demente_modul engleza final
DESCRIPTION
curs neuro suubTRANSCRIPT
DEMENTIA
• DEMENTIA = clinical neurological syndrome characterized by global cognitive deterioration
(which implies a decline compared to the anterior level) and associates a large variety of psychological and behavioral changes.
• Cognitive dysfunctions are sometimes preceded and almost always accompanied by :- emotional control disorders- personality changes- other psychiatric symptoms:
* apathy, depression, psychotic disorders* behavioral disorders
Clinical examination• General exam
– Other diseases which can cause dementia: hypothyroidism, AIDS, neoplasms
• Neurological exam– Sign and symptoms suggestive for neurological
diseases associated with dementia (Creutzfeld Jakob disease, Wilson disease)
• Psychiatric exam– Depression, anxiety, irritability, obsession, confusion,
dissinhibition • Neuropsychological exam
– specific tests for evaluating depression, cognition a.s.o
Lab analysis
Mandatory : FBC, BUN, creatinine, ESR, glycemia, Na, K, transaminases, a.s.o.)
Recommended: thyroid function
Selected cases:* tests for infectious diseases ( AIDS, siphilis, borreliosis, herpes virus encefalitis a.so.)* tests for immunologic disorders (vasculitis, LE, a.s.o)* Toxicology (intoxications with heavy metals)* genetic tests (identification of familial form of Alzheimer disease, FTD, CADASIL, etc.)* other ( vitamine B12 or homocisteine) * other specific tests.
CSF (selected cases)
- Alzheimer Disease (AD): * peptide Aβ42 (low level)* protein tau and phosphorilated protein tau (increased level)
vs. non-demented patients of similar agefrom 2011: recommended for the dg of AD in predemential stages
- in case of suspicion of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease:
* protein 14-3-3 ( recommendation level B )
Neuroimagistic
- exclusion of other diseases - contributes to the diagnosis of dementia
- minimal request : non- enhanced contrast CT (recommendation level A)
- selected cases : contrast CT or MRI (recommendation level A)SPECT
* etiological diagnosis of dementia* differential diagnosis: AD versus Vascular Dementia(recommendation level B)
- PET with PIB ( Pittsburg Compound B ): evaluates the level of amyloid loading in AD: d. Alzheimer, DLB vs PD-D
since 2011: recommended for the diagnosis of AD in predemential phase
Investigaţiile neuroimagistice
- Rolul principal: * excluderea alte patologii cerebrale * sprijinirea diagnosticul tipului de demenţă neurodegenerativă
• în boala Alzheimer, atrofia cerebrală predominantă la nivelul hipocampului şi a lobului T• în DFT atrofia cerebrală predominantă la nivelul lobilor F şi T• în demenţa vasculară: evidenţierea leziunilor vasculare şi a tipului acestora, etc.
NB. Sunt însă şi situaţii în care simptomatologia este clinic evidentă pentru boala Alzheimer dar CT-ul nu este modificat pentru vârsta pacientului.
Deasemenea investigaţiile neuroimgistice nu sunt absolut necesare pentru diagnosticul bolii Alzheimer efectuat într-un stadiu deja avansat al bolii, cu manifestări clinice severe.
Examenul electroencefalografic (EEG) poate fi necesar uneori( grad de recomandare de nivel B )
- în cazuri selecţionate (spre exemplu în suspiciunea de CJD sau de encefalite)
Biopsia cerebrală - necesară numai în cazuri rare, selecţionate cu mare grijă, în care diagnosticul etiologic nu poate fi stabilit prin alte proceduri
- în centre de neurochirurgie cu experienţă
- numai la recomandarea neurologului sau psihiatrului curant si
- cu acordul scris al familiei sau reprezentantului legal al bolnavului.
ETIOLOGIE• dementele = un grup heterogen de afectiuni neurologice primare sau secundare asociate unor boli sistemice cu afectare a
sistemului nervos central
• formele cele mai întâlnite:- dementa de tip Alzheimer- dementele vasculara- dementa din α-sinucleinopatii
* dementele cu corpi Lewy * dementa asociata bolii Parkinson
- formele mixte * boala Alzheimer asociata cu boala cerebro-vasculara * boala Alzheimer asociata cu dementa cu corpi Lewy
• Celelalte forme de demenţă (alte boli neurodegenerative care asociază demenţă, boli inflamatorii/infecţioase, boli metabolice, boli neoplazice) sunt rare, reprezentând sub 10% din numărul cazurilor de demenţă
I. Diseases associating dementia with clinical and laboratory data for other medical conditions:
A. HIV infection/ AIDS
B. Endocrine: hypothyroidism, Cushing sd., hypopituitarism
C. Nutritionale: Wernicke-Korsakov sd., subacute combined degeneration
( vit. B12 deficiency ), pellagra
D. Chronic meningoencephalites: neurosyphilis, criptococcosis
E. Wilson’s disease & aquired hepatolenticular degeneration
F. Chronic intoxications ( including status post- CO intoxication )
G. Hypoglycaemia, prolonged hypoxia
H. Lymbic paraneoplastic encephalitis
I. Heavy metals exposure: As, Bi, Au, Mn, Hg
J. Dialytic dementia ( hystorical nowadays )
Pacienta cu sd. demential – encefalita limbica paraneoplazica asociata cu adenocarcinom pulmonar: debut neurologic inainte de diagnosticul oncologic
II. Diseases with dementia associated with other neurological signs, but without other obvious medical conditions (1):
A. Always associated with other neurological signs:1. Huntington’s disease2. Multiple sclerosis, Schilder’s disease, adrenoleukodystrophy and other diseases with CNS myelin lesions 3. Lipidoses4. Myoclonic epilepsy5. Creutzfeldt- Jacob disease ( classic & new variant ) Gerstmann-Strausler-Scheinker disease ( myoclonic, prionic dementia )6. Cortico-basal degeneration ( see FTD )7. Dementia with spastic paraplegia8. Progressive supranuclear palsy ( PSP → see FTD )9. Parkinson’s disease 10. ALS forms with associated dementia( see FTD ) & Parkinson-ALS-dementia complex ( Guam )11. Other hereditary metabolic diseases ( rare )
II. Boli in care dementa este asociata cu alte semne neurologice, dar fara alte afectiuni medicale evidente (2):
B. Adesea asociate cu alte semne neurologice:
1. Vascular dementia ( multiple strokes/ strategic strokes )
& Binswanger’s disease
2. Tumours ( primary/ secondary ) or brain abcesses*
3. Post-traumatic brain injuries ( usually with bleeding lesions )
- Chronic subdural / epidural hematoma *
4. Diffuse Lewy bofies disease
5. Communicating normotensive hydrocephalus & obstructive
hydrocephalus*
6. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy ( PML )
7. Marchiafava – Bignami disease
8. Brain granulomatosis & vasculitis
9. Viral encephalitis
Hyperintensities (HI) Affecting ACh WM Tracts
External Capsule HI Extensive Periventricular HI
Deep White HI
Selden NR, et al. Brain. 1998;121:2249-2257
III. Diseases with dementia as the only clinical expression of a neurological or medical condition:
A. Alzheimer’s disease
B. AIDS ( some variants )
C. Frontotemporal dementia ( FTD )
- behavioural form
- progressive primary aphasia ( semantic / non-fluent )
- associated with: ALS, PSP, CBD
F. Non-specified degenerative diseases
Neurodegenerarea in boala Alzheimer • CAUZA ? ( foarte putine forme familiale – genetice )
• Modificari proteice– beta-amiloid
– tau• Alterari sinaptice
• Alterari ale functiei NTF• Deficit de neurotransmitatori
• Disfunctie mitocondriala• Stress oxidativ
• Alterari in functia insulinei• Modificari in metabolismul colesterolului
• Factori vasculari• Inflamatia
• Alterari ale functiei celulare a Ca++
• Deficit de transport axonal
February 2011
The Alzheimer’s Disease puzzleThe AD Network Puzzle
Cedazo-Minguez JCMM 2008
Bogdanovic & Winblad, Huddinge Brain Bank, 2006
• Intracellular• Hyperphosphorylated tau
- Neurofibrillary tangles
- Senile plaques
• Extracellular• Amyloid ß-peptide (Aß)
AD Neuropathology
- Neuronal and Synaptic loss- Inflammatory response- Vascular lesions
Modificari patologice in dementa Alzheimer• acumulari extracelulare de placi senile (SP)
- beta-amiloid (Aβ) • acumulari intracelulare de degenerescente neurofibrilare (NFT)
- proteina tau
modified after Querfurth HW, LaFerla FM. – NEJM 2010
Amyloid plaque
Core of amyloid, surrounded by degenerative lesions- contains also other substances, such as: apoE
In time, the neurons from vicinity degenerate and accumulate hyperphosphorilated protein tau
PET cu PIB ( Pittsburg Compound B )• PDD: low level of amyloid loading• DLB: high level of amyloid loading !
Ipoteza cascadei amiloide
Degenerescenteneurofibrilare
Placi amiloide
Creste productia si scade clearence-ul,
Aβ42
Placi difuzeAβ40
Tau
PHF-tau
Activitatea kinazelor si
fosfatezelor e alterata
Stress oxidativTulburari [Ca++]Inflamatie cronicaToxicitate glutamatergicaApoptozaDeteriorare structurala
Disfunctie si moarte neuronala
Dementa
oligomerizarea si depunerea Aβ42
Depozite Aβ
GeneFactori de mediu
Hiperfosforilarea tau & NFT• Microtubulii = parti din citoscheletul neuronal
- formati din subunitati de tubulina (proteina) stabilizata de:- 2 proteine unice asociata microtubulilor (MAP)
* proteina tau = una din aceste proteine
• Tau = MAP ce stabilizeaza microtubulii in configuratia neuronala normala - permite transportul axonal normal al factorilor nutritivi si altor molecule
in interiorul neuronului
• Hiperfosforilarea tau → * destabilizarea microtubulilor, * agregarea proteinei tau / formarea
NFT
Δt ↓ moarte neuronala
Degenerescentele neurofibrilare - NFT• Degenerescentele neurofibrilare intraneuronale sunt
compuse din filamente helicoidale in perechi, derivate din agregate de proteina tau produse prin procesul de hiperfosforilare
Tau PathologyTau Pathology
Tau proteinHyperphosphorylation
IncreasedKinase
GSK-3bCdk-5MAPK
DecreasedPhosphatase
PP2-APP2-B
PHF AND NFTformation
CellDeath
Tau stabilisationof microtubules
Microtubule instability
Dissociation of p-Taufrom microtubules
P
P
P
P
FOSFORILAREA SI DEFOSFORILAREAPROTEINEI TAU
Querfurth HW, LaFerla FM. – NEJM 2010
Risk and protection factors in AD modified after Arrizaga R. – SSNN Congress, Krakow 2011
Roe CM et al. – Neurology 2011; 76:501-510
RISK FACTORS for AD• Genetic• Age
• Depression
PROTECTION FACTORS for AD• Genetic• Education
• NSAID ?
RESERVE - COGNITIVE - CEREBRAL ( structural )
• Vascular - HTA
- H-cholesterolemia - H-triglyceridemia - Diabetes mellitus - Metabolic syndrome - Stroke - Hyperhomocysteinemia - Smoking
• BMI
• Lifestyle• Diet• Intelectual activity• Physical activity
• Parmacologic interventions- Anti-HTA- Statins ( ? )
• Primary & secondary stroke prevention
Familial genetic mutations (1 )
– 3 autosomal dominant mutations that cause familial AD :• on chromosome 21 (amyloid precursor protein), • on chromosome 14 (presenilin 1)• on chromosome 1 (presenilin 2)
– the presence of a proband with genetic-testing evidence of one of these mutations can be considered as strongly supportive for the diagnosis of AD
Processes influencing clinical Processes influencing clinical expression of dementiaexpression of dementia
Additional opportunities for interventions
Geneticallydetermineddisease process1. familial AD2. genetic RF – sporadic AD
Aging related decline
Neuronal repairand compensation mechanisms
DEMENTIA
Environmental risk factors + genetic risk factors Comorbidity
• Alzheimer's disease is a pathological diagnosis using a series of standardised criteria
• Alzheimer's dementia is a clinical syndrome that is “possibly” or “probably” as
a consequence of Alzheimer's disease ( progressive neurodegenerative disease )– Alzheimer's dementia is most commonly defined in a research setting using the
NINCDS-ADRDA criteria which compared to results at autopsy, detects Alzheimer's disease with a sensitivity of 91–98%
– Years before the onset of clinical symptoms of demential syndrome, there is an AD process evolving along a predictable pattern of progression in the brain
Braak H, Braak E. - Acta Neuropathol (Berl), 1991; Delacourte A et al. – Neurology, 1999Dubois B. et al, Lancet Neurology, 2007
Frisoni GB, et al. Nat Rev Neurol 2010; 6: 67–77
Is it possible to diagnose Alzheimer’s disease during thepredementia stage ?
Alzheimer D. Depression
Alzheimer D. VaD Depression
FTD
DLB VaD
Unique
domain
Multiple domains
Unique domain
Multiple domains
Amnestic
MCI
Non-amnestic
MCI
Clin
ical
cla
ssifi
catio
n
MCI SUBTYPES
Degenerative Vascular Psychiatric Medical conditions
ETIOLOGY
Potential evolution of MCI
• Continued deterioration in cognition and functional decline to satisfy criteria for Alzheimer's dementia
• Conversion to another subtype of dementia
• Continued deterioration in cognition which does not go on to satisfy criteria for a dementia
• No conversion, but stability of deficit with no recovery or progression
• Recovery of cognitive abilities
Mason SE et al.- Int J Alzheimer Dis. 2010
Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease1
• Mild AD– Forgetfulness– Fatigue– Difficulty recalling familiar words– Inability to learn new things– Deterioration in judgment and behaviour– Diminished orientation to time, place, date
• Moderate AD– Loss of logic, memory and motor abilities– Diminished ability to carry out daily tasks (e.g.
washing, dressing, meal preparation, use of the telephone)
– Impatience, restlessness, wandering, disorientation
– Physical or verbal aggression in response to frustration
– Decline in speech, verbal skills and ability to calculate
– Decline in social skills– Paranoia
• Severe AD– Loss of bladder and bowel
control – Reduced ability to speak or
follow simple commands – Manifestation of emotional
disturbances; patients may become abusive or passive
– Shuffling walk, and slow, awkward movements
• Final AD– Bedridden– Inability to think, speak,
perceive or move– Death usually from viral or
bacterial infection
1. Losing a million minds: Confronting the tragedy of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment; U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987; p14
Progress of Symptom Development
TimeMobilityBehaviourCognitive functionMood
Gauthier (1999); Feldman, Kertesz (2001); Auer et al. (1996); Reisberg et al. (1996); Barclay et al.(1985)
Dete
riora
tion
• Preclinical ADThe long asymptomatic period between the first brain lesions and the first appearance of symptoms and which concerns normal individuals that later fulfil AD diagnostic criteria
• Prodromal ADThe symptomatic predementia phase of AD, generally included in the mild cognitive impairment category; this phase is characterised by symptoms not severe enough to meet currently accepted diagnostic criteria for AD
• AD dementiaThe phase of AD where symptoms are sufficiently severe to meet currently accepted dementia and AD diagnostic criteria
American Psychiatric Association - 2010
The previous criteria for dementia used Alzheimer‘s disease as their prototype and thus required memory impairment as a criterion for all dementias (!!!)
There is growing recognition that, in other neurocognitive disorders (e.g., HIV-related cognitive decline, cerebrovascular disease, frontotemporal degeneration, traumatic brain injury, etc.), other domains such as language or executive functions may be impaired first, or exclusively, depending on the part of the brain affected and the natural history of the disease
In addition, the terminology for the cognitive domains has been updated to reflect current usage in neuropsychology and neurology
Major Neurocognitive Disorder – new reccomended criteria by APA (2010)
A. Evidence of significant cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in one or more of the domains outlined above based on:• Complex attention (sustained attention, divided attention, selective attention, processing speed)• Executive ability (planning, decision-making, working memory, responding to
feedback/error correction, overriding habits, mental flexibility),• Learning and memory (immediate memory, recent memory [including free
recall, cued recall, and recognition memory])• Language (expressive language [including naming, fluency, grammar and
syntax] and receptive language),• Visuoconstructional-perceptual ability (construction and visual
perception),and • Social cognition (recognition of emotions, theory of mind, behavioral regulation).
Major Neurocognitive Disorder A. Evidence of significant cognitive decline from a previous level of
performance in one or more of the domains outlined above based on:
1. Concerns of the patient, a knowledgeable informant or the clinician that there has been a significant decline in cognitive functionAND2. Clear decline in neurocognitive performance, typically 2 or more standard deviations below appropriate norms (i.e., below the 3rd percentile) on formal testing, or equivalent clinical evaluation.
B. The cognitive deficits are sufficient to interfere with independence (i.e., requiring assistance at a minimum with instrumental ADL [more complex tasks such as paying bills or managing medications]).
C. The cognitive deficits do not occur exclusively in the context of a delirium.
D. The cognitive deficits are not wholly or primarily attributable to another Axis I disorder (e.g., Major Depressive Disorder, Schizophrenia)
Mild Neurocognitive Disorder A. Evidence of minor cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in one
or more of the domains outlined above based on:1. Concerns of the patient, a knowledgeable informant or the clinician that there has been a mild decline in cognitive functionAND2. Mild decline in neurocognitive performance, typically between 1 and 2 standard deviations below appropriate norms (i.e., between the 3rd and 16th percentile) on formal testing, or equivalent clinical evaluation.
B. The cognitive deficits are insufficient to interfere with independence (i.e., instrumental ADL [more complex tasks such as paying bills or managing medications] are preserved), but greater effort, compensatory strategies, or accommodation may be required to maintain independence.
C. The cognitive deficits do not occur exclusively in the context of a delirium.
D. The cognitive deficits are not wholly or primarily attributable to another Axis I disorder (e.g., Major Depressive Disorder, Schizophrenia).
Symptomatic treatment in AD
• A. Cholinesterase Inhibitors ( AchEI ):– DONEPEZIL– RIVASTIGMINE– GALANTAMINE
• B. NMDA Receptors (partial) antagonists– MEMANTINE
• BCV = a 2-a cauza a dementelor
• 25% dintre supravietuitorii unui prim AVC dezvolta o forma de dementa la 5 ani dupa evenimentul acut
• Factorii de risc comuni pentru DA si VaD
• BCV – detectabila si tratabila !
Pathophysiology of dementia with CVD
• Dementia
Final commonFinal commonpathwaypathway
Damage to critical cortical and subcortical structures
Damage/interruption of subcortical circuits and
projections Cholinergic transmission
• Cardiovascular risk factors• Hypertension Diabetes Smoking Hypercholesterolemia Heart disease Genetics
Damage to cerebral blood supply(common denominator)
• Large-vessel infarcts• Small-vessel infarcts • Hemorrhage • Hypoperfusion
• Multiple distinct pathophysiologies
Cortical vs Subcortical DementiasCharacteristics Subcortical
Dementia Cortical DementiaExecutive function Very affected Consistent with other
impairments
Speed of cognitive processing
Early slowing Normal until late
Language No aphasia Early aphasia
Memory Impaired recallRetrieval>recognition
Recall and recognition impaired
Attention Impaired Impaired
Visuospatial skills Impaired Impaired
Calculation Preserved until late Involved early
Personality and mood Apathetic, inert, depressed, crying/laughing spells
Unconcerned, euthymic
Speech Dysarthric Articulate until late
Coordination and gait Impaired Normal until late
Motor speed and control Slowed Normal
Management of VaD
Identify patients at risk of dementia Identify patients at risk of dementia due to CVDdue to CVD
Control vascular Control vascular risk factors and risk factors and
diseasedisease Targeted dementia Targeted dementia therapytherapy
Stabilization Stabilization of CVDof CVD Improvement in Improvement in
dementia symptomsdementia symptoms
Sachdev et al. 1999; Nyhenuis and Gorelick, 1998Sachdev et al. 1999; Nyhenuis and Gorelick, 1998
Identify patients Identify patients with dementiawith dementia
Control of Control of concomitent concomitent conditionsconditions
Improvement in Improvement in patients’ outcomes patients’ outcomes and caregiver QoLand caregiver QoL
DEMENTELE FRONTO-TEMPORALEProgresele in epidemiologie, neuroimagistica, neuropatologie, genetica moleculara
“Clasificari traditionale”1. Sindroame fara implicatii biologice specifice
- AFAZIA PROGRESIVA- DEMENTA SEMANTICA- DEMENTA DE TIP FRONTAL
2. Entitati neuropatologice specifice- B. PICK- TAUPATIA FAMILIALA
3. Entitati familiale- FTD cu PARKINSONISM LEGATA DE CRZ. 17
Fronto- Temporal – Dementia (FTD)Clinical aspects-FTD (FRONTAL variant)
- Progressive onset of symptomatology- Apathy- Altered capacity of introspection- Disinhibition- Distractibility- Abnormal feeding behaviour- Mental Rigidity- Stereotype and ritual behaviour- self neglect- loose of empathy- emotional recognition altered- altered judgement and capacity of planning
NB. An elevated MMSE score does not exclude FTD !!!!!!