delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world ccs – environmental impacts roger...
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Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world
CCS – Environmental Impacts
Roger Barrowcliffe, 14 November 2007
Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world
Distribution of sources and sinks in Europe
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Sources and sinks in NW Europe (2030)
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Opportunities for environmental impact
Fuel extraction
Fuel transport
Power Generation
CO2 transportCO2 storage
Waste products
Emissions
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Fuel – environmental issues
‘Fuel penalty’ has implications for:
• Use of a finite resource
• Socio-economic impacts
• GHG and other emissions
• Occupational risk
Fuel transport has implications for:
• GHG and other emissions
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CO2 transport/pipelines
Additional pipelines associated with:
• Temporary land take and ecological impact
• Temporary socio – economic impact
• Risk of rupture and consequent hazard
• Energy use through compression
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EU scale of CO2 capture and storage
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Mass of CO2 captured (MT) by:
Oxyfuel (7%) 0 49 156 338 600
Pre-combustion (IGCC) (64%) 3 437 1,406 3,038 5,397
Post-combustion (PC) (29%) 1 194 625 1,350 2,399
Total (cumulative MtCO2) 4 679 2,187 4,726 8,395
Total length of CO2 transport
pipeline (km)
23 3,159 7,057 11,518 17,029
Annual volume of CO2 captured (MtCO2/yr)
1.0 135.0 301.5 492.2 727.7
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CO2 storage
• Use of offshore reservoirs associated with risk of:
• Leaks to seawater and effect on ocean pH
• Accidental release at the wellhead
• Onshore reservoirs associated with:
• Leakage, rupture and risk to humans/ecosystems
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Peterhead Power Station (as proposed by BP)
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Peterhead Power Station – the process (1)
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Peterhead Power Station – the process (2)
Hydrogen rich fuel
SyngasReformer
Shift conversion
of CO to CO2
CO2 Capture
Gas turbines and HRSGs
H2O + ½ O2
Pre-Combustion Decarbonisation
CO2
Electric Power
Natural gas
Partial Oxidation:CH4 + ½ O2 = CO + 2H2
&Steam Reforming:
CH4 + H2O = CO + 3H2
Water Gas Shift Conversion:
CO + H2O = CO2 + H2
H2O + NOX and residual CO2
Capture, transport and storage of
CO2Power generation
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Peterhead Power Station – the carbon balance
Natural Gas Fuel In
1231MWh (253.5TCO2/
hr)
Power station: Thermal Efficiency 38.6% (Net/LHV)
CO2 to Atmosphere20.3Tonnes/hr
CO2 to Miller233.2Tonnes/
hr
Electricity Export
475MW (Net)
St Fergus Compression
& Miller Operations
CO2 to Atmosphere19.02TCO2 Miller + St Fergus 5.59TCO2
Total 24.61TCO2/hr
Net CO2
sequestered208.6 T/hr
477 barrels (64 tonnes) of oilRecovered/hr
Assumptions: 92% Capture St Fergus Compression (13MW) (430g CO2/kW) (Reference Case) Miller Platform (92MW for nominal 41MW output at 35% efficiency) (260g CO2/kW UK Ave) Steady state operation profile (Reference Case, Offshore compression requirements based on initial years
of operation)
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Natural Gas Fuel In2.59 kWh (534 gCO2)
Thermal Efficiency38.6% (Net/LHV)
CO2 to Atmosphere43 g
CO2 to Miller491 g
Electricity Export1 kWh (Net)
DF1 Peterhead
• 43 gCO2 (to
atmosphere)/kWh
(92%CO2 capture)
Natural Gas Fuel In1.79 kWh (368 gCO2)
Thermal Efficiency56.0% (Net/LHV)
CO2 to atmosphere368 g
Electricity Export1 kWh (Net)
•368 gCO2/kWh electricity export
UK Current Proven CCGT Technology - (F Class)
Peterhead PS v Current CCGT PS
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Peterhead PS: a comparison with existing electricity generation
876
723
430 404 368 343
43
491
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
gCO2 2 /kWh
net electricity generation
UK AverageCoal
UK AverageOil
UK GridElectricity
Average
E Class CCGT UK ProvenCCGT
Technology - FClass
Baglan Bay - HClass CCGT
Peterhead
Generating Type
CO2 CapturedCO2 to atmosphere
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Super critical coal fired PS – additional emissions (Source: IPCC)
Rate (kg/MWhr) Increase (kg/MW hr)
Atmospheric emissions:
CO2 107 - 704
SO2 0.00 - 0.29
NOx 0.77 0.18
Resource consumption:
Fuel 390 93
Limestone 27.5 6.8
Solid Waste:
Ash 28.1 6.7
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Summary of environmental issues
• Most impacts are modest – but widely distributed
• Some impacts are unknown and constitute risks