denise and pam - colorado natural heritage program...7/3/2018 2 two things you should know i am the...
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Botany Primer June 26, 2018Montrose, CO
Denise Culver and Pam SmithColorado Natural Heritage ProgramWarner College of Natural ResourcesColorado State Universitywww.cnhp.colostate.edu
Denise and Pam
Denise R. Culver
• Grew up in Rock Springs, WY!
• Park Service flunky for 10+ yrs
• BS from U of WY, MS ‐MSU
• Worked in Wyoming,
Montana, and Colorado
• Started at CNHP in 1995
• Bicycled the Baja Peninsula
Pam Smith
• BS Botany, Ohio, MS Botany Michigan, 10 years in Colorado
• Park Ranger 11 years
• Private Consulting 13 years
CSU 2008
• Volunteer: Forensic Botany, CSU Extension, City of FC Natural Areas
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Two things you should know
I am the teacher But I also offer free car repairs as needed for the class
Two things you should know
I have a twin sister(she’s the evil one)
My current favorite plant is a barrel cactus
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Your Turn!!
Outline1. Overview of Plant Classification and
Evolution
2. Basic Terminology
3. Vegetative Morphology
4. Flowers and Fruits
5. Session over at 4:00
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Carl Linneaus 1707‐1778
Plant Classification• Study of patterns in plants and their families
• Linnaeus formalized modern system of naming organisms ‐ binomial nomenclature
• Every thing has a unique Latin name
• Genus + Specific Epithet = Species Name
• Culver denise L.
– Genus capitalized, species not; underlined
or italics
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Vascular Plant ClassificationKingdom—PlantaeDivision (phyta)Class (sida)Subclass (ae)Order (ales)Family (aceae)Genus Species
Rio Grande CottonwoodKingdom—PlantaeDivision—Magnoliophyta‐Flowering Plants Class—Magnoliopsida‐DicotyledonsSubclass—DilleniidaeOrder—SalicalesFamily—SalicaceaeGenus—PopulusSpecies—deltoidesSubspecies—wislizeni
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Plant Taxonomy
The science that finds, identifies, describes, classifies and names plants.
Herbaria
• Herbarium (single) – plant specimen repository
• Specimens last a very long time
• DNA, seeds, spores
• Used to document environmental changes: climate change, pollution
• Many are digitized so photos of specimens available
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Big national herbaria or smaller local herbaria…
Oldest Herbarium Specimen 15th Century Italy
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Common Name vs Scientific Name
Also known as redstem filaree, redstem stork's bill, common stork's‐bill or pinweed in the US!
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Kingdom Plantae – Plants
Subkingdom Tracheobionta – Vascular plants
Superdivision Spermatophyta – Seed plants
Division Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants
Class Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Subclass RosidaeOrder GeranialesFamily Geraniaceae – Geranium family
Genus Erodium L'Hér. ex Aiton – stork's bill PSpecies Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. ex Aiton – redstemstork's bill
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. ex Aitonredstem stork's bill
Illustrated identification guide of the Perm Region plants // S.A. Ovesnov, E.G. Efimik, T.V. Kozminykh et al.; ed. by S.A. Ovesnov. Perm: Book world, 2007. 743 p.
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Collected by Charles Darwin on the Voyage of the Beagle No: 73211 Sept 1832Cambridge Museum Collection
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How long have plants been on Earth?
• Flowering plants burst into the fossil record 100 million years ago
• Ancestors colonized land over 500 million years ago!
• New research is showing green algae are ancestors.
Plant Evolution
Era Period Mil. Years Evolutionary Event
Precambrian 3,800‐542 Earth’s crust and oceans form‐no life, Simple cells, algae, O2, herbivoresPlant cells develop chloroplasts=photosynthesis
Cambrian 510‐570 Marine life, inverts, shells, predators
Ordovician 440‐510 First fish, plant/fungi symbiosis begins on land
Paleozoic Silurian 408‐440 Vascular plts, millipeds, fish with jaws
Devonian 362‐408 Ferns, horestails, club moss, amphibians
Mississippian 323‐362 Coal age, winged insects, reptiles
Pennsylvanian 290‐323 Cycads, ginkos, primitive conifers
Permian 248‐290 Modern insects, dragonflies, beetles; first mass extinction
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Plant Evolution (cont)
Era Period Mil. Years Evolutionary Event
Triassic 213‐248 First dinosaurs and mammals
Mesozoic Jurassic 143‐213 First flowering plants, first birds
Cretaceous 65‐143 Flowering plants spread, broad‐leaf trees
Tertiary/Paleogene 23‐65 Primates, deer, grasses, lilies, roses, peas
Cenozoic Tertiary/Neogene 1.65‐23 Human ancestors, horse, dogs, asters
Quaternary 0‐1.65 Modern humans
Mosses, ferns, fern allies and liverworts produce spores
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Plant Evolution – seed plants
• Gymnosperm means naked seed
not enclosed in an ovary. Pollinated by wind.
• Angiosperm— produce flowers, seeds enclosed in an ovary (fruit)
• Coevolved with insects
– Ovary becomes a new dispersal system=fruit
Gymnopserms
Conifers, Cycads, and Ginkos
Winged seed
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Angiosperms
Monocot vs. Dicot
Two classes in the flowering plants are distinguished by the number of “seed leaves” they produce.
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Plant Evolution (cont)Monocotyledon vs Dicotyledon
Terminology—Duration
• Annual—living for 1 year or less• Biennial—living for 2 years,
typically flowering/fruiting second year
Perennial—living for 3 years or more
• Deciduous—plants which shed all leaves at end of growing season
• Evergreen—remaining green during dormant season
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Terminology—Habit(general appearance)
• Acaulescent—basal lvs or
stemless [opp. caulescent]
• Caespitose or cespitose—growing in tufts,
mats or clumps vs rhizomatous
• Prostrate, decumbent, or procumbent—
lying flat upon the ground
• Shrubs—woody perennials with more than one principal stem
• Trees—woody perennials with a single, main stem or trunk
• Vine—herbaceous plants with elongate, flexible,non‐self supporting stems
• Herbs/Forb—plants with non‐woody stems die back each year
Vegetative Morphology
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Root Terminology
Fibrous (petunia, bean, pea)
Taproot (carrot, parsnip, radish)
Tuberous (sweet potato, morning glory, dahlia)
• Absorb nutrients and moisture• Anchor plant• Serve as a food storage
Stem TerminologyStems are structures which support buds and leaves and serve as conduits for carrying water, minerals, and sugars (vascular system)
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Stem Terminology(external)
INTERNODE –region between 2 nodes
NODE – point
where leaf is inserted on stem
NODE
LATERAL BUD
TERMINAL BUD
Stem TerminologyAbove ground stems• Stolon—horizontal stem e.g., strawberry• Tendril– twining stem e.g., grapes, hops• Thorn—sharp‐pointed stem e.g., Russian olive
Under ground stems• Bulbs—upright series of fleshy overlapping leaf bases e.g., onions• Corms—upright, hard or fleshy stem surrounded by dry scaly leaves e.g.,
gladiolus “bulb”• Rhizome—specialized stem which grows horizontal just below soil
surface e.g., grasses• Tuber—enlarged rhizome containing stored food e.g. potato [eyes are
modified buds]• Tuberous stem—short, flattened, modified storage stem e.g., dahlias
[Caudex ‐‐a taproot that has fused with the stem and is often woody]
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Stem Types
Leaf Terminology
• Leaf blade—flattened part of the leaf
• Petiole—leaf stalk• Stipules—leaf‐like appendages
at the base of the leaf
• Scale‐like—mature leaves common on junipers
• Awl‐shaped—juvenile leaves common on some junipers
• Linear‐shaped‐narrow, flat needles of spruce, fir, and yews
• Needle‐like‐as in pine, single, bundle, or cluster of needles makes a rounded shape
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Leaf Arrangement on Stems
• Alternate‐one leaf at node e.g. willow• Opposite‐2 leaves at node e.g. maple• Whorled‐3 or more at node e.g. milkweed• Rosette‐spiral cluster of leaves arranged at the
base (or crown) e.g. dandelion
Leaf Arrangement on Stem
ALTERNATE 1 LEAF PER NODE
Coyote Willow (Salix exigua)
OPPOSITE 2 LEAVES PER NODE
Cranberry bush (Viburnum sp.)
WHORLED 3 OR MORE
LEAVES PER NODE
Horsetail milkweed (Asclepias subverticillata)
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Leaf Arrangement
BasalCaulineRosette
Leaf Arrangement on Petiole
Simple‐one continuous unitCompound‐2 or more segments or leaflets from same petiole
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Compound leaf
*need to look for the petiole attachment. Leaf petiole attaches to the stem at a bud node—there is no bud node where leaflets attach to the petiole*
Leaflet
Rachis (main axis)
Stipule
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Leaf Shapes
Leaf Shape
Leaf Tips
Leaves (cont.)
Illustrations by Crystal Strouse
Leaf basesLeaf margins
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Leaf Venation
NET‐LIKE
PALMATE
PARALLEL
Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana var.melanocarpa)
Golden currant (Ribes aureum)
Stream orchid (Epipactis gigantea)
Monocot and Dicot Leaf Types
Parallel venation—veins run in parallel lines as in monocots
Net‐veined or reticulate—veins branch from the main rib and then subdivide as in dicots
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Leaf Modifications
Bract‐specialized, often highly colored leaf below flower to attract pollinators e.g. poinsettia, Indian paintbrush
Spine‐reduced, pointed leaf e.g., cactus
Tendril‐twining leaf or a portion of leaf used for climbing e.g., Virginia creeper, peas, grapes
Adhesive disc‐modified leaf used for attachment mechanism e.g. ivy
Splitting Hairs
Illustrations by Crystal Strouse
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Flowers
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Monoecious = one house
Staminate & PistillateMale & Female
=
Two different types of flowers (male flowers and female) on one plant
Monoecious vs Dioecious
http://www.easttennesseewildflowers.com/gallery/var/albums/Summer‐Roadsides‐White/Copy_of_Arrowhead_male_female1.jpg?m=1348888061
Monoecious squash and corn
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(Staminate)Male House
(Pistillate) Female House
Dioecious = 2 separate houses
Monoecious vs Dioecious
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Some grasses and sedges are dioecious
Perfect FlowerFlower with both stamens and pistil within same
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Flower Parts
Ovary Position
Floral parts below or hypo ovary is superioror above ex.
mustard, mallow
Floral parts are fused into a cup or hypanthium (peri =around) or surround ovaryex. roses and Currant,
gooseberries
Floral parts arise from above
(=epi) the ovary is inferior or
Below ex. Blazing star, sunflower, orchids, apple,
banana
Hypanthium
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Sterile Flower Parts
Petals (Corolla)
Sepals (Calyx)
Receptacle
Peduncle
Perian
th
Fertile Flower Parts
Carpels/Pistils Female
Androecium = all stamens
Stamens Male
Gynoecium = all carpels of a flower
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Gynoecium
Stigma
Ovary
Pistil/CarpelStyle
Androecium
Anther
Filament
Anther + Filament = Stamen
Staminodia
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Inflorescence
Flower Symmetry
Actinomorphic (radial)
Zygomorphic (bilateral)
Bilabiate (2‐lip)
Papilionaceous (butterfly)
Campanulate (bell shape)
Funnelform
Cruciate (cross)
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Fruit
• Reproduction and horticulture uses
• Food, feed, oils
• Aesthetic qualities
• Plant identification e.g., sedges, grasses
• Contains the seeds (ovules) and ovary wall
Ovary wall becomes fleshy part of the fruit
Dry Fruits
CAPSULE
SILIQUE LEGUME CARYOPSIS
ACHENESunflower (Helianthus annuus) Yucca (Yucca glauca)
Purple mustard (Chorispora tenella)Wild licorice (Glycyrrhiza lepidota)
Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
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Fleshy Fruit
HIP
BERRYAGGREGATE
ACCESSORY
DRUPE
Wood’s rose (Rosa woodsii)
Thimbleberry (Rubus deliciosus)
Strawberry (Fragaria sp.)
Peach (Prunus persica)
Twinberry honeysuckle (Lonicera involucrata)
Fleshy Fruits
Berry with multiple seedsSeparate fruits
grown together Drupe‐not a nut
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FinallyPhotosynthesis!!
Photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis vs RespirationPhotosynthesis Respiration
Produces sugars from light energy Burns sugars for energy
Stores energy Releases energy
Occurs only in cells w/chloroplasts Occurs in most cells
Releases oxygen Uses oxygen
Uses water Produces water
Uses carbon dioxide Produces carbon dioxide
Requires light Occurs in dark and light
Tomato/Potato Plant!!
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Test your Memory Skills
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