Democracy, Africa’s Way

Political Power(resides with the people)

Participation

Competition

Liberty

Voting

Assembly

Lobbying

Parties

Separation of Powers

Speech

Civil Society

Executive

Legislative

Judiciary Judicial Review

Bicameral

Unicameral

Running forOffice

Concrete Abstract

Parliamentary

Presidential

Mixed

Tenets Examples Variations

Liberal Democracy

Guillermo O’Donnell and Philippe Schmitter (1986) Transitions from Authoritarian Rule

“Democratization (…) refers to the processes whereby the rules and proceduresof citizenship are either applied to political institutions previously governed byother principles (…), or expanded to include persons not previously enjoying suchrights and obligations (…), or extended to cover issues and institutions notpreviously subject to citizen participation (…).” (p. 8)

Liberalization Transition Consolidation

Question: Who (not just what) is behind each step?

Staffan Lindberg

“Donorization” = “No democracy, no money”

Liberalization Transition Consolidation

Reversal(by means of a coup or elections)

Democracy

Quasi-Democracy

Mauritius, Ghana, Botswana, So. Africa

Nigeria, Uganda, Burkina Faso, Kenya Authoritarianism

Reversal(by means of a coup or elections)

2008-2009: (Guinea Bissau), Guinea, Madagascar, Mauritania, Niger.

2012: Mali

http://www.economist.com/node/21551494

http://www.freedomhouse.org/regions/sub-saharan-africa

Mwai Kibaki & Raila Odinga (Kenya)

Mugabe & Tsvangirai (Zimbabwe)Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf (Liberia)

Nelson Mandela Jacob Zuma (So. Africa)

Abdoulaye Wade & Macky Sall (Senegal)

Kufuor (Ghana)

Atta Mills

Laurent Gbagbo Alassane Ouattara

Paul Kagame (Rwanda)

Ernest Bai Koroma (Sierra Leone)

John Dramani Mahama