DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRYB. Sc. (Honours) Part-III Examination, 2008

Session: 2007 - 2008

The courses and distribution of marks are as follows:Course Number Course Title Unit Credit MarksChem-301F Theoretical Chemistry-I 1.0 4 75Chem-311F Electrochemistry & Chemical

Kinetics1.0 4 75

Chem-312F Physical properties, Colloids, Surface Phenomena and Catalysis

1.0 4 75

Chem-321F Reaction mechanism & stereochemistry

1.0 4 75

Chem-322F Natural products & Medicinal Chemistry

1.0 4 75

Chem-323H Industrial Chemistry – I 0.5 2 50Chem-331F Inorganic Chemistry – III 1.0 4 75Chem-332F Nuclear Chemistry 1.0 4 75Chem-333 H Analytical Chemistry – I 0.5 2 50Chem-301AH Class Assessment-III 0.5 2 50Chem-301VH Viva-voce in Chemistry-III 0.5 2 50Chem-301L Practical Chemistry-III 1.5 6 125Total 12 Courses 10.5 42 850

Examination of the theory courses of 75 marks (1.0 unit, 4 credit) shall be of 4 (four) hours' duration, and those of 50 marks (0.5 unit, 2 credit) shall be of 3 (three) hours' duration. The practical courses of 125 marks (1.5 unit, 6 credit) shall be of 24 (twenty four) hours duration (4 days). Marks of the practical course (Chem-301L) include 38 marks for continuous lab. assessment. The students are required to submit a report after each Lab. class to the class teacher(s) for evaluation. After evaluation the report shall be returned to the students. The class teacher(s) shall submit the average marks of all lab. evaluation in sealed envelopes to the Chairman of the relevant examination committee within three weeks from the last class held. The examination committee shall send a copy of each of the consolidated practical and lab. Evaluation marks to the controller of examinations.

Course Chem-301AH (class assessment) includes tutorial, terminal, home assignment and /or class examinations on theoretical courses by the relevant course teacher(s) and attendance* of the students in the classes during the

academic year. Class assessment comprises (a) 80% marks in tutorial, terminal, home assignment and /or class examinations and (b) 20% marks for attendance in the class. The class teacher of each course shall submit the average consolidated marks of class assessments and attendance in sealed envelope to the Chairman of the relevant examination committee within three weeks from the last lab. class held. The relevant examination committee shall prepare the result by taking the average marks of class assessments as submitted by the class teachers of all the courses, and send a copy of the average consolidated marks to the controller of examinations.

Viva-voce examination (Chem-301VH) includes the assessment of the students through oral examination (of all the courses) by the members of the relevant examination committee. The examination committee shall send a copy of the marks to the controller of examinations.

*No student shall be allowed to sit for the examination having less than 60% class attendance.

Course : Chem-301F (Theoretical Chemistry-I)

Examination : 4 hours

Full Marks : 75 ( 1 unit, 4 credit) 60 lectures, 3 lectures per week , total 20 weeks

1. Quantum chemistry (7 lectures): Experimental foundation of the old quantum theory: blackbody radiation, photoelectric effect, heat capacity of solids; Compton effect, spectrum of atomic hydrogen; Bohr-Sommerfield theory; correspondence principle; dual nature of light; particle wave; de Broglie equation; experimental evidence of wave nature of electron; Heigenburg’s uncertainty principle.

2. Wave mechanics (13 lectures): The time dependent and time independent Schrödinger wave equation, physical significance of Ψ, free particle in one and three dimensions, particle in one-dimensional and three-dimensional boxes; quantum mechanics of rigid rotators, simple harmonic oscillators and hydrogen like atoms; normalization and orthogonalization of wave functions; orbitals and their shapes; meaning of quantum numbers.

3. Atomic spectra (8 lectures): Spectral lines of hydrogen; wave mechanics of spectral lines; quantum numbers; electron spins; L-S and J-J coupling; term symbols and selection rules; spectra of alkali and alkaline earth elements; the Zeeman and Stark effects.

4. Molecular symmetry and group theory (12 lectures): Properties of a mathematical group; examples of groups, sub-groups and classes; symmetry elements and symmetry operations; product of symmetry operations; point groups; reducible and irreducible representation of groups; character tables and their applications to spectroscopy.

File:Sly-2008(H) Part-3

5. Statistical thermodynamics (20 lectures): Distribution of molecular states: configurations and weights, instantaneous configuration, dominating configuration, the Boltzmann distribution. Molecular partition function: interpretation of the partition function, partition function for a uniform ladder of energy states, translational partition function, internal energy and entropy for non-interacting molecules. Canonical partition function: the canonical ensemble and canonical partition function, internal energy and entropy for interacting systems, relation between canonical and molecular partition functions for distinguishable and indistinguishable molecules, entropy of a monatomic gas: the Sakur-Tetrode equation. Some applications of statistical thermodynamics: Enthalpy and free energy from partition function; translational, rotational, vibrational, and electronic contributions to the molecular partition function and their estimation; calculation of mean translational, rotational, and vibrational energies and the heat capacities; partition function and equations of state for ideal and real gases; residual entropies; relation between equilibrium constant and partition function.

Reference Books:1. Ira N. Levine : Quantum Chemistry2. J.N. Murrel, S.F.A. Kettle & J.M. Tedder : Valence Theory3. H. Eyring, J. Walter & G.E. Kimball : Quantum Chemistry4. R. Anantharaman : Fundamentals of Quantum

Mechanics5. A.K. Chandra : Introductory Quantum

Chemistry6. Donald A. McQuarrie : Physical Chemistry,

A Molecular Approach7. S. Glasstone : Theoretical Chemistry8. Donald A. McQuarrie : Statistical Thermodynamics9. P.W. Atkins : Physical Chemistry10. W.J. More : Physical Chemistry11. Gurdeep Raj : Advanced Physical Chemistry12. Robert G. Mertimer : Physical Chemistry13. G.N. Banwell : Molecular Spectroscopy14. Rajkumar : Atomic and molecular

Spectra’s copy

Course : Chem-311FElectrochemistry and Chemical Kinetics

Examination : 4 Hours

Full Marks : 75 ( 1 unit, 4 credit, 60 lectures, 3 lectures per week, total 20 weeks)

1. Conductance of electrolytic solutions (15 lectures): Faraday’s laws of electrolysis; electrochemical equivalents; determination of the faraday (F) by silver coulometer; significance of Faraday’s laws; measurements of electrolytic conductivity; equivalent and molar conductances; molar conductance at infinite dilution; law of independent migration of ions; solvation of ions; transport numbers and mobilities of ions; measurements of transport numbers; results of transference measurements; abnormal conductance of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in water and other hydroxylic solvents; diffusion and ionic mobility; theories of electrolytic conductance: Debye-Hűckel-Onsagar theory; validity of Debye-Hűckel-Onsagar equation; ion association; conductances at high frequency and at high fields: the Debye-Falkenhagen and Wien effects; conductometric titrations. Activities and standard states; ion activities; activity coefficients from freezing points; the ionic strength; experimental activity coefficients; theory of strong electrolytes: the Debye-Hűckel theory; poisson-Boltzmann equation; the Debye-Hűckel limiting law for activity coefficients;

2. Electrochemical cells ( 15 lectures): Reversible cells; electromotive force (emf) of a cell and free energy of cell reaction. Types of electrodes (half cells) constituting reversible cells. Classification of electrochemical cells: chemical and concentration cells; liquid junction potentials and their elimination. Standard emf of cells: the Nernst equation; thermodynamics of single electrode potentials; arbitrary potential zero: the hydrogen scale; standard electrode potentials; sign convention; electromotive series and its significance; redox potentials; convention of representing electrochemical cells and calculation of the emf of a cell; reference electrodes; equlibrium constant of cell reaction and emf of a cell; electrode-concentration cells; electrolyte-concentration cells Measurement of emf. Application of potential measurements: calculation of solubility product constants, standard free enthalpies and entropies of aqueous ions, activity coefficients, dissociation constants and pH; potentiometric titrations.

3. Chemical kinetics (20 lectures): Theory of reaction rates: Collision theory of bimolecular gas reactions: basic calculations, comparison with experiments, steric requirement. Diffusion controlled reactions in solutions: diffusion and reaction, formulation and solution of the material balance equation. Activated complex theory: the reaction co-ordinate and the transition state, the Eyring equation, rate of decay of the activated complex, concentration of the activated complex, the rate constant; collision of structureless particles; the kinetic isotope effect; experimental observation

of the activated complex. Thermodynamic aspects of activated complex theory. Dynamics of molecular collisions: reactive collisions, potential energy surfaces, attractive and repulsive surfaces, classical trajectories. Theory of unimolecular reactions: Lindemann-Christiansen hypothesis, Hinshelwood’s treatment.

4. Kinetics of photochemical and radiation chemical reactions (10 lectures): Photochemical reactions: primary processes, reactions of electronically excited species, photochemical thresholds, laws of photochemical equivalence, rotating sector technique, flash photolysis. Laser photochemistry: pulsed lasers, multiphoton excitation. Photosensitization. Radiation chemical reactions: primary processes, pulse radiolysis, hydrated electrons. Chemiluminescence.

Recommended Books:1. P.W. Atkins : Physical Chemistry (6th edn. +)2. W.J. Moore : Physical Chemistry (4th edn.+)3. N. Kundu and S.K. Jain : Physical Chemistry4. Gurdeep Raj : Advanced Physical Chemistry5. S. Glasstone : Introduction to electrochemistry6. E.C. Potter : Electrochemistry7. G. Kotum and J.O’M. Bockris : Introduction to electrochemistry8. K.J. Laidler : Chemical Kinetics (3rd. edn.)9. S.R. Logn : Fundamentals of Chemical Kinetics

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Course : Chem-312FPhysical properties, Colloids, Surface Phenomena and Catalysis

Examination : 4 Hours

Full Marks : 75 ( 1 unit, 4 credit)

(60 lectures, 3 lectures per week, total 20 weeks)

1. Physical properties and chemical constitution (10 lectures): Molar volume; molar refraction; optical activity; effect of applied field on charge distribution in molecules; molar polarization; mechanism of polarization; electrostatics for dielectric media; molecular basis of dielectric constant; Debye equation; determination molar polarization and dipole moment; thermodynamic properties and dielectric permitivity. Behaviour of matter in magnetic field; molecular interpretation of paramagnetism, diamagnetism and ferromagnetism ; determination of magnetic susceptibility.

2. Chemistry of colloids (10 lectures): Colloids and crystalloids; classification; shape and size of colloidal particles; preparation and purification of colloids; properties of colloids: general, optical, electric and kinetic properties; coagulation, peptization and protection of colloids; stability of colloids. Origin of charge; electrokinetic phenomena; structure of double layer; zeta potential; elctrocapillary phenomena; Donnan membrane equilibrium; determination of size of colloids. Gels, emulsions and foams and their properties; colloidal electrolytes; importance and applications of colloids.

3. Liquid-gas and liquid-liquid interfaces (10 lectures): Surface and interfacial tensions; curved interfaces: bubbles, cavities, and droplets; Laplace and Kelvin relations, nucleation. Variation of surface tension with temperature; measurements of surface and interfacial tensions; adsorption and orientation at interfaces; surface activity and surfactants; classification of surfactants; rate of adsorption; thermodynamics of adsorption: Gibbs adsorption equation and its verification. Association colloids: micelle formation, critical micelle concentration (cmc), factors affecting cmc, structure of micelles, solubilization, surface behaviour, conductance, sharpness of cmc, energetics of micellization, the Krafft phenomenon. Spreading: adhesion and cohesion, spreading of one liquid over other, monomolecular films.

4. Processes at solid-gas interfaces (10 lectures) : The extent of adsorption: physisorption and chemisorption; adsorption isotherms: Langmuir isotherm, BET and other (Temkin and Freundlich) isotherms. Rates of surface processes: rates of adsorption and desorption, mobility on surfaces. Catalytic activity at surfaces: adsorption and catalysis – Eley-Riedel mechanism, Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism; molecular beam studies. Examples of catalysis: hydrogenation, oxidation, cracking and reforming.

5. The solid-liquid interface (10 lectures): Contact angle and wetting: spreading wetting, adhesional wetting, immersional wetting, measurement of contact angles; factors influencing contact angles and wetting; wetting agents; water repellency; ore floatation. Detergency: mechanism of detergency, wetting, dirt removal, redeposition of dirt, detergent additives. Adsorption from solutions: solution adsorption isotherms, isotherm equations, surface areas.

6. Homogeneous catalysis (10 lectures): General catalytic mechanisms: equilibrium treatment, steady-state treatment, activation energies for catalyzed reactions. Acid-base catalysis: mechanism, catalytic activity and acid-base strength, salt effects, acidity functions. Enzyme-catalysis: influence of substrate concentration, pH, and temperature; transient-phase kinetics, enzyme mechanisms. Catalysis in gaseous systems; chain

mechanisms, catalysis by variable valency; activation of molecular hydrogen.

Recommended Books:1. P.W. Atkins : Physical Chemistry2. W.J. Moore : Physical Chemistry3. N. Kundu and S.K. Jain : Physical Chemistry4. Duncan J. Shaw : Introduction to Colloid and Surface Chemistry5. A.W. Adamson : Physical Chemistry of Surfaces6. Gurdeep Raj : Advanced Physical Chemistry7. K.L. Kapoor : Physical Chemistry vol. II and III8. Donald H. Napper : Polymeric Stabilization of Colloidal Dispersions

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Course : Chem-321F ( Reaction mechanism & stereochemistry)

Examination-4 hoursFull Marks-75 (1 unit, 4 credit, 60 lectures)

1. Organic acids and bases (6 Lectures): Inductive, mesomeric and structural effects affecting the acidity and basicity. Acid and base catalysis.

2. Nucleophilic Aliphatic Substitution (8 Lectures): SN2 and SN1 mechanisms, stereochemistry, kinetics of SN2 and SN1 reactions, effect of solvent, effect of structure, effect of attacking reagents and leaving groups, aromatic nucleophilic substitution reactions.

3. Elimination Reaction (8 Lectures): E2 and E1 mechanism; stereochemistry, orientation, competition between elimination and substitution.

4. Addition Reactions (8 Lectures): Addition to carbon-carbon multiple bonds; addition of water to alkenes (acid catalyzed hydration). Addition of hydrogen halides, Markownikoff's rule, peroxide initiated addition of hydrogen halide, addition of halogens - mechanism and stereochemistry, nucleophilic additions.

5. Organic Reactions: (16 Lectures)

(a) Mechanisms: Brief idea of the following: Carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles. Important organic reactions with their mechanisms and synthetic applications: Reformatsky, Reimer-Tiemann, Arndt-Eistert, Carbanion condensation: Aldol condensation, Claisen condensation, Perkin condensation, Cannizzaro reaction and Diels-Alder reactions.

(b) Oxidation and Reductions: Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, Wolff-Kishner reduction, Clemmensen reduction, Swern oxidation, Moffat oxidation.

(c) Molecular rearrangement: Hofmann, Lossen, Schmidt, Pinacol-Pinacolone, Beckmann and Curtius.

6. Stereochemistry (14 Lectures): (a) optical isomerism: plane polarised light, specific rotation, molecular dissymmetry, optical isomerism due to asymmetric carbon atoms. Compounds with one asymmetric carbon atom, with two or more similar and dissimilar asymmetric carbon atoms, racemic modification and their resolutions, relative and absolute configuration, asymmetric synthesis, (b) Geometrical isomerism: Geometrical isomerism with reference to olefines, oximes and cyclic compounds, determination of configuration of geometrical isomers and their interconversions.

Recommended Books:

1. I.L. Finar : Organic Chemistry, Vol. I & II2. J.B. Hendrickson, : Organic Chemistry

D.J. Cram and G.J. Hammond3. E.L. Elliel : Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds4. P.S. Kalsi : Stereochemistry, Conformation and

mechanism5. K. Mislow : Introduction to Stereochemistry6. P. Sykes : A Guide Book to Mechanism in

Organic Chemistry7. R.T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd : Organic Chemistry8. E.S. Gould : Mechanism and Structure in

Organic Chemistry9. J. March : Advanced Organic Chemistry Reactions

Mechanisms and Structure10. C.K. Ingold : Structure and Mechanism in

Organic Chemistry11. Elliot R. Alexandar : Principle of Ionic Reactions 12. Raj K. Bansal : Organic reaction mechanism13. J.N. Gurtu and R. Kapoor : Organic reactions and reagents

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Course : Chem-322F (Natural products & Medicinal Chemistry)

Examination-4 hours

Full Marks : 75 (1 unit, 4 credit, 60 lectures)

1. Carbohydrates (10 Lectures): Classification, structure and configuration of aldoses and ketoses, projection formulae and conformations, reactions of monosaccharides, mutarotation, anomerization epimerization; determination

of ring size, conformation of aldohexoses. Molecular rotation and Hudson's rule.

2. Alkaloids (10 Lectures): Occurrence, classification, extraction and isolation of alkaloids, general methods of determining structures. Chemistry of ephedrine, nicotine, atropine and morphine.

3. Purines (5 Lectures): Purine and Uric acid derivatives; Adenine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, guanine, caffeine, theobromine and theophylline.

4. Terpenes (15 Lectures): The essential oils: Classification of terpenes, isoprene rule, occurrence, extraction and isolation. General methods of determining structures of terpenes. Detailed studies of some monoterpenes: (i) acyclic terpenes (citral); (ii) monocyclic terpenes (limonene), (iii) Bicyclic monoterpenes (-pinene).

5. Amino Acids and polypeptides (10 Lectures): Classification, physical and chemical behaviour of amino acids, synthesis, analysis of amino acids, polypeptides; synthesis (assay and sequence).

6. Synthesis of important drugs (10 Lectures):a) Supha-drugs: sulphanilamide, sulphapyridine, sulphathiazole, sulphadiazine,

sulphamethazine, sulphaguanidine, prontosil, chloramine -T.b) Antimalarials: Pamaquine, Chloroquine, Camoquine.c) Fever sinking drugs: Paracetamol, Aspirin, Phenacetin.

Recommended Books: 1. I.L. Finar : Organic Chemistry Vol. I & II2. W. Pigman : Carbohydrates3. S.W. Fox and J.F. Foster : Protein Chemistry4. Alfred Burger : Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. I & II5. J.B. Hendrickson, D.J. Cram : Organic Chemistry

and G.J. Hommond.6. A. Kar : Medicinal Chemistry7. O.P Agarwal : Chemistry of natural products Vol. I & II8. G. Chatwal : Organic Chemistry of natural

products Vol. I & II9. L. Wade Jr. : Organic Chemistry

Course : Chem-323H (Industrial Chemistry)Examination - 3 hours

Full Marks : 50 (0.5 unit, 2 credit, 45 lectures)1 Unit operations and unit processes (2 Lectures): Introduction,

evaporation, distillation, crystallization, and their applications in common industries

2. Pulp and paper (5 Lectures): Sources and classification of raw materials, production of pulps, physical and chemical processes involved in it, making

of paper and paper boards, characterization of papers and their evaluations, outlines for the utilization of wastes and used paper.

3. Petroleum (9 Lectures): General idea of formation, composition and evaluation.(a) Separation operation: Distillation, adsorption, filtration, crystallization,

extraction and treating process.(b) Conversion process: Cracking, polymerization, alkylation, hydrogenation,

hydrocracking, isomerization, reforming or aromatization, esterification and hydrolysis, motor and aviation fuel and their characteristics and evaluation.

4. Natural gas (5 Lectures): Origin, composition and purification, production of hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide; production of urea and the physico-chemical processes associated with its manufacture.

5. Soap and detergents (6 Lectures):(a) General idea of soap and principles of its cleansing action; production

of soaps: raw materials, characterization of fats, oils and waxes, manufacturing procedure, phenomena involved in the improvement of soapy character.

(b) Definition of detergents, detergency principles; classification of detergents and their quality comparison with soaps, production of detergents and physico-chemical operations.

6. Chlor-alkali industry (6 Lectures): General principles of electrolysis, electrolysis of sodium chloride at very dilute, concentrated and molten conditions, definition of brine, sources of sodium chloride, preparation and purification, production of caustic soda and chlorine by electrolytic method, principles of using diaphragm, diaphragm materials, general information of different types of electrolytic cells and their merits and demerits.

7. Refractory and allied materials (7 Lectures): General idea of the composition, classification, characteristics and manufacture of cements and glass including explanations for the various physicochemical operations involved, characteristics and testing.

8. Sugar industry (5 Lectures): Raw materials, production, detail of the operations and processes, refining of sugar, utilization of by-products.

Recommended Bbooks:1. R.N. Shreve : The Chemical Process Industries2. A. Roger : Roger’s Manual of Industrial Chemistry Vol. I & II3. Riegel : Riegel’s Industrial Chemistry4. G. Martin : Industrial Chemistry, Vol. I & II5. Nelson : Petroleum Refinery Engineering6. Vincent Souchelli : Fertilizer Nitrogen7. R.K. Das : Industrial Chemistry, Part I & II8. Robert B. Leighu : Chemistry of Engineering Materials

9. Hayward : Outline of Metallurgical Practice-------------

Course : Chem-331F Inorganic Chemistry-III Examination - 4 hours

Full Marks : 75 ( 1 unit, 4 credit, 60 lectures)

1. Wave mechanics (7 Lectures): Schrodinger’s wave equation, physical significance of , principle of superposition, particle in one dimensional box, particle in three dimensional box, solution of Schrodinger’s wave equation for H-atom, atomic and molecular orbitals.

2. The chemistry of the main group elements (12 Lectures):a) Group VA(15), VIA(16), VIIA(17) and VIIIA (18): Properties of the

elements, and their oxides, hydrides, and halidesb) Interhalogens, polyhalides and pseudohalogensc) Oxides & oxyacides of sulpher & phosphorus

3. Chemical bonding: a) Covalent bond (8 Lectures): Wave mechanical treatment of covalent bond, valence bond (V.B.) theory, Heitler-London treatment and some improvements, molecular orbital (M.O.) theory; comparison between VB and MO theories.b) Metallic bond (3 Lectures): Properties of metal, electron gas model, free electron model (Sommerfeld model).c) van der Waals’ forces (3 Lectures): Dipole-dipole interactions, dipole induced dipole interactions and London dispersion forces.

4. a) Valence-shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR) (5 Lectures): Shapes of molecules of non-transition elements.

b) Molecular geometry ( 4 Lectures) : Shapes of molecules (eg. NH3, H2O, CO3

2-, NO3-, BF3, SF6, PCl5, etc.) on the basis of the concept of

hybridization of bond orbitals; linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, square planar, trigonal bipyramid, square pyramid and octahedral.

5. Coordination chemistry (10 Lectures): Valence bond theory and crystal field theory, splitting of d-orbitals in octahedral and square planar complexes, Factors affecting the magnitude of crystal field splipping, factors affecting CFSE, spectrochemical series; magnetic and spectral properties of coordination compounds, Jahn-Teller distortion; uses of complexation in analysis.

6. Solvents (8 Lectures) : Solubilities of compounds, effect of temperature on solubility, role of water as a solvent, chemical structure and solubility, solubility from chemical reactions, energy change in solution formation.

The effect of hydration and lattice energies. Born’s equation for solubilities of salt.

Recommended Books:

1. R.C. Day and J. Selbin : Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry2. Manas Chanda : Atomic Structure and Chemical Bond3. J.E. Huheey : Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of

Structures and Reactivity4. D.K. Sabera : Electronic Structure and

Chemical Bonding5. F.A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson : Advanced Inorganic Chemistry6. B.E. Douglas and D.H. : Concepts and Models of McDaniel and J. Alexander Inorganic Chemistry7. K.F. Purcell and J.C. Kotz : Inorganic Chemistry8. W.U. Malik, G.D. Tuli : Selected Topics in Inorganic Chemistry

and R.D. Madan9. B.R. Puri and L.R. Sharma : Principles of Inorganic Chemistry.10. G.S. Manku : Theoretical Principles of

Inorganic Chemistry

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Course : Chem-332F(Nuclear Chemistry)

Examination - 4 hours

Full Marks : 75 (1 unit, 4 credit, 60 lectures)

1. Nuclear forces and nuclear structure (10 Lectures):a) Nuclear forces: Nucleon, nuclear forces, characteristic of nuclear

forces, meson field theory.b) Nuclear Structure: Liquid-drop model, shell model, collective model.

2. Nuclear reaction (10 Lectures): Definition, energetics, nuclear cross section, compound nucleus theory, direct interaction, different types of nuclear reactions: nuclear fission theory, energy and mass distribution, nuclear fusion.

3. Interaction of radiation with matters (7 Lectures): Energy loss per ion pair, range, stopping power, velocity and energy of -particles; loss of energy by -particles, Bremsstrahlung, gamma ray interaction with matter – photoelectric effect, Compton effect, pair production and annihilation.

4. Radiation detection and measurements (12 Lectures): Specific ionization, behaviour of ion-pairs in electric fields, ionization chambers, proportional counters, Geiger-muller counters, scintillation counters, semiconductor detectors, Wilson cloud chambers and bubble chambers.

5. Acceleration of charged particles (7 Lectures): The Cockcroft-Walton (voltage multiplier) accelerator, Van de Graaff generator, linear accelerator, cyclotron, synchrocyclotron.

6. Nuclear reactors (8 Lectures): Basic principles of chain-reacting systems, general aspects of reactor design; thermal, fast and intermediate reactors; reactor fuel, moderators, reflectors, coolants and control materials; critical size of a reactor.

7. Radiochemical applications (6 Lectures): Tracer technique, radiometric analysis, isotope dilution, activation analysis, reaction kinetics and mechanisms; hot-atom chemistry (Szilard-Chalmers process), radiocarbon dating.

Recommended Books: 1. S. Glasstone : Source Book on Atomic Energy2. G. Friedlander, J.W. Kennedy, : Nuclear and Radiochemistry

E.S. Macias and J.M. Miller 3. G.R. Choppin : Nuclear and Radioactivity4. H.J. Arnikar : Essentials of Nuclear Chemistry5. B.G. Harvey : Nuclear Chemistry

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Course : Chem-333H (Analytical Chemistry – I)

Examination- 3 hours

Full Marks : 50 (0.5 unit, 2 credit, 45 lectures)

1. Brief idea on (1 Lecture):a) Scope of analytical chemistry b) Units of weight and concentration

2. Evaluation of analytical data (10 Lectures): Definition of terms: mean, median, precision, accuracy; determinate errors and their correction, indeterminate errors, normal error curve & its properties; standard deviation, confidence level, tests of significance (t & F tests), rejection of data (Q-test), sensitivity, detection limit, least square analysis of data.

3. Preliminary steps of analysis (8 Lectures): Sampling, decomposing and dissolving samples; separation of impurities from sample solution: precipitation, solvent extraction and ion-exchange methods; selection of a method for analysis.

4. Titrimetric methods of analysis (8 Lectures):

a) Definition of terms: Titration, standard solution, primary standard, equivalence point, end point, equivalent weight, normality, molarity, ppm, titer.

b) Complexometric tritrations with (i) inorganic complexing agents, e.g., Cl-, SCN-, CN- and (ii) aminocarboxylic acids, e.g. EDTA; EDTA titrations: effect of pH, titration curves, effect of the complexing agents, indicators, titration methods and scope.

c) Precipitation tritrations : principle; titration curves; Mohr, Volhard and Fajan's method of titration.

5. Gravimetric methods (5 Lectures): Mechanism of precipitate formation, particle size and purity, colloidal precipitates, coagulation, peptization, coprecipitation, precipitation from homogeneous solution, organic and inorganic precipitating agents, applications, merits and demerits of gravimetric methods.

Recommended Books:1. D. A. Skoog, D.M. West & : Fundamentals of Analytical

F.J. Holler. Chemistry (6th Ed.)2. G.D. Christian : Analytical Chemistry (4th Ed.)3. D.A. Skoog : Principles of Instrumental

Analysis (4th Ed.)4. H.A. Laitinen and W.E. Harris : Chemical Analysis5. Bassett, Danney, Inorganic Analysis : Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative

Joffery and Mendhams 6. H.H. Willard, L.L. Merritt, : Instrumental Methods of

J.A. Dean and F.A. Settle Analysis (6th Ed.)

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Course : Chem-301L (Physical , Organic & Inorganic Chemistry Practical)

Examination - 24 hoursFull Marks : 125 (1.5 unit, 6 credit)

Section A: Physical Chemistry Practical, Exam-6 Hours, Marks- 37(i) Experiment: 26* Marks, (ii) Continuous Lab. assessment : 11** Marks1. Measurement and control of temperature, setting of water thermostat at

certain temperature with the help of toluene-mercury regulator, preparation of reference electrodes.

2. Determination of viscosity coefficient of the (a) water-alcohol and (b) nitric acid-chloroform mixtures and comments on the structure of the solutions.

3. Determination of the viscosity coefficient of different mixtures of toluene and nitrobenzene to test the validity of Kendall’s equation.

4. Construction of adsorption isotherm of a suitable acid from aqueous solution by charcoal.

5. Determination of the rate constant of acid-catalysed hydrolysis of an ester by titrimetric method at different hydrogen ion concentration.

6. Determination of the rate constant of acid-catalysed hydrolysis of sucrose by polarimetric method.

7. Kinetic studies of reduction of hydrogen peroxide.8. Determination of the partial molal volume of alcohol in alcohol+water

mixture by slope method.9. Determination of cell constant, equivalent conductance at infinite dilution

and verification of D-H-O equation conductometrically. 10. Determination of cooling corves of binary solid system. 11. Boiling temperature vs composition diagram of completely miscible binary

liquid pairs.12. Construction of Daniel cell and determination of the (a) e.m.f. of the cell,

(b) standard electrode potential of quinhydrone, silver and silver-silver chloride electrodes.

NB: A few more experiments, relevant to the theoretical courses may be done, subject to the availability of the Lab. facilities.

Recommended Books:1. D.P. Shoemaker et al : Experiment in Physical

Chemistry2. G.S. Weiss et al : Experiments in General

Chemistry3 A. Findlay : Practical Physical Chemistry4. R.C. Das : Experimental Physical

Chemistry5. J.N. Gurtu : Advanced Experimental

Chemistry6. K.K. Sharma : An Introduction of Practical

Chemistry7. J.C. Muhler et al : Introduction to Experimental

Chemistry8. J. Rose : A Textbook of Practical

Physical Chemistry9. J.B. Yadav : Advanced Practical Physical

Chemistry10. Newcomb, wilson et al : Experiments in Physical

Chemistry

11. Daniels et al : Practical Physical Chemistry12. Brennan et al : Experiments in Physical

Chemistry13. S.R. Palit : Practical Physical Chemistry14. C.D. Hodgman et al : Handbook of Chemistry and

Physics15. R.C. West et al : CRC Handbook of Physics and

Chemistry16. L.A. Lange : Handbook of ChemistrySection B: Organic Chemistry Practical, Exam-12 Hours, Marks- 50

(i) Experiment: 35* (ii) Continuous Lab. assessment: 15**

1. Separation of a mixture of organic compounds and their systematic identification (both solids and liquids)

2. Analysis of cement for (a) insoluble materials, (b) silica, (c) iron (III) oxide, and (d) calcium oxide etc.

3. Determination of iodine value, saponification value, acid value and R.M. value of oils and fats.

4. Analysis of molasses for (a) moisture, (b) total sugars (c) reducing sugars.

5. Estimation of celluose, hemicellulose and lignin in a sample of jute fibre.

Recommended Books:1. A.I. Vogel : A Textbook of Practical

Organic Chemistry2. Shiriner, Fusion & Curtin : Systematic Organic Analysis3. H.T. Clarke : Practical Organic Chemistry4. A.I. Vogel : Elementary Practical Organic

Chemistry Part I, II & III5. J. Bassett & others : Vogel's Textbook of Quantitative

Inorganic Analysis6. Skoog & West : Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry7. Schwarzenbach & Flaschka : Complexometric Titrations

Section C: Inorganic Chemistry Practical, Exam-6 Hours, Marks- 38(i) Experiment: 26* marks (ii) Continuous Lab. assessment: 12** marks1. Gravimetric estimation of the following :

i) Iron as ferric oxide.ii) Barium as barium sulphate.iii) Zinc as zinc ammonium phosphate.

iv) Maganese as manganese pyro-phosphate.

2. Quantitative separation of one component and estimation of the other from the following mixtures :

i) Iron and manganese (separation of iron and gravimetric estimation of manganese as pyro-phosphate).

ii) Copper and zinc (separation of copper and gravimetric estimation of zinc as zinc ammonium phosphate).

iii) Copper and nickel (separation of copper and gravimetric estimation of nickel as nickel(II) dimethylglyoximate.

3. Estimation of hydrochloric acid as silver chloride.

4. Analyses of alloys, ores and minerals.

5. Analysis of coal for (a) moisture, (b) volatile matter and (c) ash, (d) sulphur.

Recommended Books:1. A.I. Vogel : A Textbook of Inorganic

Quantitative Analysis2. Alexeve : Qunatitative Chemical

Analysis3. D.A. Skoog and D.M. West and : Fundamentals of Analytical

F.J. Holler Chemistry (6th Edn)4. Jugal Kishore Agarwal : Practicals in Engineering

Chemistry5. R.K. Das : Industrial Chemistry, part

II6. A.I. Vogel : A Textbook of Inorganic

Quantitative Analysis

* The examiners shall mark the experiment(s) of section A, B & C and submit the marks to the chairman of the relevant examination committee. The final marks shall be computed by the committee.

** The Lab. teachers of sections A, B & C shall evaluate continuously the Lab. classes and submit the average marks of Lab. assessment in sealed envelopes to the Chairman of the relevant examination committee within three weeks from the last lab. held.

The average marks shall be computed by the examination committee. The total marks for the practical course shall be obtained by adding the marks of section A, B & C. The examination committee shall send a copy of the consolidated marks to the controller of examinations.