desaster -nature and extent of disaster
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DESASTER -NATURE AND EXTENT
OF DISASTERBy
Name u have to write
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What is a disaster?
A disaster is an unexpected accidentresulting from natural or man-made
factors (or a combination of both) that
has a negative impact on the dailylives and living conditions of humans
and flora/fauna.
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What is a disaster?
There are different types of disasters thathave a high impact.
Natural disasters includefloods, droughts, earthquakes, cyclones,
hurricanes, tornadoes, typhoons,landslides, volcanic eruptions etc.
Man-made disasters can include chemical accidents, oil spills,
radiological accidents, conflicts/wars,mass population displacement orrefugee emigration, forest fires etc.
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Disaster Continuum
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Extent of disaster
1. Hazard
2. Vulnerability
3. Risk
4. Capacity
Physical Capacity
Socio-economic Capacity
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Hazard
Hazard may be defined as
a dangerous condition or event, that
threat or have the potential for causing
injury to life or damage to property orthe environment.
Hazards can be grouped into two
broad categories namely natural andmanmade.
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Hazard
Natural hazards are hazards whichare caused because of natural
phenomena (hazards with
meteorological, geological or evenbiological origin).
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Hazard
Examples of natural hazards arecyclones, tsunamis, earthquake and
volcanic eruptions which are exclusively
of natural origin. Landslides, floods, drought, fires are
socio-natural hazards since their causes
are both natural and man made. For
example flooding may be caused
because of heavy rains, landslide or
blocking of drains with human waste.
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Hazard
Manmade hazards are hazards whichare due to human negligence.
Manmade hazards are associated with
industries or energy generationfacilities and include explosions,
leakage of toxic waste, pollution, dam
failure, wars or civil strife, etc.
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Vulnerability
Vulnerability may be defined as
The extent to which a community,
structure, services or geographic area
is likely to be damaged or disrupted bythe impact of particular hazard, on
account of their nature, construction
and proximity to hazardous terrains ora disaster prone area.
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Vulnerability
Vulnerabilities can be categorized into PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY AND
SOCIO-ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY.
Physical Vulnerability: It includes notions of
whom and what may be damaged or destroyedby natural
hazard such as earthquakes or floods. It is basedon the physical condition of people and elementsat risk, such as buildings, infrastructure etc; and
their proximity, location and nature of the hazard. It also relates to the technical capability of
building and structures to resist the forces actingupon them during a hazard event.
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Socio-economic Vulnerability
The degree to which a population is affectedby a hazard will not merely lie in the physicalcomponents of vulnerability but also on thesocioeconomic conditions.
The socioeconomic conditions of the peoplealso determine the intensity of the impact.
For example, people who are poor and livingin the sea coast dont have the money toconstruct strong concrete houses.
They are generally at risk and loose theirshelters when ever there is strong wind orcyclone. Because of their poverty they tooare not able to rebuild their houses.
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Risk
Risk is a measure of the expectedlosses due to a hazard event
occurring in a given area over a
specific time period. Risk is a function of the probability of
particular hazardous event and the
losses it would cause.
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Risk
The level of risk depends upon:
Nature of the hazard;
Vulnerability of the elements which are
affected;
Economic value of those elements.
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Risk
A community/locality is said to be at riskwhen it is exposed to hazards and islikely to be adversely affected by itsimpact.
Whenever we discuss disastermanagement it is basically disasterriskmanagement.
Disaster risk management includes all
measures which reduce disaster relatedlosses of life, property or assets by eitherreducing the hazard or vulnerability ofthe elements at risk.
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Capacity
Capacity can be defined as resources, means and strengths which
exist in households and communitiesand which enable them to cope with,withstand, prepare for, prevent, mitigateor quickly recover from a disaster.
Peoples capacity can also be taken into
account. Capacities could be classifiedinto physical and socio-economiccapacities.
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Physical Capacity:
People whose houses have beendestroyed by the cyclone or crops
have been destroyed by the flood can
salvage things from their homes andfrom their farms.
Some family members have skills,
which enable them to find employmentif they migrate, either temporarily or
permanently.
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Socio-economic Capacity:
In most of the disasters, people suffertheir greatest losses in the physical andmaterial realm.
Rich people have the capacity to recover
soon because of their wealth. In fact, they are seldom hit by disasters
because they live in safe areas and theirhouses are built with stronger materials.
However, even when everything isdestroyed they have the capacity to copeup with it.