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Soliditech Processing Equipment

SOLIDITECH, INC.(Solidification and Stabilization)

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This solidification and stabilization process This process treats soils and sludges contaminatedimmobilizes contaminants in soils and sludges by with organic compounds, metals, inorganicbinding them in a concrete-like, leach-resistant compounds, and oil and grease. Batch mixers ofmatrix. Contaminated waste materials are various capacities can treat different volumes ofcollected, screened to remove oversized material, waste.and introduced to the batch mixer (see figurebelow). The waste material is then mixed with STATUS:water; Urrichem, a proprietary chemical reagent;proprietary additives; and pozzolanic material (fly This technology was accepted into the SITEash), kiln dust, or cement. After it is thoroughly Demonstration Program in 1988. Themixed, the treated waste is discharged from the solidification and stabilization process wasmixer. Treated waste is a solidified mass with demonstrated in December 1988 at the Imperialsignificant unconfined compressive Oil Company/Champion Chemical Companystrength (UCS), high stability, and a rigid texture Superfund site in Morganville, New Jersey. Thissimilar to that of concrete. site formerly contained both chemical processing

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and oil reclamation facilities. Soils, filter cakes, • Semivolatile organic compoundsand oily wastes from an old storage tank were (phenols) were detected in the treatedtreated during the demonstration. These wastes waste and the toxicity characteristicwere contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, leaching procedure (TCLP) extracts frompolychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), other organic the treated waste, but not in the untreatedchemicals, and heavy metals. The Technology waste or its TCLP extracts. The presenceEvaluation Report (EPA/540/5-89/005a), of these compounds is believed to resultApp l i ca t i ons Ana lys is Repor t from chemical reactions in the waste(EPA/540/A5-89/005), and Demonstration treatment mixture.Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/005) are available from • The oil and grease content of theEPA. This technology is no longer available untreated waste ranged from 2.8 tothrough a vendor. Contact the EPA Project 17.3 percent (28,000 to 173,000 parts perManager for further information. million [ppm]). The oil and grease

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: solidified waste ranged from 2.4 to

Key findings from the Soliditech demonstration • The pH of the solidified waste rangedare summarized below: from 11.7 to 12.0. The pH of the

• Extract and leachate analyses showed that • PCBs were not detected in any extracts orheavy metals in the untreated waste were leachates from the treated waste.immobilized. • Visual observation of solidified waste

• The process solidified both solid and revealed bulk oily material about 1liquid wastes with high organic content millimeter in diameter.(up to 17 percent), as well as oil andgrease. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

• Volatile organic compounds in theoriginal waste were not detected in the EPA PROJECT MANAGER:treated waste. Jack Hubbard

• Physical test results of the solidified U.S. EPAwaste showed (1) UCS ranging from 390 National Risk Management Researchto 860 pounds per square inch (psi); Laboratory(2) very little weight loss after 12 cycles 26 West Martin Luther King Driveof wet and dry and freeze and thaw Cincinnati, OH 45268durability tests; (3) low permeability of 513-569-7507the treated waste; and (4) increased Fax: 513-569-7620density after treatment.

• The solidified waste increased in volumeby an average of 22 percent. Because ofsolidification, the bulk density of thewaste material increased by about35 percent.

content of the TCLP extracts from the

12 ppm.

untreated waste ranged from 3.4 to 7.9.

SOLUCORP INDUSTRIES(Molecular Bonding System)

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Molecular Bonding System (MBS) is aprocess developed for the stabilization of avariety of media, such as soil, sludge, slag,and ash, that is contaminated with heavymetals. The process employs a proprietarymixture of nonhazardous chemicals toconvert the heavy metal contaminants fromtheir existing reactive and leachable forms(usually oxides) into insoluble, stable,nonhazardous, metallic-sulfide compoundsthat will achieve toxicity characteristicleaching procedure (TCLP) levels far belowregulatory limits. The MBS processmaintains the pH levels in the media withinthe range where the insolubility of the heavymetal sulfides is assured. The system alsoprovides buffer capacity to ensure that thepH is not significantly altered by theaddition of acids or caustics to the media.

As depicted in the diagram below, the MBStreatment process is completely mobile andeasily transportable (to allow for on-sitetreatment). Waste material is screened andcrushed as required to reduce particle sizesto an average 1-inch diameter (particle sizereduction increases surface area, whichmaximizes contact with the reagents). Thewaste media is then mixed with powderedreagents in a closed-hopper pug mill (thereagent mixture is established through treatability studies for the site-specific

conditions). Water is then added to catalyzethe reaction and to ensure homogeneousmixing. There is no curing time and theresulting increase in volume is between 2 to3 percent. The treated media is thenconveyed to a stockpile where it can beeither returned to the original site ordisposed in a landfill as cover, fill, orcontour material.

MBS can also be applied with traditional insitu mixing techniques such as tillers,eliminating the need for excavating andpreparing the soil.

The MBS process can also be used tostabilize waste “in line” during themanufacturing process, preventing the wastefrom being classified as hazardous.Commercial applications on slag from asecondary smelter are underway.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The MBS process stabilizes heavy metals insoil, sludges, baghouse dust, ash, slag, andsediment. Heavy metals rendered inert bythe process include arsenic, cadmium,chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel,silver, and zinc. The process cansimultaneously stabilize multiple heavymetal contaminants. The presence oforganics does not affect treatment by MBS.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted into the SITEDemonstration Program in early 1995. ASITE demonstration was conducted at theMidvale Slag Superfund Site in Midvale,Utah in 1997. Three waste streamscontaminated with As, Cd, and Pb weretreated. Approximately 500 tons of eachwaste stream was treated. The treatedwastes and souls passed EPA’s MultipleExtraction Procedure. The MBS process hasundergone extensive bench-scale and pilot-scale testing prior to its successful full-scalecommercialization. The same reductions inthe TCLP levels of hazardous contaminantsachieved in the laboratory were achieved atfive manufacturing site in five differentstates.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:Thomas HoldsworthU.S. EPANational Risk Management Research Laboratory26 W. Martin Luther King DriveCincinnati, OH 45268513-569-7675Fax: 513-569-7676E-Mail:[email protected]

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPERCONTACT:Noel SpindlerSOLUCORP Industries250 West Nyack RoadWest Nyack, NY 10994914-623-2333Fax: 914-623-4987

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Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System Installed at EPA’s Research Facility

SONOTECH, INC.(Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: system is designed to improve an incinerator's

The Sonotech, Inc., frequency-tunable pulse between the fuel and air, (2) increasing mixingcombustion system (Sonotech system) is designed rates between reactive gas pockets and ignitionto significantly improve batch- and continuous- sources, and (3) increasing rates of heat and massmode combustion or thermal processes (such as transfer between the gas and the burning waste.incineration) by creating large-amplitude, These improvements should (1) reduce theresonant pulsations inside the combustion amount of excess air required to completely burnchamber. This technology can be applied to new the waste, (2) increase destruction and removalor existing combustion systems. The technology efficiencies (DRE) of principal organic hazardousis used in fossil fuel combustion devices, constituents, (3) minimize the formation ofresidential natural gas furnaces, and industrial products of incomplete combustion, and (4)combustion systems. It should prove similarly eliminate or minimize detrimental emissions orbeneficial to hazardous waste incineration and soil "puffs."remediation applications.

The Sonotech system (see photograph below) amplitudes as high as 170 decibels andconsists of an air inlet, a combustor section, a frequencies of 100 to 500 hertz within thetailpipe, a control panel, and safety features. This combustion chamber. The high frequencies and

performance by (1) increasing mixing rates

The Sonotech system has achieved sound




velocities of these gas oscillations help mix the unit/pound (Btu/lb) for conventional combustiongases in the chamber and thus reduce or eliminate to 18,000 Btu/lb for the Sonotech system. Visualstratification effects. observations indicated improved mixing in the

The Sonotech system can function alone or as a operating. supplemental retrofit to an existing combustionsystem. In the latter application, the frequency- Benzene and naphthalene DREs were greater thantunable pulse combustion system can supply as 99.99 percent. The average concentration oflittle as 2 to 10 percent of the total energy carbon monoxide exiting the afterburner,requirements. The total fuel supplied to the main corrected to 7 percent oxygen, decreased from 20burner and the Sonotech system should be less parts per million (ppm) with conventionalthan the amount of fuel supplied to the main combustion to 14 ppm with the Sonotech system.burner before retrofitting. The average concentration of nitrogen oxides

WASTE APPLICABILITY: oxygen, decreased from 82 ppm with

This technology can be used with any material Sonotech system. Average soot emissions exitingthat can be treated in a conventional incinerator. the afterburner, corrected to 7 percent oxygen,Sonotech, Inc., believes that the technology is were reduced from 1.9 milligrams per dryready for incineration of hazardous, municipal, standard cubic meter (mg/dscm) for conventionaland medical wastes. combustion to less than 1.0 mg/dscm with the

STATUS: system combustion, determined from

This technology was accepted into the SITE Sonotech system in operation.Demonstration Program in 1992. The 6-weekdemonstration evaluated whether the technology FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:improved the performance of a larger scaleincineration system. To meet this goal, the pilot- EPA PROJECT MANAGER:scale rotary kiln incinerator at EPA's Incineration Marta K. RichardsResearch Facility in Jefferson, Arkansas was U.S. EPAretrofit with a Sonotech system. The National Risk Management Researchdemonstration took place from September to LaboratoryOctober 1994. The retrofit incinerator was used 26 West Martin Luther King Driveto treat coal- and oil-gasification wastes, Cincinnati, OH 45268traditionally incinerated with conventional 513-569-7692technology. The Technology Capsule Fax: 513-569-7676(EPA/540/R-95/502a) is available from EPA.More detailed results will be available from EPA TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:in early 1997. Ben Zinn

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: 3656 Paces Valley Road

The Sonotech system increased the incinerator 404-894-3033waste feed rate capacity by 13 to 21 percent Fax: 404-894-2760compared to conventional combustion. As thedemonstration waste had significant heatcontent,the capacity increase was equivalent to areduction in the auxiliary fuel needed to treat aunit mass of waste from 21,100 British thermal

incinerator cavity with the Sonotech system

exiting the after burner, corrected to 7 percent

conventional combustion to 77 ppm with the

Sonotech system. Total air requirements for

stoichiometric calculations, were lower with the

Sonotech, Inc.

Atlanta, GA 30327

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Treatment of Contaminated Soil

STC REMEDIATION, INC.(formerly SILICATE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION)

(Organic Stabilization and Chemical Fixation/Solidification)

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: of hazardous soils, sediments, and sludges. These

STC Remediation, Inc. (STC Remediation), has across the United States and in Italy.developed both chemical organic stabilization andchemical fixation/solidification technologies that STC Remediation has evaluated various materialstreat inorganic and organic solid hazardous wastes handling and mixing systems for use on full-scale(see photograph below). Leachable organic remediation projects. Materials handlingcontaminant concentrations are reduced to well processes consist of pretreatment processes forbelow regulatory limits. The chemical fixation/ screening and crushing contaminated soils, andsolidification technology forms insoluble placement and conveying systems for handlingchemical compounds, reducing leachable treated material. Mixing systems consist ofinorganic contaminant concentrations in soils and various batching plants, pug mills, and high-shearsludges. batch mixing systems to properly meter and mix

STC Remediation's technology has been Remediation provides complete treatability studysuccessfully implemented on numerous full-scale services during project development and on sitehazardous waste remediation projects, technical services and/or contracting servicessuccessfully stabilizing more than 750,000 tons during full scale remediation to ensure effective

sites include Superfund sites and industrial sites

reagents with contaminated soils. STC




application of the treatment technologies, The chemical fixation/stabilizationdocumentation, and quality assurance/quality technology stabilized the residual PCPcontrol procedures during the treatment process. concentrations to very low leachable levels

WASTE APPLICABILITY: • STC Remediation's technology

STC Remediation's technology can treat a wide chromium remained well withinvariety of hazardous soils, sludges, and regulatory limits.wastewaters, including the following: • Long-term monitoring at 18 and

• Soils and sludges contaminated with project provided comparable results forinorganics, including most metals, PCP, arsenic, and copper, whilecyanides, fluorides, arsenates, chromates, chromium remained well withinand selenium regulatory limits.

• Soils and sludges contaminated with • The treated wastes had moderately highorganics, including halogenated unconfined compressive strength,aromatics, polynuclear aromatic averaging 300 pounds per square inchhydrocarbons, and aliphatic compounds (psi) after 28 days, increasing to more

• Wastewaters contaminated with heavy than 700 psi after 18 months.metals and emulsified and dissolved • Permeability of the treated waste was lessorganic compounds, excluding low- than 1.7 x 10 centimeters per second).molecular-weight organic contaminants The relative cumulative weight loss aftersuch as alcohols, ketones, and glycols 12 wet/dry and 12 freeze/thaw cycles was

STATUS: • Treatment costs depend on specific waste

This technology was accepted into the SITEDemonstration Program in 1988, and the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:demonstration was completed in November 1990at the Selma Pressure Treating (SPT) Superfund EPA PROJECT MANAGER:site in Selma, California. STC Remediation was Edward Batessubsequently selected for the full-scale U.S. EPAremediation of the SPT site, which is National Risk Management Researchcontaminated with organics, mainly Laboratorypentachlorophenol (PCP), and inorganics, mainly 26 West Martin Luther King Drivearsenic, chromium, and copper. The Applications Cincinnati, OH 45268Analysis Report (EPA/540/AR-92/010) is 513-569-7774available through the National Technology Fax: 513-569-7676Information Service (Order No. PB93-172948).The Technology Evaluation Report TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:(EPA/540/R-92/010) and Demonstration Bulletin Scott Larsen or Stephen Pegler(EPA/540/MR-92/010) are available from EPA. STC Remediation, Inc.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: Scottsdale, AZ 85260

The SITE demonstration yielded the following Fax: 602-991-3173results:

• The organic stabilization technologyreduced total extractable PCPconcentrations up to 97 percent.

(from 5 to less than 0.3 milligrams per liter).

immobilized arsenic and copper, while

32 months following the demonstration

-7

negligible (less than 1 percent).

characteristics.

7650 East Redfield Road, Suite D-5

602-948-7100

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Solvent Extraction Treatment System

TERRA-KLEEN RESPONSE GROUP, INC.(Solvent Extraction Treatment System)

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: solvent to trace levels. The treated soils are then

Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc. (Terra-Kleen),developed the solvent extraction treatment system Contaminant-laden solvents are cleaned for reuseto remove semivolatile and nonvolatile organic by Terra-Kleen's solvent regeneration process.contaminants from soil. This batch process The solvent regeneration process begins bysystem uses a proprietary solvent blend to pumping contaminant-laden solvent from theseparate hazardous constituents from soils, sedimentation tank through a microfiltration unitsediments, sludge, and debris. and a proprietary solvent purification station. The

A flow diagram of the Terra-Kleen treatment remaining in the solvent. The solvent purificationsystem is shown below. Treatment begins after station separates organic contaminants from theexcavated soil is loaded into the solvent extraction solvent and concentrates them, reducing thetanks. Clean solvent from the solvent storage tank amount of hazardous waste for off-site disposal.is pumped into the extraction tanks. The soil and The solvent is pumped into the solvent storagesolvent mixture is held in the extraction tanks tank for use in treating additional soil.long enough to solubilize organic contaminantsinto the solvent, separating them from the soil. WASTE APPLICABILITY:The contaminant-laden solvent is then removedfrom the extraction tanks and pumped into the The Terra-Kleen solvent extraction treatmentsedimentation tank. Suspended solids settle or are system is a waste minimization process designedflocculated in the sedimentation tank, and are then to remove the following organic contaminantsremoved. from soils: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB),

Following solvent extraction of the organic hydrocarbons (PAH), pentachlorophenol,contaminants, any residual solvent in the soil is creosote, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxinsremoved using soil vapor extraction and (PCDD), chlorinated pesticides, andbiological treatment. Soil vapor extraction polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF). Theremoves the majority of the residual solvent, system is transportable and can be configured towhile biological treatment reduces residual treat small quantities of soil (1 to 1,000 cubic

removed from the extraction tanks.

microfiltration unit first removes any fines

chlorinated pesticides, polynuclear aromatic




yards) as well as large volumes generated at than 1.71 mg/kg, an overall removalremedial sites. efficiency of 98.8 percent.

STATUS: moisture content of 0.83 percent; a

The solvent extraction treatment system was sand, 15 percent gravel, and 5 percentdemonstrated during May and June 1994 at Naval clay; and an overall oil and greaseAir Station North Island (NASNI) Site 4 in San concentration of 780 mg/kg.Diego, California. Soils at Site 4 are • Hexachlorodibenzofuran andcontaminated with heavy metals, volatile organic pentachlorodibenzofuran concentrationscompounds (VOC), PCBs (Aroclor 1260), and were reduced by 92.7 percent and 84.0furans. The Technology Capsule percent, respectively. Oil and grease(EPA/540/R-94/521a) and Demonstration Bulletin concentrations were reduced by 65.9(EPA/540/MR-94/521) are available from EPA. percent.The Innovative Technology Evaluation Report isavailable from EPA. Additional data were collected at the Naval

Several full-scale solvent extraction units are in The system treated soil contaminated withoperation at this time. Terra-Kleen has removed chlorinated pesticides at concentrations up toPCBs from 10,000 tons of soil at three sites within 600 mg/kg. Samples taken during systemNASNI, and completed cleanup of a remote Air operation indicated that soil contaminated withForce Base PCB site in Alaska. A full-scale DDD, DDE, and DDT was reduced below 1system has also removed DDT, DDD, and DDE mg/kg, an overall removal efficiency of 98.8 tofrom clay soil at the Naval Communication 99.8 percent. Station in Stockton, California. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:Terra-Kleen has been selected to participate in theRapid Commercialization Initiative (RCI). RCI EPA PROJECT MANAGER:was created by the Department of Commerce, Mark Meckes or Terrence LyonsDepartment of Defense, Department of Energy U.S. EPA(DOE), and EPA to assist in the integration of National Risk Management Researchinnovative technologies into the marketplace. LaboratoryUnder RCI, Terra-Kleen is expanding its 26 West Martin Luther King Drivecapabilities to process PCBs and VOCs in low- Cincinnati, OH 45268level radioactive wastes. The pilot project for this 513-569-7348 or 513-569-7589effort will begin in early 1997 at DOE’s Fernald Fax: 513-569-7328 or 513-569-7676Plant near Cincinnati, Ohio.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: Alan Cash

Findings from the SITE demonstration are 3970 B Sorrento Valley Blvd.summarized as follows: San Diego, CA 92121

• PCB Aroclor 1260 concentrations were Fax: 619-558-8759reduced from an average of 144milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) to less

• NASNI untreated soil contained a

particle size distribution of 80 percent

Communication Station in Stockton, California.

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:

Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc.

619-558-8762

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In Situ Dual Vacuum Extraction Process

TERRA VAC(In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum Extraction)

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: air-liquid separator. The vapor-phase

In situ or ex situ vacuum extraction is a process carbon adsorption filter, a catalytic oxidizer, orthat removes volatile organic compounds (VOC) another emission control system before the gasesand many semivolatile organic compounds are discharged to the atmosphere. Subsurface(SVOC) from the vadose, or unsaturated, soil vacuum and soil vapor concentrations arezone. These compounds can often be removed monitored with vadose zone monitoring wells.from the vadose zone before they contaminategroundwater. Soil piles also may be cleaned by The technology can be used in mostex situ vacuum extraction. The in situ vacuum hydrogeological settings and may reduce soilextraction process has been patented by others and contaminant levels from saturated conditions tolicensed to Terra Vac and others in the United nondetectable. The process also works inStates. fractured bedrock and less permeable soils (clays)

The extraction process uses readily available used to enhance bioremediation (bioventing). Itequipment, including extraction and monitoring also may be used in conjunction with dualwells, manifold piping, air-liquid separators, and vacuum extraction, soil heating, pneumaticvacuum pumps. Vacuum extraction systems may fracturing, and chemical oxidation to recover avent directly to the atmosphere or through an wide range of contaminants. The figure belowemission control device. After the contaminated illustrates one possible configuration of thearea is generally characterized, extraction wells process.are installed and connected by piping to thevacuum extraction and vapor treatment systems. Typical contaminant recovery rates range from 20

First, a vacuum pump creates a vacuum in the soil depending on the degree of site contamination andcausing in situ volatilization and draws air the design of the vacuum extraction system.through the subsurface. Contaminants areremoved from the extraction wells and pass to the

contaminants may be treated with an activated

with sufficient permeability. The process may be

to 2,500 pounds (10 to 1,000 kilograms) per day,


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WASTE APPLICABILITY: concentrations during the demonstration program

The vacuum extraction technology may treat soils clays. Field evaluations yielded the followingcontaining virtually any VOC. It has removed conclusions:over 40 types of chemicals from soils and • Permeability of soils is an importantgroundwater, including solvents and gasoline- and consideration when applying thisdiesel-range hydrocarbons. technology.

STATUS: sites with complex geology or

The process was accepted into the SITE • Treatment costs are typically $40 per tonDemonstration Program in 1987. The process was of soil but can range from less than $10 todemonstrated under the SITE Demonstration $80 per ton of soil , depending on the sizeProgram at the Groveland Wells Superfund site in of the site and the requirements for gasGroveland, Massachusetts, from December 1987 effluent or wastewater treatment.through April 1988. The technology remediated • Contaminants should have a Henry'ssoils contaminated with trichloroethene (TCE). constant of 0.001 or higher. The Technology Evaluation Report(EPA/540/5-89/003a) and Applications Analysis FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:Report (EPA/540/A5-89/003) are available fromEPA. TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:

The vacuum extraction process was first Vice Presidentdemonstrated at a Superfund site in Puerto Rico in Terra Vac1984. Terra Vac has since applied the technology Windsor Industrial Park, Building 15at more than 20 additional Superfund sites and at 92 N. Main Streetmore than 700 other waste sites throughout the P.O. Box 468United States, Europe, and Japan. Windsor, NJ 08561-0468

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: Fax: 609-371-9446

During the Groveland Wells SITE demonstration,four extraction wells pumped contaminants to the Esteban Garciaprocess system. During a 56-day period, Corporation Marketing Manager1,300 pounds of VOCs, mainly TCE, were Terra Vacextracted from both highly permeable strata and 17821 Mitchell Avenueless permeable (10 centimeters per second) Irvine, CA 92614-6003-7

clays. The vacuum extraction process achieved 714-252-8900nondetectable VOC levels at some locations and Fax: 714-252-8901reduced the VOC concentration in soil gas E-mail: [email protected] 95 percent. Average reductions of soil Home page: www.terravac.com

were 92 percent for sandy soils and 90 percent for

• Pilot demonstrations are necessary at

contaminant distributions.

Joseph A. Pezzullo

609-371-0070

E-mail: [email protected]

7HFKQRORJ\�3URILOH '(021675$7,21�352*5$0



Texaco Gasification Process

TEXACO INC.(Texaco Gasification Process)

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Slurried wastes are pumped to a specially

The Texaco Gasification Process (TGP) is an tory-lined gasifier. The waste feed, oxygen, andentrained-bed, noncatalytic, partial oxidation an auxiliary fuel such as coal react and flowprocess in which carbonaceous substances react at downward through the gasifier to a quenchelevated temperatures and pressures, producing a chamber that collects the slag. The slag isgas containing mainly carbon monoxide and eventually removed through a lockhopper. Ahydrogen (see figure below). This product, called scrubber further cools and cleans the synthesissynthesis gas, can be used to produce other gas. Fine particulate matter removed by thechemicals or can be burned as fuel. Inorganic scrubber may be recycled to the gasifier; a sulfurmaterials in the feed melt are removed as a recovery system may also be added.glass-like slag.

This technology has operated commercially for synthesis gas, the cooled, water-scrubbed productover 40 years with feedstocks such as natural gas, gas, consisting mainly of hydrogen and carbonheavy oil, coal, and petroleum coke. The TGP monoxide, essentially contains no hydrocarbonsprocesses waste feedstocks at pressures above 20 heavier than methane. Metals and other ashatmospheres and temperatures between 2,200 and constituents become part of the glassy slag.2,800 (F.

designed injector mounted at the top of the refrac-

After the TGP converts organic materials into




The TGP can be configured as a transportable DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:system capable of processing about 100 tons ofhazardous waste per day. This system would Findings from the SITE demonstration areproduce about 6 million standard cubic feet of summarized below:usable synthesis gas per day with a heating valueof approximately 250 British thermal units per • The average composition of the drystandard cubic foot. synthesis gas product from the TGP

WASTE APPLICABILITY: 36 percent carbon monoxide, and

The TGP can treat the following wastes: remaining organic contaminant greater

• Contaminated soils, sludges, and methane at 55 ppm.sediments that contain both organic and • The destruction and removal efficiencyinorganic constituents for the volatile organic spike

• Chemical wastes (chlorobenzene) was greater than the• Petroleum residues 99.99 percent goal.

Solids in the feed are ground and pumped in a product, coarse slag, averaged below theslurry containing 40 to 70 percent solids by Toxicity Characteristic Leachingweight and 30 to 60 percent liquid, usually water. Procedure (TCLP) limits for lead (5

Texaco has demonstrated gasification of coal (100 mg/L). Volatile heavy metalsliquefaction residues, petroleum production tank tended to partition to and concentrate inbottoms, municipal sewage sludge, and surrogate the secondary TGP solid products, finecontaminated soil. Texaco is operating a slag and clarifier solids. These secondarygasification facility at its El Dorado, Kansas products were above the TCLP limit forrefinery that will convert up to 170 tons per day of lead.petroleum coke and Resource Conservation andRecovery Act-listed refinery wastes into usable FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:synthesis gas.

STATUS: Marta K. Richards

The TGP was accepted into the SITE National Risk Management ResearchDemonstration Program in July 1991. A Laboratorydemonstration was conducted in January 1994 at 26 West Martin Luther King DriveTexaco's Montebello Research Laboratory in Cincinnati, OH 45268California using a mixture of clean soil, coal, and 513-569-7692contaminated soil from the Purity Oil Sales Fax: 513-569-7676Superfund site, located in Fresno, California. Themixture was slurried and spiked with lead, TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:barium, and chlorobenzene. Forty tons of slurry Tim Leiningerwas gasified during three demonstration runs. Montebello Technology CenterThe Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR- Texaco Global Gas & Power9 5 / 5 1 4 ) , Techno logy Capsu le 329 N. Durfee Avenue(EPA/540/R-94/514a), and Innovative S. El Monte, CA 91733Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R- 562-699-094894/514) are available from EPA. Fax: 562-699-7408

consisted of 37 percent hydrogen,

21 percent carbon dioxide. The only

than 0.1 part per million (ppm) was

• Samples of the primary TGP solid

milligrams per liter [mg/L]) and barium

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:

U.S. EPA

7HFKQRORJ\�3URILOH '(021675$7,21�352*5$0



Soil Washing Plant (Metal Extraction Screwtubes in Foregroundand Bioslurry Reactors in Background)

TORONTO HARBOUR COMMISSION(Soil Recycling)

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: hydrocyclones to separate the contaminated fines,

The Toronto Harbour Commission's (THC) soil particles, and a density separator to remove coalrecycling process removes inorganic and organic and peat from the sand fraction.contaminants from soil to produce a reusable fillmaterial (see photograph below). The process If only inorganic contaminants are present, theconsists of three technologies operating in series: slurry can be treated in the inorganic chelator unit.a soil washing technology; a technology that This process uses an acid leach to free theremoves inorganic contamination by chelation; inorganic contaminant from the fine slurry andand a technology that uses chemical and then removes the metal using solid chelatingbiological treatment to reduce organic agent pellets in a patented countercurrentcontaminants. contactor. The metals are recovered by

The process uses an attrition soil wash plant to regenerating liquid.remove relatively uncontaminated coarse soilfractions using mineral processing equipment Organic removal is accomplished by firstwhile concentrating the contaminants in a fine chemically pretreating the slurry from the washslurry which is routed to the appropriate process plant or the metal removal process. Next,for further treatment. The wash process includes biological treatment is applied in upflow slurrya trommel washer to remove clean gravel, reactors using the bacteria which have developed

an attrition scrubber to free fines from sand

electrowinning from the chelation agent




naturally in the soils. The treated soil is with a nominal 35-day retention time, achieved atdewatered using hydrocyclones and returned to least a 90 percent reduction in simplethe site from which it was excavated. polyaromatic hydrocarbon compounds such as

WASTE APPLICABILITY: 75 percent reduction in benzo(a)pyrene required

The technology is designed to reduce organic andinorganic contaminants in soils. The process train The biological process discharge did not meet theapproach is most useful when sites have been cleanup criteria for oil and grease, and the processcontaminated as a result of multiple uses over a exhibited virtually no removal of this parameter.period of time. Typical sites where the process THC believes that the high outlet oil and greasetrain might be used include refinery and values are the result of the analytical extraction ofpetroleum storage facilities, sites with metal the biomass developed during the process.processing and metal recycling histories, andmanufactured gas and coal or coke processing and The hydrocyclone dewatering device did notstorage sites. The process is less suited to soils achieve significant dewatering. Final processwith undesirable high inorganic constituents slurries were returned to the excavation site inwhich result from the inherent mineralogy of the liquid form.soils.

STATUS: efficiency for toxic heavy metals such as copper,

The THC soil recycling process was accepted into 70 percent.the SITE Demonstration Program in 1991. Thesoil recycling process was demonstrated at a site The metals removal process equipment andwithin the Toronto Port Industrial District that had chelating agent were fouled by free oil and greasebeen used for metals finishing and refinery contamination, forcing sampling to endproducts and petroleum storage. Demonstration prematurely. Biological treatment or physicalsampling took place in April and May 1992. separation of oil and grease will be required to

Results have been published in the DemonstrationBulletin (EPA/520-MR-92/015), the Applications FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:Analysis Report (EPA/540-AR-93/517), theTechno logy Evaluat ion Report EPA PROJECT MANAGER:(EPA/540/R-93/517), and the Technology Teri RichardsonDemonstration Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/517). U.S. EPAThese reports are available from EPA. National Risk Management Research

This technology is no longer available through a 26 West Martin Luther King Drivevendor. For further information on the Cincinnati, OH 45268technology, contact the EPA Project Manager. 513-569-7949

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The demonstration results showed that soilwashing produced clean coarse soil fractions andconcentrated the contaminants in the fine slurry.The chemical treatment process and biologicalslurry reactors, when operated on a batch basis

naphthalene, but did not meet the approximately

to achieve the cleanup criteria.

The metals removal process achieved a removal

lead, mercury, and nickel of approximately

avoid such fouling.

Laboratory

Fax: 513-569-7105

7HFKQRORJ\�3URILOH '(021675$7,21�352*5$0



Excavation Area Enclosure

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION AGENCY

(Excavation Techniques and Foam Suppression Methods)

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: emissions, a scrubber and a carbon adsorptionunit

Excavation techniques and foam suppression additional emission control method, a vapormethods have been developed through a joint suppressant foam can be applied to the soil beforeEPA effort involving the National Risk and after excavation.Management Research Laboratory (Cincinnati,Ohio), Air and Energy Engineering Research WASTE APPLICABILITY:Laboratory (Research Triangle Park, NorthCarolina), and EPA Region 9 to evaluate control This technology is suitable for controlling VOCtechnologies during excavation operations. and sulfur dioxide emissions during excavation of

In general, excavating soil contaminated withvolatile organic compounds (VOC) results in STATUS:fugitive air emissions. When using thistechnology, the area to be excavated is surrounded This technology was demonstrated at the McCollby a temporary enclosure (see photograph below). Superfund site in Fullerton, California, in JuneAir from the enclosure is vented through an and July 1990. An enclosure 60 feet wide,emission control system before being released to 160 feet long, and 26 feet high was erected overthe atmosphere. For example, in the case of an area contaminated with VOCs and sulfurhydrocarbon and sulfur dioxide dioxide. A backhoe removed the overburden and

would be used to treat emissions. As an

contaminated soil.




excavated underlying waste. Three distinct types concentrations were due in part to the inability ofof waste were encountered during excavation: the vapor suppressant foams to form anoily mud, tar, and hard coal-like char. impermeable membrane over the exposed wastes.

The following documents, which contain results causing the foam to degrade. Furthermore, purgefrom the demonstration, are available from EPA: water from foaming activities made surfaces

• Applications Analysis Report cubic yards of overburden and 137 cubic yards of(EPA/540/AR-92/015) contaminated waste was excavated. The tar waste

• Technology Evaluation Report was solidified and stabilized by mixing with fly (EPA/540/R-93/015) ash, cement, and water in a pug mill. The char

• Demonstration Summary wastes did not require further processing.(EPA/540/SR-92/015)


During excavation, the 5-minute average air Jack Hubbardconcentrations within the enclosed area were up to U.S. EPA1,000 parts per million (ppm) for sulfur dioxide National Risk Management Researchand up to 492 ppm for total hydrocarbons (THC). LaboratoryThe air pollution control system removed up to 99 26 West Martin Luther King Drivepercent of the sulfur dioxide and up to 70 percent Cincinnati, OH 45268of the THCs. 513-569-7507

The concentrations of air contaminants inside theenclosure were higher than expected. These high

The foam reacted with the highly acidic waste,

slippery for workers and equipment.A total of 101

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:

Fax: 513-569-7620

7HFKQRORJ\�3URILOH '(021675$7,21�352*5$0



UV Radiation and Oxidation System (Isometric View)

U.S. FILTER/WTS ULTROX (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: on-site treatment of a wide variety of liquid

This ultraviolet (UV) radiation and oxidation expected wastewater flow rate and the necessarytechnology uses UV radiation, ozone, and hydraulic retention time needed to treat thehydrogen peroxide to destroy toxic organic contaminated water. The approximate UVcompounds, particularly chlorinated intensity, and ozone and hydrogen peroxide doses,hydrocarbons, in water. The technology oxidizes are determined from pilot-scale studies.compounds that are toxic or refractory (resistantto biological oxidation) to parts per million (ppm) Reactor influent is simultaneously exposed to UVor parts per billion (ppb) levels. radiation, ozone, and hydrogen peroxide to

The UV radiation and oxidation system consists reactor passes through a catalytic ozoneof the UV-oxidation reactor, an air compressor destruction Decompozon™ unit, which reducesand ozone generator module, and a hydrogen ozone levels before air venting. Theperoxide feed system (see figure below). The Decompozon™ unit also destroys volatile organicsystem is skid-mounted and portable, and permits compounds (VOC) stripped off in the reactor.

wastes. Reactor size is determined by the

oxidize the organic compounds. Off-gas from the




Effluent from the reactor is tested and analyzed included in records of decision for severalbefore disposal. Superfund sites where groundwater pump-and-

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The UV radiation and oxidation system treatscontaminated groundwater, industrial Contaminated groundwater treated by the systemwastewaters, and leachates containing during the SITE demonstration met regulatoryhalogenated solvents, phenol, pentachlorophenol, standards at the appropriate parameter levels. Outpesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, explosives, of 44 VOCs in the wastewater, trichloroethene,benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, methyl 1,1-dichloroethane, and 1,1,1-trichloroethanetertiary butyl ether, and other organic compounds. were chosen as indicator parameters. All three areThe system also treats low-level total organic relatively refractory to conventional oxidation.carbon and reduces chemical oxygen demand andbiological oxygen demand. The Decompozon™ unit reduced ozone to less

STATUS: percent. VOCs present in the air within the

This technology was accepted into the SITE through the Decompozon™ unit. The systemDemonstration Program in 1989. A field-scale produced no harmful air emissions. Total organicdemonstration of the system was completed in carbon removal was low, implying partialMarch 1989 at the Lorentz Barrel and Drum oxidation of organics without completeCompany site in San Jose, California. The testing conversion to carbon dioxide and water.program was designed to evaluate systemperformance while varying five operating FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:parameters: (1) influent pH, (2) retention time,(3) ozone dose, (4) hydrogen peroxide dose, and EPA PROJECT MANAGER:(5) UV radiation intensity. The Demonstration Norma LewisBulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/012), Technology U.S. EPADemonstration Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/012), National Risk Management ResearchApp l i ca t i ons Ana lys is Repor t Laboratory(EPA/540/A5-89/012), and Technology 26 West Martin Luther King DriveEvaluation Report (EPA/540/5-89/012) are Cincinnati, OH 45268available from EPA. 513-569-7665

The technology is fully commercial, with over 30systems installed. Units with flow rates ranging TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:from 5 gallons per minute (gpm) to 1,050 gpm are Dr. Richard Woodlingin use at various industries and site remediations, U.S. Filterincluding aerospace, U.S. Department of Energy, 2805 Mission College Blvd.U.S. Department of Defense, petroleum, Santa Clara, CA 95054pharmaceutical, automotive, woodtreating, and 408-588-2609municipal facilities.UV radiation and Fax: 408-567-0396oxidation technology has been

treat remediation methods will be used.


than 0.1 ppm, with efficiencies greater than 99.99

treatment system were not detected after passing

Fax: 513-569-7787

7HFKQRORJ\�3URILOH '(021675$7,21�352*5$0



Center Pivot spray Irrigation System

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA - LINCOLN(Center Pivot Spray Irrigation System)

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: labor and operating requirements. The systems do

Spray irrigation technology with “center pivots” low.and “linear” systems can be used to remediategroundwater contaminated with volatile organic The sprinkler method applies water over thecompounds (VOC). The technology is commonly irrigated area with a fine spray (see theused to apply irrigation water to vegetable and photograph below). Water coverage over therow crops. While the systems were introduced to irrigated area is controlled by the speed withirrigate hilly terrain and excessively well-drained which the “pivot” or “linear” system travelssoils, the technology has been adapted in both across the field. The heart of the sprinklergroundwater quality and quantity management irrigation system is the nozzle, which has a smallareas as a best management practice. This opening through which a high-velocity stream oftechnology severely reduces water application water is emitted. As the high-velocity waterrates and leaching relative to flood irrigation stream leaves the nozzle, it strikes an impact padtechniques. and forms a thin film of water. The thin film of

The systems consist of an elevated pipeline with droplets as it leaves the impact pad. Droplet sizenozzles placed at close intervals. Groundwater is depends on the stream pressure and design of thepumped through the pipeline and sprayed impact pad.uniformly over a field as the pipeline pivots orlinearly passes over the cropped area. The typical The system used in the SITE demonstrationpump rate is between 800 and 2,000 gallons per program was a center pivot and was located on aminute (gpm). These self-propelled systems are seed-corn field in Hastings, Nebraska. Thehighly mechanized and have low system was equipped with off-the-shelf, fog-

not require level ground, and start-up costs are

water produced by these pads breaks up into small




producing impact pads for improved volatilization 1995 in a seed-corn field in Hastings, Nebraska.efficiency. The technology was demonstrated under the SITE

A stratified water droplet collector (SWDC) MAR-CO Subsite in Hastings, Nebraska. The 50-simultaneously collected spray at four fall heights acre site is a furrow-irrigated corn field underlainabove ground level, and was specifically by commingled plumes of groundwater containingcontracted for this project by the Dutton-Lainson EDB, TCE, TCA, CT, 1,1-dichloroethene, andCompany in Hastings, Nebraska. With this chloroform. The primary goal of thedevice, droplets were collected at heights of 1.5, demonstration was to determine the efficiency of4.5, 7.5, and 10.5 feet above the ground surface. the system to remediate VOCs in groundwater toTwelve SWDCs were installed parallel to the concentrations below the maximum contaminantpivot arm to determine average volatilization levels. The results of this demonstration areefficiencies from the 340 nozzles on the pivot available in the Innovative Technology Evaluationarm. Report (EPA/540/R-09/502).

WASTE APPLICABILITY: Clients involved in large pump-and-treat projects

The sprinkler irrigation system is capable of suitability of the system to their specific siteremediating VOC-contaminated groundwater. situations. Potential clients include the U.S.Removal rates in excess of 95 percent have been Navy, the Army Corps of Engineers, and severaldemonstrated for groundwater containing ethylene state agencies. The technology is currently beingdibromide (EDB), trichloroethene (TCE), 1,1,1- used at the Lindsey Manufacturing site intrichloroethane (TCA), and carbon tetrachloride Nebraska and near some grain elevators being(CT). The method will efficiently volatilize all remediated by Argonne Laboratory. common volatiles in groundwater that mayoriginate from landfills, degreasers, dry cleaners, FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:electrical industries, gas stations, or refineries.The residuals are transferred to the atmosphere EPA PROJECT MANAGER:where they are dispersed and most are rapidly Teri Richardsondegraded in ultraviolet light. U.S. EPA

The technique may be limited to individual Laboratorygroundwater VOC concentrations that are less 26 West Martin Luther King Drivethan 1 part per million if residual concentrations Cincinnati, OH 45268of VOCs are mandated to be near or below the 513-569-7949maximum contaminant level prior to reaching the Fax: 513-569-7105ground surface. Otherwise, the technique can beused in any agricultural setting where sufficient TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:groundwater and irrigatable land are available. Roy Spalding

STATUS: Water Center/Environmental Programs

The Center Pivot Spray Irrigation system was P.O. Box 830844accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in Lincoln, NE 68583-0844late 1995. Under a University of Nebraska project 402-472-7558funded by the Cooperative State Research Service Fax: 402-472-9599of the Department of Agriculture, field tests werecompleted in the summers of 1994 and

Program in July 1996 at the North Landfill/FAR-

at several military bases are investigating the

National Risk Management Research

University of Nebraska - Lincoln

103 Natural Resources Hall

7HFKQRORJ\�3URILOH '(021675$7,21�352*5$0



WASTECH Solidification and Stabilization Process

WASTECH, INC.(Solidification and Stabilization)

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: quantities of water and SuperSet®, WASTECH's

This technology solidifies and stabilizes organicand inorganic contaminants in soils, sludge, and Next, pozzolanic, cementitious materials areliquid wastes. First, a proprietary reagent added to the waste-reagent mixture, stabilizing thechemically bonds with contaminants in wastes. waste and completing the treatment process. TheThe waste and reagent mixture is then mixed with WASTECH technology does not generate by-pozzolanic, cementitious materials, which products. The process may also be applied in situ.combine to form a stabilized matrix. Reagents areselected based on target waste characteristics. WASTE APPLICABILITY:Treated material is a nonleaching, high-strength,stabilized end-product. The WASTECH technology can treat a wide

The WASTECH, Inc. (WASTECH), technology sludges, and raw organic streams, includinguses standard engineering and construction lubricating oil, evaporator bottoms, chelatingequipment. Because the type and dose of reagents agents, and ion-exchange resins, with contaminantdepend on waste characteristics, treatability concentrations ranging from parts per millionstudies and site investigations must be conducted levels to 40 percent by volume. The technologyto determine the proper treatment formula. can also treat wastes generated by the petroleum,

Treatment usually begins with waste excavation. industries, as well as wastes generated by manyLarge pieces of debris in the waste must be other chemical manufacturing and industrialscreened and removed. The waste is then placed processes. The WASTECH technology can alsointo a high shear mixer, along with premeasured be applied to mixed wastes containing organic,

proprietary reagent (see figure below).

variety of waste streams consisting of soils,

chemical, pesticide, and wood-preserving

inorganic, and radioactive contaminants.




STATUS: FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

The technology was accepted into the SITE EPA PROJECT MANAGER:Demonstration Program in spring 1989. A field Terrence Lyonsdemonstration at Robins Air Force Base in U.S. EPAWarner Robins, Georgia was completed in August National Risk Management Research1991. WASTECH subsequently conducted a Laboratorybench-scale study in 1992 under glovebox 26 West Martin Luther King Driveconditions to develop a detailed mass balance of Cincinnati, OH 45268volatile organic compounds. The Innovative 513-569-7589Technology Evaluation Report is available from Fax: 513-569-7676EPA. The technology is being commerciallyapplied to treat hazardous wastes contaminatedwith various organics, inorganics, and mixedwastes.

This technology is no longer available from thevendor. For further information about theprocess, contact the EPA Project Manager.

7HFKQRORJ\�3URILOH '(021675$7,21�352*5$0



Low Temperature Thermal Treatment (LT ®) System3

ROY F. WESTON, INC.(Low Temperature Thermal Treatment System)

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: available to achieve 1,000 (F discharge

The Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Weston), low processor into a conditioner, where a water spraytemperature thermal treatment (LT³®) system cools the soil and minimizes dust emissions.thermally desorbs organic compounds fromcontaminated soil without heating the soil to A fan draws desorbed organics from the thermalcombustion temperatures. The transportable processor through a fabric filter baghouse.system (see photograph below) is assembled on Depending on contaminant characteristics, dustthree flat-bed trailers and requires an area of about collected on the fabric filter may be retreated,5,000 square feet, including ancillary and support combined with treated material, or drummedequipment. The LT³® system consists of three separately for off-site disposal. Exhaust gas fromsegments: soil treatment, emissions control, and the fabric filter is drawn into an air-cooledwater treatment. condenser to remove most of the water vapor and

The LT³® thermal processor consists of two second, refrigerated condenser and treated byjacketed troughs, one above the other. Each carbon adsorption.trough houses four intermeshed, hollow screwconveyors. A front-end loader feeds soil or Condensate streams are typically treated in asludge onto a conveyor that discharges into a three-phase, oil-water separator to remove lightsurge hopper above the thermal processor. Hot oil and heavy organic phases from the water phase.circulating through the troughs and screws heats The water phase is then treated in a carbonthe soi l to 400 to 500 (F, removing adsorption system to remove residual organiccontaminants. A second stage indirect heater is contaminants. Treated condensate is often used

temperatures. Soil is discharged from the thermal

organics. The gas is then passed through a




for soil conditioning, and only the organic phases MBOCA concentrations in the treatedare disposed of off site. sludge ranged from 3.0 to 9.6 mg/kg.

WASTE APPLICABILITY: concentrations of all SVOCs in the

This system treats soils and sludges contaminated which increased possibly due towith volatile and semivolatile organic compounds chlorobenzene.(VOC and SVOC). Bench-, pilot-, and full-scale • Dioxins and furans were formed in theLT³® systems have treated soil contaminated with system, but the 2,3,7,8-tetra-the following wastes: coal tar, drill cuttings (oil- chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin isomer was notbased mud), No. 2 diesel fuel, JP-4 jet fuel, leaded detected in treated sludges.and unleaded gasoline, petroleum hydrocarbons, • Stack emissions of nonmethane totalhalogenated and nonhalogenated solvents, VOCs, hydrocarbons increased from 6.7 toSVOCs, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, 11 parts per million by volume during thepolychlorinated biphenyls, pesticides, herbicides, demonstration; the maximum emissiondioxins, and furans. rate was 0.2 pound per day (ppd). The

STATUS: 0.02 ppd, and no chlorides were measured

The LT³® system was accepted into the SITEDemonstration Program in September 1991. In The economic analysis of the LT³® system'sNovember and December 1991, the LT³® system performance compared the costs associated withwas demonstrated under the SITE Program as part treating soils containing 20, 45, and 75 percentof a proof-of-process test for full-scale moisture. The treatment costs per ton of materialremediation of the Anderson Development were estimated to be $37, $537, and $725,Company (ADC) Superfund site in Adrian, respectively.Michigan. The system was tested on lagoonsludge from the ADC site. This sludge was FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:contaminated with VOCs and SVOCs, including4,4-methylene bis(2-chloroaniline) (MBOCA). EPA PROJECT MANAGER:

The Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/019) U.S. EPAand Applications Analysis Report National Risk Management Research(EPA/540/AR-92/019) are available from EPA. Laboratory

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: Cincinnati, OH 45268

During the demonstration, the system throughput Fax: 513-569-7105was approximately 2.1 tons per hour. Six E-Mail: [email protected] tests were conducted, each lastingapproximately 6 hours. The SITE demonstration TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:yielded the following results: Mike Cosmos

• The LT³® system removed VOCs to 1400 Weston Waybelow method detection limits (less than West Chester, PA 19380-14990.060 milligram per kilogram [mg/kg] for 610-701-7423most compounds). Fax: 610-701-5035

• The LT³® system achieved MBOCA E-mail: [email protected] removal efficiencies greater than 88 percent;

• The LT³® system decreased the

sludge, with the exception of phenol,

maximum particulates emission rate was

in stack gases.

Paul dePercin

26 West Martin Luther King Avenue

513-569-7797

Roy F. Weston, Inc.

7HFKQRORJ\�3URILOH '(021675$7,21�352*5$0



UVB Standard Circulation

ROY F. WESTON, INC./IEG TECHNOLOGIES(UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well)

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: the well develops a groundwater circulation cell

The Unterdruck-Verdampfer-Brunnen (UVB) groundwater transports contaminants from thesystem is an in situ system for remediating adjacent soils and groundwater to the well, wherecontaminated aquifers. The basic system is these contaminants are removed using asimple in design and operation, consisting of a combination of physical, chemical and biologicalwell, a groundwater extraction pump, a negative treatment processes. The technology is capable ofpressure stripping reactor, and an electric blower. mobilizing and treating contaminants that areWhile in operation, the water level rises inside the water soluble (dissolved phase) or are present asUVB well casing due to reduced atmospheric dense non aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) orpressure generated by the blower, increasing the light non aqueous phase liquids (LNAPL). Thetotal hydraulic head in the well. Atmospheric air technology also can extract and treat soil gas fromenters the well through a fresh air pipe connected the unsaturated zone.to the stripping reactor. The incoming fresh airforms bubbles as it jets through the pinhole plate Due to the presence of a natural groundwaterof the stripping reactor and mixes with the flow, the total amount of water circulating aroundinfluent groundwater in the well casing, creating the UVB well at any given time consists of (1) aan “air lift” effect as the bubbles rise and expand portion of up gradient groundwatercaptured by theto the stripping reactor. After treatment, the influent screen section, and (2) recirculatedmovement of water out of groundwater. This

around a remediation well. The circulating




ratio is typically 15 to 85 percent respectively. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:Groundwater leaving the circulation cell exitsthrough the downstream release zone in a rate Demonstration results indicate that the UVBequal to the up gradient groundwater being system reduced trichloroethene (TCE) incaptured. These flow dynamics and the groundwater by an average of 94 percent. Thedimensions of the capture zone, circulation cell, average TCE concentration from the outlet of theand release zone can be calculated using design UVB system in the treated groundwater wasaids based on numerical simulations of the approximately 3 micrograms per liter (µg/L), withgroundwater hydraulics and can be validated by only one event above 5 µg/L. The inlet TCEmonitoring the actual performance results of the concentration averaged 40 µg/L. Results of a dyesystem. tracer study indicated that the radius of the

The advantage of the UVB technology over the study indicated a circulation cell radius of 60external pump-and-treat technologies is its ability feet. In general, TCE in the shallow andto treat contaminants while maintaining a net intermediate screened wells showed aequilibrium flow in the aquifer, eliminating concentration reduction both vertically andadverse effects associated with excessive horizontally during the demonstration. TCEmounding or draw-down of groundwater due to concentrations in these wells appeared tocontinuous extraction and replacement of equal homogenize as indicated by their convergence andvolumes of water. Additionally, the circulation stabilization. Variations in TCE concen-trationswell serves as a mechanism for flushing were noted in the deep screened wells.contaminants from the soils and aquifer to thewell casing for treatment on a continuous basis. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:As a secondary benefit, because the primarytreatment process is physical removal through air EPA PROJECT MANAGER:stripping, the dissolved oxygen levels in the Michelle Simongroundwater passing through the well can U.S. EPAtheoretically increase up to 10 milligrams per liter National Risk Management Researchwithin the aquifer, enhancing bioremediation by Laboratoryindigenous microorganisms. 26 West Martin Luther King Drive

WASTE APPLICABILITY: 513-569-7469

This technology can be used to assist in treating avariety of soil and groundwater pollutants TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:ranging from chlorinated solvents to gasoline constituents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Mike Cosmos, Roy F. Weston, Inc.heavy metals, and nitrates. One Weston Way

STATUS: 610-701-7423

This technology was accepted into the SITE E-mail: [email protected] Program in 1993, and ademonstration was completed at March Air Force Mike CorbinBase, California, in May 1994. The One Weston WayDemonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/500), West Chester, PA 19380Technology Capsule (EPA/540/R-95/500a), and 610-701-3723Innovative Technology Evaluation Report Fax: 610-701-7597(EPA/540/R-95/005) will be available fromEPAin the fall of 1999.

circulation cell was at least 40 feet. Modeling of

Cincinnati, OH 45268

Fax: 513-569-7676

West Chester, PA 19380

Fax: 610-701-5035

7HFKQRORJ\�3URILOH '(021675$7,21�352*5$0



PO*WW*ER™-Based Wastewater Treatment Plant

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WHEELABRATOR CLEAN AIR SYSTEMS, INC.(formerly CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.)

(PO*WW*ER™ Technology)

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: makeup water, if appropriate. Hazardous

The PO*WW*ER™ technology is used to treat contaminant stream (brine) and a large cleanand reduce complex industrial and hazardous water stream without using expensive reagents orwastewaters containing mixtures of inorganic increasing the volume of the total stream. Thesalts, metals, volatile and nonvolatile organics, photograph below illustrates a PO*WW*ER™ -volatile inorganics, and radionuclides. The based wastewater treatment plant.proprietary technology combines evaporation withcatalytic oxidation to concentrate and destroy WASTE APPLICABILITY:contaminants, producing a high-quality productcondensate. The PO*WW*ER™ technology can treat

Wastewater is first pumped into an evaporator, contaminants:where most of the water and contaminants arevaporized and removed, concentrating thecontaminants into a small volume for furthertreatment or disposal. The contaminant vaporsthen pass over a bed of proprietary robust catalyst,where the pollutants are oxidized and destroyed.Depending on the contaminant vaporcomposition, effluent vapors from the oxidizermay be treated in a scrubber. The vapors are thencondensed to produce water (condensate) that canbe used as either boiler or cooling tower

wastewater can thus be separated into a small

wastewaters containing a mixture of the following




Suitable wastewaters for treatment by the The feed waste contained concentrations ofPO*WW*ER™ technology include landfill volatile organic compounds (VOC) ranging fromleachates, contaminated groundwaters, process 320 to 110,000 micrograms per liter ()g/L);wastewaters, and low-level radioactive mixed semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) rangingwastes. from 5,300 to 24,000 )g/L; ammonia ranging

STATUS: cyanide ranging from 24 to 36 mg/L. No VOCs,

The technology was accepted into the SITE product condensate.Demonstration Program in 1991. Thedemonstration took place in September 1992 at The PO*WW*ER™ system removed sources ofthe Chemical Waste Management, Inc., Lake feed waste toxicity. The feed waste was acutelyCharles, Louisiana, facility. Landfill leachate, an toxic with median lethal concentrations (LC )F039 hazardous waste, was treated in a pilot-scale consistently below 10 percent. The productunit. The Applications Analysis Report condensate was nontoxic with LC values(EPA/540/AR-93/506) and Technology consistently greater than 100 percent, but onlyEvaluation Report (EPA/540/R93/506) are after the product condensate was cooled and itsavailable from EPA. pH, dissolved oxygen level, and hardness or

A commercial system with a capacity of50 gallons per minute is in operation at Ysing Yi FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:Island, Hong Kong. A pilot-scale unit, with acapacity of 1 to 1.5 gallons per minute, is EPA PROJECT MANAGER:available and can treat radioactive, hazardous, and Randy Parkermixed waste streams. U.S. EPA

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: Laboratory

The ability of the PO*WW*ER™ system to Cincinnati, OH 45268concentrate aqueous wastes was evaluated by 513-569-7271measuring the volume reduction and Fax: 513-569-7571concentration ratio achieved. The volume ofbrine produced during each 9-hour test period was TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:about 5 percent of the feed waste volume Myron Reicherprocessed in the same period. The concentration Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc.ratio, defined as the ratio of total solids (TS) 1501 East Woodfield Road,concentration in the brine to the TS concentration Suite 200 Westin the feed waste, was about 32 to 1. Schaumberg, IL 60173

from 140 to 160 milligrams per liter (mg/L); and

SVOCs, ammonia, or cyanide were detected in the

50

50

salinity were increased.

National Risk Management Research

26 West Martin Luther King Drive

847-706-6900Fax: 847-706-6996

7HFKQRORJ\�3URILOH '(021675$7,21�352*5$0



Schematic of the 2-PHASE EXTRACTION ProcessTM

XEROX CORPORATION(2-PHASE EXTRACTION Process)TM

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: of mercury) through a central extraction tube,

The 2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process was into the well by the vacuum provides for a highdeveloped as an alternative to conventional pump- velocity vapor stream at the bottom tip of theand-treat technology, particularly in low extraction tube, which entrains the contaminatedconductivity formations such as silts and clays groundwater and lifts it to ground surface. Asthat are impacted by volatile organic compounds groundwater moves through the extraction(VOC). 2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION uses a high- system, as much as 95 percent of the VOCs in thevacuum source applied to an extraction tube water phase are transferred to the vapor phase.within a water well to increase groundwater The vapor and water phases are then separated atremoval rates (consequently the dissolved phase the surface in a separator tank. The water phaseof contamination) and to volatilize and extract that requires only carbon polishing prior to discharge,portion of contaminant from the sorbed or free provided that the compounds are adsorbable.product phases. Vacuum lift of water is not a With some compounds the water carbon treatmentlimiting factor in the application of the can be eliminated. The vapor phase is subjectedtechnology. Since a mixed vapor-liquid column to carbon treatment, bioremediation, resinis extracted from the well, the 2-PHASE™ regeneration, catalytic oxidation, or other vaporEXTRACTION technology allows a single piece phase treatment (based on contaminantof equipment (a high vacuum source) to remove characteristics, mass loadings, and economics)contaminants in both the liquid and vapor phases. prior to release to atmosphere.

To extract both groundwater and soil vapor from A kick-start system can induce flow and helpa single extraction well, the 2-PHASE™ dewater the well. The flow of atmospheric air canEXTRACTION process uses a vacuum pump to be regulated by adjustment of the gate valve to:apply a high vacuum (generally 18 to 29 inches (1) optimize the air-to-water flow ratio to

which extends down the well. Soil vapor drawn




minimize water “slug” production at startup (the DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:term slug refers to an irregular pulsation of waterthrough the extraction tube which indicates Results from the demonstration are detailed below: irregular water flow); (2) maximize tubepenetration into the saturated zone; and (3) • The total contaminant (trichloroethene,maximize the groundwater flow rate by tetrachloroethene, Freon 133™) massoptimizing the applied vacuum to the well’s removal during the 6-monthannular space. demonstration was estimated at 1,600

Recent technology improvements include a well extracted from the vapor phase.design that allows for contaminant removal from • The system extracted 1.4 million gallonsdesired vertical zones within the subsurface. By of groundwater and 24.4 million cubicproviding a means to manipulate preferential feet of soil vapor.flow, this innovative well design provides the • The radius of capture in the groundwaterability to focus contaminant extraction at shallow extended from 100 to 300 feet from thezones and deep zones within the same well which extraction well. The radius of influenceresults in a thorough removal of contaminants in the vadose zone extended 200 feetfrom the impacted area. Xerox and Licensee from the extraction well.experience with 2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION • The estimated cost of using the processtypically has shown a reduction in remediation was $28 per pound compared to antime by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude over estimated $1370 per pound for aconventional pump and treat/soil vapor extraction. conventional pump and treat system.

WASTE APPLICABILITY: FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION has been EPA PROJECT MANAGER:successfully demonstrated for the removal of total Paul dePercin, U.S. EPApetroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated National Risk Management Researchhydrocarbons from groundwater and soils. Laboratory

STATUS: Cincinnati, OH 45268

The Xerox 2-PHASE EXTRACTION process E-Mail: [email protected]

was accepted into the SITE DemonstrationProgram in summer 1994. The demonstration TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:began in August 1994 at a contaminated Ron Hess, Xerox Corporationgroundwater site at McClellan Air Force Base in 800 Phillips RoadSacramento, California, and was completed in Building 304-13SFebruary 1995. Reports of the demonstration are Webster, NY 14580available from EPA. 716-422-3694, Fax: 716-265-7088

The Xerox 2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION received Web Site: www.xerox.com/ehs/remed.htmleight patents from 1991-1998 and several patentsare pending. The technology is available under TECHNOLOGY USER CONTACT:license and is used extensively in the United Phil Mook, SM-ALC/EMRStates, Canada, South America, Great Britain, and 5050 Dudley Boulevard, Suite 3Europe. McClellan AFB, CA 95652-1389

pounds, of which 99.7 percent was

26 West Martin Luther King Drive

513-569-7797, Fax: 513-569-7105

E-mail: ronald [email protected]

916-643-5443, Fax: 916-643-0827E-mail: [email protected]

7HFKQRORJ\�3URILOH '(021675$7,21�352*5$0



ZENON Cross-Flow Pervaporation System

ZENON ENVIRONMENTAL INC.(Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: discharged from the system. The permeate

The ZENON Environmental Inc. (ZENON), Aqueous phase permeate is sent back to thecross-flow pervaporation technology is a pervaporation module for further treatment, whilemembrane-based process that removes volatile the organic phase permeate is discharged to aorganic compounds (VOC) from aqueous receiving vessel.matrices. The technology uses an organophilicmembrane made of nonporous silicone rubber, Because emissions are vented from the systemwhich is permeable to organic compounds, and highly downstream of the condenser, organics are kept inresistant to degradation. solution, thus minimizing air releases. The

In a typical field application, contaminated water small fraction of the initial wastewater volumeis pumped from an equalization tank through a and may be subsequently disposed of atprefilter to remove debris and silt particles, and significant cost savings. This process may alsothen into a heat exchanger that raises the water treat industrial waste streams and recover organicstemperature to about 165(F (75(C). The heated for later use.water then flows into a pervaporation modulecontaining the organophilic membranes. The WASTE APPLICABILITY:composition of the membranes causes organics insolution to adsorb to them. A vacuum applied to Pervaporation can be applied to aqueous wastethe system causes the organics to diffuse through streams such as groundwater, lagoons, leachate,the membranes and move out of the pervaporation and rinse waters that are contaminated with VOCsmodule. This material is then passed through a such as solvents, degreasers, and gasoline. Thecondenser generating a highly concentrated liquid technology is applicable to the types of aqueouscalled permeate. Treated water exits the wastes treated by carbon adsorption, air stripping,pervaporation module and is and steam stripping.

separates into aqueous and organic phases.

condensed organic materials represent only a




STATUS: DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

This technology was accepted into the SITE Analysis of demonstration samples indicate thatEmerging Technology Program (ETP) in January the ZENON pervaporation system was about1989. The Emerging Technology Report 98 percent effective in removing TCE from(EPA/540/F-93/503), which details results from groundwater. The system achieved this removalthe ETP evaluation, is available from EPA. Based efficiency with TCE influent concentrations of upon results from the ETP, ZENON was invited to to 250 parts per million at a flow rate ofdemonstrate the technology in the SITE 10 gallons per minute (gpm) or less. TreatmentDemonstration Program. A pilot-scale efficiency remained fairly consistent throughoutpervaporation system, built by ZENON for the demonstration; however, the treatmentEnvironment Canada's Emergencies Engineering efficiency decreased at various times due toDivision, was tested over a 2-year period (see mineral scaling problems. photograph on previous page). During the secondyear, testing was carried out over several months FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:at a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated site inOntario, Canada. EPA PROJECT MANAGER:

A full-scale SITE demonstration took place in U.S. EPAFebruary 1995 at a former waste disposal area at National Risk Management ResearchNaval Air Station North Island in San Diego, LaboratoryCalifornia. The demonstration was conducted as 26 West Martin Luther King Drivea cooperative effort among EPA, ZENON, the Cincinnati, OH 45268Naval Environmental Leadership Program, 513-569-7775Environment Canada, and the Ontario Ministry of Fax: 513-569-7676Environment and Energy.

Organics were the primary groundwater Chris Lipskicontaminant at the site, and trichloroethene (TCE) ZENON Environmental Inc.was selected as the contaminant of concern for the 845 Harrington Courtdemonstration. The Demonstration Bulletin Burlington, Ontario, Canada(EPA/540/MR-95/511) and Demonstration Capsule L7N 3P3(EPA/540/R-95/511a) are available from EPA. 905-639-6320

Ronald Turner

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:

Fax: 905-639-1812

7HFKQRORJ\�3URILOH '(021675$7,21�352*5$0



ZenoGem™ Process

ZENON ENVIRONMENTAL INC.(ZenoGem™ Process)

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: soluble materials are then recycled to the

ZENON Environmental Inc.'s, ZenoGem™ higher molecular weight materials that wouldProcess integrates biological treatment with otherwise pass through conventional clarifiers andmembrane-based ultrafiltration (see figure below). filters. The ZenoGem™ Process pilot-scaleThis innovative system treats high strength wastes system is mounted on a 48-foot trailer andat long sludge retention time but short hydraulic consists of the following six major components:residence time. As a result, the bioreactor's sizeis significantly reduced. Membrane filtration • Polyethylene equalization/holding tank:reduces the turbidity of the treated wastewater to reduces the normal flow concentrationless than 1 nephelometric turbidity unit. fluctuations in the system

In the ZenoGem™ Process, wastewater the bacterial culture that degrades organiccontaminated with organic compounds first enters contaminantsthe bioreactor, where contaminants are • Process and feed pumps: ensures properbiologically degraded. Next, the process pump flow and pressure for optimum systemcirculates the biomass through the ultrafiltration performancemembrane system, or ultrafilter. The ultrafilter • Ultrafiltration module: contains rugged,separates treated water from biological solids and clog-free, tubular membranes that removesoluble materials with higher molecular weights, solids from treated waterincluding emulsified oil. The solids and • Clean-in-place tank: includes all the

bioreactor. The ZenoGem™ Process captures

• Polyethylene bioreactor tank: contains

necessary valves, instrumentation, andcontrols to clean the membrane filters




• Control panel and computer: monitors based cleaning solutions, landfill leachate,system performance aqueous paint-stripping wastes, and deicing fluids.

The treatment capacity of the pilot-scale, trailer- conducted in Canada and the United States ismounted system is about 500 to 1,000 gallons of available from ZENON.wastewater per day; however, a full-scale systemcan treat much larger quantities of wastewater. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:The trailer is also equipped with a laboratory thatenables field personnel to conduct tests to During the 3-month demonstration, samplingevaluate system performance. The system is results showed that the system achieved averagecomputer-controlled and equipped with alarms to removal efficiencies of greater than 99.9 percentnotify the operator of mechanical and operational for MMA and 97.9 percent for chemical oxygenproblems. demand. MMA concentrations measured in the

WASTE APPLICABILITY: volatilization. The ultrafiltration system

The ZenoGem™ Process is designed to remove yielded a smaller waste volume for off-sitebiodegradable materials, including most organic disposal. Sludge dewatering resulted in ancontaminants, from wastewater to produce a high approximate volume reduction of 60 percent andquality effluent. The process consistently nitrifies a solids increase from 1.6 to 3.6 percent. Theorganics and can denitrify organics with the process effluent was clear and odorless, andaddition of an anoxic bioreactor. The process is accepted for discharge by the local publiclylimited to aqueous media and may be used to treat owned treatment works. During thehigh strength leachates, contaminated demonstration, the system was left unattended atgroundwater, and soil washing effluent. night and on weekends, demonstrating that

STATUS: operating periods.

The ZenoGem™ Process was accepted into the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1992.The ZenoGem™ Process was demonstrated at the EPA PROJECT MANAGER:Nascolite Superfund site in Millville, New Jersey, Daniel Sullivanfrom September through November 1994. U.S. EPAGroundwater at this 17.5-acre site is contaminated National Risk Management Researchwith methyl methacrylate (MMA) and other Laboratoryvolatile organic compounds from manufacturing 2890 Woodbridge Avenuepolymethyl methacrylate plastic sheets, Edison, NJ 08837-3679commonly known as Plexiglas. The 908-321-6677Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/503) Fax: 908-321-6640and Technology Capsule (EPA/540/R-95/503a)are available from EPA. The Innovative TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:Technology Evaluation Report is available from Chris LipskiEPA. ZENON Environmental Inc.

Since the development of the ZenoGem™ Burlington, Ontario, Canadatechnology in 1987, ZENON has performed pilot L7N 3P3tests for government and private clients on several 905-639-6320different types of wastewater, including oily Fax: 905-639-1812wastewater, metal finishing wastes, cleaningsolutions containing detergents, alcohol-

Information about the two demonstrations

off-gas emission stream indicated insignificant

effectively dewatered the process sludge, which

computer control is practical for extended

845 Harrington Court

demomaster99 pdf.w...

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