dept. of nuclear engineering, hanyang university jong kyung kim
DESCRIPTION
November 15, 2010. Current Status on the Construction of New Reactor in Korea : Security of Supply of Medical Radioisotopes. Dept. of nuclear Engineering, Hanyang University Jong Kyung KIM. Current Status of the World. Current Status of World-wide Reactors. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Current Status on the Construction of New Reactor in Korea : Security of Supply of
Medical Radioisotopes
Dept. of nuclear Engineering, Hanyang Uni-versity
Jong Kyung KIM
November 15, 2010
Current Status of the World
Current Status of World-wide Reactors
World Nuclear Growth: No. of Research Reactors and Their Thermal Power No. of Research reactors in Industrialized and Developing Countries
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 20150
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Ther
mal
Pow
er [
MW th
]
Number of Reactors
Num
ber o
f Rea
ctor
s
Year
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000 Thermal Power
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400 Total Industrialized Developing
Num
ber o
f Rea
ctor
s
Year
Many research reactors were built in the 1960s and 1970s and the peak number operating was
in 1975, with 373 in 55 countries.
After 1975, no. of research reactors were significantly reduced by some problems
(i.e., lifetime and economic efficiency of research reactors) in industrialized countries.
Whereas, developing countries continuingly built research reactors from 1950s to present.
* Source : IAEA Research Reactor Data Base(RRDB), 02.2010
Germany4%
France5% Japan
6%Rus-sian Fed-era-tion21%US
18%Other Indus-
trial8%
Canada3%
China6%
Other Developing29%
Most research reactors in the world (~40%) are concentrated in US and Russia.
The power of operable research reactors mainly lower than 100 kW (~50%).
- Most of research reactors are constructed for the research & test of power generation reactors.
80% research reactors in north and central America are suspended in operation.
Operational Research Reactors in IAEA Member States
< 1kW27%
1-100 kW 22%
0.2-1 MW16%
1.1-5 MW12%
6-20 MW13%
23-85 MW7%
>100 MW3%
Power Distribution of Operable Research Reactor
Current Status of World-wide Reactors
* Source : IAEA Research Reactor Data Base(RRDB), 02.2010
Age Distribution of Research Reactors - Reactors constructed more than 40 years ago: 54.6%
- Reactors constructed less than 40 years ago: 45.3% Temporary Shutdown Research Reactors
- Countries: 11 (Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Congo, Greece,
Japan,
The Netherlands, Russian Federation, and United Kingdoms)
- No. of Research Reactors: 12 Age Distribution of Research Reactors
Current Status of World-wide Reactors
10-19 Year:8% 20-29
Year:17%
30-39 Year:18%
40-49
Year:
41%
50-
59 Year:13%
434 29
299
78
189
88 75100
3854
14 6 4
Temporary Shutdown Research Reactors
* Source : IAEA Research Reactor Data Base(RRDB), 02.2010
Country Reactor Name Reactor Type Thermal Power(kW)
Thermal Flux(n/cm2/s)
Fast Flux(n/cm2/s) Critical Date
Large-scale Producer
Canada NRU HEAVY WATER 135000 4.0E14 4.5E13 1957-11-03
Netherlands HFR TANK IN POOL 45000 2.7E14 5.1E14 1961-11-09
Belgium BR-2 TANK 100000 1.0E15 7.0E14 1961-06-29
France OSIRIS POOL 700 2.7E12 2.6E12 1966-04-28
South Africa SAFARI-1 TANK IN POOL 20000 2.4E14 2.8E14 1965-03-18
Small-scale Producer
Argentina RA-3 POOL 5000 4.8E13 1.4E14 1968-08-01
Australia OPAL POOL 20000 3.0E14 2.1E14 2006-08-12
Russian Fed. WWR-TS TANK WWR 15000 1.8E14 3.3E14 1964-10-04
Potential Use for Mo-99 Production
US MURR TANK IN POOL 10000 6.0E14 1.0E14 1966-10-13
Indonesia G.A. Siw. MPR POOL 30000 2.5E14 2.3E14 1987-07-29
Egypt ETRR-2 POOL 22000 2.8E14 2.2E14 1997-11-27
Peru RP-10 POOL 10000 1.2E14 1.0E14 1988-11-30
Chile RECH-1 POOL 5000 7.0E13 5.0E13 1974-10-13
Poland MARIA POOL 30000 3.5E14 1.0E14 1974-12-18
Romania TRIGA II Pitesti TRIGA DUAL CORE 500 2.0E13 2.5E13 1979-11-17
Republic of Korea HANARO POOL 30000 4.5E14 3.0E14 1995-02-08
The Specification of Research Reactors Pro-ducing Mo-99
Current Status of Research Reactors Produc-ing Mo-99
54 research reactors in the world are producing the radioisotopes. - RI Suppliers (Large-scale): Canada, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, and South Africa
- RI Market Share of Major Research Reactors: 92%
- Temporary Shutdown Research Reactors: NRU and HFR
Status of Major Research Reactors for the Mo-99 production(*Source: European Commission, SANCO/C/3HW, 2009)
NRU Research Reactor, Canada
HFR Research Reactor, The Netherlands
BR-2 Research Reactor, Belgium SAFARI Research Reactor, South Africa
OSI RIS Research Reactor, France
NRU40%
HFR30%
BR-29%
OSIRIS3%
SA-FARI-1
10%
Other Ones8%
World Share of Mo-99 Radioisotope
53 49 49 46 45
Year
Age Distribution of Major Research Reactor
2008-2010 2010-2015 2015-2025I-131 O O O
Sr-89 O O O
Ir-192 O O O
Sm-153 O + O
Re-186 O O O
I-125 O O O
Y-90 + + +
Lu-177 + + +
Ho-166 O + O
A distinct increase is expected in the use of Lu-177 and Y-90 and this trend will
continue until far into the future. The use of Ho-166 and Sm-153 will be also increased, although not before 2010. The current use of Iodine and Iridium is not expected to increase a great deal. Requirements for reactor radioisotopes such as Sm-153, Y-90, Er-169 and possibly
Re-186, continue to grow, following the general trend towards widespread utilization
for therapy.
Expert Expectations for the Application of Therapy with Radioisotopes
O: Unchanged, +: Increase
Estimated Number of Therapy with Tc-99m/Mo-99 Isotope
Expected Use of the Various RI in the Future
* Source : European Commission, SANCO/C/3HW, 2009
Current Status of KOREA
YearClassification 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Unsealed RI 533 893 1,078 1,093 1,084
Sealed RI 14,470 25,335 10,616 28,721 18,284
Total 15,003 26,228 11,694 29,813 19,368
(Unit: TBq)
Total Demand of Radioisotopes in 2007
: 29,813 TBq (Co-60 included)
Major Radioisotopes Consumed in Korea
: H-3, Mo-99, I-131, Co-60 and Ir-192
RI Supply in Korea
Classification 2008 2009Increase Rate(%)
Unsealed RI 15 32 113
Sealed RI 2,334 1,495 -36
Sum 2,349 1,527 77
RI Export
Classification 2008 2009Increase Rate(%)
Unsealed RI 897 926 3
Sealed RI 8,065 2,622 -67
Sum 8,962 3,548 -64
RI Import
(Unit: TBq)
(Unit: TBq)
Current Status of Domestic RI Market
* Source: Korea Radioisotope Association
Details of Nuclear Imaging Diagnostic Details of Clinical RI Use
Tc-99m among various Radioisotopes has the biggest market share. Tc-99m is mainly used for the MDP (Bone Imaging). The frequency of medical RI use has been continually increased from 2000
to present.
Classification 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008
Cardiovascular System 39,352 77,250 80,987 78,106 78,800
Musculoskeletal System 114,511 259,337 276,891 284,508 298,631
Brain Nervous System 8,806 17,886 18,416 18,656 18,221
Urinary System 18,596 31,962 35,040 37,553 36,041
Thyroid Gland 67,683 98,420 105,112 109,345 106,380
Digestive Sys-tem 27,102 24,239 23,308 23,218 20,986
Others 26,100 6,651 16,237 6,856 3,965
Total 302,150 515,745 555,991 558,242 561,472
(Unit: # of Uses)
Classification 2005 2006 2007 2008
Treatment 13,407 15,794 20,168 25,078
Nuclear Imaging 515,745 555,991 558,242 561,472
PET Therapy 57,031 100,530 184,824 247,933
In-vivo Therapy 1,639 1,763 2,776 2,524
RIA 13,706,183 15,291,104 14,989,436 15,063,997
Total 14,294,005 15,965,182 15,755,446 15,901,004
(Unit: # of Uses)
Trends of Radioisotope-use in Korea
* Source: Korean Society of Nuclear Medicine
High Import Dependence of Tc-99m Supply
Fabrication Only in Domestic Production
Occurrence of Tc-99m Supply Shortage
in 2008
Annual Trend for Tc-99m Supply
20062007
2008
368 TBq373 TBq
428 TBq
About 10% Increase per Year
Classification 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Total 223 298 351 368 373 428
Domestic Produc-tion*
0.74 7 38 39 41 83
Imports 222 291 313 329 332 344
Annual Trend for Tc-99m Supply (Unit: TBq)
Current Status of Domestic Tc-99m Supply
* The domestic products are manufactured with the Mo-99 imported from South Africa** Source: Korea Radioisotope Association
Country SA USA JAPAN Netherlands Australia Total
TBq 122 87 56 55 12 332
Thousands USD 593 364 1,021 530 111 2,620
$ 600 / Ci$ 5 Million Present
$ 2.6 Million Market (2007)
Tc-99m Market Share of Major Countries (2007)
Mo-99 Import Market in Korea
* Source: Korea Radioisotope Association
Korea RI Market
CanadaNRU
Bruce B
NetherlandsHFR
Russian FederationSM
MIR-M1WWR-M
USAMURRHFIR
South AfricaSafari-1
ArgentinaAtucha 1
Embalse 1
CanadaMDS
Nordion
JapanFujifilm
USATyco Healthcare /
MallinekrodtGE Healthcare Limited
BelgiumIRE
South AfricaNECSA/NPT
England/Russian Fed.
REVISS Amersham
BelgiumBR-2
FranceOSIRIS
AustraliaANSTO
AustraliaHIFAROPAL
Mo-99 Supply Chain in Domestic Market
Radioisotope Production Facility (HANARO)
Region IrradiationHole Number Thermal Neutron Flux (n/cm2sec)
In Core CT IR
1 2
~ 4.0 1014
3.0 ~ 4.0 1014
Out Core OR 4 2.0 ~ 3.0 1014
Reflector HTS IP NAA
1 17 3
8.8 1013
2.4 ~ 15.0 1013
3.6 ~ 16.0 1013
Classification Isotope Sales Quantity(GBq) Sales Prices(USD)
Use of Medical and Research
Purpose
I-131 17,279 849,672 Ho-166 66 4,375 Au-198 747 1,744Cr-51 0.074 67Ir-192 1,707 1,000Sc-46 2 -
Sum (A) 19,801 856,858
Use of Commer-cial Purpose
Ir-192 Production 4,465,766 485,792
Ir-192 Production from Import 2,060,866 -
Co-60 103 16,583Sum (B) 6,526,735 502,375
Total Sum (A+B) 6,546,536 1,359,232
Radioisotope Supply and Production by HANARO Reactor (2008)
Ir-192, I-131, and Ho-166 have been produced and supplied on a large scale. Production technologies for 10 kinds of radioisotopes were developed and integrated
into HANARO. This research reactor is limited to install the additional production facilities
Radioisotope Production at HANARO
* Source: Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute
Previous Shortages in RI Supply
The Recent Shutdowns of Major Mo-99 Production Reactors
(HFR [Netherlands], BR-2 [Belgium], and NRU [Canada] Reactor Shutdowns in August 2008)
- Global Medical Isotopes Crisis Highlights Alarming Lack of RI Production Facilities
5 Disruption between 1995-2007 5 Disruptions since January 2007
Mo-99/Tc-99m Supply Shortages
Jun 1997
NRU Shutdown(Strike)
Nov 2005 – Apr 2006
Covidien Tc-99Production Shutdown
(Generator Recall)
Jan 2007 – Oct 2008
HIFAR Shutdown(OPAL Production Delayed)
Nov – Dec 2007 &May 2009 – Present
NRU Shutdowns
Feb – Mar 2002
HFR Shutdown(Weld Defect)
May 2006
FRJ-2 Shutdown(permanent)
Mar – Apr 2007
Convidien Tc-99Production shutdown
(generator recall)
Aug 2008 – Feb 2009
HFR Shutdown(Gas Leak)
Aug – Nov 2008
IRE Bulk Mo-99Processing Shutdown
(Unexpected Emission)
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
1995
Strike of Canadian Air-flight
Global Supply Shortage of Mo-99 - Shutdown of NRU reactor at 2008.12.05 due to the leakage of H-3
- Canada getting out of RI business in 2016
News for Canada getting out of business News for Supply Shortage of RI medicine
Mo-99/Tc-99m Supply Shortages
Analysis of Previous Shortages
The causes for shortages can have various origins.
They are independent from the radioisotope production and supply chain
(e.g., due to geographical, geo-political or economic reasons).
Most situations of shortages are unpredictable.
They seem to become more frequent and more severe; this is not completely
surprising considering the age of concerned nuclear reactors.
Country Name
Argentina RA-3
Australia OPAL
USA MURR
France JHR
Country Name
Belgium MYRRAH*
Netherlands PALLAS*
USA B&W*
Country Name
China CARR&CFER
India Dhruva
Egypt ETRR-2
Indonesia GAS – MPR
Korea HANARO
Germany FRM II
Candidates for SignificantGlobal Capacity Increase
Potential Availability : 2010-2016
Candidates for ReplacementCapacity
Potential Availability : After 2015
Candidates for Potential Small Increased Capacity to Serve Regional Markets
Potential Availability : After 2015
* Currently conceptual
• Additional possible production from non-reactor sources (accelerators) and from small research reactors
: Will Take Time to Develop
: Not Effective for Commercial Production
New Radioisotope Supply Options
World Shortage of Tc-99m Supply
Construction of a New Reactor is an Unique Alternative Solution
Current Issues World-wide
Problems Raised on Security of Radioisotope
Supply in Korea
• News about “NRU Reactor
Lockdown in 2016”
• News of “Frequent Shutdown of
Major RI Production Reactors”
► Arising Global Shortage of
Mo-99 Supply
• High Dependency of
Radioisotope
Production from Foreign
Countries
• No Solution on Managing the
Balance of Supply and Demand
as well as the Raised
Radioisotope
Price
• Shortage of Tc-99m Supply in
Korea
• Frequent Shutdown of Major Mo-
99
Production Reactors
• Occurrence of Diagnostic Failure
Due to the Shortage of Tc-99m
Necessity of New Reactor Construction
Construction Plan
Facilities Research Reactor Isotope Production Facilities Fission Mo Production Facilities Neutron Irradiation Facility Radioactive Waste Disposal Facility
Reactor Outline Construction Purpose
- Medical and Industrial Radioisotope Production - Neutron Irradiation Service
Basic Reactor Characteristics - Land Scale of Research Reactor : 130,000 m2 (Including EAB)
- Reactor Power : 20 MWth (Thermal Flux : Over 3 10ⅹ 14 n/cm2 • s )
- Design Lifetime: > 50 year - Nuclear Fuel : 20% Low Enriched Uranium - Fission Mo Target : Thin Uranium Foil Using LEU
New Research Reactor Overview
Location of Construction Site of New Research Reactor
Gijang, Busan
Specifications of New Research Reactor(Currently Planned)
Considerations Design RequirementsReactor Power ▶ 20 MWth
Max. Neutron Flux ▶ > 3ⅹ1014 n/s ㆍ cm2
Distribution of Neutron Flux ▶ Uniform Distribution (within ± 25% )
Nuclear Fuel ▶ U3Si2 or U-Mo ▶ Discharged Burnup > 60%
Reflector ▶ Beryllium
Operation Cycle ▶ Cycle Length > 28 Days
Designed Lifetime ▶ > 50 Years
Reactor Safety ▶ Negative Reactivity Coefficient
Coolant and Reactor Cooling ▶ H2O (Upward or Downward) ▶ Passive Safety System: Natural Convection Cooling
Reactor Protection System ▶ Falling down by the Gravity ▶ Independent 2nd Protection System
Reactor Tank ▶ Reactor Tank Isolation (at the Accident) ▶ Spent Fuel Storage Cavity(Considering the Reactor Lifetime)
Reactor Building ▶ Confinement (Considering the OBE and SSE)
Irradiation Facility ▶ Vertical Irradiation Hole: NTD, RI Production, Material Analysis… ▶ Flux Trap: in Core (Fast and Thermal Neutron Flux)
KAERI▪ Management
Academic& Research Institute
▪ Design Advise
Government and Regulation Agencies
▪ Budget & Permission
KAERI
Design of Nuclear Fuel Design of Reactor and Primary System Test Operation
Engineering Industries
Design of Sub-system Overall Design of Reactor Building
Construction Industries
Construction Purchase of Sub-machinery
Heavy Industries
Design and Manufacture of Reactor Vessel Manufactures of Sub-machinery
Operating System of New Research Reactor
Liable Operation by Some Special-ists
(Reactor, Irradiation Facility…) RI Production Facilities Operated by Private Enterprises
Operating Method
Composition of Experienced and Beginning Workers Training Course for 1 Year
Operating Manpower
Economic Efficiency of New Reactor
Ouput(Ci/Year)
Added Value (Hundred Million Won/Year) Estimation Basis1)
(Thousand Won/Ci)Raw Material Complete Product
Mo-99 100,000 360 936 -Diluted Solution: 360-Generator: 936
I-1312) 2,000 7.4 36 -Diluted Solution: 37-Capsule: 1,800
I-125 100 3.6 - -Diluted Solution: 3,600
I-125 400,000 14 84 -Raw Material: 3.6-Source: 21
Total 502,100 385 1,056
Estimated Output of Major Radioisotopes
1) Domestic Price at Present, Exchange Rate: 1.2 (Thousand Won/$)2) Considering Domestic Demand
Main Products from New Research Reactor: RI and Neutron Irradiation Service (NTD) Lifetime of Research Reactor: 50 Year 2009 Constant Price
Assumption for Evaluating Economic Efficiency
Expected Effectiveness basis on Total Production
(Hundred Million Won)
Expected Effectiveness basis on Added Value
(Hundred Million Won)
Radioisotope Supply 102,030 33,022
Neutron Irradiation Service (NTD) 6,800 3,707
Total 108,830 36,729
Requirements for the Construction of New Research Reactor
KAERI needs a experience in development of several key technologies.
1. Design and Manufacturing Technology of Planar Type Nuclear Fuel.
2. Analysis Data for Thermal Hydraulic Behavior.
3. New Type of CRDM.
Planar Type Nuclear Fuel
New CRDM Layout
Transparent Project Progress Emphasis on Positive Effect to the Regional
Economy
New Research Reactor RI Production Facilities Utilization of Neutron Irradiation Private Companies for Using New Reactor
Fission Mo-99 Production by using LEU Target Separation & Collection Efficiency of Useful
RIs in Radioactive Wastes Production and Safety Evaluation of Medical RI Utilization of Neutron Irradiation
Requirements for the Construction of New Research Reactor
Resident Acceptance
Site Selection
Tech-nology Devel-
opment
Conclusions
SUMMARY
Local government (Pusan) will provide the construction site of research reactor
without cost (~ 130,000 m2).
New research reactor and additional facilities (RI production and NTD) will be
constructed from 2011 to 2015, through the ~ $220+α million dollars Investment.
The Preliminary Feasibility Analysis for new research reactor will be carried out by
the end of 2010.
Will provide a chance to solve future RI supply shortages in domestic and global
market.