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This article is part of the series onAdministrative divisions of France

Main article

Regions

(incl.overseas regions)

Departments

(incl.overseas departments)

Arrondissements

Cantons

Intercommunality

Urban communitiesAgglomeration communities

Commune communitiesSyndicates of New Agglomeration

Communes

Associated communesMunicipal arrondissements

Others inOverseas France

Overseas collectivitiesSui generiscollectivity

Overseas country

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Overseas territoryClipperton Island

In theadministrative divisions of France,the department(French:dpartement,pronounced:ptm)is one of the three levels of government below the national level

("territorial collectivities"), between theregionand thecommune.There are 96 departments inmetropolitan Franceand 5overseas departments,which also are classified as regions.Departments are further subdivided into 342arrondissements,themselves divided intocantons;the latter two have no autonomy and are used for the organisation of public services andsometimes elections.

France's departments are administered by electedgeneral councils(conseil gnral) and theirpresidents, whose main areas of responsibility include the management of a number of social andwelfare allowances, ofjunior high school (collge)buildings and technical staff, of local roadsand school and rural buses, and a contribution to municipal infrastructures. Local services of theState administration are traditionally organised at departmental level, where theprefect

represents the government; however, regions have gained importance in this regard since the2000s, with some department-level services merged into region-level services.

The departments were created in 1791 as a rational replacement ofAncien Rgimeprovincesinview of strengthening national unity; almost all of them are therefore named after rivers,mountains or coasts rather than after historical or cultural territories, unlike regions, and some ofthem are commonly referred to by their two-digitpostal codenumber, which was until recentlyused for allvehicle registration plates.They have inspired similar divisions in many of France'sformer colonies.

In 2014, PresidentFranois Hollandeproposed to abolish general councils by 2020, which would

maintain the departments as administrative divisions, but transfer their powers to other levels ofgovernance.

Contents

1 History 2 General characteristics

o 2.1 Party-political preferences 3 Future 4 Maps and tables

o 4.1 Current departmentso

4.2 Former departments 4.2.1 Former departments of the current territory of France 4.2.2 Departments of French Algeria 4.2.3 Departments in former French colonies 4.2.4 Departments of the Napoleonic Empire in Europe

5 See also 6 References 7 External links

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History

Main article:Territorial formation of France

Geometrical proposition rejected

Theformer provinces(colours) and the departements (limits in black)

The first French territorial departments were proposed in 1665 by Marc-Ren d'Argenson toserve as administrative areas purely for thePonts et Chausses(Bridges and Highways)infrastructure administration.

Before theFrench Revolution,France gained territory gradually through the annexation of amosaic of independent entities. By the close of theAncien Rgime,it was organised intoprovinces.During the period of the Revolution, these were dissolved, partly in order to weakenold loyalties.

The modern departments, as all-purpose units of the government, were created on 4 March 1790by theNational Constituent Assemblyto replace the provinces with what the Assembly deemeda more rational structure. Their boundaries served two purposes:

Boundaries were deliberately chosen to break up France's historical regions in an attemptto erase cultural differences and build a more homogeneous nation.

Boundaries were set so that any settlement in the country was within a day's ride of thecapital of the department. This was a security measure, intended to keep the entire

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national territory under close control. This measure was directly inspired by theGreatTerror,during which the government had lost control of many rural areas far from anycentre of government.

Departments at the maximum extent of theFirst French Empire(1812)

The old nomenclature was carefully avoided in naming the new departments. Most were named

after an area's principal river or other physical features. Even Paris was in the department ofSeine.

The number of departments, initially 83, was increased to130by 1809 with the territorial gainsof the Republic and of theFirst French Empire(seeProvinces of the Netherlandsfor the annexedDutch departments). FollowingNapoleon's defeats in 1814-1815, theCongress of Viennareturned France to its pre-war size; the number of departments was reduced to 86, as three of theoriginal departments had been split. In 1860, France acquired theCounty of NiceandSavoy,which led to the creation of three new departments. Two were added from the new Savoyardterritory, while the department ofAlpes-Maritimeswas created from Nice and a portion of theVardepartment. The 89 departments were given numbers based on their alphabetical order.

The department ofBas-Rhinand parts ofMeurthe,Moselle,VosgesandHaut-Rhinwere ceded totheGerman Empirein 1871, following France's defeat in theFranco-Prussian War.A small partofHaut-Rhinremained French, however, and became known as theTerritoire de Belfort,and theremaining parts ofMeurtheandMosellewere merged into a newMeurthe-et-Moselledepartment. When France regained the ceded departments afterWorld War I,the Territoire deBelfortwas not reintegrated into Haut-Rhin. In 1922, it became France's 90th department.Likewise, the Lorraine departments were not changed back to their original limits, and a newMoselledepartment was created on the regained territory, with slightly different limits than thepre-war department of the same name.

The reorganisation of le-de-France (1968) and the division ofCorsica(1975) added six moredepartments, raising the total to 96. Counting the fiveoverseas departments(French Guiana,Guadeloupe,Martinique,RunionandMayotte)the total comes to 101 departments. In 2011, theoverseas collectivityofMayottebecame the 101st department.

General characteristics

Main article:Administrative divisions of France

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//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haut-Rhinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosges_%28department%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselle_%28department%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meurthe_%28department%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-Rhinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var_%28department%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes-Maritimeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Nicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Viennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/130_departments_of_the_First_French_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine_%28department%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terrorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terror

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See also:List of French departments by population

Population density in the departments at the census of 1968 (people/km)

The departmental seat of government is known as theprefecture(prfecture) or chef-lieu dedpartementand is generally a city of some importance roughly at the geographical centre of thedepartment. This was determined according to the time taken to travel on horseback from theperiphery of the department. The goal was for the prefecture to be accessible by horseback fromany town in the department within 24 hours. The prefecture is not necessarily the largest city inthe department; for instance, inSane-et-Loiredepartment the capital isMcon,but the largestcity isChalon-sur-Sane.Departments are divided into one or morearrondissements.The capitalof an arrondissement is called asubprefecture(sous-prfecture) or chef-lieu d'arrondissement.

Each department is administered by ageneral council(conseil gnral), an assembly elected forsix years byuniversal suffrage,with the president of the council as executive of the department.Before 1982, the executive of a department was theprefect(prfet) who represents theGovernment of Francein each department and is appointed by thePresident of France.Theprefect is assisted by one or more sub-prefects (sous-prfet) based in the subprefectures of thedepartment.

The departments are further divided intocommunes,governed bymunicipal councils.As of2013, there were 36,681 communes in France. In theoverseas territories,some communes play arole at departmental level.Paris,th countrys cpitl city, is commun s wll s prtmnt.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_departments_by_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_departments_by_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_departments_by_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefectures_in_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefectures_in_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefectures_in_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne-et-Loirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne-et-Loirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne-et-Loirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2conhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2conhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2conhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4nehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4nehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4nehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subprefectures_in_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subprefectures_in_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subprefectures_in_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_councils_%28France%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_councils_%28France%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_councils_%28France%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefect_%28France%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefect_%28France%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefect_%28France%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_territories_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_territories_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_territories_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FrancePopulationDensity1968.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Administration_territoriale_fran%C3%A7aise.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FrancePopulationDensity1968.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Administration_territoriale_fran%C3%A7aise.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_territories_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefect_%28France%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_councils_%28France%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subprefectures_in_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4nehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2conhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne-et-Loirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefectures_in_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_departments_by_population

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In continental France (metropolitan France,excludingCorsica), themedianland area of adepartment is 5,965 km2(2,303 sq mi), which is two-and-a-half times the median land area of aceremonial county of England&Walesand slightly more than three-and-half times the medianland area of acounty of the United States.At the 2001 census, the median population of adepartment in continental France was 511,012 inhabitants, which is 21 times the median

population of a U.S. county, but less than two-thirds of the median population of a ceremonialcounty of England & Wales. Most of the departments have an area of between 4,000 and8,000 km, and a population between 320,000 and 1 million. The largest in area isGironde(10,000 km), while the smallest is the city of Paris (105 km). The most populous isNord(2,550,000) and the least populous isLozre(74,000).

The departments are numbered: their two-digit numbers appear inpostal codes,inINSEEcodes(including "social security numbers") and onvehicle number-plates.Initially, the numberscorresponded to the alphabetical order of the names of the departments, but several changed theirnames, so the correspondence became less exact. There is no number 20, but 2A and 2B instead,forCorsica.Corsican postal codes or addresses in both departments do still start with 20, though.

The two-digit code "98" is used byMonaco.Together with theISO 3166-1 alpha-2country codeFR, the numbers form theISO 3166-2country subdivision codes for the metropolitandepartments. The overseas departments get three digitse.g., 971 for Guadeloupe (see tablebelow).

Originally, the relationship between the departments and the central government was leftsomewhat ambiguous. While citizens of each department elected their own officials, the localgovernments were subordinated to the central government, becoming instruments of nationalintegration. By 1793, however, the revolutionary government had turned the departments intotransmission belts for policies enacted in Paris. With few exceptions, the departments had thisrole until the early 1960s.

Party-political preferences

These maps cannot be used as a useful resource of voter preferences, because General Councilsare elected on a two-round system, which drastically limits the chances of fringe parties, for aslong as they are not supported on one of the two rounds by a moderate party. After the 1992election, the left had a majority in only 21 of the 100 departments; after the 2011 election, theleft dominated 61 of the 100 departments (Mayotte only became a department after the election).

Party affiliation of the General Council Presidents of the various departments in thecantonal elections of 1998.

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Party affiliation of the General Council Presidents of the various departments in theelections of 2001.

Party affiliation of the General Council Presidents of the various departments in theelections of 2004.

Party affiliation of the General Council Presidents of the various departments in theelections of 2008.

Party affiliation of the General Council Presidents of the various departments in the

elections of 2011.

Key to the parties:

Divers Centre= Independents of the Centre orDemocratic Movement(Mouvementdmocrate)

Divers Droite (DVD) = Independent conservatives Divers Gauche (DVG) =Independent left-wing politicians

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Movement_%28France%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Movement_%28France%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Movement_%28France%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscellaneous_Lefthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscellaneous_Lefthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscellaneous_Lefthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conseils_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux_2011.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conseils_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux_2008.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cantonales_2004.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cantonales_2001.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conseils_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux_2011.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conseils_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux_2008.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cantonales_2004.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cantonales_2001.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conseils_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux_2011.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conseils_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux_2008.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cantonales_2004.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cantonales_2001.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conseils_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux_2011.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conseils_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux_2008.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cantonales_2004.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cantonales_2001.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscellaneous_Lefthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Movement_%28France%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrism

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MPF =Movement for France(Mouvement pour la France) (right) Nouveau Centre =New Centre(centre or centre-right) PCF =French Communist Party(Parti Communiste Franais) PRG =Radical Party of the Left(Parti Radical de Gauche) PS =Socialist Party(Parti Socialiste)

UDF =Union for French Democracy(Union pour la Dmocratie Franaise) succeeded byDemocratic Movement UMP =Union for a Popular Movement(Union pour un Mouvement Populaire)

Future

The removal of one or more levels of local government has been discussed for some years; inparticular, the option of removing the departmental level.Frdric Lefebvre,spokesman for theUMP,said in December 2008 that the fusion of the departments with the regions was a matter tobe dealt with soon. This was soon refuted bydouard BalladurandGrard Longuet,members ofthe Committee for the reform of local authorities, known as the Balladur Committee.[1]

In January 2008, the Commission for freeing French development, known as the AttaliCommission,recommended that the departmental level of government should be eliminatedwithin ten years.[2]

Nevertheless, the Balladur Committee has not retained this proposition and does not advocate thedisappearance of the departments, but simply "favors the voluntary grouping of departments,"which it suggests also for the regions, with the aim of bringing the number of the latter down tofifteen.[3]This committee advocates, on the contrary, the suppression of the cantons.[3]

Maps and tablesCurrent departments

Each department has acoat of armswith which they are commonly associated, but not all areofficially recognized or used. In some departments they are used, but in others a logo or emblemis used.

INSEEcode

Arms

1Department Prefecture Region

01 Ain

Bourg-en-

Bresse Rhne-Alpes02 Aisne Laon Picardy

03 Allier Moulins Auvergne

04Alpes-de-Haute-Provence2

Digne-les-Bains

Provence-Alpes-Cted'Azur

05 Hautes-Alpes Gap Provence-

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5/20/2018 Departments of France

9/30

Alpes-Cted'Azur

06Alpes-Maritimes

Nice Provence-

Alpes-Cted'Azur

07 Ardche Privas Rhne-Alpes

08 Ardennes Charleville-Mzires

Champagne-Ardenne

09 Arige FoixMidi-

Pyrnes

10 Aube Troyes Champagne-

Ardenne

11 Aude Carcassonne Languedoc-

Roussillon

12 Aveyron Rodez Midi-Pyrnes

13Bouches-du-Rhne

Marseille Provence-

Alpes-Cted'Azur

14 Calvados Caen Lower

Normandy

15 Cantal Aurillac Auvergne

16 Charente Angoulme Poitou-

Charentes

17 Charente-Maritime3 La Rochelle Poitou-Charentes

18 Cher Bourges Centre

19 Corrze Tulle Limousin

2ACorse-du-Sud

Ajaccio Corsica

2B Haute-Corse Bastia Corsica

21 Cte-d'Or Dijon Burgundy

22Ctes-d'Armor4

Saint-Brieuc Brittany

23 Creuse Guret Limousin

24 Dordogne Prigueux Aquitaine

25 Doubs Besanon Franche-

Comt

26 Drme Valence Rhne-Alpes

27 Eure vreux Upper

Regions and departments ofmetropolitan France; the numbersare those of the first column

The departments in the immediate

vicinity of Paris; the numbers arethose of the first column

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes-Maritimeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes-Maritimeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpes-Maritimeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ard%C3%A8chehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ard%C3%A8chehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennes_%28department%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennes_%28department%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleville-M%C3%A9zi%C3%A8reshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleville-M%C3%A9zi%C3%A8reshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleville-M%C3%A9zi%C3%A8reshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne-Ardennehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne-Ardennehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne-Ardennehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari%C3%A8gehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari%C3%A8gehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midi-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9eshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midi-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9eshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midi-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9eshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne-Ardennehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne-Ardennehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne-Ardennehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcassonnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcassonnehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languedoc-Roussillonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languedoc-Roussillonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languedoc-Roussillonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aveyronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aveyronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midi-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9eshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midi-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9eshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midi-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9eshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midi-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9eshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4nehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4nehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvadoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Normandyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Normandyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Normandyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurillachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurillachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvergne_%28region%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvergne_%28region%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charentehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charentehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angoul%C3%AAmehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angoul%C3%AAmehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitou-Charenteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitou-Charenteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitou-Charenteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charente-Maritimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charente-Maritimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France#endnote_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France#endnote_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France#endnote_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rochellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rochellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitou-Charenteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitou-Charenteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitou-Charenteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cher_%28department%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_region,_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_region,_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corr%C3%A8zehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limousinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limousinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limousinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corse-du-Sudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corse-du-Sudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corse-du-Sudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajacciohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajacciohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Corsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Corsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastiahttp://en.wik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