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Page 1: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities
Page 2: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

Denise Middlebrook, PhDCommunity Intervention Director

Kauffman & Associates, Inc.

Page 3: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

Trauma in AI/AN CommunitiesTrauma in AI/AN Communities

C lt lCultural•“What broke our world apart” 

(Gathering of Native Americans)

Historical• long‐term and cumulative exposure to traumatic events

(Yellow Horse Brave Heart & DeBruyn,1998; Yellow Horse Brave Heart, 2003; Beals et al., 2002; Morsette, 1994; Morsette et al., 2006)

Page 4: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

Trauma in AI/AN CommunitiesTrauma in AI/AN CommunitiesTrauma in AI/AN CommunitiesTrauma in AI/AN CommunitiesIntergenerational

•Unresolved trauma that is internalized and passed on from generation to generation

•Trauma is normalized.  “It’s just the way things are here on the rez.”  (Elder from Northern Plains Tribal Community)

PresentPresent•Trauma experienced today

•Higher rates of death due to disease•Aggravated assault twice that of the country as a wholegg y•Violent death accounts for 75% of AI/AN youth in late adolescence and early adulthood•Highest rates of meth use•PTSD•PTSD

(IHS,1999; D.S. Bigfoot, 2007;Stahl & Chong, 2002; Cohen et al., 2004; Cohen et al., 2006; Morsette et al., 2006; NCAI, March 2009)9)

Page 5: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities
Page 6: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

Consequences of Trauma :Consequences of Trauma :AI/AN Community Risk FactorsAI/AN Community Risk Factors

Loss of lands, culture, language, subsistence or traditional way of lifelife

Continued pressure to assimilate

Feelings of being torn between two different worlds

Intergenerational post‐traumatic stress disorder g p

Page 7: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

Consequences of Trauma :Consequences of Trauma :q fq fAI/AN Community Risk FactorsAI/AN Community Risk Factors

SES levels: Ongoing and pervasive poverty, high unemployment, lack of academic achievement, and economic opportunity

L k  f th  “ t it  t  b  i d t i ”Lack of the “opportunity to be industrious”(Northern Plains Tribal Leader)

Dependence on TANF and other subsidies

Low community self‐esteem(Chandler & Lalonde, 2003)

Low community expectations for success

Page 8: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

Consequences of Trauma :Consequences of Trauma :q fq fAI/AN Community Risk FactorsAI/AN Community Risk Factors

Community‐level hopelessness, learned helplessness 

Alcoholism/drug use

Community violence

Community shameCommunity shame

Highest rates of youth suicide in the country

Page 9: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities
Page 10: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

Family disruptionHigh rates of unemploymentLow academic achievementPovertyPovertyLack of economic opportunityFamily stressful life events and trauma

b bSubstance AbuseSpousal and Child AbuseStigma around seeking mental health treatmentg gLack of information about youth violence, bullying, and warning 

signs for suicide

Page 11: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities
Page 12: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

Gender

Age

History of mental health problemsd i  h l     i   killdepression, hopelessness, poor coping skills

Friends or family members who have attempted or completed suicide

Alcohol use/abuse

No father at home

(IHS  1998‐99;CDCWISQARS; Mason et al  1989; Grossman et al  1991); Howard‐Pitney  et al  (IHS, 1998 99;CDCWISQARS; Mason et al., 1989; Grossman et al., 1991); Howard Pitney  et al., 1992; Gartrell, et al., 1993)

Page 13: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

Suicide rates by ethnicity and age group Suicide rates by ethnicity and age group  United United Suicide rates by ethnicity and age group Suicide rates by ethnicity and age group ‐‐‐‐ United United States, 2000States, 2000‐‐20052005

30

35

on

20

25

0,00

0 po

pula

tio

Eur-Amer NonLatino

Afr-Amer NonLatino

Native American

Asian-PI

10

15

Rat

e pe

r 100 Latino

0

5

00-04

05-09

10-14

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64 65

+

0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6

Age Group in years

Source: CDC vital statistics

Page 14: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities
Page 15: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

Suicide rates by region for persons aged 0Suicide rates by region for persons aged 0‐‐19 years 19 years –– U.S., 1989U.S., 1989‐‐1998 1998 , 9 9, 9 9 9999

(U.S. average rate 3.03)(U.S. average rate 3.03)Portland 7.70 Billings 8.08 Aberdeen 19.07

WA

ORID

MT

WY

ND

SD

MN

WI

MIME

Bemidji 8.94

Phoenix 7.71

NE IA

IN PA

NY

CA

California 3.48

KS

TN NC

NVUT

AZ

CO

Percentile

3 4

Tucson 18.25 TX

OK

LA

MS AL

95‐10075 ‐9450 ‐ 740 ‐ 49

FL

SCAZ NM

Navajo 7.31

Albuquerque 7.25 Nashville 2.54

49

AK

Alaska 23.77Oklahoma City 3.11

Page 16: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

Stressful Life events:• Acute personal trauma• Acute personal trauma• Chronic personal trauma• Community Trauma• Bullying and other forms of violence• Physical illnessy• Multiple home placements

PTSD

Unresolved Grief

Frequent contact with criminal justice system

Family and community instability

Parental unemployment

(Bigfoot, 1988; Manson et al.,1989 Howard‐Pitney et al.,1992; Middlebrook, et al., 2001)

Page 17: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

Boarding Schools

Cultural conflict and pressure to acculturate

Disruption of cultural values

Identity conflict

Lack of recreational opportunity

Lack of educational opportunity 

Poverty

(Berlin, 1985; Hochkirchen & Jilek, 1985; Lipschitz, 1995)( , 9 5; J , 9 5; p , 995)

Page 18: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities
Page 19: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

Factors associated with resiliency:Higher levels of self‐esteemHigher levels of self‐esteemSense of Self EfficacyCultural valuesCommunity supporty ppFamily Support

Strong maternal figures

Spirituality

Strong sense of identityStrong sense of identity

(Goodluck, 2002; Tester and McNicoli, 2003; Goodluck & Willeto, 2004; LaFromboise et al, 2006)

Page 20: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

Family SES levelyAlcohol and drug free familiesHealthy familiesIntact communitiesIntact communitiesPositive Attitude toward schoolSchool Athletics and other recreational activitiesA d i   hi t/Academic achievement/successGood communications skillsRecognition for achievementEnculturation

(Howard‐Pitney et al., 1992; Zimmerman et al.,1998; Goodluck, 2002; Chandler and Lalonde, 2003; Goodluck & Willeto, 2004; LaFromboise et al, 2006)a d a o de, 003; Good uc & eto, 004; a o bo se et a , 006)

Page 21: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

A i  I di   d Al k  N i  A i  I di   d Al k  N i  American Indian and Alaska Native American Indian and Alaska Native Prevention ProgramsPrevention Programs

Middlebrook, D., LeMaster, P., Beals, J., Novins, D., & Manson, S. 2001. Suicide Prevention in American Indian and Alaska Native Communities: A Critical Review of Programs. Suicide and Life‐Threatening Behavior, 31, 

 132‐149. 

Page 22: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

Institute of Medicine Guidelines

1) Well‐defined risk and protective factors

2) Targeted population group

3) The intervention itself

4) The research design used to test the program4) The research design used to test the program

5) Evidence concerning the implementation

6) And evidence concerning the outcomes

Page 23: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

School‐based School based Risk Factors

Suicide potentialPsychological distressPsychological distressStressful life eventsAlcohol and drug use

Protective FactorsProtective FactorsCoping, self‐efficacy, problem solvingCommunication skillsInformation on suicideInformation on suicideGoal settingCultural & Spiritual development 

(LaFromboise & Howard‐Pitney, 1994, 1995)

Page 24: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

School & Community‐basedSchool & Community basedUse of “Natural Helpers” Risk Factors

Alcohol and drug abuseAlcohol and drug abuseChild abuse ,violence between intimate partnersTraumatic death or injurySuicide Suicide 

Protective FactorsSelf‐esteemTeam buildingTeam‐buildingCommunity EducationScreening

(Serna  May  Sitaker 1998)(Serna, May, Sitaker 1998)

Page 25: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

School & Community‐basedRi k F tRisk Factors

DepressionSuicide of friends & family membersAlcohol and drug abuseAlcohol and drug abuseCommunity violenceChild abuse & neglectCrimeCrimeHigh unemployment, lack of job skills

Protective FactorsC lt l & S i it l  tiCultural & Spiritual practicesImproving community relations

( )(Tower, 1989)

Page 26: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

Community‐based, Residential Treatment Facility, Out‐Patient trainingtraining

Risk FactorsDepressionAlcohol and drug abuseAlcohol and drug abuseUnresolved griefFamily history of suicidePhysical health problemsy p

Protective FactorsSpiritual and Cultural  ConnectionsMoral developmentMoral development

(Fleming, 1994 )(Fleming, 1994 )

Page 27: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

School & Community‐BasedRisk Factors

SuicideDepression, despairl k  f  i l &  i   t iti   i t t  tlack of social & economic opportunities, persistent povertySome tribal normsPressure to acculturate

Protective FactorsProtective FactorsSelf‐esteemPhysical HealthCultural Connectedness

(Davis, Hunt, & Kitzes, 1989)

Page 28: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

Traveling clinic Risk Factors

DepressionAlcoholismSuicideEconomic privationBroken homesEmotional problems

Protective FactorsNone Reported

(K h  & D lk       88)(Kahn & Delk, 1973, 1975, 1988)

Page 29: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

At‐Risk Incarcerated Youth, Community‐basedRisk Factors

socioeconomic and interpersonal factorsself‐destructive behaviorsalcohol & inhalant use,cultural identity confusionchild‐rearing practicesgender

Protective FactorsNone Reported

(Di     l    Sh     l    L  & Sh  (Dizmang, et al., 1974; Shore et al., 1972; Levy & Shore, 1977

Page 30: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

School & Community‐basedRisk Factors

Alcohol abuseLoss of historyyLoss of ethnic identityFamily breakdown

Protective FactorsNone Reported

(Fox et al.,1984)

Page 31: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

Urban School & Community‐basedRisk Factors

Alcohol and drug abuseLack of community identificationyCoping skillsPoor nutrition & health

Protective FactorsDecision‐makingSelf‐esteemPersonal identity

(Dorpat, 1994)

Page 32: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities
Page 33: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

Summary and Recommendations for Prevention Program DevelopmentPrevention Program Development

Page 34: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

Data Development

Risk Factors for Youth SuicideRisk Factors for Youth Suicide

Evaluation of Interventions to Prevent Youth S i idSuicide

Suicide Prevention Services

Public Information & Education

B d  A h  Broader Approaches 

Page 35: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

Encourage research focused on AI/AN youth Encourage research focused on AI/AN youth resilience

Fund community participatory researchFund community participatory research“nothing about us without us”

Bring tribes to the table from the beginningBring tribes to the table from the beginning

Bring tribal youth to the table

Improve & fund suicide prevention initiativesImprove & fund suicide prevention initiativesFund school‐based prevention 

Community‐based preventiony p

Involve youth in program development

Create partnership with tribes for improving their p p p gown culturally‐based interventions

Page 36: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

Improve collaboration between county and state mental health systems  

Public/Private Partnerships

I di  H lth S iIndian Health Servicesmental and physical health services in every communitycommunity

Increase the number of qualified native mental health professionals

DHHSAI/AN youth mental health initiatives

Capacity development initiatives

Page 37: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities

Reservation Infrastructure Development InitiativesInitiatives

recreation

economiceconomic

education

roadsroads

transportation

housingg

Page 38: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities
Page 39: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities
Page 40: Denise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director 3 Middlebrook.pdfDenise Middlebrook, PhD Community Intervention Director Kauffman & Associates, Inc. Trauma in AI/AN Communities