half cycle. The half-

wave voltage doubler circuit consists of two diodes, two capacitors, and AC input voltage

source.

The input wave form, circuit diagram and output waveform is shown in Fig 2.1. Here, all

through the positive half cycle, the forward biased D1 diode conducts and diode D2 will be in

off condition. In this time, the capacitor (C1) charges to VSmax (peak 2o voltage). All through

the negative half cycle, the forward biased D2 diode conducts and D1 diode will be in off

condition. In this time C2 will start charging.

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By kirchoff’s voltage law, -Vsmax-Vc1+Vc2=0 (Outer loop)

Vc2=Vsmax+Vc1

=Vsmax+Vsmax (sine Vc1=Vsmax)

=2Vsmax twitch the maximum value of the 20 voltage of transformer

Throughout the next positive half cycle, D2 is at reversed biased condition (open circuited).

In this time C2 capacitor gets discharged through the load and thus voltage across this capacitor

gets dropped. But when there is no load across this capacitor, then both the capacitors will be

at charged condition. That is C1 is charged to VSmax and C2 is charged to 2VSmax. Throughout

the negative half cycle, the C2 gets charged yet again (2VSmax). In the next half cycle, a half

wave which is filtered by means of capacitor filter is obtained across the capacitor C2. Here,

ripple frequency is same as the signal frequency. The DC output voltage of the order of 3 KV

can be obtained from this circuit.

Fig 2.4: Half wave voltage doubler circuit

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Advantages of half-wave voltage doubler:

o High voltages are produced from the low input voltage source without using the expensive

high voltage transformers.

Disadvantages of half-wave voltage doubler

o Large ripples (unwanted fluctuations) are present in the output signal.

2.3.1.2 Full wave voltage doubler

The full-wave voltage doubler consists of two diodes, two capacitors, and input AC

voltage source.

During positive half cycle:

During the positive half cycle of the input AC signal, diode D1 is forward biased. So

the diode D1 allows electric current through it. This current will flow to the capacitor C1 and

charges it to the peak value of input voltage i.e. Vm.

On the other hand, diode D2 is reverse biased during the positive half cycle. So the diode D2

does not allow electric current through it. Therefore, the capacitor C2 is uncharged.

During negative half cycle:

During the negative half cycle of the input AC signal, the diode D2 is forward biased.

So the diode D2 allows electric current through it. This current will flow to the capacitor C2 and

charges it to the peak value of the input voltage i.e. Vm.

On the other hand, diode D1 is reverse biased during the negative half cycle. So the diode

D1 does not allow electric current through it. Thus, the capacitor C1 and capacitor C2 are

charged during alternate half cycles. The output voltage is taken across the two series

connected capacitors C1 and C2.

If no load is connected, the output voltage is equal to the sum of capacitor C1 voltage

and capacitor C2 voltage i.e. C1 + C2 = Vm + Vm = 2Vm. When a load is connected to the output

terminals, the output voltage Vo will be somewhat less than 2Vm.

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The circuit is called full-wave voltage doubler because one of the output capacitors is being

charged during each half cycle of the input voltage.

Fig 2.5: Full wave voltage doubler circuit

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2.3.2 Voltage tippler and quadrupler

Using the method of extension of half-wave voltage doubler circuit, any voltage

multipliers (Tripler, Quadrupler etc) can be created. When both the capacitor leakage and load

are small, we can achieve tremendously high DC voltages by means of these circuits that

include several sections to step-up (increase) the DC voltage.

Fig 2.6: Voltage tripler and quadrupler circuit

Here; all through the first positive and negative half cycle is same as that of half-wave

voltage doubler. Throughout the next positive half cycle, D1 and D3 conducts and C3 charges

to 2VSmax. Throughout the next negative half cycle, D2 and D4 conducts and C4 charges to

2VSmax. When more diodes and capacitors are added, every capacitor will get charged to

2VSmax. At the output; odd multiples of VSmax can be attained, if measured from the top of

transformer 2o winding and even multiples of VSmax can be attained, if measured from bottom

of 2o winding of transformer.

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2.4 Conventional methods for remote monitoring

The term wireless refers to the communication or transmission of information over a

distance without requiring wires, cables or any other electrical conductors. The

Communication is set and the information is transmitted through the air, without requiring any

cables, by using electromagnetic waves like radio frequencies, infrared, satellite, etc., in a

wireless communication network tropology.

At the end of the 19th century, the first wireless communication systems were

introduced and the technology has significantly been developed over the intervening and

subsequent years. Now a day the term wireless refers to a variety of devices and technologies

ranging from smart phones to laptops, tabs, computers, printers, Bluetooth, etc.

In recent days, the wireless data transfer technology has become an integral part of

several types of communication devices as it allows users to communicate even from remote

areas. In our project we have used GSM/GPS/GPRS module (SIM900A Kit) and an Arduino

[22]. By interfacing this two device we send data to a remote server which helps us, monitor

real time values.

2.4.1 Key points of process

Some conventional methods to send/receive for short distance (infrared, Bluetooth);

medium distance (WiFi, Wmax) and long distance Um, satellite are used.

Read live data using C code base library from GSM/GPRS module (SIM908 Kit)

Save into MySQl Database

Write php code to display data into website

Host php site into php server with dedicated domain.

Browse site and read/check live device data

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Device details:

This is a GPS/GPRS/GSM shield from DFRobot. This shield with a Quad-band

GSM/GPRS engine works on frequencies EGSM 900MHz/DCS 1800MHz and GSM850

MHz/PCS 1900MHz. It is controlled via AT commands (GSM07.07 ,07.05 and SIMCOM

enhanced AT Commands). And the design of this shield allows you to drive the GSM & GPS

function directly with the computer and the Arduino Board. It includes a high-gain SMD

antenna for GPS & GSM which send data to MySQL database.

MySQL Database:

A database is a collection of related data which is organized so that it can be

manipulated, updated and stored very easily. MySQL is a database system used on the web,

that runs on a server and is very fast, reliable, and easy to use standard SQL. MySQL compiles

on a number of platforms is developed, distributed, and supported by Oracle Corporation. PHP

+ MySQL Database System combined with MySQL are cross-platform.

Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP):

PHP is a widely-used, open source scripting language. It is scripts are executed on the

server and generate dynamic page content for create, open, read, write, delete, and close files

on the server. PHP can collect form data, send and receive cookies, modify encrypt data in

database to control user-access and runs efficiently on the server side.

2.5 Breakdown voltage

While the multiplier can be used to produce thousands of volts of output, the individual

components do not need to be rated to withstand the entire voltage range. Each component

only needs to be concerned with the relative voltage differences directly across its own

terminals and of the components immediately adjacent to it. Typically, a voltage multiplier

will be physically arranged like a ladder, so that the progressively increasing voltage potential

is not given the opportunity to arc across to the much lower potential sections of the circuit.

P a g e | 16

Note that some safety margin is needed across the relative range of voltage differences

in the multiplier, so that the ladder can survive the shorted failure of at least one diode or

capacitor component. Otherwise a single-point shorting failure could successively over-

voltage and destroy each next component in the multiplier, potentially destroying the entire

multiplier chain.

2.6 Voltage divider

A voltage divider is a simple circuit which turns a large voltage into a smaller one.

Using just two series resistors and an input voltage, we can create an output voltage that is a

fraction of the input. In electronics, a voltage divider (also known as a potential divider) is

a passive linear circuit that produces an output voltage (Vout) that is a fraction of its input

voltage (Vin). In fig 2.7 shown voltage divider, fig (a) is a simple voltage divider where fig (b)

is another voltage divider with bridge rectifier.

aaaa

aasdddsc s

(a) (b)

Fig 2.7: A simple voltage divider

A voltage divider referenced to ground is created by connecting two electrical

impedances in series, as shown in Fig 2.7. The input voltage is applied across the series

impedances Z1 and Z2 and the output is the voltage across Z2. Z1 and Z2 may be composed of

any combination of elements such as resistors, inductors and capacitors. If the current in the

output wire is zero then the relationship between the input voltage, Vin, and the output voltage,

Vout, is: VOUT = 𝑍2

𝑍1+ 𝑍2

VIN

Z1

Z2

P a g e | 17

Chapter 3

System design and simulation of high voltage

DC

3.1 Theory of major components used

The design aims to generate high voltage DC from single phase AC which can be

monitored in real time data at a local LCD along with remotely over internet. The overall

system requires a single phase step down transformer, capacitors, diodes, resistors, Arduino,

GSM module, voltage sensor & a temperature sensor.

3.2 Transformer

Fig. 3.1: Transformer and correction constructional view

P a g e | 18

The transformer that used in the project is centrifugal transformer. It has the input

voltage capability of 230 V. The maximum current that draws by the transformer is 500 mA.

This is a step down transformer. The three terminals of the transformer are (6-0-6). The output

voltage of the transformer is 54.23 V. There are many sizes, shapes and configurations of

transformers from tiny to gigantic like those used in power transmission. Some come with

stubbed out wires, others with screw or spade terminals, some made for mounting in PC boards,

others for being screwed or bolted down.

The faster the voltage changes, the higher the frequency. The transformer phasor diagram is

shown below in Fig. 3.2

Fig. 3.2: Phasor diagram of transformer

If we are given currents, IS and Io, we can calculate the primary current, IP by the

following methods. Horizontal components, Ix=I0 sin + I1 sin and Vertical components, IY=I0

cos + I1 cos.

Transformers can be built so they have the same number of windings on primary and

secondary or different numbers of windings on each. If they are the same, the input and output

voltage are the same and the transformer is just used for isolation so there is no direct electrical

connection (they are only linked through the common magnetic field). If there are more

windings on the primary side than the secondary side, then it is a step down transformer. If

there are more windings on the secondary side, then it is a step up transformer.

P a g e | 19

3.2 Capacitors

A basic capacitor has two parallel plates separated by an insulating material. A

capacitor stores an electrical charge between the two plates. The unit of capacitance is Farads

(F). It has different capacitance with different voltage ratings withstand temperature up to 85-

degree C.

Fig 3.3: Capacitor AC Response and electrolyte capacitor respectively.

Fig 3.4: Phasor diagram of capacitor

In this proposed project, the size of capacitors used in multiplier circuit is directly

proportional to the frequency of input signal. Capacitors used in off line, 50 Hz applications;

P a g e | 20

say 10 kHz are typically the range in different microfarad according to market availability. The

voltage rating of capacitor must be capable of numbers of staged used. A good thumb rule is

to select capacitor whose voltage rating is approximately twice that of actual peak applied

voltage. For example, a capacitor which will see a peak voltage of 2E should have a voltage

rating of approximately 4E.

3.3 Diodes

The diode used in the project is IN4007.It is used in order to withstand the reverse

voltage. High surge current capability. Low for voltage forward drop. It is the simplest

semiconductor device. It is a nonlinear one. Mostly used in power supplies. It is also work as

voltage limiting circuits. A rectifier diode is used as a one-way check valve. Since these diodes

only allow electrical current to flow in one direction, they are used to convert AC power into

DC power. When constructing a rectifier, it is important to choose the correct diode for the job;

otherwise the circuit may become damaged. Luckily, a 1N4007 diode is electrically compatible

with other rectifier diodes, and can be used as a replacement for any diode in the 1N4007

family.

Fig. 3.5: Diode IN4007

Reverse breakdown voltage: A diode allows electrical current to flow in one direction

from the anode to the cathode. Therefore, the voltage at the anode must be higher than at the

cathode for a diode to conduct electrical current. In theory, when the voltage at the cathode is

P a g e | 21

greater than the anode voltage, the diode will not conduct electrical current. Some diodes such

as the 1N4007 will break down at 50 V or less. The 1N4007, however, can sustain a peak

repetitive reverse voltage of 1000 V.

Forward current: When the voltage at the anode is higher than the cathode voltage,

the diode is said to be “forward-biased,” since the electrical current is “moving forward.” The

maximum amount of current that the diode can consistently conduct in a forward-biased state

is 1 ampere. The maximum that the diode can conduct at once is 30 A.

Forward voltage and power dissipation: When the maximum allowable consistent

current amount is flowing through the diode, the voltage differential between the anode and

the cathode is 1.1 V. Under these conditions, a 1N4007 diode will dissipate 3 watts of power

(about half of which is waste heat).

3.4 Resistor:

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are

ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be

composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated

circuits. The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial

resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. The nominal

value of the resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on the component.

In this project we used resistor due to voltage divider purpose.

Fig 3.6: Resistor and phasor diagram respectively

P a g e | 22

Working of Resistor: The working of a resistor can be explained with the similarity

of water flowing through a pipe. Consider a pipe through which water is allowed to flow. If

the diameter of the pipe is reduced, the water flow will be reduced. If the force of the water is

increased by increasing the pressure, then the energy will be dissipated as heat. There will also

be an enormous difference in pressure in the head and tail ends of the pipe. In this example,

the force applied to the water is similar to the current flowing through the resistance. The

pressure applied can be resembled to the voltage.

3.4.1 Potentiometer

A variable resistor is the type of resistor which changes the flow of current in a

controlled manner by offering a wide range of resistances. As the resistance increases in the

variable resistor the current through the circuit decreases and vice versa. They can also be used

to control the voltage across devices in a circuit too. Therefore, in applications where current

control or voltage control is needed, these type of resistors come handy. Fig. 3.9 shows some

real life variable resistors.

Fig 3.7: Potentiometer and circuit diagram respectively

Working Principle and Construction: A typical variable resistor has 3 terminals.

Out of the three, two are fixed terminals at the ends of a resistive track. the position of this

terminal on the resistive track that decides the resistance of the variable resistor. These resistors

offer a different resistance value, which means their resistance values can be adjusted to

different values so as to provide the necessary control of current and voltage.

P a g e | 23

3.5 Arduino-uno-R3

Microcontroller used for our project is Arduino Uno R3. The R3 is the third, and latest,

revision of the Arduino Uno. The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the

ATmega328. The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB occupied by the boot loader). It also

has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM

library). It has 20 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs and 6 can

be used as analog inputs), a USB connection, a power jack, an in-circuit system programming

(ICSP) header, and a reset button. It is simply connected to a computer with a USB cable. Pin

diagram Arduino Uno board is shown in Fig 3.8.

Fig 3.8: Pin diagram of Arduino Uno R3

The Vin is the input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power

source (as opposed to 5 V from the USB connection or other regulated power source). The 5

V pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The microcontroller board can

be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 – 12 V), the USB connector (5 V),

or the Vin pin of the board (7-12 V). Supplying voltage via the 5 V or 3.3 V pins bypasses the

regulator, and can damage your board. So it is advised not to do so. Maximum current draw is

50 mA. An Arduino board is based on a AVR microcontroller chip and when the board with

P a g e | 24

nothing wired or attached to it consumes around 80 mA of 5 V current. The Clock speed of the

Arduino is 16 MHz so it can perform a particular task faster than the other processor or

controller.

Table 3.1: Arduino specification table

Specification Table:

Microcontroller ATmega328P

Operating Voltage 5 V

Input Voltage

(recommended)

7-12 V

Input Voltage (limit) 6-20 V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

PWM Digital I/O Pins 6

Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current per I/O Pin 20 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328P)

of which 0.5 KB used by boot loader

SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328P)

EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328P)

Clock Speed 16 MHz

LED_BUILTIN 13

Length 68.6 mm

P a g e | 25

The schematic diagram of Arduino Uno R3 board and pin diagram of the microcontroller

ATmega328P are shown in Fig. 3.9 and fig. 3.10 respectively.

Fig. 3.9: The schematic diagram of Arduino Uno R3

P a g e | 26

Fig 3.10: Pin diagram of the microcontroller ATmega328P

3.6. GSM/GPS/GPRS module

GPS/GPRS/GSM shield from DFRobot with a Quad-band GSM/GPRS engine works

on frequencies EGSM 900MHz/DCS 1800MHz and GSM850 MHz/PCS 1900MHz. It also

supports GPS technology for satellite navigation. It's possible for your robot and control system

to send messages and use the GSM network. t is controlled via AT commands (GSM07.07

,07.05 and SIMCOM enhanced AT Commands). And the design of this shield allows you to

drive the GSM & GPS function directly with the computer and the Arduino Board. It includes

a high-gain SMD antenna for GPS & GSM as shown in fig 3.11. The specification table of

GSM/GPS/GPRS module shown in table 3.2.

P a g e | 27

Fig 3.11: GSM/GPS/GPRS module (SIM908 Kit) and Pin diagram respectively

Table 3.2: GSM/GPS/GPRS module specification table

Specification table:

GSM/GPS/GPRS module SIM908 Kit

Power supply 6-12 V@ 2 A

Low power consumption 100 mA @ 7 V - GSM mode

Quad-Band 850/900/1800/1900MHz

GPRS multi-slot Class 10

Support GPS technology Satellite navigation

Embedded high-gain SMD antennas GPS & GSM

Directly support 4*4 button pad

USB/Arduino control With switch

Board Surface Immersion gold

Size 81x70mm

P a g e | 28

3.7 Voltage sensor

The Arduino analog input is limited to a 5 VDC input. If you wish to measure higher

voltages, you will need to resort to another means. One way is to use a voltage divider. The

Voltage sensor can detect the supply voltage from 0.0245V to 25V. This module is based on

resistor divider principle. This module allows the input voltage to reduce 5 times. As the

Arduino or microcontroller analog input voltage is normally maximum 5V, the input voltage

of this module cannot exceed 5Vx5 which is 25V. If you give 25V DC to Vin, you will get 5V

output in the 'Sig' pin. It is fundamentally a 5:1 voltage divider using a 30K and a 7.5K Ohm

resistor. We are restricted to voltages that are less than 25 volts. More than that and it will

exceed the voltage limit of your Arduino input.

Fig 3.12: Voltage Sensor module and pin diagram respectively

P a g e | 29

3.8 LM35 Temperature Sensor

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output

voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. This temperature

sensor calibrated directly in ° Celsius (Centigrade), linear + 10.0 mV/°C scale factor. 0.5°C

accuracy guarantee able (at +25°C) and rated for full −55° to +150°C range

Fig. 3.13: Temperature sensor (LM35) and pin diagram

3.9. LCD Display

A Liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat display that uses the light modulating properties

of liquid display. LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose

computer display) or fixed images with low information content, which can be displayed or

hidden, such as preset words, digits, and 7-segment displays, as in a digital clock. They use the

same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of

small pixels, while other displays have larger elements. A (16x2) LCD panel consists of 16

columns and 2 rows. It can show up to 16 characters in 2 lines

The LCD screen is more energy efficient and can be disposed of more safely than a

CRT. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery power electronic

equipment. Liquid crystal were first discovered in year 1888. The photograph of LCD PIN

diagram, front view and back view shown in Fig 3.20; Fig 3.21 and Fig 3.22 respectively.

P a g e | 30

Fig 3.14: Pin diagram and front view of LCD display (16*2)

Pin Description:

Pin 7 to pin 14-All 8 pins are responsible for the transfer of data.

Pin 4-This is RS i.e., register select pin.

Pin 5-This is R/W i.e., Read/Write pin.

Pin 6-This is E i.e., enable pin.

Pin 2-This is VDD i.e., power supply pin.

Pin 1-This is VSS i.e., ground pin.

Pin 3-This is short pin

P a g e | 31

3.10 Relay

The standard single channel 12 V, 30 A opto isolated relay module using of high-level

voltage signals to trigger, only needs 3 mA current signal to drive the 30 A load relay. Use

of high-quality power relay, high-withstand voltage transistor, red & green signal lights

assures accurate and stable performance. Can be used in various types of power control

occasions.

Fig 3.15: Single channel opto isolated relay module and SPDT relay working

Relay is an electromagnetic switch, which is controlled by small current, and used to

switch ON and OFF relatively much larger current. Means by applying small current we can

switch ON the relay which allows much larger current to flow. A relay is a good example of

controlling the AC (alternate current) devices, using a much smaller DC current. Commonly used

Relay is Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) relay, it has five terminals as shown in above figure

3.15.

When there is no voltage applied to the coil, COM (common) is connected to NC

(normally closed contact). When there is some voltage applied to the coil, the electromagnetic

field produced, which attracts the Armature (lever connected to spring), and COM and NO

(normally open contact) gets connected, which allow a larger current to flow. Relays are

available in many ratings, here we used 5 V operating voltage relay, which allows 7 A-250

VAC current to flow. For this project we have used 5 V Relay module.

P a g e | 32

3. 11 Block diagram of the proposed system

The proposed high voltage DC generating system with wireless monitoring feature can

be divided into part: First part is the high voltage DC generating system with LCD monitor as

shown in Fig. 3.16 and Second part is PC based monitor at the wireless display terminal as

shown in Fig. 3.17.

Fig 3.16: Block diagram of high voltage dc generation circuit using voltage multiplier with

LCD display.

Diode & Capacitors

In

Ladder Networks

AC Supply

Voltage Doubler

Circuit

Cascade

Circuit

Relay

Temp.

Sensor

Arduino Uno R3

LCD Display

Voltage

Sensor

Potential Divider

236:1

P a g e | 33

Fig 3.17: Block diagram monitoring system at wireless display terminal.

The DC generator comprises of 3 parts. (1) Diode and Capacitor in Ladder Network (2)

Voltage Doubler Circuit (3) Cascade Circuit. The Diode and capacitor converts the AC supply

to DC. The output voltage is doubled using the voltage doubler and circuit is further multiplied

by cascade circuit to produce output voltage of 1 KV DC output. A temperature sensor senses

the temperature of the cascade circuit and sends to the Arduino Uno R3 to show on the LCD

display and give feedback to the relay for over temperature protection of the capacitor bank.

The voltage sensor senses the output voltage through a potential divider which scales down the

output voltage within the sensing range. The voltage is displayed on the LCD display using the

Arduino Uno R3.

On the other hand, to monitor the output using PC monitor terminal, the Arduino Uno

R3 is connected to a GSM/GPRS module, which sends data to a server. The server stores the

data continuously which is displayed through a PC. The PC shows the parameter and shows

the trip signal feedback in computer screen through web browser. This data can be monitored

from any location through the internet.

P a g e | 34

3.12 Voltage measuring system

It is not possible to measuring high voltage DC through Arduino without changing the

higher voltage range. Arduino analog inputs can be used to measure DC voltage between 0 and

5 V (on 5 V Arduino such as the Arduino Uno when using the standard 5 V analog reference

voltage). The range over which the Arduino can measure voltage can be increased by using

two resistors to create a voltage divider. The voltage divider decreases the voltage being

measured to within the range of the Arduino analog inputs. The voltage sensor is used to

measure voltage for Arduino within its range. The Sensor Unit takes two inputs, DC voltage and

AC voltage. The Sensor Unit scales down the input DC and AC voltages into a DC voltage in the range

of 0 to 5 V and provides the same as output.

The Processor Unit takes input voltage in the range of 0 to 5 V. This unit takes the

Sensor Unit’s output as input voltage and uses the ADC to read this voltage. An Algorithm is

then applied to calculate the voltage. The unit then sends a 4bit data to the Display Unit which

includes the AC and DC voltage values.

AC/DC Voltage Sensor Unit: A basic voltage divider circuit is used as the AC/DC Sensing

Unit to scale down the input DC and AC voltages into a DC voltage in the range of 0 to 5 V.

The Processor Unit can read this scaled down voltage and calculate the actual AC/DC voltages.

Design the value of R1: Let us consider maximum voltage that could be measured as 500 V.

When we apply 500V as ‘V’, the ‘V2’ should not be more than 5 V and hence ‘V1’ will be 500

– 5 = 495 V. At very high voltages like 495 V, the first thing to be taken care of is the power

rating of the resistor. We are using resistors with the power rating 5 W, and the power

consumed by the resistor ‘R1’ should be less than this, otherwise the resistors get heated up

and catch fire.

The equation for power is, P = V12 / R1.

Where;

P = Power rating of the resistor

V = Voltage across the resistor

R = Resistance of the resistor

P a g e | 35

For the resistor R1 with power rating 5 W and 495 V across it,

0.25 = 495 * 495 / R1

Or, R1 = 980100 ohms, take 1 M ohm standard resistor.

Design the value of R2:

Now the value of R2 can be calculated using the previous equation, V = V2 * (1 + R1 / R2) as

follows;

R2 = R1 / ((V / V2) – 1)

R2 = 1000000 / ((500 / 5) – 1)

R2 = 10101 ohms, take 10 K ohm standard resistor.

DC voltage as input:

Fig 3.18: DC voltage measuring circuit

The voltage ‘V2’ is a fraction of the actual applied voltage ‘V’. The applied voltage ‘V’ can be

calculated from the fraction of applied voltage ‘V2’ with the help of the following equation.

DC voltage, V dc = V2 * (1 + (R1 / R2))

AC voltage as input:

Fig 3.19: AC voltage measuring circuit

R1

R2

R1

R2

V1

V1

V2

V2

P a g e | 36

When we are applying an AC voltage we use a rectifier diode in series with the Voltage divider

circuit to prevent the negative cycles from entering the circuitry. No need for step down

transformers because we are already getting a voltage ‘V2’ in the range of 0 to 5 V only, across

R2.

Requirement for Range selector: We require multiple ranges in a voltmeter due to the error

appears in readings because of resistance tolerance.

a) Decrease in the ratio of R1/ R2 decreases the error

b) There is a limit beyond which the R1/ R2 cannot decrease further:

To measure different values of V with minimum error we need different set of R1 with a

common R2. The voltage V whose value need to be measured is connected with an R1 which

gives the least ratio of R1/ R2, taking care of the fact that V2 should not go above 5 V range.

(R1 / R2) > (V / 5) – 1

For example, to measure V = 500V, R1 / R2 > 99, hence we can use the set R1 = 1M and R2 =

10K which gives R1 / R2 = 100.

3.13 Temperature measuring system

Measuring temperature of a place through Arduino is easy by using any of the

commercial temperature sensor. We are going to measure the temperature using low cost and

efficient LM35 analog output temperature sensor with Arduino. LM35 is three terminal linear

temperature sensor from National semiconductors. LM35 output voltage is proportional to

centigrade/Celsius temperature. LM35 Celsius/centigrade resolution is 10 mV. 10 mills volt

represent one degree centigrade/Celsius. So if LM35 outputs 100 mV the equivalent

temperature in centigrade/Celsius will be 100/10 = 10 centigrade/Celsius. Lm35 can measure

from -50 degree centigrade/Celsius up to 150 degrees centigrade/Celsius. It gives a voltage

signal that is actually the temperature of the particular place. The voltage output of the LM35

increases 10 mV per degree Celsius rise in temperature. LM35 can be operated from a 5 V

P a g e | 37

supply and the stand by current is less than 60 u A. The pin out of LM35 is shown in the figure

below.

Fig 3.20: LM35 and Arduino interfacing

3.14 Over temperature protection system

This temperature protection system consists of various components like Arduino, LCD

display, relay, and thermistor. The working mainly depends on the relay and thermistor as the

temperature increased the relay will be turned on through Arduino and if the temperature

decreased below the preset value then Relay will be turned off. The whole triggering process

and temperature value setting is performed by the programmed Arduino Uno. It also gives us

details about the change in temperature status in every moment on the LCD screen.

The analog pin (A3) is used to check the voltage of thermistor pin at every moment and

after the calculation using Stein-Hart equation through the Arduino code we are able to get the

temperature and send a signal to relay for switching high to low.

Fig 3.21: Single channel relay module connection

P a g e | 38

As the temperature increases more than set value Arduino makes the Relay Module Turned On

by making the pin X HIGH (where the Relay module is connected) when the temperature goes

below 40 Degree Arduino turns off the Relay Module by making the Pin LOW. High voltage

generation circuit will also turn on and off according to Relay module.

3.15 Short circuit current (Isc) protection system

Arduino algorithm is used as short circuit current (ISC) protection. If the device

temperature rises due to short circuit, the current will become high and device output voltage

will decrease trend to zero. By this time device temperature will increase rapidly. By the help

of over temperature protection circuit, Arduino makes the Relay Module Turned On by making

the pin X HIGH. Thus the way device is able to give protection against Isc.

3.16 Final simulation

To design the HVDC generation circuit transformer, diode, capacitors are used. To

protect to circuit from over temperature we use relay controlled by Arduino. Transformer is

used to step down the input voltage then the diode capacitor cascade precision rectifier is used

to convert to HVDC. The simulation circuit diagram is shown in Fig 3.22.

P a g e | 39

Fig 3.22: The simulation circuit diagram

To generate high DC voltage, 55 V AC input is used by using step down transformer.

A relay is used which operate with Arduino signal, when capacitor temperature gets higher

than the set value. When diode capacitor cascade circuit put into operation, during the first

positive half cycle of the input AC signal, the diode D1 is forward biased whereas diodes D2,

D3 and D4 are reverse biased. Hence, the diode D1 allows electric current through it. This

current will flow to the capacitor C1 and charges it to the peak value of the input voltage I.e.

Vm. During the first negative half cycle, diode D2 is forward biased and diodes D1, D3 and

D4 are reverse biased. Hence, the diode D2 allows electric current through it. This current will

flow to the capacitor C2and charges it. The capacitor C2 is charged to twice the peak voltage

of the input signal (2Vm). This is because the charge (Vm) stored in the capacitor C1 is

discharged during the negative half cycle. Therefore, the capacitor C1 voltage (Vm) and the

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VE

E3

LCD2LM016L

U1(VOUT)V=0.321878

RXD

RTS

TXD

CTS

C15100u

BR1

BRIDGE

D151N4733A

D161N4733A

C161u

C16(1)V=2.93933

D16(K)V=2.66802

R1

3M

R210k

R330900R

R41080R

R1(2)V=885.142

A

B

C

D

C17100u

RL15V

Q1

2N2222

R5

1k1

P a g e | 40

input voltage (Vm) is added to the capacitor C2 I.e Capacitor voltage + input voltage = Vm +

Vm = 2Vm. As a result, the capacitor C2 charges to 2Vm.

During the second positive half cycle, the diode D3 is forward biased and diodes D1, D2 and

D4 are reverse biased. Diode D1 is reverse biased because the voltage is negative due to

charged voltage Vm, across C1 and, diode D2 and D4 are reverse biased because of their

orientation. As a result, the voltage (2Vm) across capacitor C2 is discharged. This charge will

flow to the capacitor C3 and charges it to the same voltage 2Vm. During the second negative

half cycle, diodes D2 and D4 are forward biased whereas diodes D1 and D3are reverse biased.

As a result, the charge (2Vm) stored in the capacitor C3 is discharged. This charge will flow

to the capacitor C4 and charges it to the same voltage (2Vm). The capacitors C2 and C4 are in

series and the output voltage is taken across the two series connected capacitors C2 and C4.

The voltage across capacitor C2 is 2Vm and capacitor C4 is 2Vm. So the total output voltage

is equal to the sum of capacitor C2 voltage and capacitor C4 voltage I.e. C2 + C4 = 2Vm +

2Vm = 4Vm. In this way the increase in diode capacitor stages, connected in series, ultimately

increase the output voltage. Therefore, the total output voltage obtained is XVm, where X is

the number of diode capacitor stages. For displaying the parameters in LCD through Arduino

it is required to maintain Arduino readable voltage range. To meet the Arduino readable sensor

voltage range, we use voltage divider. Finally, Arduino send signals which help to display the

input voltage, output voltage and device temperature.

Then input AC voltage, output DC voltage and device temperature are measured by

Arduino (ATmega328P microcontroller). In the simulation we use resistor R1as a load to show

charging and discharging phenomenon and convert pulsating dc to pure dc by adding capacitor

C17 as filter.

The complete simulation diagram with results of a single phase ac to high voltage dc

generation circuit using voltage multiplier with over temperature protection is shown in two

different pictures in Fig 3.23, the LCD display shows the parameter and the oscilloscope shows

input AC voltage and output DC voltage in waveforms, when the generation circuit is in

service.

P a g e | 41

Fig. 3.23: The simulation result and waveform during device is in service.

When the over temperature protection relay acts in generation circuit, it cuts the input

AC supply and saves the generation circuit from overheating; It can be seen in the LCD display

and in oscilloscope as shown in Fig 3.24,

P a g e | 42

Fig. 3.24: Simulation result and waveform during over temperature protection is activated.

The comparison waveform of each stage of diode capacitor cascade circuit are different

for the odd and even stage and almost symmetric for themselves. The output voltage produced

by a half wave rectifier is not constant; it varies with respect to time. In practical applications,

a constant DC supply voltage is needed.

The odd stage capacitors are cupping each other which charging and discharging with

sinewave without rectification that’s why the output waveform is sinusoidal. For the even stage

it will rectify by both connected diode and send rectified charge to capacitor and in capacitor

even side the ground is connected that’s why output form comes DC waveform for the

simulation. Without ground simulation can’t be possible.

P a g e | 43

A filter converts the pulsating direct current into pure direct current. In half wave

rectifiers, a capacitor or inductor is used as a filter to convert the pulsating DC to pure DC. In

order to produce a constant DC voltage, we need to suppress the ripples of a DC voltage. This

can be achieved by using either a capacitor filter or inductor filter at the output side. In the

below circuit, we are using the capacitor filter. The capacitor placed at the output side after

14th stage to smoothen the pulsating DC to pure DC. The Oscilloscope Output wave form at

different stages of high voltage DC generation circuit are shown Fig. 3.25 to Fig. 3.39

respectively. Input AC voltage and output DC voltage waveform cooler are yellow and blue

respectively.

Input AC

Output DC

Input AC

Output DC

Fig 3.25: Wave shapes of input AC volt &

output DC volt for 1st stage

Fig 3.26: Wave shapes of input AC volt &

output DC volt for 2nd stage

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Output DC Output DC

Output DC Output DC

Input AC Input AC

Input AC Input AC

Fig 3.27: Wave shapes of input AC volt &

output DC volt for 3rd stage Fig 3.28: Wave shapes of input AC volt &

output DC volt for 4th stage

Fig 3.29: Wave shapes of input AC volt &

output DC volt for 5th stage

Fig 3.30: Wave shapes of input AC volt &

output DC volt for 6th stage

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Output DC

Output DC

Output DC

Output DC

Input AC Input AC

Input AC Input AC

Fig 3.31: Wave shapes of input AC volt &

output DC volt for 7th stage

Fig 3.32: Wave shapes of input AC volt &

output DC volt for 8th stage

Fig 3.33: Wave shapes of input AC volt &

output DC volt for 9th stage

Fig 3.34: Wave shapes of input AC volt &

output DC volt for 10th stage

P a g e | 46

Output DC Output DC

Output DC

Output DC

Input AC Input AC

Input AC Input AC

Fig 3.35: Wave shapes of input AC volt &

output DC volt for 11th stage Fig 3.36: Wave shapes of input AC volt &

output DC volt for 12th stage

Fig 3.37: Wave shapes of input AC volt &

output DC volt for 13th stage

Fig 3.38: Wave shapes of input AC volt &

output DC volt for 14th stage

P a g e | 47

In the bellow simulation after every stage we add voltage probe to know the output DC

voltage for each 14th stage. The simulation diagram shown the results of every stage DC output

voltage for 55 V AC input shown in Fig 3.39, the LCD display shows the parameter showing

the input AC voltage and 14th stage DC output voltage, when the generation circuit is in service.

Fig 3.39: The simulation diagram shown the results of every stage DC output volt for 55V

AC input.

P a g e | 48

In order to check of our developed simulation, we conduct experiments two different

ways. Firstly, we measured the output DC voltage for each 14th stage of high voltage DC

generation circuit and secondly we change the input AC voltage for ten different steps and take

reading for generated different output DC voltage as final output DC voltage. This two data

comparison are shown in Table 3.3 and Table 3.4 respectively.

Table 3.3: Simulation output DC voltage of each 14 stages for fixed input AC voltage.

SI. No. Number of

Stage

Input AC voltage Simulation Output

DC voltage

Device temperature

1 1st Stage 55 73.58 30.3o C

2 2nd Stage 55 154.23 30.3o C

3 3rd Stage 55 231.92 30.3o C

4 4th Stage 55 308.78 30.3o C

5 5th Stage 55 385.56 30.3o C

6 6th Stage 55 460.27 30.3o C

7 7th Stage 55 537.23 30.3o C

8 8th Stage 55 605.20 30.3o C

9 9th Stage 55 682.29 30.3o C

10 10th Stage

55 738.50 30.3o C

11 11th Stage 55 813.12 30.3o C

12 12th Stage 55 861.30 30.3o C

13 13th Stage 55 952.05 30.3o C

14 14th Stage 55 1048 30.3o C

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Table 3.4: Simulation output DC voltage for variable input AC voltage of 14th stages voltage

multiplier circuit.

SI. No. Input AC Voltage Simulation Output DC

Voltage

Device Temperature

1 10 196 30o C

2 15 285 30o C

3 20 368 30o C

4 25 463 30o C

5 30 587 30o C

6 35 683 30o C

7 40 768 30o C

8 45 865 30o C

9 50 966 30o C

10 55 1048 30o C

P a g e | 50

Chapter 4

Hardware development and performance

analysis of high voltage DC

4.1 Developed hardware

The proposed system described in chapter 3 is implemented in a vero board and a

breadboard. The photograph of the developed high voltage DC generating diode capacitator

cascade circuit system is shown in Fig 4.1

Fig 4.1: Photograph of high voltage DC generating diode capacitator cascade circuit

After generating high voltage DC with diode capacitator cascade circuit we found the

voltage range above 1K which is not measurable by conventional voltmeter. To measure the

voltage for Arduino voltage sensor range (0.0245 V to 25 V) we use to divided voltage by

voltage divider circuit. The photograph of the developed voltage divider circuit is shown in

Fig 4.2

P a g e | 51

Fig 4.2: photograph of the voltage divider circuit

The developed system is connected and tested in prototype method. Here we generate

the high voltage DC from single phase AC supply. In the generating device we connected a

temperature sensor, which sense the temperature and send it to Arduino for tripping the input

AC supply. The photograph is showing the prototype arrangement in Fig. 4.3

Fig. 4.3: High voltage DC generation circuit hardware prototype installation.

Transformer

Diode capacitator cascade circuit

Vo

ltag

e d

ivid

er

circ

uit

Vo

ltag

e se

nso

rs

Rel

ay

Arduino & GPRS module

LM35

16*2 LCD

Voltage divider with

bridge rectifier.

Voltage divider

P a g e | 52

In order to test the performance of our developed system, we conduct experiments in

laboratory environment. We measured the output DC voltage of high voltage DC generation

circuit for every single stage. We have generated the output voltage for same 55 V AC inputs,

are shown in table 4.4 to 4.17 respectively.

P a g e | 53

When the generating circuit is connected to the supply, it will generate high voltage

DC and the algorithm loaded in Arduino will help to monitor, compare the temperature and

send the signal; which shown continuously in LCD display. The photograph is an example of

such an LCD display, as shown in Fig. 4.18

Fig. 4.18: The LCD display of the developed system, showing different parameters.

When device temperature excites the set value it will trip the device and send the

massage to LCD display. The photograph with trip massage is shown in Fig 4.19.

Fig 4.19: HVDC generation circuit trip massage in LCD display

P a g e | 54

As per design scheme if the device temperature become high and cross the set

limit/value the device will be trip and save the circuit. Ensuring this device safety issue we add

another protection (in Arduino algorithm) as short circuit current (ISC) protection. If the device

temperature rises due to short circuit the device output voltage will decreasing trend to zero, it

will also trip the device. After act the protection scheme we can differentiate the over temp or

short circuit current protection by looking at the voltage and temperature values. If over

temperature protection act device will directly tripped from higher voltage value, on the other

hand if device tripped due short circuit current protection first voltage will be in decreasing

trend to zero, then the temp become high and tripped the HVDC generation circuit. If device

tripped due short circuit current protection it will be shown in the LCD display. Thus the device

is able to give protection against over current or short circuit current (Isc).

The experimental Oscilloscope Output waveform of HVDC generation circuit are

shown Fig 4.20, Fig 4.21 respectively. Figure 4.20 is shown the output waveform of input AC

signal and output DC signal where input voltage is 55V, output voltage 1032 VDC and AC

frequency shown 50Hz, DC frequency shown 0Hz.

Fig 4.20: The oscilloscope output waveform of input AC voltage and output DC voltage of

high voltage generation circuit.

P a g e | 55

When HVDC generation circuit tripped due to excites the temperature set value, the

output waveform of input AC signal and output DC signal is charged, where both AC and DC

frequency are shown 0Hz. In the Fig 4.21 the oscilloscope output waveform shown the input

AC voltage and output DC voltage of HVDC generation circuit when device is tripped.

Fig 4.21: The oscilloscope output waveform of input AC voltage and output DC voltage of

high voltage DC generation circuit when device is tripped.

The parameter shown the LCD screen of HVDC generation circuit is transmitted to the

remote monitoring terminals through GSM/GPS/GPRS module in GSM technology which can

be shown in http://pisofts.com/myproject/ Fig. 4.22 shows the photograph of PC screen where

the electrical parameters transmitted from generation center is displayed with real date and

time.

P a g e | 56

Fig. 4.22: Parameters, displaying in the PC screen

When the high voltage DC generating circuit temperature reached above the alarm set

value it will shows yellow color parameters which mean the high voltage DC generating circuit

is in over temperature rang. If the temperature reached above the trip set value, PC screen will

show red color parameter which indicate tripped condition. While temperature is in normal

operating range it will show the parameter black color. If required, it is possible change the

operating, alarm and trip temperature set point. Fig. 4.23 shows the running, alarm and tripping

condition parameter in zoom.

Fig 4.23: Running, alarm and tripping condition parameters in zoom view.

P a g e | 57

4.2 Performance analysis

In order to test the performance of our developed system, experiments conduct in

laboratory environment and the device temperature was ambient temperature. Tested high DC

voltage generation with different input voltage where the voltage multiplier cascade was

number of 14th stages. To conduct the high DC voltage generator test, generated the different

output voltage for different inputs and also generate DC voltage for fixed input voltage at

different stages are shown in table 4.1 and table 4.2 respectively.

Table 4.1: Laboratory tested DC voltage output for different input voltage.

SI. No. Input AC voltage Output DC voltage Device temperature

1 10 184.2 26.12o C

2 15 281.2 26.27o C

3 20 372.2 26.18o C

4 25 469.9 26.58o C

5 30 566.3 26.89o C

6 35 664.5 26.90o C

7 40 749.8 27.21o C

8 50 948.3 27.45o C

9 55 1032.5 27.50o C

P a g e | 58

Table 4.2: Laboratory tested DC voltage output for fixed input voltage at different stages.

SI. No. Number of Stage Input AC voltage Output DC voltage Device temp.

1 1st Stage 55 V 72.6 26.12o C

2 2nd Stage 55 V 152.2 26.12o C

3 3rd Stage 55 V 228.9 26.18o C

4 4th Stage 55 V 304.8 26.18o C

5 5th Stage 55 V 380.6 26.27o C

6 6th Stage 55 V 454.3 26.27o C

7 7th Stage 55 V 530.3 26.58o C

8 8th Stage 55 V 597.4 26.58o C

9 9th Stage 55 V 673.5 26.89o C

10 10th Stage 55 V 729.0 26.89o C

11 11th Stage 55 V 802.6 26.89o C

12 12th Stage 55 V 850.2 26.90o C

13 13th Stage 55 V 939.8 26.90o C

14 14th Stage 55 V 1032.5 26.90o C

In this project output voltage drop from ideal condition is between 5.1 to 7.0 percent.

The amount of generating voltage and performance depends on the capacitor and diode is

used. Table 4.3 shown the comparison between ideal output DC voltage, simulation output

DC voltage.

P a g e | 59

Table 4.3: Comparison between ideal output DC voltage, simulation output DC voltage and

device output DC voltage

SI. No. Input AC

voltage

Ideal output

DC voltage

Simulation

output DC

voltage

Device

output DC

voltage

Device

temperature

1 10 197.98 196 184.2 29o C

2 20 395.97 368 372.2 28o C

3 30 593.96 587 566.3 30o C

4 40 791.95 768 749.8 29o C

5 50 989.94 966 948.3 30o C

6 55 1088.94 1048 1032.5 29o C

The limitation of performance is a concern due diode leakage current, diode internal

resistance during forward & reverse bias, current limiting factor for diode, Capacitor resistivity,

Capacitor self-discharging characteristics and Capacitor characteristics in various frequency.

Also have some voltmeter error which appears in readings because of resistance tolerance,

during voltage dividing, decrease in the ratio of R1/R2 decreases the error measurement. In

this project ratio is 236:1 due to high voltage measurement.

In this work, a detailed design and implementations of a single phase AC to high

voltage DC power supply is investigated. This implemented hardware is able to work to build

a high voltage DC power supply. The output from the voltage doubler given to a series of

cascaded circuit that generates up to 1027.54 V shown in table 4.4

Table 4.4 Shown the developed high voltage DC generating circuit input AC and output DC

voltage as shown in LCD screen.

Input AC Voltage Device Output DC voltage Device Temperature

54.95 1027.54 29.7o C

P a g e | 60

Fig 4.2: Parameters of remote monitoring station.

Note that, the parameter shown in LCD screen / local monitor are same as that shown in PC

screen since the measured values are transmitted by GSM technology to remote monitoring

station.

Limitation of our project

1. To generate high voltage DC, high voltage rating capacitors are required which is not

available in the local market. Capacitors (rating 400 V) in series (1*3) are used to

produce 1 KV which decrease efficiency by increasing capacitor resistivity, capacitor

self-discharging characteristics etc.

2. Measurement of HVDC is challenging for available meter range and risk of deadly

shock, which limits this project output voltage rage. For the same reason cannot test

device maximum allowable output. VICTOR-VC9807A multi-meter is used, which is

recommended to measure 1000 V DC and can measure maximum 1076 V DC.

3. In this project on load test is not performed which can be implemented in future scope.

The implemented circuit can generate around 1kV DC from 55V AC, output can be further

increase by increasing no of stages and input AC voltage with availably of equipment and

measuring facilities.

P a g e | 61

Chapter 5

Conclusions and Future Works

5.1 Conclusions

A single phase AC to high voltage DC generation circuit is designed and implemented

in this project. Simple Cockcroft–Walton voltage doubler circuit is used to design the

implemented circuit. For monitoring the output voltage, a local LCD Arduino Uno

(ATmega328P microcontroller) is used. The microcontroller sense the voltage by voltage

divider & sensor and display into LCD display.

This project generates around 1000 V DC using 14 stages of diode capacitor cascade

circuit. It is possible to take various DC voltage outputs by using external probe from different

stages as each stage generates a particular DC voltage.

Due to the electrical and mechanical effects of the materials used in the assembly

construction, use of temperature protection is imperative. In this project the over temperature

protection system is designed for the high voltage DC generation circuit. The maximum

allowable operating temperature can be set to a desirable value by programming. In addition

to high temperature protection, the over current protection is also incorporated into the

proposed circuit. If the input current exceeds a predetermined value due to short circuit or

others faults, microcontroller will disconnect the circuit from source by relay.

A special feature scheme is the facility of remote monitoring with long distance

wireless transmission of real-time data such as input voltage, output voltage, device

temperature and trip signal. Such feature is enabled using a GSM/GPRS module.

The effectiveness of the developed system is tested experimentally in the laboratory

and a good accuracy is confirmed. This project will be helpful to developed high voltage DC

generation circuit locally, which will save foreign currency.

P a g e | 62

5.2 Future Works

In this project work, the output voltage can be increase by increasing input voltage and

number of stages. Consider a high DC voltage generation with proper monitoring which can

be investigated as transmission micro grid process with load. DC systems have been used for

point to point transmission over long distances or via sea cables. Besides, more and more

attention has been captured on these applications including the multi-terminal DC grid, DC

distribution system and DC micro grids.

The power density of high voltage DC power supplies can be optimized when diode

capacitor voltage multipliers are applied. As further improvement, we can build a DC micro

grid system which can be investigated for real time wireless data monitoring, proposed system

is shown in Fig 5.1

Fig 5.1: Electricity generation coupled at DC micro bus with remote monitoring station.

P a g e | 63

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APPENDIX A: Program code

A. Programming code of Arduino source code and remote monitoring

webpage source

Arduino source code:

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd(12,11,9,8,7,6);

char aux_str[30];

char aux;

float output;

float temperature;

char inChar;

int index;

char inData[200];

void setup()

{

Serial.begin(9600);

lcd.begin(16,2);

lcd.clear();

//Init the driver pins for GSM function

pinMode(3,OUTPUT);

pinMode(4,OUTPUT);

pinMode(5,OUTPUT);

pinMode(13,OUTPUT);

//Output GSM Timing

digitalWrite(5,HIGH);

delay(1500);

digitalWrite(5,LOW);

Serial.begin(9600);

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// Use these commands instead of the hardware switch 'UART select' in order to enable each

mode

// If you want to use both GMS and GPS. enable the required one in your code and disable the other

one for each access.

digitalWrite(3,LOW);//enable GSM TX?RX

digitalWrite(4,HIGH);//disable GPS TX?RX

delay(20000);

start_GSM();

delay(5000);

}

void loop()

{

float viac= analogRead(A5);

float voac=viac/17.14; //input AC Voltage

float vidc=analogRead(A4);

float vodc=vidc/17.14; //Output DC Voltage

float vdcop=vodc*236;

Serial.print("DC:");

Serial.println(vdcop);

//Serial.print("AC:");

//Serial.println(voac);

float temp=analogRead(A0);

temp=temp*0.48828125;

//Serial.println(temp);

if (temp>=35.00)

{digitalWrite(13, LOW);

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lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("Device Tripped");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("Due To High Temp");

delay(10000000000);}

else if (temp<35){digitalWrite(13, HIGH);}

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("IAC:");

lcd.setCursor (4,0);

lcd.print("54.23");

//delay (2000);

//lcd.clear();

//delay (500);

lcd.setCursor(0,1 );

lcd.print("ODC:");

lcd.setCursor (4,1);

lcd.print(vdcop);

//delay (2000);

// lcd.clear();

//delay (500);

lcd.setCursor(12,0 );

lcd.print("Temp");

lcd.setCursor (12,1);

lcd.print(temp);

//delay (2000);

//lcd.clear();

//delay (500);

output=vdcop;

temperature=temp;

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send_GPRS();

delay(5000);

}

void start_GSM(){

//Configuracion GPRS Claro Argentina

Serial.println("AT");

delay(2000);

Serial.println("AT+CREG?");

delay(2000);

Serial.println("AT+SAPBR=3,1,\"APN\",\"INTERNET\"");

delay(2000);

Serial.println("AT+SAPBR=3,1,\"USER\",\"\"");

delay(2000);

Serial.println("AT+SAPBR=3,1,\"PWD\",\"\"");

delay(2000);

Serial.println("AT+SAPBR=3,1,\"Contype\",\"GPRS\"");

delay(2000);

Serial.println("AT+SAPBR=1,1");

delay(10000);

Serial.println("AT+HTTPINIT");

delay(2000);

Serial.println("AT+HTTPPARA=\"CID\",1");

delay(2000);

}

void send_GPRS(){

Serial.print("AT+HTTPPARA=\"URL\",\"pisofts.com/myproject/in.php?input=");

Serial.print(output);

Serial.print("&temp=");

Serial.print(temperature);

Serial.println("\"");

delay(2000);

Serial.println("AT+HTTPACTION=0"); //now GET action

delay(2000);

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}

Web Source code:

<title>Index</title>

<meta charset="utf-8">

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">

<link href="Scripts/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" />

<script src="Scripts/bootstrap.min.js"></script>

<script src="Scripts/jquery-1.10.2.min.js"></script>

<style>

#table, th, td {

border: 1px solid black;

border-collapse: collapse;

}

.footer {

position: fixed;

left: 0;

bottom: 0;

width: 100%;

background-color: #ad2d2d;

color: white;

text-align: center;

}

hr {

P a g e | 71

display: block;

margin-top: 0.5em;

margin-bottom: 0.5em;

margin-left: auto;

margin-right: auto;

border-style: inset;

border-width: 1px;

}

div.LeftAlign {

text-align: left;

}

div.RightAlign {

text-align: right;

}

body {background-color: #00ace6;}

p {

border: 1px solid White;

}

.top-container img {

width: 100%;

height: auto !important;

z-index: 1;

}

</style>

</head>

P a g e | 72

<body class="container">

<nav class="navbar navbar-inverse">

<div class="container-fluid">

<div class="navbar-header">

<button type="button" class="navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-

target="#myNavbar">

<span class="icon-bar"></span>

<span class="icon-bar"></span>

<span class="icon-bar"></span>

</button>

</div>

<div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="myNavbar">

<ul class="nav navbar-nav">

<li class="active"><a href="index.php">Home</a></li>

<li><a href="About.html">About</a></li>

</ul>

</div>

</div>

</nav>

<div class="top-container">

<img src="Resources/Header.jpg" alt="Header" />

</div>

<hr>

<div>

<h3>

P a g e | 73

<b>Name of project: </b> design and implementation of an ac to high dc voltage

generation circuit using voltage multiplier.

</h3>

<br />

<h4>

HVDC generating circuit live data:

</h4>

<hr>

<?php

$servername = "sql304.epizy.com";

$username = "epiz_21795842";

$password = "NwPmgjPDNEyG";

$dbname = "epiz_21795842_pro";

// Create connection

$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password, $dbname);

// Check connection

if ($conn->connect_error) {

die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);

}

$sql = "SELECT id, date, time, input, output, temp FROM pro";

$result = $conn->query($sql);

if ($result->num_rows > 0) {

// output data of each row

while($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {

P a g e | 74

echo "<p>SL: " . $row["id"]. " - Date: " . $row["date"]. " - Time: " . $row["time"]. "

- Input Voltage: " . $row["input"]. " VAC - Output Voltage: " . $row["output"]. " VDC -

Tempereture: " . $row["temp"]. "&degC</p><br>";

}

} else {

echo "0 results";

}

$conn->close();

?>

</div>

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<br />

<div class="footer">

<div class="container">

<div class="row">

<div class="col-md-6 col-sm-6 LeftAlign">

Under supervision of <br />

<b>Dr. Md. Raju Ahmed</b> <br />

Professor, Dept. of EEE, DUET, Gazipur

</div>

<div class="col-md-6 col-sm-6 RightAlign">

Submitted by <br />

P a g e | 75

<b>Md. Mohasin Siddique</b> <br />

Student ID: 112273-P

</div>

</div>

</div>

<br />

</div>

</body>

</html>