department of botany i semester paper i diversity of
TRANSCRIPT
Department of Botany
B.Sc. Revised Syllabus
I SEMESTER PAPER I
DIVERSITY OF VASCULAR PLANTS
INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY, VIRUSES, BACTERIA AND PHYCOLOGY
56 hrs
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY. 09 hrs
Scope of Microbiology, Contribution of scientists to the field of Microbiology (Anton Van
Leuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur. Robert Koch, Alexander Fleming) Branches of Microbiology,
Isolation of microbes from soil, Brief account of Culture media, Serial dilution Pour plate
method and colony characteristics of Bacteria and Fungi.
UNIT 2: STUDY OF VIRUSES. 08 hrs
Brief history of Virology (Adolf Meyer, Iwanowsky, Beijerinck, W.M.Stanley, F.W.Twort)
Characteristics of Viruses, General structure – Shape, size, protein coat, envelope, nucleic acids
and carbohydrates. Outline classification of Viruses, Viral disease – Yellow Mosaic of Beans
and Papaya leaf Curl. Structure, Replication and Significance of TMV and Hepatitis B Virus,
Brief account of Prions and Viriods
UNIT 3: STUDY OF BACTERIA. 14
Introduction, Size and shape, Classification based on shape arrangement of cells and flagella,
Ultra structure of Bacterial cell, Cell wall – Structure, Chemical composition, Cytoplasm
Mesosomes, Ribosomes, Flagella, Pili, capsules, nuclear material and Endospores.
A brief account of Plasmids – Definition, Properties, and Types, Structure and Importance of
Ti plasmid. Bacterial nutrition – Phototrophs and chemotrophs, reproduction – Binary fission
and genetic recombination, Economic Importance of Bacteria – Role of Bacteria in Agriculture,
Medicine and Industry, Bacterial Disease – Citrus canker.
General account of Mycoplasma, Sandal Spike Disease. Immunology – Brief account of
Immune system, Application of Immune Techniques in Agriculture and Industry, Monoclonal
antibodies (ELISA, Hybridoma technique)
UNIT 4: PHYCOLOGY 25 hrs
CYANOBACTERIA – Introduction, general characters. Outlines of classification (Fritsch –
1947), Thallus structure, Ultastructure of cell, Photosynthesis, Reproduction, Economic
Importance, SCP, Biofertilizer, Role in Water pollution, Type Study – Gleocapsa, Anabaena,
Scytonema
ALGAE: Introduction, general characters.Outline of classification (Fritsch – 1947), Thallus
structure, Pigmentation, and Economic Importance of Algae in Agriculture, Industry and
Medicine. Occurrence, Structure, Reproduction and Life cycle of Chlamydomonas, Volvox,
Spirogyra, Chara, Sargassum and Polysiphonia
Theory Question Paper Max marks70
I. Answer all the Question selecting suitable choice 1 X 20 =20
II. Answer any Five of the following 2 X 5 = 10
III. Describe any Five of the following 4 X 5 = 20
IV. Explain any Two of the following 10 X 2 = 20
Theory Question Paper Grid
UNITS MCQ 2 Marks 4 Marks 10 marks
20/20 5/7 5/7 2/3
Unit 1 4 1 2 --
Unit 2 4 1 1 1
Unit 3 6 1 2 1
Unit 4 6 4 2 1
• Study of Instruments – Autoclave, Hot air Oven, Incubator and Laminar Air Flow
Chamber.
• Sterilization of Glassware and media preparation ( Nutrient Agar, Martin Rose and
Bengal Agar )
• Isolation of Bacteria and Fungi from soil – Serial dilution Method
• Colony Characteristics of Bacteria and Fungi ( Bacillus, Staphylococcus, E. coli,
Penicillium, Aspergillus and Cladosporium
• Study of Papaya leaf curl ,Bean mosaic, Sandal spike disease and Citrus Canker disease
• Gram staining – Lactobacillus from curds
• Measure of Cell concentration – Yeast cells OR Fungal spores by Haemocytometer
• Type study of Cyanobacteria - Gleocapsa, Anabaena and Scytonema
• Type study of Algae – Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Spirogyra,Chara, Sargassum and
Polysiphonia
PRACTICAL QUESTION PAPER
TIME : 3 hrs MAX MARKS: 35
1. Identify the given specimen A,B and C with labeled diagrams and reasons 3X3 = 9
2. Describe the colony characteristics of the given colony D 2X1 = 2
3. Prepare the temporary Slide E- sketch, label and identify with reasons. Leave
the preparation for observation 4x1 =4
4. Stain the given material F by Gram’s staining. Write the procedure and identify with reasons
OR
Calculate the population of fungal spores/yeast cells using Haemocytometer 5X1=5
5. Identify the slides G and H with labeled diagrams and reasons 2X2½ = 5
6. Record, Submission and Viva Voce 5+3+2 = 10
SCHEME OF VALUATION
1. Three Specimen A, B and C – 1from Algae, 1 from Cyanobacteria and 1 from Herbaria of
diseased plant (Identification – 1 mark, labeled diagrams with reasons – 2 mark)
2. Colony character of D. (Description – 2 marks)
3. Algal Material E (Mounting – 2marks, Identification, diagram and reasons – 2 marks)
4. Specimen F – Gram staining
( Staining – 2marks,Procedure – 2marks, Identification – 1 mark)
OR
Calculation of Fungal spores / yeast cells by Haemocytometer
(Procedure – 2marks, Principle – 1 mark, Calculation – 2 marks
5. Two permanent Slides from Algae ( Identification - ½ mark, Daigram and reasons –2 marks)
6. Record – 5 marks, Submission of 3 herbaria of Plant diseases
( Bacterial and Viral ) – 3 marks and Viva Voce – 2 marks
II SEMESTER
PAPER II
DIVERSITY OF NON VASCULAR PLANTS
MYCOLOGY, LICHENS, MYCORRHIZA, PLANT PATHOLOGY, BRYOPHYTES
AND PLANT ANATOMY
56 hrs
UNIT I: MYCOLOGY 21 hrs
Introduction: General characters, Occurrence, thallus organization, Reproduction, Classification
and Economic Importance.
Structure, Reproduction and Life cycle of Albugo, Peziza, Puccinia and Cercospora.
Role of Fungi in Medicine, Agriculture and Industry
Lichens: General account, Structure, Reproduction, Ecological and Economic Importance
Mycorrhiza: General account.
UNIT 2: PLANT PATHOLOGY: 08 hrs
General account of symptoms, pathogen, etiology, mode of infection and management of Fungal
diseases - Koleroga, Coffee Rust, Grain smut of Sorghum, Blast disease of Rice, Red rot of
Sugar cane and Tikka disease of Ground nut.
A brief account of Biopesticide - Azadirachta, Trichoderma and Bacillus thuringiensis
UNIT 3: BRYOPHYTA 12 hrs
General characters,distribution, Structure, Reproduction, Classification (Rothmaler) and
Alternation of generations in Bryophytes.
Type study – Marchantia Anthoceros and Funaria.
UNIT 4: PLANT ANATOMY 15 hrs
Meristamatic Tissues: Structure, Function and Classification, Organization of Apical meristem –
Tunica Corpus theory and Histogen theory
Secretory Cells and Tissues – Structure, Classification and Significance
Secondary Growth – Origin and Activity of Vascular cambium in Dicot stem
Wood Anatomy – General account, Characters and types of wood
Anomalous Secondary Growth – General account (Dracaena, Boerhaavia)
II SEMESTER
PAPER II
DIVERSITY OF NON VASCULAR PLANTS
MYCOLOGY, LICHENS, MYCORRHIZA, PLANT PATHOLOGY, BRYOPHYTES
AND PLANT ANATOMY
Theory Question Paper Max marks70
I Answer all the Question selecting suitable choice 1 X 20 =20
II Answer any Five of the following 2 X 5 = 10
III Describe any Five of the following 4 X 5 = 20
IV Explain any Two of the following 10 X 2 = 20
Theory Question Paper Grid
UNITS MCQ 2 Marks 4 Marks 10 marks
20/20 5/7 5/7 2/3
Unit 1 5 2 2 1
Unit 2 5 1 2 --
Unit 3 5 2 1 1
Unit 4 5 2 2 1
II SEMESTER
PAPER II
DIVERSITY OF NON VASCULAR PLANTS
MYCOLOGY, LICHENS, MYCORRHIZA, PLANT PATHOLOGY, BRYOPHYTES
AND PLANT ANATOMY
PRACTICALS
• Identification and classification of Fungal members included in theory
• Study of Lichens
• Study of Mycorrhiza
• Study of Plant disease included in theory
• Study of forms of Bryophytes included in the theory
• Anatomy of Dicot and Monocot Stem (Tridax and Grass), Root (Cicer and Canna)
• Anomalous Secondary growth - Dracaena and Boerhaavia
II SEMESTER - PAPER II
End Semester Practical Examination
MYCOLOGY, LICHENS, MYCORRHIZA, PLANT PATHOLOGY, BRYOPHYTES
AND PLANT ANATOMY
TIME : 3 hrs MAX
MARKS: 35
1 Identify the given specimen A, B and C with labeled diagrams and reasons
2½X3 = 7½
2 Prepare the temporary Slide D - sketch, label and identify with reasons. Leave the
preparation for observation
5x1 = 5
3 Write Critical notes on E & F
2½X2 = 5
4 Identify the slides G, H and I with labeled diagrams and reasons
2½X3 = 7
5. Record, Submission and Viva Voce
5+3+2 = 10
III SEMESTER PAPER III
PTERIDOPHYTES, PALEOBOTANY, ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY &
PHYTOGEOGRAPHY
56 HOURS
UNIT I: PTERIDOPHYTES AND PALEOBOTANY 24 hrs
Pteridophytes: General Characteristics, Classification ( Sporne ), Distribution and life cycle .
Type study of Psilotum, Lycopodium, Sellaginella and Marselia ( Developmental stages not
required )
A Brief account of Stelar Evolution, Heterospory and Seed habit
Paleobotany: Introduction, Contribution of Eminent Indian Paleobotanist – Birbal
Sahani,Geological Time Scale, Continental Drift, Fossilization and its types. A brief account of
Rhynia and Glossopteris
UNIT 2: ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY 15 hrs
Environmental Factors (Climatic ,Edaphic and Biotic), Soil erosion,methods of soil
conservation, Ecosystems and its outline Classification, Study of Marine , Grassland, Tropical
evergreen forest and Estuaries.
Ecological Succession – Hydrosere and Xerosere
Ecological Adaptations – Hydrophytes, Xerophytes, Epiphytes, Halophytes and Parasitic
Angiosperms
UNIT 3: ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT 10 hrs
Rain water Harvesting, Water shed Management and Remote Sensing. General account of
Pollution (Air, Water, Noise, Nuclear and Thermal)
UNIT 4: PLANT BIODIVERSITY 07 hrs
Introduction, Genetic diversity, Species diversity, Ecosystem diversity, Keystone species (only
definitions), Hotspots of India, Bioethics.
Methods of Conservation – Ex situ and In situ
Phytogeography – Phytogeographical regions of India, Vegetational types of Karnataka state.
III SEMESTER PAPER III
PTERIDOPHYTES, PALEOBOTANY, ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY &
PHYTOGEOGRAPHY
Theory
Question Paper pattern Max marks70
I Answer all the Question selecting suitable choice 1 X 20 =20
II Answer any Five of the following 2 X 5 = 10
III Describe any Five of the following 4 X 5 = 20
IV Explain any Two of the following 10 X 2 = 20
Theory Question Paper Grid
UNITS MCQ 2 Marks 4 Marks 10 marks
20/20 5/7 5/7 2/3
Unit 1 6 2 2 1/nil
Unit 2 5 2 2 1/nil
Unit 3 6 2 1 1
Unit 4 3 1 2 1
III SEMESTER PAPER III
PTERIDOPHYTES, PALEOBOTANY, ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY &
PHYTOGEOGRAPHY
PRACTICALS
• Type study of forms of Pteridophytes studied in Theory
• Paleobotany – study of specimen/ Slides
• Study of one example for each adaptations ( Specimen / slides)
• Estimation of Dissolved Oxygen and Chloride in the given sample of Water
• Marking of Vegetational types on Karnataka Map
• Study of Density of Plant species by Square Quadrat method
III SEMESTER PAPER III
PTERIDOPHYTES, PALEOBOTANY, ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY &
PHYTOGEOGRAPHY
Practical Examination
TIME : 3 hrs MAX
MARKS: 35
1 Identify and Classify specimen A and B with labeled diagrams and reasons 3X 2 = 6
2 Identify the slides C and D with labeled diagrams and reasons 3 x 2 = 6
3 Comment on Slide / Specimen / Photocopy/ Photography of E 3 X1 = 3
4 Identify and Comment on Ecological adaptations of F and G 2X 2 = 4
5. Estimate the Oxygen / Chloride content of the given water sample H 6 X 1 = 6
6. Record, Submission and Viva Voce 5+3+2 =
SCHEME OF VALUATION
1 Two Pteridophytes Specimen A and B (Identification and classification – 1 mark, labeled
diagrams with reasons – 2 mark)
2. Two Pteridophytes Slides C and D (Identification 1 mark, labeled diagrams with reasons – 2
mark)
3. Fossil Material (Identification 1 mark, comments - 2 marks)
4 Specimen / Slides -(Identification – 1 mark, Comment - 1 mark)
5. Estimation of Oxygen / Chloride (conducting the experiment – 2 marks, Principle. and
Procedure – 2 marks, Result and Discussion – 2 marks )
6. Record – 5 marks, Submission of 3 Permanent slides (free hand sections ) of Pteridophytes
and Ecological specimens -3 marks and Viva Voce – 2 marks
IV SEMESTER
PAPER IV
GYMNOSPERMS AND EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS
56 hrs
UNIT I: GYMNOSPERMS 12 hrs
Gymnosperms: General account ( Salient features and Economic Importance) and Classification
( Sporne ), Distribution, Structure and Reproduction of Cycas, Pinus and Gnetum
(Developmental stages not required )
UNIT 2: EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS 24 hrs
Floral morphology – Transition of vegetative apex to reproductive apex, Microsporangium and
Microsporogenesis – Anther wall, sporogenous tissue, pollen sacs, male gametophyte –
development and pollen morphology – aperture, shapes, size and pollen wall architecture,
Megasporangium – Types of Ovules( Orthotropous, Anatropous, Hemianatropous,
Campylotropous, Amphitropous and Circinotropous), Integuments, Nucellus, Endothelium,
Obturator, Hypostase and Epistase, Megasporogenesis and Female gametophyte, Types of
Embryosacs( Polygonum, Allium and Fritillaria) Fertilisation – pollen germination and pollen
tube growth, pollen – pistil interaction, double fertilization : Syngamy and Triple fusion
UNIT 3: ENDOSPERM 08 hrs
Development of Endosperm (Nuclear, Cellular and Helobial), Ruminate endosperm, Functions
of endosperm, Embryo – Classification of embryogeny (Schnarfs – 1929) Development of Dicot
embryo (Capsella bursa – pastoris) and Monocot embryo ( Luzula forsteria)
UNIT 4: APOMIXIS 12 hrs
Apomixis –a brief account, Polyembryony – Causes, Experimental induction and significance,
Parthenocarpy.
Experimental Embryology – Tissue culture techniques, Anther culture and production of
Androphytes, Somatic hybridization and its practical application in Horticulture
( Micropropogation of Banana), Agriculture ( Haploid production) and Pharmaceuticals
( Secondary metabolites)
IV SEMESTER
PAPER IV
GYMNOSPERMS AND EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS
Theory Question Paper Max
marks70
I Answer all the Question selecting suitable choice 1 X 20 =20
II Answer any Five of the following 2 X 5 = 10
III Describe any Five of the following 4 X 5 = 20
IV Explain any Two of the following 10 X 2 = 20
Theory Question Paper Grid
UNITS MCQ 2 Marks 4 Marks 10 marks
20/20 5/7 5/7 2/3
Unit 1 5 2 2 1
Unit 2 7 3 2 1
Unit 3 4 1 1 1/nil
Unit 4 4 1 2 1/nil
IV SEMESTER
GYMNOSPERMS AND EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS
PAPER IV
PRACTICALS
• Study of Gymnosperm material included in the Theory
• Study of Microsporogenesis and male gametophyte
• Pollen morphology – Grass, Acacia, Mimosa, Hibiscus and pollinia of Calotropis
• Germination of Pollen grains by Hanging Drop method – Eg: Vinca
• Estimation of Pollen viability
• Types of Ovules
• Types of Placentation
• Development of Female gametophyte (2 nucleate, 4 nucleate and 8 nucleate)
• Mounting of Endosperm of Cucumis/ Grevillea
• Mounting of Embryo of Tridax/ Cyamopsis
• Demonstration of Preparation of Explant and Inoculation
IV SEMESTER
End Semester Examination
GYMNOSPERMS AND EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS
PAPER IV
TIME: 3 hrs MAX
MARKS: 35
1 Identify and Classify specimen A and B with reasons 3X 2 = 6
2 Identify the slides C, D and E with labeled diagrams and reasons 3 x 3 = 9
3 Mount the Endosperm/ Embryo of material F and Comment 4 X 1 = 4
4Conduct Pollen germination Experiment/ Estimate pollen viability of G 4X 1 = 4
Comment and leave the slide for evaluation
5. Comment on H 2 X 1 = 2
6. Record, Submission and Viva Voce 5+3+2 = 10
SCHEME OF VALUATION
1 Two Gymnosperms - Specimen A and B (Identification and classification – 1 mark,
reasons – 2 mark)
2. 1 Gymnosperm, 2 Embryology (Anther and Ovary section, types of Ovules, placentation)
(Identification 1 mark, labeled diagram – 1mark, reasons – 1 mark)
3. Endosperm / embryo mounting (Mounting - 2 marks, Comments - 2 marks)
4. Pollen germination / Pollen viability (Conducting – 2 marks, Comments - 2 marks)
5. Types of Pollen grains/ Pollinia (Diagram – 1mark. and comment– 1 mark )
6. Record – 5 marks, Submission of 6 Permanent slides of different types of pollen
grains – 3marks and Viva Voce – 2 marks
V SEMESTER PAPER V
TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY 42 HOURS
UNIT 1 PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY 16 HRS
Principles of Taxonomy-A brief account of classical and modern taxonomy, Systems of
classification and species concept;
Broad outlines of classification proposed by Benthem and Hooker & Engler and Prantl ,
Plant Nomenclature –Binomial system & ICBN principles and aims, a brief account of recent
trends in taxonomy-Chemotaxonomy,Cytotaxonomy, Numerical taxonomy and Computer
application in Systematics.
Ethnobotamy-A brief account and its importance
Field and Herbarium techniques, Botanical gardens- Lalbagh - Bangalore; Ooty -Tamil Nadu &
Howrah - Kokatta; International-Kew Botanical Garden)
Floras- (Flora of Madras Presidency by Gamble; Flora of Karnataka by Fr. Saldhana; Floraof
Bangalore by Razi) and their imiportance, Botanical Survey of India and its functions.
UNIT 2 TAXONOMY 18 HRS
Study of the following families according to Engler & Prantle
Monocots: Liliaceae, Poaceae, Musaceae, Orchidaceae.
Dicots: Magnoliaceae, Moraceae; Annonaceae; Brassicaceae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae,
Euphorbiaceae, Apiaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Apocynaceae, Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae, Rubiaceae,
Cucurbitaceae and Asteraceae.
UNIT 3 ECONOMIC BOTANY 08 HRS
Cereals and Millets – Wheat, Rice, Jower and Ragi.
Pulses- Pigeon Pea, Black Gram and Bengal Gram.
Oils and Fats- Groundnut, coconut, Sunflower.
Fiber- Cotton, Jute and Coir.
Beverages – Coffee, Tea and Cocoa.
Spices – Cardamom, Clove and Cinnamon.
Sugar and starch –Sugarcane, Beetroot, Potato and Tapioca.
Timber – Teak and Rose wood.
Paper and Pulp – Bamboo and Eucaluptus.
Narcotic plants – Ganja and Opium.
Medicinal Plants – Azadirachta, Catharanthus, Sarpagandha
(Mention botanical names, family, parts used and uses)
Theory Question Paper Max marks70
I. Answer all the Question selecting suitable choice 1 X 20 =20
II. Answer any Five of the following 2 X 5 = 10
III. Describe any Five of the following 4 X 5 = 20
IV. Explain any Two of the following 10 X 2 = 20
Theory Question Paper Grid
Mains MCQ 02 Marks 04 Marks 10 Marks
Choice 20/20 05/07 05/07 02/03
Unit – 1 6 2 3 1
Unit – 2 8 3 2 1
Unit – 3 6 2 2 1
• Study of taxonomic characters of families included in theory.
• Modification of stem, root, leaf, inflorescence and fruits
• Study of economically important plants covered in theory and to identify with
Botanical names, facilities, parts used and uses.
• Submission of 05 herbarium specimens (locally available weeds).
• Study of local flora by arranging local collection trips.
V SEMESTER
PAPER V
TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY
Time: 3 Hours Max.Marks: 35
1. Assign the specimens A, B, C, & D to their respective families giving diagnostic Features.
3 x 4 =12
2. Describe E in technical terms. Draw the floral diagram and the floral formula for the
same. 3+1+1=05
3. Identify the specimens F, G, H, & I and highlight their morphological//biological/
Economic importance. 2x4=08
4. Class Records- 03 Marks, Field Trip + Herbaria- 04 Marks &ViaVoce – 03 Marks
SCHEME OF VALUATION
1. Monocot, Archichlamydae, Metachlamydae (01 monocot and 03 dicots)
(Identification – ½ mark, Classification – ½ mark, Important characters – 2 marks.
2. One plant for technical description and Floral diagram with Floral formula (Technical
details – 03 Marks; Floral diagram – 01; Floral Formula – 01)
3. Root / Stem / Leaf modification – 2 examples; 1 from inflorescence, 1from fruit,
2 examples from Economic. Botany.(Identification – ½ mark, Comment - 1½ marks)
4. Class Records, Field Trip + Herbaria & Viva voce 10 marks
V SEMESTER
PAPER VI
CYTOLOGY, GENETICS, EVOLUTION AND PLANT BREEDING
42 HOURS
UNIT-1 MICROSCOPY AND CELL BIOLOGY 16 hrs
Principles, Types and uses of Microscope and Electron microscope.( SEM & TEM)
Chromosome structure and number, Karyotype & Idiogram, nucleosome concept,
Chromosomal basis of heredity, Chromosomal aberrations (Numerical & Structural)
and their significance.
Mitosis -Phases, mitotic apparatus, cytokinesis, mitotic inhibitors, significance of Mitosis,
Meiosis-Phases of meiotic cycle cytological proof of crossing over, synaptonemal complex.
UNIT-2 GENETICS 16 hrs
Introduction, Mendel’s work and deviation from Mendelian laws-Incomplete dominance,
Supplementary, Complementary, Epistasis, Multiple factor inheritance (plant examples),
Linkage and Crossing over. Genetic problems in relation to the above topics.
Extra chromosomal inheritance-Plastid DNA, Cytoplasmic male sterility & its role in hybrid
seed production.
UNIT-3 EVOLUTION AND PLANT BREEDING 10 hrs
Origin of life, brief account of theories of evolution- Lamarkism, Darwinism & Neo Darwinism.
Brief historical account, Methods and objectives of plant breeding, Hybridisation techniques-
Mass selection, Pure line selection and Hybridisation (intergeneric & interspecific)-Hybrid
vigour and Heterosis, Conservation of Germplasm, Pollen banks and Quarantine methods.
PAPER VI
CYTOLOGY, GENETICS, EVOLUTION AND PLANT BREEDING
Theory Question Paper Max marks70
I. Answer all the Question selecting suitable choice 1 X 20 =20
II. Answer any Five of the following 2 X 5 = 10
III. Describe any Five of the following 4 X 5 = 20
IV. Explain any Two of the following 10 X 2 = 20
Theory Question Paper Grid
Mains MCQ 02 Marks 04 Marks 10 Marks
Choice 20/20 05/07 05/07 02/03
Unit – 1 8 3 3 1
Unit – 2 8 3 2 1
Unit – 3 4 1 2 1
PRACTICALS
• Preparation of cytological stains (Acetocarmine and Acetoorcein)
• Study of Mitosis in Allium cepa/Aloe vera root tip
• Study of Meiosis in Allium cepa/Rheo discolor flower bud
• Study of permanent slides of Mitosis and Meiosis
• Karyotype of Allium cepa
• Salivary gland chromosome
• Solving genetic problems related to theory portion
• Vegetative propagation methods (underground plant parts and isolated plant parts
– cutting, grafting-bud and approach, layering-air layering/gootee, simple layering)
• Submission – Records & Permanent slides (1 Mitosis & 1 Meiosis)
PAPER VI - CYTOLOGY, GENETICS, EVOLUTION AND PLANT BREEDING
Practicals
Time : 3 Hours Max Marks: 35
1. Prepare a temporary mitotic squash of material A 5
2. Prepare a temporary meiotic squash of material B 5
3. Identify and comment on C & D 3 + 3= 6
4. Comment on E. 3
5. Solve the Genetic Problem F 6
6. Submission of Record, Slides and Viva-voce 5+2+3=10
Scheme of Valuation
1. A – Preparation – 3 marks, Identification of stages – 1 mark; Diagram – 1 mark
2. B – Preparation – 3 marks; Identification of stages – 1 mark; Diagram – 1 mark
3. C – Karyotype – slide or sketch / Salivary gland – slide or sketch
D – Abnormality of chromosomes
(Identification - ½ mark, Diagram - ½ Mark, Description - 2 marks)
4. E – Vegetative Propagation
( Identification – 1 marks, Comment – 2 marks)
5. F – Problems from (i) Dihybrid cross and Test cross
(ii) Incomplete Dominance
(iii) Complementary factor
(iv) Supplementary factor
(v) Epistasis
6. Submission: 2 permanent slides (01 mitotic and 01 meiotic) + class records
(Marks: 2+5) Viva-voce – 03 marks
PAPER VII
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, GENETIC ENGINEERING,
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
42 HOURS UNIT-1 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY GENETIC ENGINEERING AND
BIOTECHNOLOGY 19 hrs
Introduction, Identification, and Experimental Evidences to show that DNA as
genetic material (Hershey and Chase expt). Chemical nature and replication of
genetic material, genetic code, non genetic RNA, Biosynthesis of proteins,
regulation of gene action in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (Ex: Lac Operon in E. coli)
A concise account of methods used in “Recombinant DNA” technology, gene
libraries, application of genetic engineering in agriculture (BT cotton), Horticulture
(Tomato), Floriculture (genetically modified Petunia with colour gene from maize).
A brief account on hazards and safe guards of genetic engineering technology.
MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY- Fermentation; production of ethanol, Production
of single cell protein – Spirulina
UNIT-2 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY-I 11 hrs
Water and plant cells: Structure and properties of water, water transport processes
(diffusion, pressure driven bulk flow, osmosis, chemical potential of water) Water
absorption by roots and movement of water (Apoplast and Symplast pathways).
Mechanism of Ascent of sap-Vital theories (not pressure theory), Physical force
theories (Dixon and Jolly hypothesis), Loss of water – Transpiration, Kinds,
structure involved, stomatal mechanism, role of transpiration in plants, significance
of transpiration. Factors affecting transpiration anti-transpirations, Guttation.
UNIT-3 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY-II 12 hrs
Mineral Nutrition in plants, absorption of minerals, apparent free space concept
Donnan equilibrium, carrier concept, cytochrome as carrier (Lundegradh’s
hypothesis) lecithin an carrier. Major and minor elements, their deficiency
symptoms, role of nitrogen, phosphorus potassium, magnesium, Zinc, in plant
nutrition.Ion antagonism (Sodium & Potassium).
Phloem transport-Transport of organic solutes (using radioactive tracers
autoradiography), Mass Flow Hypothesis
VI SEMESTER
PAPER VII
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, GENETIC ENGINEERING,
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
Theory Question Paper Max marks70
I. Answer all the Question selecting suitable choice 1 X 20 =20
II. Answer any Five of the following 2 X 5 = 10
III. Describe any Five of the following 4 X 5 = 20
IV. Explain any Two of the following 10 X 2 = 20
Theory Question Paper Grid
UNITS 1 Mark
MCQ 2 Marks 4 Marks 10 Marks
CHOICE
20/20
5/7
5/7
2/3
UNIT – I 6 1 1 1
UNIT-II 7 3 3 1
UNIT-III 7 3 3 1
VI SEMESTER
PAPER VII
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, GENETIC ENGINEERING,
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
PRACTICALS
• Experiment to show rate of transpiration by Potometer (Ganong’s / Farmer’s)
• Extraction of DNA (Demonstration) from Cauliflower.
• Estimation of DNA and RNA
• Streaming of Protoplast to show Cyclosis.
• Determination of osmotic potential of cell sap by plasmolytic method.
• Determination of stomatal index by Epidermal peel method and study of structure of
stomata in Mesophytes Dictos: Eg: Mirabilis.
Monocots: Eg: Gram or Commelina.
• Study of suction force due to transpiration.
• Study of Phloem transport by ringing experiment.
• Study of mass flow hypothesis
VI SEMESTER
End Semester Practical Examination – April 2016
PAPER VII -MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, GENETIC ENGINEERING,
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
Time: 3 Hours Max.Marks:40
1. Determine the Osmotic Potential of cell sap by plasmolytic method
of material A or Determination of stomatal Index of the given material A. 10
2. B-Estimation of RNA or DNA 10
3. Comment of experiments C & D. 5+5
4. Class Record + Viva Voce 5+5
VI Semester
PAPER VIII – PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
42HOURS UNIT-1 ENZYMES 11 hrs.
General aspects; nomenclature, properties, classification, enzyme kinetics
mechanism of enzyme action, regulation (competitive and non-competitive
inhibitors, allosteric enzymes and feedback control)
Factors affecting enzyme activity.
Nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation, nitrate metabolism, assimilation of
ammonia, transamination.
UNIT-2 PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION: 19 hrs
Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic apparatus, principles of light absorption, Emerson
enhancement effect, photosystems I and II, mechanism of transport of electrons
from water to NADP, photophosphorylation (cyclic and non-cyclic); Carbondioxide
fixation (Calvin cycle); C4 pathways CAM pathway; Photorespiration – organelles
involved, mechanism and significance of photosynthesis.
Respiration: RQ glycolysis, TCA cycle, ETS and oxidative phosphorylation,
anaerobic respiration (alcoholic fermentation), Pentose Phosphate pathway and its
significance, factors effecting respiration.
UNIT 3 PLANT GROWTH DEVELOPMENT: 12hrs
Growth, definition, kinetic, growth curve growth regulating substances – Auxins,
Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene and ABA, their role and application in
Agriculture.
A brief account of plant movements (Autonomic and Paratonic)
A brief account of dormancy, photoperiodism, phytochrome and its role, the florigen
concept, vernalization, biological clocks and biorhythms.
Stress physiology Water stress, heat stress, salt stress and its significance.
VI Semester
PAPER VIII – PLANT PHYSIOLOGY - III
Theory Question Paper Max marks70
I. Answer all the Question selecting suitable choice 1 X 20 =20
II. Answer any Five of the following 2 X 5 = 10
III. Describe any Five of the following 4 X 5 = 20
IV. Explain any Two of the following 10 X 2 = 20
Theory Question Paper Grid
Mains MCQ 02 Marks 05 Marks 10 Marks
Choice 20/20 05/07 05/07 02/03
Unit – 1 5 2 2 1
Unit – 2 9 3 3 1
Unit – 3 6 2 2 1
VI Semester
PAPER VIII – PLANT PHYSIOLOGY – III
Practicals
• Separation of Photosynthetic pigments by chromatography and measurement of Rf
values.
• Determination of rate of photosynthesis at different wavelength of light
• Determination of rate of photosynthesis of various concentration of Carbon dioxide
• Role of Respiratory Enzymatic reaction on Seed viability by TTC method.
• Study of Anaerobic respiration using germinating seeds and mercury.
• Determination of Ascorbic acid content in plant material.
• Study of hydrotropism, phototropism and geotropism.
• Calorimetric estimation of reducing sugar by DNS method
VI Semester
End Semester Practical Exam
PAPER VIII – PLANT PHYSIOLOGY – III
Time : 3 hours Max. Marks: 40
1. Separate the photosynthetic pigment from the sample ‘A’ by paper
chromatography and measure their Rf values. 10
2. Estimate the Ascorbic acid content / Reducing sugar I the sample ‘B’ 10
3. Comment on experiments C and D 05+05
4. Class record + Viva 05+05