dena rosko | undergraduate senior seminar

7/29/2019 Dena Rosko | Undergraduate Senior Seminar

1/16

Auhkmd g` Dgrwkfcsuhkmd g` Dgrwkfcs Vc gw kd i s 1M _rjsfrkptkvj mdn _jrsumskvj Vtyhj Ikvjs Cjr Mijdfy_rjsfrkptkvj mdn _jrsumskvj Vtyhj Ikvjs Cjr Mijdfyey Njdm Fhmungdy Njdm Fhmungd

Jdih. >;3dih. >;3_rg`. Vmdglrg`. VmdglBmrfc 5??=mrfc 5??=Vjdkgr Vjbkdmr _mpjrjdkgr Vjbkdmr _mpjr


2/16

Njdm B. Fhmungd

Jdih. >;3_rg`. Vmdgl

=> Bmrfc 5??=

Auhkmd g` Dgrwkfcs Vcgwkdis1 M _rjsfrkptkvj mdn _jrsumskvj Vtyhj Ikvjs Cjr Mijdfy

Auhkmd g` Dgrwkfc wrktjs g` cjrsjh` ms m hjwn frjmturj, prgtjstkdi tcmt scj ks

kidgrmdt tg tcj bmttjrs g` wckfc scj spjmls. Vcj nksprmksjs cjr mekhktkjs ms md mutcgr

g`tjd, mdn gdj bmy ej tjbptjn tg fgdsknjr cjr md udwgrtcy sgurfj `gr spkrktumh iuknmdfj.

Cgwjvjr, ms Jnbudn Fghhjnij mdn Ambjs Ymhsc jxphmkd, Auhkmds sjh`-kd`jrkgrmtkdi

fgbbjdts mrj dg bgrj tcmd m wjhh-ldgwd, g`tjd-jbphgyjn rcjtgrkfmh njvkfj tcmt Auhkmd

usjn tg mppjmh tg tcj rjmnjr `gr ejdjvghjdfj (=;). ^cus, Auhkmds sjh -j``mfkdi fhmkbs

sjrvj ms m bjnkjvmh nksfhmkbjr g` sgrts.

Nksfhmkbjr gr dgt, Auhkmd wrktjs prjsfrkptkvjhy ms tcguic scj wjrj m spkrktumh

ngftgr, nkspjdskdi cjmhkdi bjnkfkdjs mdn smhvjs tg cjr rjmnjrs. Auhkmds mutcgrkty hkljds

tg m ngftgrs, wcjrj m ngftgr bmy cmvj m nkphgbm gr hkfjdsj `rmbjn gd md g``kfj wmhh.

^cj hkfjdsj gr nkphgbm stmtjs tcmt tcj ngftgr bjjts fjrtmkd rjqukrjbjdts sjt ey m ikvjd

kdstktutkgd. ^cks kdstktutkgd ikvjs tcj ngftgr tcj mutcgrkty tg prmftkfj bjnkfkdj mdn g``jrs

ckb m pmpjr tg prgvj kt. M pmtkjdt igjs tg m ngftgr mssubkdi tcmt tcj ngftgr ldgws cgw

tg cjhp cjmh m ikvjd mkhbjdt.

^cj pmtkjdt mhsg mssubjs tcmt cj gr scj hmfls tcj ldgwhjnij mdn mekhkty tg cjmh

cks gr cjr gwd egny. ^cj pmtkjdt mdn ngftgr rjfgidkzj tcks hmfl g` ldgwhjnij mdn mekhkty

ms m djjn tcmt gdhy tcj ngftgr fmd bjjt. ^cj pmtkjdt puts sufc fgd`knjdfj kd tcj ngftgrs

mekhkty tg bjjt tcks djjn tcmt cj gr scj ks wkhhkdi tg jvjd strkp dmljn mdn jdtrust cks gr cjr


3/16

Fhmungd Vjdkgr Vjbkdmr

egny tg m ngftgrs jxmbkdmtkgd. Kd tcj jdn, tcj igmh g` tcj vkskt ks pcyskfmh cjmhkdi, mdn

tcj ngftgr mnvksjs tcj pmtkjdt gd cgw tg rjmfc tcmt igmh. _jrcmps tcj ngftgr wrktjs m

prjsfrkptkgd.

Hklj m ngftgr, Auhkmd pgssjssjs fjrtmkd ldgwhjnij gd spkrktumh bmttjrs. ^cj

Fcurfc, md kdstktutkgd, ikvjs cjr mutcgrkty tg prjmfc gd sufc bmttjrs ey ikvkdi cjr tcj

pgsktkgd g` md mdfcgrjss. Kd cjr jxpgsktkgd, Auhkmd mssubjs cjr rjmnjrs hmfl ldgwhjnij

gd spkrktumh bmttjrs< gtcjrwksj, scj wguhndt fmrj tg tmlj sufc pmkds tg rjfgrn cjr

jxpjrkjdfjs `gr cjr rjmnjrs. Auhkmd mnvksjs cjr pmtkjdts gd cgw tg getmkd spkrktumh cjmhtc

mdn jxpjfts tcjb tg fgbphy wktc cjr mnvkfj. ^cks mssubptkvj mdn mutcgrktmtkvj mnvkfj ks

wcmt K fmhh prjsfrkptkvj wrktkdi.

Auhkmd bmljs prjsfrkptkvj fhmkbs rjimrnkdi skd mdn smhvmtkgd kd cjrVcgwkdis ey

jstmehksckdi cjr frjnkekhkty mdn ey sghkfktkdi m rjspgdsj `rgb tcj rjmnjrs. Cjr

prjsfrkptkvj styhj ikvjs Auhkmd mijdfy mdn mutcgrkty tg cjr munkjdfj, cjr rjmnjrs mdn tcj

fcurfc. Auhkmd wrktjs prjsfrkptkvjhy wcjd scj jbphgys pcrmsjs hklj Igns wkhh mdn wj

scguhn pmy cjjn tg tcks, mdn `ghhgws sufc pcrmsjs wktc jxphmdmtkgds g` cjr

fgdtjbphmtkgds, g` Fcrksts rghj kd gdjs smhvmtkgd, mdn g` tcj kd`hujdfj g` skd.

Vg tcjd kt ks gur ehjssjn Hgrns kdtjdtkgd kd tcks tjmfckdi tcmt wj scguhn pmy cjjn

tg tcks1 @gr skdfj K cmvj sjt rkict tcj irjmtjst g` cmrbs, kt ks by wkhh tcmt ygu

scguhn ldgw tcrguic tcks tcmt K scmhh sjt rkict jvjrytckdi wckfc ks hjss (Ukfcmrn A.

_mydj, Jn. =:?).

Kd tcks pmssmij, Auhkmd mnnrjssjs cjr qujstkgd gd wcy Ign mhhgwjn skd kdtg tcj

pkfturj k` kt fmusjs sufc irjmt cmrb tg cks frjmturjs. Vcj jxphmkds tcmt Ign tjhhs cjr cks

sjttkdi rkict, gr smhvmtkgd, cms `mr irjmtjr ejdj`kts tcmd tcj cmrb fmusjn ey skd. ^cks ks md

kbpgrtmdt rjvjhmtkgd tg cjr, jspjfkmhhy skdfj scj jxcgrts tcj rjmnjr tg pmy cjjn tg tcks

rjvjhmtkgd.

6


4/16


Vcj mnns frjnkekhkty tg cjr jxcgrtmtkgd ey prjfjnkdi kt wktc kt ks gur ehjssjn

Hgrns kdtjdtkgd kd tcks tjmfckdi. \^Rcks tjmfckdi mssubjs tcmt wcmt scj cms hjmrdjn ks

wgrtcy tg nkspjhtg tjmfctg gtcjrs. ^cj ehjssjn Hgrns kdtjdtkgd suiijsts tcmt

Auhkmd fgdsknjrs tcks tjmfckdi, mdn cjr rjvjhmtkgd, tg ej nkvkdjhy kdspkrjn. Cjr ejhkj` g`

nkvkdj kdspkrmtkgd upcghns ktsjh` ms m sgrt g` mutcgrktkvj fmdgd tcmt scj cgpjs cjr rjmnjrs

wkhh fgdsknjr frjnkehj jdguic tg cjjn.

@urtcjrkdi cjr mriubjdt, Auhkmd tjhhs cgw Ign imvj cjr udnjrstmdnkdi g` twg

pgrtkgds kd rjhmtkgd tg Ajsus mdn smhvmtkgd. Gdj pgrtkgd ks tcmt Ign fgudsjhs mdn tjmfcjs

tcj rjmnjr kdwmrnhy mdn gutwmrnhy tcrguic tcj Cghy Vpkrkt mdn tcj Fcurfc (=:?).

Auhkmd, md mdfcgrjss, jxksts ms m pmrt g` tcj Fcurfc, mdn kt sjjbs hkljhy tcmt scj fgdsknjrs

cjrsjh` tg ej tcmt gutwmrn tjmfcjr mdn fgudsjhgr. Vcj tmljs cjr stmtus gdj stjp `urtcjr

wcjd scj smys tcmt rjmnjrs wkhh prg`kt wcjd tcjy mffjpt tcks kdwmrn mdn gutwmrn fgudsjh

wktc rjvjrjdfj mdn cubkhkty.

\YRktc rjvjrjdfj mdn cubkhkty suiijsts tcmt Auhkmd ks spjmlkdi g` m sueajimtkgd

g` cjr rjmnjrs kd rjhmtkgd tg tcj fgudsjh g` tcj Fcurfc (Auhkmd) mdn tcj Cghy Vpkrkt, wcjrj

scj tcj rjmnjrs mrj dgt kd m pgsktkgd wcjrj tcjy fmd nksfgvjr smhvmtkgd wktcgut tcgsj

kdwmrn mdn gutwmrn fgudsjhs. @urtcjrbgrj, rjmnjrs bust mffjpt tcgsj fgudsjhs wktc m

rjvjrjdfj `gr tcj fgudsjh tcjy cmvj rjfjkvjn, mdn pgsskehy `gr tcj fgudsjhgr.

^cj sjfgdn pgrtkgd ks tcmt ldgwhjnij tcmt ks mnnktkgdmh tg smhvmtkgd ks cknnjd

`rgb pjgphj. Auhkmd jssjdtkmhhy smys tcmt wj fmdt ldgw jvjrytckdi tcmt Ign ldgws, mdn,

gut g` gejnkjdfj, wj scguhndt njbmdn tg ldgw.

Auhkmd cjkictjds cjr prjsfrkptkvj hmdiumij m dgtfc kd tcj `ghhgwkdi pmssmij,

K mb fjrtmkd tcmt k` wj ldgw cgw bufc wj scguhn phjmsj ckb mdn sghmfj

gursjhvjs ey hjmvkdi kt mhgdj, wj scguhn ng sg. ^cj smkdts kd cjmvjd wksc tg ldgw

>


5/16


dgtckdi eut wcmt gur Hgrn wkscjs tg scgw tcjb, mdn `urtcjrbgrj tcjkr hgvj mdn

tcjkr njskrj ks igvjrdjn mffgrnkdi tg gur Hgrns wkhh< mdn sg wj guict tg wksc tg

ej hklj ckb. Mdn tcjd wj scmhh dgt wksc gr njskrj mdytckdi eut tcj wkhh g` gurHgrn, `gr wj mrj mhh gdj kd Igns kdtjdtkgd (=:?-=:=).

Kt wkhh ej cjhp`uh tg erjml ngwd tcks pmssmij m ekt tg jxmbkdj sgbj g` tcj fhmkbs

mdn mssubptkgds Auhkmd bmljs. Yjscguhnphjmsj ckb mssubjs tcmt cjr rjmnjrs rghj ks

tg hkvj sufc m hk`j tcmt wguhn phjmsj Ign, mdn tcmt Ign wmdts tg ej phjmsjn. Vcj mhsg

mssubjs tg ldgw wcmt tcj cjmvjdhy smkdts wkscjs mdn njskrjs mrj, mdn tcmt tcjkr wkscjs

mhkid wktc Auhkmds mnvkfj tcmt wj scguhn dgt wksc tg ldgw tcmt wckfc ks cknnjd. \^Rcjkr

hgvj mdn njskrj ks igvjrdjn mffgrnkdi tg gur Hgrns wkhh mssubjs tcmt Igns wkhh

igvjrds cks pjgphj, mdn fhmkbs tcmt Igns wkhh mhkids wktc Auhkmds mnvkfj tcmt wj scguhn

dgt wksc tg ldgw tcmt wckfc ks cknnjd.

Vcj prj`mfjs tcks pmssmij wktc suiijstkdi tcmt k` wj ldgw cgw tg phjmsj Ign,

tcjd wj scguhn ng sg. Vcj `ghhgws tcks prj`mfj wktc cjr mssubptkgds mdn fhmkbs tcmt kt

ks Igns wkhh tcmt wj dgt wksc gr msl tg ldgw tcmt wckfc ks cknnjd. Gvjrmhh, Auhkmd

qumhk`kjs cjr fgudsjh ey mttrkeutkdi kt tg Igns wkhh, mdn ey fhmkbkdi tcmt kt ks kd

mirjjbjdt wktc tcj smkdts, wckhj scj prjsfrkejs cjr ejhkj`s tg cjr rjmnjrs ey uskdi wgrns

sufc ms scguhn mdn guict.

Auhkmd fgdfhunjs tcmt cjr prjsfrkptkgd wkhh prgnufj pgsktkvj rjsuhts, ms kd, mdn sg

wj guict tg wksc tg ej hklj ckb. Mdn tcjd wj scmhh dgt wksc gr njskrj mdytckdi eut tcj

wkhh g` gur Hgrn, `gr wj mrj mhh gdj kd Igns kdtjdtkgd. Kd jssjdfj, tcj rjmnjr wkhh ej

`rjj `rgb tcj prjgffupmtkgd g` trykdi tg udfgvjr tcmt wckfc ks cknnjd, mdn sg wkhh ej

njskrkdi mdn hkvkdi gdhy kd Igns wkhh mhgdi wktc mhh gtcjr ejhkjvjrs wcg mrj ngkdi tcj

smbj.

:


6/16


_rjsfrkptkvjhy, Auhkmd eukhns cjr mriubjdt (K wkhh fmhh cjr dmrrmtkvj md mriubjdt

ejfmusj g` cjr prjsfrkptkvj hmdiumij) gd cgw rjmnjrs scguhn rjspgdn tg tcj ldgwd mdn

udldgwd kd rjhmtkgd tg smhvmtkgd. Vcj `grbmts tcks mriubjdt ey jstmehksckdi frjnkekhkty,

wcjtcjr ey mttrkeutkdi sufc frjnkekhkty tg cjr gwd jxpjrkjdfj (k.j., vkskgds/rjvjhmtkgds)

wktc Ign, ey cjr mssubptkgds g` vkjws g` gtcjr Fcrkstkmds wcg wguhn ej upcjhn kd cjr

rjmnjrs jyjs (k.j., tcj smkdts), mdn ey cjr fhmkbjn ldgwhjnij g` Igns fcmrmftjr mdn wkhh.

Vcj nkspjrsjs tcjsj frjnkekhkty fhmkbs tcrguicgut cjr mriubjdt, ms njsfrkejn kd tcj megvj

pmssmijs, mdn jxcgrts cjr rjmnjrs tg mncjrj tg cjr mriubjdt.

^cks prjsfrkptkvj `grbmt ks usjn tcrguicgut kd Auhkmds nksfusskgds g` gtcjr

rjvjhmtkgds tcrguicgut Vcgwkdis. Gdj ljy rjvjhmtkgd nksfussjs skd mdn smhvmtkgd.

_rj`mfkdi cjr mriubjdt gdfj mimkd, Auhkmd smys,

K udnjrstggn Fcrksts _msskgd `gr tcj irjmtjst mdn surpmsskdi pmkd K nkn dgt sjjskd, `gr K ejhkjvj tcmt kt cms dg lkdn g` suestmdfj, dg scmrj kd ejkdi, dgr fmd kt ej

rjfgidkzjn jxfjpt ey tcj pmkd fmusjn ey kt. Mdn kt sjjbs tg bj tcmt tcks pmkd ks

sgbjtckdi `gr m tkbj, `gr kt purijs mdn bmljs us ldgw gursjhvjs mdn msl `grbjrfy< `gr tcj _msskgd g` gur Hgrn ks fgb`grt tg us mimkdst mhh tcks, mdn tcmt ks cks

ehjssjn wkhh(55:).

Cjr prjsfrkptkvj hmdiumij ks hkictjr kd tcks pmssmij skdfj scj ngjs dgt usj tcj

tjrbs scguhn gr guict, mdn kdstjmn usjs tcj pcrmsjs K udnjrstmdn, K ejhkjvj, mdn

kt sjjbs tg bj. Kt sjjbs tg bj sjjbs tg bmlj m hjss nkrjft fhmkb gd tcj vmhknkty g`

cjr gpkdkgd. Cjr styhj ks bgrj rj`hjftkvj cjrj, wcjrj scj spjdns bgrj spmfj njsfrkekdi

cjr udnjrstmdnkdi g` skd.

Vtkhh, scj mhkids tcj fgdfhuskgd g` cjr udnjrstmdnkdi g` skd mdn pmkd tg ejkdi

Igns wkhh, ms kd tcmt ks cks ehjssjn wkhh. Gdj fmd fgdfhunj wcmt Auhkmd wguhn prjsfrkej

cjr rjmnjrs cjrj ey rj`jrrkdi tg cjr prkgr suiijstkgd tcmt k` wj ldgw cgw tg phjmsj Ign,

0


7/16


tcjd wj scguhn ng sg. ^cus, cjr rjmnjrs scguhn mfldgwhjnij tcmt Igns wkhh ks tg

fgb`grt cks pjgphj wcjd tcjy su``jr `rgb tcj pmkd fmusjn ey skd.

Fghhjnij mdn Ymhsc jxpmdn gd Auhkmds dgtkgds g` skd mdn su``jrkdi. ^cjy smy

tcmt scj ejhkjvjs tcmt su``jrkdi `rgb skd, mdn tcrguic su``jrkdi hklj Fcrkst (k.j., dgt `rgb

skd eut ms kd tcj gdjdjss g` cjrsjh` wktc Fcrkst), purk`kjs (ms kd purijs megvj) mdn

rjnjjbs cjr ejfmusj sufc su``jrkdi turds cjr tg hgvj Fcrkst (>>). Kt ks prg`gudn tcmt

Auhkmd tkjs kd skd mdn su``jrkdi tg smhvmtkgd, jspjfkmhhy dgtjn ey tjrbs sufc ms purk`y,

rjnjjb, mdn purij, ejfmusj scj wms jbphgykdi m `grbuhm g` sgrts `gr cjr rjmnjr tg

mfckjvj smhvmtkgdtcj jdn igmh g` m Ign-sjjlkdi Fcrkstkmd.

Gdj fmd spjfuhmtj wcy Auhkmd wrktjs wktc m prjsfrkptkvj jnij kd Vcgwkdis. ^cj

bmkd rjmsgd Auhkmd wrktjs prjsfrkptkvjhy ks nuj tg tcj dmturj g` Fcrkstkmdkty mdn Ekehkfmh

wrktkdis. ^cj igspjh ms, Vfrkpturj njsfrkejs, ks m bjssmij megut m Vmvkgr wcg fmbj tg

jmrtc kd tcj `grb g` m bmd, wcg wms skdhjss, wcg nkjn mdn tcjd rgsj `rgb tcj njmn tg

smvj tcj cubmd rmfj `rgb kts skd. @gr kdstmdfj, @gr Ign sg hgvjn tcj wgrhn tcmt cj imvj

cks gdj mdn gdhy Vgd, tcmt wcgjvjr ejhkjvjs kd ckb scmhh dgt pjrksc eut cmvj jtjrdmh hk`j.

@gr Ign nkn dgt sjdn cks Vgd kdtg tcj wgrhn tg fgdnjbd tcj wgrhn, eut tg smvj tcj wgrhn

tcrguic ckb (Agcd 6.=0-=9).

Bgrj tcmd njsfrkekdi smhvmtkgd, Vfrkpturj rjqujsts m rjspgdsj gd tcj pmrt g` tcj

rjmnjr mdn prjsfrkejs m rjsuht g` tcmt rjspgdsj. @gr jxmbphj, Ugbmds =?.; rjmns, ^cmt k`

ygu fgd`jss wktc ygur bgutc, Ajsus ks Hgrn, mdn ejhkjvj kd ygur cjmrt tcmt Ign rmksjn

ckb `rgb tcj njmn, ygu wkhh ej smvjn. ^cks pmssmij tjhhs tcj rjmnjr tg rjspgdn wktc

vgkfj mdn ejhkj` tg tcj igspjh bjssmij, mdn smys smhvmtkgd ks tcj rjsuht g` m nkrjft

rjspgdsj.

9


8/16


Kt ks pgsskehj tcmt Auhkmd phmfjn tcj rjspgdskekhkty gd cjrsjh` g` fgdvjykdi tcks

bjssmij tg cjr rjmnjrs. Vcj cmn mffjss tg Vfrkpturj, sg kt fmd ej mssubjn tcmt scj

mngptjn tcj Ekehkfmh knjms gd smhvmtkgd. Ms Fghhjnij mdn Ymhsc pgkdt gut, scj ks

jspjfkmhhy mwmrj g` tcj tjmfckdis g` _muh mdn Agcd, mdn cjr tjmfckdis mrj fhgsj tg tcjkrs

(93-9;).

^cj skbkhmrktkjs ejtwjjd Auhkmd, _muh mdn Agcds pjrsumskvj styhj mrj jdnhjss.

Hklj Agcd, Auhkmd prj`mfjs cjr mriubjdts wktc njsfrkptkgds g` cjr jxpjrkjdfjs. Agcd smys,

Ycmt wj cmvj sjjd mdn cjmrn wj mrj tjhhkdi ygu, tcmt ygu bmy mhsg cmvj tcks udkgd

wktc tcj @mtcjr mdn wktc cks sgd Ajsus Fcrkst tcmt ygur agy bmy ej `uhh (= Agcd =.6->).

Cks stmtjbjdt cjrj hkljds tg Auhkmds stmtjbjdt jmrhkjr, K udnjrstggn Fcrksts _msskgd `gr

tcj irjmtjst mdn surpmsskdi pmkd K nkn dgt sjj skd, `gr K ejhkjvj tcmt kt cms dg lkdn g`

suestmdfj, dg scmrj kd ejkdi, dgr fmd kt ej rjfgidkzjn jxfjpt ey tcj pmkd fmusjn ey kt.

Cjr rjmsgds `gr fgdvjykdi cjr rjvjhmtkgds tg cjr rjmnjrs ks mhsg skbkhmr tg tcj

rjmsgds Agcd ikvjs `gr cks `ghhgwjrs, tcmt ygu bmy mhsg cmvj tcks udkgd tcmt ygur agy

bmy ej `uhh. Auhkmd smys, Mdn tcjd wj scmhh dgt wksc gr njskrj mdytckdi eut tcj wkhh g`

gur Hgrn, `gr wj mrj mhh gdj kd Igns kdtjdtkgd. Kd gtcjr mrjms, Auhkmd jbpcmskzjs tcj

gdjdjss gr ejkdi udktjn wktc Fcrkst mdn Ign (53:). Cjr prjsfrkptkgds `gr udkty hkljd tg

Agcds.

Auhkmds skbkhmrhy prjsfrkptkvj styhj hjdn frjnjdfj tg tcj knjm tcmt scj cmn mffjss

tg Vfrkpturj, mdn tcmt scj emsjn cjr mutcgrkty ms m bjssjdijr gd sufc Vfrkpturj. ^cj

fgbbmdn tg ig mdn bmlj nksfkphjs g` mhh dmtkgds, emptkzkdi tcjb kd tcj dmbj g` tcj

@mtcjr mdn g` tcj Vgd mdn g` tcj Cghy Vpkrkt, mdn tjmfckdi tcjb tg gejy jvjrytckdi K cmvj

fgbbmdnjn ygu (Bmtt. 53.=;-5?). Vcj, fgdvkdfjn tcmt Ign fgbbmdnjn cjr tg wrktj

3


9/16


ngwd cjr rjvjhmtkgds, smw kt cjr nuty tg njsfrkej cjr jxpjrkjdfj (=;). Kt ks jqumhhy

pgsskehj tcmt scj smw kt cjr nuty tg nkspjh cjr tjmfckdis tg cjr rjmnjrs ms pmrt g` m

Vfrkptumh fgbbmdn sufc ms tcj gdj megvj.

M bmkd rjmsgd Auhkmd wrktjs prjsfrkptkvjhy mttrkeutjs tg cjr dgtkgd tcmt kt wms

Igns wkhh `gr cjr tg wrktj mdn tjmfc cjr vkskgds tg cjr rjmnjrs, m dgtkgd suppgrtjn ey tcj

Fcurfc, Vfrkpturj, mdn cjr rjvjhmtkgds. Gvjrmhh, Auhkmds prjsfrkptkvj jnij ikvjs cjr

mijdfy mdn mutcgrkty ms m wgbmd wrktjr.

Ms md mdfcgrjss, Auhkmd mhrjmny cmn m fjrtmkd hjvjh g` mutcgrkty kd tcj jyjs g` tcj

fcurfc mdn hmypjgphj. Ey tcjMdfrjdj Ykssjs nj`kdktkgd, md mdfcgrjss ks mdfcgrjn

udnjr m fcurfc hklj md mdfcgr udnjr tcj sknj g` m sckp, tg cghn tcmt sckp sg tcmt wmvjs mdn

stgrbs ng dgt gvjrturd kt, wcjrj tcj sckp ks tcj fcurfc. ^cj mutcgr spjmls g` tcj

mdfcgrjss pgsktkgd ms m spkrktumhhy bgtkvmtjn bjrfmdtkhj jxfcmdij wcjrj scj cms bmnj

md mirjjbjdt tg ljjp tcj fcurfc `rgb `mhhkdi udnjr tcj njvkhs ehmsts g` tjbptmtkgd

(=?=).

^cj mutcgr g` tcjMdfrjdj Ykssj put m hgt g` stgfl kd cks mdfcgrjssjs ey fmhhkdi

tcjb ey dmbj mdfcgrjss. Md mdfcgr ks sgbjtckdi g` wjkict, sgbjtckdi smkhgrs mdn

bjrfcmdts njpjdn gd `gr stmekhkty mbknts tcj tubuhtgus gfjmd mdn stgrby wjmtcjr.

Auhkmd, tcjd ks tcj mdfcgr tcmt ks tg cghn tcmt sckp sg tcmt wmvjs mdn stgrbs ng dgt

gvjrturd kt `gr tcj Fcurfc mdn `gr tcj hmypjgphj tcmt njpjdn gd tcj Fcurfc `gr spkrktumh

iuknmdfj mdn stmekhkty. ^cj Fcurfc imvj tcks rjspgdskekhkty g` spkrktumh iuknmdfj mdn

stmekhkty tg kts mdfcgrjssjs, tcus ikvkdi tcjb mutcgrkty kd spkrktumh bmttjrs.

Auhkmd bmy cmvj bkbkfljnMdfrjdj Ykssjs prjsfrkptkvj styhj ms scj nkn tcj

Ekehjs, skdfj tcj Mdfrjdj Ykssj wms cjr gtcjr iuknjeggl, mdn skdfj kt hmkn ngwd m

;


10/16


prjsfrkptkvj wrkttjd fgnj `gr kts mdfcgrjssjs. @gr jxmbphj, kt nj`kdjs m iggn mdfcgrjss

ks dgt m khh-cubgrjn mdfcgrjss, dgr ks scj prgdj tg mdijr, vjdijmdfj, irunijs, hust, gr

hmzkdjss (;6-=?=). ^g Auhkmd, tcjMdfrjdj Ykssj imvj cjr tcj mutcgrkty tg ej m spkrktumh

iuknj tg cjr rjmnjrs mdn tg sghkfkt m rjspgdsj `rgb tcjb.

Auhkmd mfqukrjn mijdfy gd cjr gwd ey prkbkdi cjrsjh` ms md mutcgrkty gd spkrktumh

bmttjrs. Yj fguhn smy tcmt scj mngptjn tcks mutcgrktkvj vgkfj `rgb tcjMdfrjdj Ykssj

mdn `rgb Vfrkpturj. Yj fguhn mhsg smy tcmt scj gdhy mfckjvjn mutcgrkty mdn mijdfy skdfj

tcj Fcurfc mdn cjr bmhj supjrkgrs imvj sufc tg cjr. Cgwjvjr, Auhkmd stkhh getmkdjn

mutcgrkty mdn mijdfy mbknst tcj Fcurfcs jbphgybjdt g` cjr.

Ujturdkdi tg tcj ngftgr mdmhgiy, Auhkmd jxprjssjn cjr gwd knjms mdn tcguicts

`gudnjn gd cjr gwd jxpjrkjdfjs wktc cjr vkskgds g` Ign. Vcj njvjhgpjn udnjrstmdnkdi

g` cjr rjhmtkgdsckp wktc Ign tcrguic cjr gwd jxpjrkjdfjs mhgdi wktc tcj iuknmdfj g` tcj

Fcurfc. Bgrjgvjr, sgbj g` cjr mnvkfj strmys rgb tcj tjmfckdis g` tcj Fcurfc. @gr

jxmbphj, cjr knjm g` udkvjrsmh smhvmtkgd nk``jrs `rgb tcj Fcurfcs tjmfckdi.

Ms Ejrdmrn Hgrn Bmddkdi smys, tcj =>tc Fjdtury Fcurfc strgvj `gr grnjr mdn

rjiuhmskgd \skfR, `kictkdi fckj`hy mimkdst kdnkvknumh `mdfkjs mdn udprg`jsskgdmh rktjs. M

nksturekdi ejhkj` wms gppgsjn< md mffgbbgnmtkdi gdj wms dgurkscjn (9;). Auhkmd, ms

suiijstjn ey cjr vgfmeuhmry, mnvgfmtjn tcj dgtkgd tcmt Ign cmn m wkhh, m Nkvkdj

prjnjstkdmtkgd pjrcmps, md kdtjdtkgd tcmt igvjrdjn cgw pjgphj fguhn ej smvjn `rgb

skd, ehjssjn ey su``jrkdi, gr fgdtjdt wktc ldgwkdi aust jdguic megut ckbsjh`. Mffgrnkdi

tg Bmddkdi, tcks ejhkj` kd Nkvkdj prjnjstkdmtkgd fguhn cmrb tcj kd`hujdfj g` tcj Fcurfc,

skdfj kt bmnj kt kbpgsskehj gr uddfjssmry tcmt bjd scguhn wgrl gut tcjkr gwd

smhvmtkgd ey tcj rjfgidksjn \skfR jffhjskmstkfmh bmfckdjry (39). Kt ks quktj pgsskehj tcmt

=?


11/16


Auhkmds tjmfckdis tcrjw md kdngftrkdmtjn bgdljy wrjdfc kdtg tcj jffhjskmstkfmh

bmfckdjry g` cjr tkbj skdfj cjr knjms mdn mnvkfj fgbpjtjn wktc tcgsj g` tcj Fcurfc, mdn

kd sg ngkdi, fgbpjtjn wktc tcj Fcurfcs mutcgrkty.

^cks fgbpjtktkvj mdn fgdtrmstkdi dmturj g` sgbj kssujs sufc ms prjnjstkdmtkgd

njbgdstrmtj Auhkmds mijdfy ms m wgbjd wrktjr, mdn tcmt sufc mijdfy fmd njpmrt `rgb tcj

Fcurfc grnmkdjn mijdfy g` md mdfcgrjss. Mdn tcguic tcj Fcurfc g``jrjn gppgrtudktkjs

`gr wgbjd tg mfckjvj mutcgrkty ms mdfcgrjssjs, mdfcgrjssjs stkhh jdfgudtjrjn gestmfhjs

wktckd tcj jrjbktkfmh fgbbudktkjs kd wckfc tcjy hkvjn. Ckstgrkfmhhy, wgbjds `ghhgwkdis

g` tcj jrjbktkfmh bgvjbjdt dubejrjn kd tcj tcgusmdns kd pmrt ejfmusj ijdnjr egrj dg

ckdnrmdfj kd tcj ejikddkdi g` mdy fgbbudkty (Cjdrkjttm Hjysjr >;). Ygbjd wjrj

fgdvjrtjn mhgdi wktc tcjkr `mbkhkjs mdn cusemdns, mdn wjrj mehj tg erkdi tcjkr `mbkhkjs

wktc tcjb tg jrjbktkfmh fgbbudktkjs (>;).

Cgwjvjr, tcjrj wjrj spjfkmh prgehjbs `gr cjrbkts mdn mdfcgrjssjs. Kt wms

nk``kfuht `gr wgbjd tg stmrt m `gudnmtkgd, gr jstmehksc mutcgrkty mdn mijdfy wktckd tcjkr

fgbbudkty, ejfmusj tcjy djjnjn bjd tg prgtjft tcjb, tg eukhn mdn ng gtcjr cjmvy wgrl

`gr tcjb mdn `gr tcj mnbkdkstrmtkgd g` tcj smfrmbjdts. ^cjy cmn tg tcjrj`grj `kdn sgbj

irgup g` bjd wcg wjrj wkhhkdimdn dgt mhh g` tcjb wjrjtg mffjpt tcj rjspgdskekhkty

g` tcjkr agkdkdi tcjb (Hjysjr >;). Vgbj fgbbudktkjs wjrj bgrj wjhfgbkdi, jspjfkmhhy

tcgsj tcmt cmn tcj vkjw, ms nkn Imufcjr g` Murjkh `gr jxmbphj, tcmt djktcjr sjx wms

jxfhunjn `rgb tcj lkdingb g` cjmvjd (:?). Vtkhh, tcj ckstgry g` Auhkmds prg`jsskgd wms

egrd udnjr tcj supjrvkskgd mdn mnbkdkstrmtkgd g` bmhj supjrkgrs, mdn tcks kd ktsjh ,

wcjtcjr scj rjfgidkzjn kt gr dgt, prgvknjn md gestmfhj `gr Auhkmd tg gvjrfgbj kd grnjr tg

getmkd mijdfy, mdn tcmt scj nkn.

==


12/16


^cj Zdkvjrskty g` [grl Vtunjdt Zdkgd wjesktj mttrkeutjs Auhkmds mijdfy tg tcj

prjsfrkptkvj knjms scj prjsjdts kd cjr wgrl, sufc ms Auhkmd's uttjr mdn rjpjtktkvj

sueajftkgd tg Ign mdn Fcrkstgfjdtrksb wckfc cms tcj j``jft g` udngkdi tcj pmtrkmrfcmh

`kiurjs tcmt Auhkmd ks sg njspjrmtj tg gejy. Kd gtcjr wgrns, Auhkmds prjsfrkptkvj mnvkfj tg

gejy Igns wkhh imvj cjr mijdfy gvjr bjd ejfmusj scj mppjmhjn tg Ign `gr smhvmtkgd.

Hufy Bjdzkjs put kt ejst wcjd scj smkn, wcmtjvjr cjr kdnjetjndjss tg gtcjrs, scj ks

rj`rjsckdihy grkikdmh. Vcj cms m cgbjhy wmy g` hgglkdi mt tckdis, g` stmtkdi tcj njjpjst

trutcs kd tcj skbphjst wmy wj fmddgt rjmn kt \VcgwkdisR wktcgut ejkdi kd`jftjn ey kts

ermvj mdn suddy wmy g` `mfkdi hk`j, megvj mhh ey kts fgdvkftkgd tcmt gur hkvjs bmttjr tg

Ign (=??). Auhkmds wgrl, tcguic emsjn gd ejhkj`s mdn tcj prjsfrkptkvj styhj g`

Vfrkpturj, tcjMdfrjdj Ykssj, mdn cjr fgdtjbpgrmrkjs, wms dg nguet grkikdmh kd cjr ngwd

tg jmrtc bmddjr g` spjmlkdi mdn mnvkfj.

Kd tcj jdn, `gr Auhkmd, bystkfksb prgvknjn m bgutcpkjfj `gr tcj `jbmhj vgkfj

tg bmlj ktsjh` cjmrn wcjrj cjr rjvjhmtkgds mrj kdstruftkgdmh, scj ks tjmfckdi, mdn kd

j``jft tcj `jbmhj ks jbpgwjrjn, pgssjsskdi mutcgrkty gvjr tcj bmhj (Zdkvjrskty g` [grl

Vtunjdt Zdkgd wjesktj).

^gnmy, Auhkmds prjsfrkptkvj styhj cms kd`hujdfjn tcj styhj g` bgnjrd wrktjrs wcg

wrktj megut cjr. Ermdt _jhpcrjy, kdHgvj wms Cks Bjmdkdi1 ^cj ^cjghgiy mdn Bystkfksb

g` Auhkmd g` Dgrwkfc, prgvknjs m fmsj kd pgkdt. Cj mnnrjssjs cks rjmnjrs tcrguicgut cks

tjxt, uskdi tcj prgdguds ygu, wj, mdn gur. _jhpcrjy smys, Mhtcguic wj scmhh sjj

tcj jxpjrkjdfj g` pmkd, wckfc scj knjdtk`kjn wktc tcj frgss wj scguhn ejmr kd bkdn

tcmt `gr Auhkmd pmkd ktsjh` ks djvjr m rj hjftkgd g` Igns gwd ejkdi (5::). Cj usjs tcj

smbj prjsfrkptkvj vjres, scguhn, ms Auhkmd. Dgw, cj bgst hkljhy nkn dgt mpprgmfc cjr

=5


13/16


tjxt mdn smy, Kb igkdi tg wrktj kd cjr styhj, mdn tcjrj ks prjsubmehy dg jvknjdfj

hkdlkdi cks styhj tg cjrs. Cgwjvjr, kt ks kd tcj hjmst mbuskdi tcmt bgnjrd wrktjrs stkhh

wrktj kd tcmt ghn pjrsumskvj, prjsfrkptkvj styhj wckfc Auhkmd usjn.

Mdgtcjr kbpmft g` Auhkmds prjsfrkptkvj styhj mdn mutcgrktmtkvj vgkfj ks tcmt

bgnjrd wrktjrs, grimdkzmtkgds, mdn rjmnjrs mngpt mdn fkrfuhmtj tcj knjms scj jspgusjn.

Ugejrtm Egdnk fkrfuhmtjs Auhkmds knjms kd cjr mrtkfhj, Vjt @rjj. Egdnk msls wcy tcj

tjmfckdis g` Fcrkstkmd wgbjd kd tcj pmst cmvj ejjd jxfhunjn `rgb tcj tjmfckdis g` tcj

bgnjrd nmy Fcurfc, mdn suiijsts tcmt sufc md jxfhuskgd ks cmrbùh tg bgnjrd nmy

wgbjd wcg sjjl tg sjrvj kd tcj Fcrkstkmd fgbbudkty. Vcj smys, ^cj mesjdfj g` tcjkr

stgrkjs ks dgt gdhy m trmvjsty g` tcj igspjh, eut mhsg m tjrrkehj kdaustkfj, mdn nksfussjs tcks

kdaustkfj ms m `grb g` su``jrkdi `gr bgnjrd nmy wgbjd kd Fcrkstkmd bkdkstry.

Egdnk rj`jrs tg Auhkmds knjms gd su``jrkdi `gr sghmfj. Vcj smys, ^cj wgrhn ks

Ign's, Auhkmd rjbkdns us, mdn ejfmusj Ign ks iggn mdn hgvjs us kd`kdktjhy, Ign wkhh dgt

hjmvj ergljd wcmt Ign cms bmnj. Egdnk tcjd qugtjs Auhkmd,

Vmykdi bgst fgb`grtkdihy1 K bmy bmlj mhh tckdis wjhh, mdn K fmd bmlj mhhtckdis wjhh, mdn K scmhh bmlj mhh tckdis wjhh, mdn K wkhh bmlj mhh tckdis

wjhh< mdn ygu wkhh sjj ygursjh` tcmt jvjry lkdn g` tckdi wkhh ej wjhh.

Egdnk mngpts Auhkmds knjms gd Igns rjturd `gr gur su``jrkdi ey uskdi tcj

kdfhuskvj prgdguds us mdn wj tcrguicgut cjr mrtkfhj. Vcj jdns cjr mrtkfhj ey

jxcgrtkdi cjr rjmnjrs tg `mktcùhdjss mdn hgvj, ms Auhkmd nkn, ey smykdi, K` wj mrj `mktcùh,

hgvj wkhh ej tcj gutfgbj. Mhh wkhh ej wjhh. Kdtjrjstkdihy, Egdnk usjs Auhkmds

prjsfrkptkvj mnvkfj ms m spkrktumh smhvj gd cjr wgudns wrguict ey tcj ngbkdmdfj g` bmhj

hjmnjrs wktckd tcj Fcurfc, mdn scj mppjmhs tg Auhkmds mnvkfj `gr spkrktumh cjmhkdi. ^ruhy,

Auhkmds styhkstkf kd`hujdfj ks m hmstkdi gdj.

=6


14/16

Ygrls Fktjn

Mdgdybgus, mdn Cuic Ycktj (trmdshmtgr). Mdfrjdj Ykssj1 Iuknj `gr Mdfcgrjssjs. Djw

[grl1 _jdiukd, =;;> (=?tc jn.). _rkdt.

Fghhjnij, Jnbudn, mdn Ambjs Ymhsc.Auhkmd g` Dgrwkfc1 Vcgwkdis. Bmcwmc, DA1

_muhkst, =;99. _rkdt.

Hjysjr, Cjdrkjttm .Bjnkjvmh Ygbjd1 M Vgfkmh Ckstgry g` Ygbjd kd Jdihmdn >:?-=:??.

Hgdngd1 Yjknjd`jhn & Dkfghsgd Ckstgry, 5??5. _rkdt.

_mydj, Ukfcmrn A. Grkijd1 Md Jxcgrtmtkgd tg Bmrtyrngb, _rmyjr mdn Vjhjftjn Ygrls._rkdt.


15/16

Mppjdnkx1 Ujphkfmtkdi Auhkmd g` Dgrwkfcs _rjsfrkptkvj Vtyhj

Njdm B. FhmungdJdih. >;3

_rg`. Vmdgl3 Bmrfc 5??=

K udnjrstggn stunjdts pmsskgd `gr hjmrdkdi mdn irjmt pmkds tmljd kd tcks

fhmss K nkn dgt sjj bkstmljs, `gr K ejhkjvj tcmt bkstmljs cmvj dg lkdn g`

suestmdfj, dg scmrj kd ejkdi, dgr fmd tcjy ej rjfgidkzjn jxfjpt ey tcj pmkd

fmusjn ey tcjb. Mdn kt sjjbs tg bj tcmt tcks pmkd ks sgbjtckdi `gr m tkbj, `gr kt

purijs mdn bmljs us ldgw gursjhvjs mdn msl `gr bjrfy, `gr tcj wkhh g` gur

prg`jssgr ks fgb`grt tg us mimkdst mhh tcks, mdn tcmt fgb`grt ks cjr iggn wkhh.

K mb fjrtmkd tcmt k` wj ldgw cgw bufc wj scguhn phjmsj prg`jssgr mdn

fgb`grt gursjhvjs ey pjr`grbkdi gur nutkjs kd tcks fhmss, tcjd wj scguhn ng sg.

Gtcjr jxfjptkgdmh stunjdts kd tcks udkvjrskty mhh wksc tg suffjjn kd tcjkr fhmssjs

mdn bjjt tcjkr prg`jssgrs jxpjftmtkgds. Mhh iggn prg`jssgrs gdfj nkn tcks. ^cjkr

hgvj `gr hjmrdkdi mdn tcjkr njskrj `gr irgwtc ks igvjrdjn mffgrnkdi tg tcj wkhh g`

tcjkr jnufmtkgdmh iuknjs< mdn sg wj guict tg wksc tg ej hklj tcjb. Mdn tcjd wj

scmhh dgt wksc gr njskrj mdytckdi eut jnufmtkgd mdn mnvmdfjbjdt mdn tcj wkhh g`

gur prg`jssgr, `gr wj mrj mhh gdj kd gur kdtjdtkgds.

Vg tcjd, kt ks gur iggn prg`jssgrs kdtjdtkgd kd tcks tjmfckdi tcmt wj scguhn

pmy cjjn tg tcks1 @gr skdfj scj cms sjt rkict gur hjmrdkdi ejfmusj kt ks cjr wkhh tcmt

wj scguhn ldgw tcrguic tcj jxpjrkjdfj g` tcks fhmss tcmt gur cmrn wgrl ks wgrtc

mdy pmkd gr bkstmljs gr hmtj dkicts wj bmy cmvj cmn tg jdnurj.


16/16


Auhkmd g`DgrwkfcsVc gw kd i s 1M _rjsfrkptkvjmdn _jrsumskvjVtyhj Ikvjs CjrMijdfya u h k m du h k m d ey Njdm Fhmungdy Njdm Fhmungd d g r w k f c f m t c j n r m hg r w k f c f m t c j n r m hAuhkmd bmljs prjsfrkptkvj fhmkbs kdVcgwkdis ey sghkfktkdi

m rjspgdsj `rgb tcj rjmnjrs. Auhkmd wrktjs prjsfrkptkvjhy mstcguic scj wjrj m spkrktumh ngftgr, nkspjdskdi cjmhkdi bjnkfkdjs

mdn smhvjs tg cjr rjmnjrs.Auhkmd eukhns cjr mriubjdt gd cgw rjmnjrs scguhn rjspgdntg tcj ldgwd mdn udldgwd kd rjhmtkgd tg smhvmtkgd. Vcj `grbmtstcks mriubjdt ey jstmehksckdi frjnkekhkty, wcjtcjr ey mttrkeutkdisufc frjnkekhkty tg cjr gwd jxpjrkjdfj (k.j. vkskgds/rjvjhmtkgds)wktc Ign, ey cjr mssubptkgds tcmt gtcjr wjhh-ldgwd Fcrkstkmdsmirjjn wktc cjr (k.j. tcj smkdts), mdn ey cjr fhmkbjn ldgwhjnij g`Igns fcmrmftjr mdn wkhh. Vcj prjsfrkejs cjr ejhkj`s tg cjr rjmnjrsey uskdi wgrns sufc ms scguhn mdn guict.

Gdj fmd spjfuhmtj wcy Auhkmd wrktjs wktc m prjsfrkptkvjjnij kdVcgwkdis. ^cj bmkd rjmsgd Auhkmd wrktjs prjsfrkptkvjhy ks

nuj tg tcj dmturj g` Fcrkstkmdkty mdn Ekehkfmh wrktkdis, wcjrj sufcrjqukrjs m rjspgdsj g` ejhkj` `rgb m pjrsgd. ^cj skbkhmrktkjsejtwjjd Auhkmd, _muh mdn Agcds pjrsumskvj styhj mrj jdnhjss.Mhsg, Auhkmd bmy cmvj bkbkfljnMdfrjdj Ykssjs prjsfrkptkvjstyhj skdfj kt hmkn ngwd m prjsfrkptkvj fgnj `gr mdfcgrjssjs. ^gAuhkmd, tcjMdfrjdj Ykssj mdn Ekehj imvj cjr tcj mutcgrkty tg ej mspkrktumh iuknj tg cjr rjmnjrs mdn tg sghkfkt m rjspgdsj `rgb tcjb.M tjxtumh rjmsgd Auhkmd wrktjs prjsfrkptkvjhy ks `gudn kd cjr fhmkbstcmt kt wms Igns wkhh `gr cjr tg wrktj mdn tjmfc cjr vkskgds tg cjrrjmnjrs.

Gvjrmhh, Auhkmds prjsfrkptkvj jnij ikvjs cjr mijdfy mdnmutcgrkty ms m wgbmd wrktjr. Auhkmd mfqukrjn mijdfy ey prkbkdicjrsjh` ms md mutcgrkty gd spkrktumh bmttjrs. Yckhj scj mngptjntcks mutcgrktmtkvj vgkfj `rgb tcjMdfrjdj Ykssj mdn `rgbVfrkpturj, Auhkmds prjsfrkptkvj mnvkfj tg gejy Igns wkhh imvj cjrmijdfy gvjr tcj Fcurfc mdn cjr bmhj supjrkgrs ejfmusj scjfrjnktjn Ign ms cjr uhtkbmtj mutcgrkty ikvjr gd tcj spkrktumhbmttjrs scj nkspjdsjn.

_rjpmrjn ey Njdm Fhmungd `gr Vjdkgr Vjbkdmr _rjsjdtmtkgd Zdkv. g` Ymsckditgd 3 Bmr. 5??=Kbmijs fgbpkhjn `rgb cttp1//www.ubkhtm.djt/wje.ctbh

mm

ee

ss

tt

rr

mm

ff

tt

=0

dena rosko | undergraduate senior seminar

Documents