dendrochronology of the sunset crater tornado paul sheppard elizabeth (lizzie) may sunset-paricutín...
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Dendrochronology of the Sunset Crater
Tornado
Paul Sheppard
Elizabeth (Lizzie) May
Sunset-Paricutín Crew
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Sunset Crater
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Erupted AD 1064• Dated dendrochronologically (Smiley
1958)
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Other Processes?
•Climate: Drought, but long-term?
•Ecological: Defoliators, but non-fatal?
•Other geological: Landslide? Avalanche?
•Weather: High winds? Tornado?
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Sunset Crater Tornado
•October 24, 1992
•Touched down three times near Sunset Crater
•Toppled many trees
•Snapped branches on others
•Shook hundreds of trees
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Dendro-tornado research
•Long-term wind effects on ring growth
•Forest compositional responses
•Nothing about tornado effects on ring growth per se
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0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Chr
onol
ogy
Inde
xSunset Crater VisitorControl Chronology
(n = 8)
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1993
1. Ring-width release since 1993
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Rin
g w
idth
(m
m)
0.01.02.03.04.0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Wid
th I
ndex
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000Chr
onol
ogy
Inde
x
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1993
2. Reaction wood since 1993
•Some reaction-wood trees leaning
•Others appeared upright
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1993
3. Reaction latewood, 1993
•Usually combined with wider rings
•Notice 2002.
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19934. A few suppressed rings after 1993
0.0
1.0
2.0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Rin
g W
idth
(m
m)
0.0
1.0
2.0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Wid
th I
ndex
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000Chr
onol
ogy
Inde
x
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5. Continuous suppression since 1993
0.0
1.0
2.0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Rin
g W
idth
(m
m)
0.0
1.0
2.0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Wid
th I
ndex
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000Chr
onol
ogy
Inde
x
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1993
6. Thin latewood, 1993
10%
20%
30%
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Visitor Center Control (n = 8)
0%
20%
40%
60%
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Reduced Latewood Effect
Per
cent
La
tew
ood
of T
otal
Rin
g W
idth
Year
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Tornado Conclusions
•Not every survivor shows a response
•Dominant response: ring-width release
•Most responses don’t look like AD 1064
•One lengthy suppression a la AD 1064
•AD 1064 probably not a tornado event
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A Surprise
Extended suppression, but not death
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Decades-Long Suppression?
•Climate? Not conventionally
•Fire? No fire scar
•Leaning? Not leaning
•Defoliation? Not typically
•Some other pest? Sawfly?