denise and pam - colorado natural heritage program...7/3/2018 2 two things you should know i am the...

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7/3/2018 1 Botany Primer June 26, 2018 Montrose, CO Denise Culver and Pam Smith Colorado Natural Heritage Program Warner College of Natural Resources Colorado State University www.cnhp.colostate.edu Denise and Pam Denise R. Culver Grew up in Rock Springs, WY! Park Service flunky for 10+ yrs BS from U of WY, MS MSU Worked in Wyoming, Montana, and Colorado Started at CNHP in 1995 Bicycled the Baja Peninsula Pam Smith BS Botany, Ohio, MS Botany Michigan, 10 years in Colorado Park Ranger 11 years Private Consulting 13 years CSU 2008 Volunteer: Forensic Botany, CSU Extension, City of FC Natural Areas

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Page 1: Denise and Pam - Colorado Natural Heritage Program...7/3/2018 2 Two things you should know I am the teacher But I also offer free car repairs as needed for the class Two things you

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Botany Primer  June 26, 2018Montrose, CO

Denise Culver and Pam SmithColorado Natural Heritage ProgramWarner College of Natural ResourcesColorado State Universitywww.cnhp.colostate.edu

Denise and Pam

Denise R. Culver

• Grew up in Rock Springs, WY!

• Park Service flunky for 10+ yrs

• BS from U of WY, MS ‐MSU

• Worked in Wyoming, 

Montana, and Colorado

• Started at CNHP in 1995

• Bicycled the Baja Peninsula

Pam Smith

• BS Botany, Ohio, MS Botany Michigan,  10 years in Colorado

• Park Ranger 11 years

• Private Consulting 13 years

CSU 2008

• Volunteer: Forensic Botany, CSU Extension, City of FC Natural Areas

Page 2: Denise and Pam - Colorado Natural Heritage Program...7/3/2018 2 Two things you should know I am the teacher But I also offer free car repairs as needed for the class Two things you

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Two things you should know

I am the teacher But I also offer free car repairs as needed for the class

Two things you should know

I have a twin sister(she’s the evil one)

My current favorite plant is a barrel cactus

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Your Turn!!

Outline1. Overview of Plant Classification and 

Evolution

2. Basic Terminology

3. Vegetative Morphology

4. Flowers and Fruits

5. Session over at 4:00

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Carl Linneaus 1707‐1778

Plant Classification• Study of patterns in plants and their families

• Linnaeus formalized modern system of naming organisms ‐ binomial nomenclature

• Every thing has a unique Latin name

• Genus + Specific Epithet = Species Name

• Culver denise L. 

– Genus capitalized, species not; underlined 

or italics

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Vascular Plant ClassificationKingdom—PlantaeDivision (phyta)Class (sida)Subclass (ae)Order (ales)Family (aceae)Genus Species

Rio Grande CottonwoodKingdom—PlantaeDivision—Magnoliophyta‐Flowering Plants Class—Magnoliopsida‐DicotyledonsSubclass—DilleniidaeOrder—SalicalesFamily—SalicaceaeGenus—PopulusSpecies—deltoidesSubspecies—wislizeni

Page 6: Denise and Pam - Colorado Natural Heritage Program...7/3/2018 2 Two things you should know I am the teacher But I also offer free car repairs as needed for the class Two things you

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Plant Taxonomy

The science that finds, identifies, describes, classifies and names plants. 

Herbaria

• Herbarium (single) – plant specimen repository

• Specimens last a very long time

• DNA, seeds, spores

• Used to document environmental changes: climate change, pollution

• Many are digitized so photos of specimens available 

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Big national herbaria or smaller local herbaria…

Oldest Herbarium Specimen 15th Century Italy

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Common Name vs Scientific Name

Also known as redstem filaree, redstem stork's bill, common stork's‐bill or pinweed in the US!

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Kingdom Plantae – Plants

Subkingdom Tracheobionta – Vascular plants

Superdivision Spermatophyta – Seed plants

Division Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants

Class Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons

Subclass RosidaeOrder GeranialesFamily Geraniaceae – Geranium family

Genus Erodium L'Hér. ex Aiton – stork's bill PSpecies Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. ex Aiton – redstemstork's bill

Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. ex Aitonredstem stork's bill

Illustrated identification guide of the Perm Region plants // S.A. Ovesnov, E.G. Efimik, T.V. Kozminykh et al.; ed. by S.A. Ovesnov. Perm: Book world, 2007. 743 p.

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Collected by Charles Darwin on the Voyage of the Beagle No: 73211 Sept 1832Cambridge Museum Collection

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How long have plants been on Earth?

• Flowering plants burst into the fossil record 100 million years ago

• Ancestors colonized land over 500 million years ago!

• New research is showing green algae are ancestors.

Plant Evolution 

Era Period Mil. Years Evolutionary Event

Precambrian 3,800‐542  Earth’s crust and oceans form‐no life, Simple cells, algae, O2, herbivoresPlant cells develop chloroplasts=photosynthesis 

Cambrian 510‐570 Marine life, inverts, shells, predators

Ordovician 440‐510 First fish, plant/fungi symbiosis begins on land

Paleozoic Silurian 408‐440 Vascular plts, millipeds, fish with jaws

Devonian 362‐408 Ferns, horestails, club moss, amphibians

Mississippian 323‐362 Coal age, winged insects, reptiles

Pennsylvanian 290‐323 Cycads, ginkos, primitive conifers

Permian 248‐290 Modern insects, dragonflies, beetles; first mass extinction

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Plant Evolution (cont)

Era Period Mil. Years Evolutionary Event

Triassic 213‐248 First dinosaurs and mammals

Mesozoic Jurassic 143‐213 First flowering plants, first birds

Cretaceous 65‐143 Flowering plants spread, broad‐leaf trees

Tertiary/Paleogene 23‐65 Primates, deer, grasses, lilies, roses, peas

Cenozoic Tertiary/Neogene 1.65‐23 Human ancestors, horse, dogs, asters

Quaternary 0‐1.65 Modern humans

Mosses, ferns, fern allies and liverworts  produce spores

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Plant Evolution – seed plants

• Gymnosperm means naked seed

not enclosed in an ovary. Pollinated by wind.

• Angiosperm— produce flowers, seeds enclosed in an ovary (fruit) 

• Coevolved with insects

– Ovary becomes a new dispersal system=fruit

Gymnopserms

Conifers, Cycads, and Ginkos

Winged seed

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Angiosperms

Monocot vs. Dicot

Two classes in the flowering plants are distinguished by the number of “seed leaves” they produce.  

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Plant Evolution (cont)Monocotyledon vs Dicotyledon

Terminology—Duration

• Annual—living for 1 year or less• Biennial—living for 2 years, 

typically flowering/fruiting second year

Perennial—living for 3 years or more

• Deciduous—plants which shed all leaves at end of growing season

• Evergreen—remaining green during dormant season

Page 16: Denise and Pam - Colorado Natural Heritage Program...7/3/2018 2 Two things you should know I am the teacher But I also offer free car repairs as needed for the class Two things you

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Terminology—Habit(general appearance) 

• Acaulescent—basal lvs or

stemless [opp. caulescent]

• Caespitose or cespitose—growing in tufts, 

mats or clumps vs rhizomatous

• Prostrate, decumbent, or procumbent—

lying flat upon the ground

• Shrubs—woody perennials with more than one principal stem

• Trees—woody perennials with a single, main stem or trunk

• Vine—herbaceous plants with elongate, flexible,non‐self supporting stems

• Herbs/Forb—plants with non‐woody stems die back each year

Vegetative Morphology

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Root Terminology

Fibrous (petunia, bean, pea)

Taproot (carrot, parsnip, radish)

Tuberous (sweet potato, morning glory, dahlia)

• Absorb nutrients and moisture• Anchor plant• Serve as a food storage

Stem TerminologyStems are structures which support buds and leaves and serve as conduits for carrying water, minerals, and sugars (vascular system)

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Stem Terminology(external)

INTERNODE –region between 2 nodes

NODE – point 

where leaf is inserted on stem

NODE

LATERAL BUD

TERMINAL BUD

Stem TerminologyAbove ground stems• Stolon—horizontal stem e.g., strawberry• Tendril– twining stem e.g., grapes, hops• Thorn—sharp‐pointed stem e.g., Russian olive

Under ground stems• Bulbs—upright series of fleshy overlapping leaf bases e.g., onions• Corms—upright, hard or fleshy stem surrounded by dry scaly leaves e.g., 

gladiolus “bulb”• Rhizome—specialized stem which grows horizontal just below soil 

surface e.g., grasses• Tuber—enlarged rhizome containing stored food e.g. potato [eyes are 

modified buds]• Tuberous stem—short, flattened, modified storage stem e.g., dahlias 

[Caudex ‐‐a taproot that has fused with the stem and is often woody]

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Stem Types

Leaf Terminology

• Leaf blade—flattened part of the leaf

• Petiole—leaf stalk• Stipules—leaf‐like appendages 

at the base of the leaf

• Scale‐like—mature leaves common on junipers

• Awl‐shaped—juvenile leaves common on some junipers

• Linear‐shaped‐narrow, flat needles of spruce, fir, and yews

• Needle‐like‐as in pine, single, bundle, or cluster of needles makes a rounded shape

Page 20: Denise and Pam - Colorado Natural Heritage Program...7/3/2018 2 Two things you should know I am the teacher But I also offer free car repairs as needed for the class Two things you

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Leaf Arrangement on Stems

• Alternate‐one leaf at node e.g. willow• Opposite‐2 leaves at node e.g. maple• Whorled‐3 or more at node e.g. milkweed• Rosette‐spiral cluster of leaves arranged at the 

base (or crown) e.g. dandelion

Leaf Arrangement on Stem

ALTERNATE 1 LEAF PER NODE

Coyote Willow (Salix exigua)

OPPOSITE       2 LEAVES PER NODE

Cranberry bush (Viburnum sp.)

WHORLED   3 OR MORE 

LEAVES PER NODE

Horsetail milkweed (Asclepias subverticillata)

Page 21: Denise and Pam - Colorado Natural Heritage Program...7/3/2018 2 Two things you should know I am the teacher But I also offer free car repairs as needed for the class Two things you

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Leaf Arrangement

BasalCaulineRosette

Leaf Arrangement on Petiole

Simple‐one continuous unitCompound‐2 or more segments or leaflets from same petiole

Page 22: Denise and Pam - Colorado Natural Heritage Program...7/3/2018 2 Two things you should know I am the teacher But I also offer free car repairs as needed for the class Two things you

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Compound leaf

*need to look for the petiole attachment. Leaf petiole attaches to the stem at a bud node—there is no bud node where leaflets attach to the petiole*

Leaflet

Rachis (main axis)

Stipule

Page 23: Denise and Pam - Colorado Natural Heritage Program...7/3/2018 2 Two things you should know I am the teacher But I also offer free car repairs as needed for the class Two things you

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Leaf Shapes

Leaf Shape

Leaf Tips

Leaves (cont.)

Illustrations by Crystal Strouse

Leaf basesLeaf margins

Page 24: Denise and Pam - Colorado Natural Heritage Program...7/3/2018 2 Two things you should know I am the teacher But I also offer free car repairs as needed for the class Two things you

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Leaf Venation

NET‐LIKE

PALMATE

PARALLEL

Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana var.melanocarpa)

Golden currant (Ribes aureum)

Stream orchid (Epipactis gigantea)

Monocot and Dicot Leaf Types

Parallel venation—veins run in parallel lines as in monocots

Net‐veined or reticulate—veins branch from the main rib and then subdivide as in dicots

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Leaf Modifications

Bract‐specialized, often highly colored leaf below flower to attract pollinators e.g. poinsettia, Indian paintbrush

Spine‐reduced, pointed leaf e.g., cactus

Tendril‐twining leaf or a portion of leaf used for climbing e.g., Virginia creeper, peas, grapes

Adhesive disc‐modified leaf used for attachment mechanism e.g. ivy

Splitting Hairs

Illustrations by Crystal Strouse

Page 26: Denise and Pam - Colorado Natural Heritage Program...7/3/2018 2 Two things you should know I am the teacher But I also offer free car repairs as needed for the class Two things you

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Flowers

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Monoecious = one house

Staminate & PistillateMale & Female

=

Two different types of flowers (male flowers and female) on one plant

Monoecious vs Dioecious

http://www.easttennesseewildflowers.com/gallery/var/albums/Summer‐Roadsides‐White/Copy_of_Arrowhead_male_female1.jpg?m=1348888061

Monoecious squash and corn

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(Staminate)Male House

(Pistillate) Female House

Dioecious = 2 separate houses

Monoecious vs Dioecious

Page 29: Denise and Pam - Colorado Natural Heritage Program...7/3/2018 2 Two things you should know I am the teacher But I also offer free car repairs as needed for the class Two things you

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Some grasses and sedges are dioecious

Perfect FlowerFlower with both stamens and pistil within same  

Page 30: Denise and Pam - Colorado Natural Heritage Program...7/3/2018 2 Two things you should know I am the teacher But I also offer free car repairs as needed for the class Two things you

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Flower Parts

Ovary Position

Floral parts below or hypo ovary is superioror above ex. 

mustard, mallow

Floral parts are fused into a cup or hypanthium (peri =around) or surround  ovaryex. roses and Currant, 

gooseberries

Floral parts arise from above 

(=epi) the ovary is inferior or 

Below ex. Blazing star, sunflower, orchids, apple, 

banana

Hypanthium

Page 31: Denise and Pam - Colorado Natural Heritage Program...7/3/2018 2 Two things you should know I am the teacher But I also offer free car repairs as needed for the class Two things you

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Sterile Flower Parts

Petals (Corolla) 

Sepals (Calyx) 

Receptacle

Peduncle

Perian

th

Fertile Flower Parts

Carpels/Pistils  Female

Androecium = all stamens

Stamens Male

Gynoecium = all carpels of a flower

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Gynoecium 

Stigma

Ovary

Pistil/CarpelStyle

Androecium 

Anther

Filament

Anther + Filament = Stamen

Staminodia

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Inflorescence

Flower Symmetry

Actinomorphic (radial)

Zygomorphic (bilateral)

Bilabiate (2‐lip)

Papilionaceous (butterfly)

Campanulate (bell shape)

Funnelform

Cruciate (cross)

Page 34: Denise and Pam - Colorado Natural Heritage Program...7/3/2018 2 Two things you should know I am the teacher But I also offer free car repairs as needed for the class Two things you

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Fruit

• Reproduction and horticulture uses

• Food, feed, oils

• Aesthetic qualities

• Plant identification e.g., sedges, grasses

• Contains the seeds (ovules) and ovary wall

Ovary wall becomes fleshy part of the fruit

Dry Fruits

CAPSULE

SILIQUE LEGUME CARYOPSIS 

ACHENESunflower (Helianthus annuus) Yucca (Yucca glauca)

Purple mustard (Chorispora tenella)Wild licorice (Glycyrrhiza lepidota)

Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Page 35: Denise and Pam - Colorado Natural Heritage Program...7/3/2018 2 Two things you should know I am the teacher But I also offer free car repairs as needed for the class Two things you

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Fleshy Fruit

HIP

BERRYAGGREGATE

ACCESSORY

DRUPE

Wood’s rose (Rosa woodsii)

Thimbleberry (Rubus deliciosus)

Strawberry (Fragaria sp.)

Peach (Prunus persica)

Twinberry honeysuckle (Lonicera involucrata)

Fleshy Fruits

Berry with multiple seedsSeparate fruits 

grown together Drupe‐not a nut

Page 36: Denise and Pam - Colorado Natural Heritage Program...7/3/2018 2 Two things you should know I am the teacher But I also offer free car repairs as needed for the class Two things you

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FinallyPhotosynthesis!!

Photosynthesis

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Photosynthesis vs RespirationPhotosynthesis Respiration

Produces sugars from light energy Burns sugars for energy

Stores energy Releases energy

Occurs only in cells w/chloroplasts Occurs in most cells

Releases oxygen Uses oxygen

Uses water Produces water

Uses carbon dioxide Produces carbon dioxide

Requires light Occurs in dark and light

Tomato/Potato Plant!! 

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Test your Memory Skills

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