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DELIVERABLED2.1REPORT
Methodologiesforclusterdevelopmentandbestpracticesfordatacollectioninthepromisingregions
Part1
IndustrialCCUSClustersandCO2transportsystems:methodologiesforcharacterisationanddefinition
ReleaseStatus:FINAL
Author:DrPeterABrownsort,ScottishCarbonCapture&Storage,UniversityofEdinburgh
Date:20November2019
Filenameandversion:STRATEGY_CCUS_T2-1_ICCS_Methodology_V1.2.docx
ProjectIDNUMBER837754
STRATEGYCCUS(H2020-LC-SC3-2018-2019-2020/H2020-LC-SC3-2018-NZE-CC)
ThisprojecthasreceivedfundingfromtheEuropeanUnion’sHorizon2020
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ExecutivesummaryTheaimoftheSTRATEGYCCUSProjectistoenabletheshort-tomid-termdevelopmentofcarboncapture,utilisationandstorage(CCUS)throughstrategicplanningofindustrialcarboncaptureandstorage(ICCS)clustersinSouthernandEasternEurope,withintheoverarchingcontextofemissionsreductionforclimatechangemitigation.Carboncaptureandstorage(CCS)isoneofthemainmeansofreducingcarbondioxide(CO2)emissionsfromindustry,alongwithimprovementsinmaterialsefficiency,energyefficiencyandfuelswitchingtolow-carbonenergysources.
ThisreporthasbeenpreparedtohelplocalteamsintheSTRATEGYCCUSProjectdefineoptionsandscopeforpotentialICCSclustersintheirregions,includingtheCO2collectionandtrunktransportsystemsneededtoconnecttoastoragesite.ThereportdrawsonexperiencefromexistingCCSclusterprojectsinNorthernEuropeandproposesabasicmethodologicalapproachforthedefinitionofnewICCSclusters.Aparallelreport,formingpartofthesameprojectdeliverable,coversassessmentofsuitablestoragesites.
AreviewhasbeencarriedoutofsevenindustrialareasinNorthernEuropewhereICCSclusterdevelopmentisprogressing,inordertounderstandwhathasledtotheirrelativeadvancement.Recognisingtheconsiderabledifferencesbetweentheseareas,eachhasbeenassessedagainstacommonlistofcharacteristicsorfactors,developedforthisstudy,thatdescribeanareainthecontextofitspotentialforforminganICCScluster.
Importanttechnicalcharacteristicsincludeclearmeansofaccesstoawell-definedCO2storagesiteandfactorsthatcanreduceinitialinvestmentsandunitcostsofCO2captureandtransport,suchashigh-concentrationCO2emissionsorinfrastructurethatmaybereusedforCO2duty.
However,non-technicalfactorsappeartohavethegreatestinfluenceonadvancementofICCSclusterprojectsintheareasreviewed.Clearleadershipandvisionfromanempoweredpublicauthorityforthearea,orfromacredibleindustryleaderorgroup,appeartobekey,togetherwitheffectiveengagementofallstakeholders.
AbasicmethodologyfordefinitionofnewindustrialCCSclustersisproposed,intendedtobeadaptabletowidelydifferingindustrialareas.Thisisframedinthreequestions:whatCO2willbecaptured;howwillthisbecaptured,collectedandtransported;andwherewillitbestored?DataandinformationneededfordefinitionofICCSclustercompositionandCO2transportoptionsarelisted,andadatabasesystemfortheircollectionhasbeendevelopedbyprojectpartners.
TheconceptofICCSclustersisbasedontheefficienciesthatmayarisefromshareduseofinfrastructure,expertiseandresourceswhenanumberofCO2capturefacilitiesarelinkedwithinanindustrialarea,leadingtolowercostsforthereductionofemissions.WhenmakingdecisionsaboutCCSclustercompositionorCO2transportintegration,theprimaryobjectiveofavoidingreleaseofclimate-damagingCO2totheatmospheremustalwaysbeclear.
However,anindustrialclusterrepresentsmorethanjustthecompaniesandindustrialfacilitiespresentinanarea.BenefitstotheareaofestablishinganICCSclusterarewiderthanjustlowercostsandincludemaintainingthepresenceofindustrywhileachievingemissionreductiontargets,encouraginginvestmentinnewlow-carbonindustry,maintainingthevalueofindustrytoeconomyandtosocietythroughemployment,andimprovinglocalairquality.
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TableofContents
1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................9
1.1 Clusters,hubsandnetworks–terminology.....................................................................10
1.2 Objectivesandstructureofthisreport............................................................................12
2 Somerelevantliterature........................................................................................................14
2.1 PreviousreviewsofICCSclusters....................................................................................14
2.2 PreviousworkonICCSclustermethodologies.................................................................15
3 CharacterisationofICCSclusters............................................................................................17
3.1 Featuresthatcharacteriseapotentialcluster..................................................................17
3.1.1 Characterisationofemissions........................................................................................................17
3.1.2 Characterisationofthearea..........................................................................................................17
3.1.3 Characterisationoftheindustries.................................................................................................17
3.1.4 Characterisationofrelationships...................................................................................................18
3.1.5 Characterisationofinfrastructure.................................................................................................18
3.1.6 Characterisationofstorage...........................................................................................................18
3.2 CasestudiestocharacterisepotentialICCSclusters.........................................................18
3.2.1 Humberside...................................................................................................................................20
3.2.2 Teesside.........................................................................................................................................22
3.2.3 GrangemouthandStFergus–the“Scottishcluster”....................................................................24
3.2.4 Merseyside–theLiverpool-Manchestercluster...........................................................................26
3.2.5 SouthWales...................................................................................................................................28
3.2.6 Rotterdam......................................................................................................................................30
3.2.7 Norway..........................................................................................................................................32
3.3 Relativeimportanceofclustercharacteristics.................................................................34
4 Datacollectionandanalysismethodologies...........................................................................35
4.1 DeterminingwhatCO2maybecaptured.........................................................................36
4.1.1 Emissionsanalysis–currentemissioninventory...........................................................................36
4.1.2 Technical/techno-commercialfactors...........................................................................................37
4.1.3 AlternativestoCCSforindustrialdecarbonisation........................................................................37
4.1.4 Policy,regulationandsocietalchange..........................................................................................38
4.2 DetermininghowCO2willbecaptured,collectedandtransported..................................38
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4.2.1 Captureclusterdefinition..............................................................................................................39
4.2.2 CO2collectionnetwork..................................................................................................................42
4.2.3 TrunkCO2transportsystem..........................................................................................................44
4.3 IntegrationwithCO2storagedefinition...........................................................................46
4.3.1 Capacityandinjectivity..................................................................................................................46
4.3.2 Containmentrisks..........................................................................................................................46
4.3.3 Developmentcostsandupsidepotential......................................................................................47
4.4 Methodologyflowanddatastructure.............................................................................47
5 Engagementactivities............................................................................................................50
6 Summaryandconclusions......................................................................................................51
7 GlossaryofAbbreviations.......................................................................................................53
8 References.............................................................................................................................55
AppendixA.Collectionofdataandinformation,originallists.......................................................61
AppendixB.Databasetabledescriptions......................................................................................64
AppendixC.Briefguidancefordatacollectionanduseofmethodology.......................................65
C.1DeterminingwhatCO2maybecaptured.............................................................................65
C.2DetermininghowCO2willbecaptured,collectedandtransported.....................................66
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Industrial CCUS Clusters and CO2 transport systems: methodologies for characterisation and definition
1 Introduction
Industrialclustershavebeenaroundaslongasindustryitself.Fromtheearliestmanufacturingsitesforstone-agetoolsinareaswherethebestflintswerefound,throughsitingofwatermillsalongrivers,totheindustrialrevolution,wherefactorieswereoftensitedincoalfieldareas,ithasoftenbeenlocationofrawmaterialorenergyresourcesthathasdefinedindustrialgeography.Naturaltransportpotential,suchasvalleys,waterwaysandseaports,hasalsoinfluencedclusteringofindustry,bothforaccessingrawmaterialsandtoallowtradingofproducts.Therecognitionbyeconomistsoftheadvantagesthatclustersbringtoindustryandthedynamicsofhowtheyoperateismorerecent,beingdocumentedinthe1990s(BothamandDownes,1999).Anindustrialclusterhasbeendefinedas“agroupofinter-relatedindustrieswhoselinkagesmutuallyreinforceandenhancetheircompetitiveadvantage”(Porter,1990).
Againstthishistoricalcontext,industrialcarboncapture,utilisationandstorageclustersarearelativelynewconcept.ThetermisnotusedintheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeSpecialReportonCarbonCaptureandStorage(IPCC,2005),butwasclearlyinusesoonafterinearlyproposalsforcarboncaptureandstorage(CCS)clustersintheUK(YorkshireForward,2008;E.ONUK,2009).TheconceptofindustrialCCS(ICCS)clustersiscloselyrelatedtoPorter’sdefinitionofindustrialclustersquotedabove.Itisbasedontheefficienciesthatmayarisefromshareduseofinfrastructure,expertiseandresourceswhenanumberofcarbondioxide(CO2)capturefacilitiesarelinkedwithinanindustrialarea.Fromtheeconomist’sviewpoint,themainadvantagetocompaniesparticipatinginanICCSclusterisanticipatedtocomefromlowercostsforthereductionofCO2emissions.
However,anindustrialclusterrepresentsmorethanjustthecompaniespresentinanarea.BenefitstotheareaofestablishinganICCSclusterarewiderthanjustlowercosts,includingmaintainingthepresenceofindustrywhileachievingemissionreductiontargets,encouraginginvestmentinnewlow-carbonindustry,maintainingthevalueofindustrytoeconomyandtosocietythroughemploymentandimprovinglocalairquality.WhileallthesewiderbenefitsmayaddgreatsupporttojustifyinginvestmentinCCS,theprimaryaimofavoidingCO2releasetotheatmospheretomitigateagainstclimatechangemustalwaysbeclearasthemainbasisofmemberselectionanddecisionmakingforanICCScluster.
ForthepurposesofthisreviewitisassumedthattheneedforreductionofCO2emissionsfromindustry,or“industrialdecarbonisation”,isunderstood.Alongwithmaterialsefficiency,energyefficiencyandswitchingtolow-carbonenergysources,CCSisoneofthemainmeansofreducingCO2emissionsfromindustry.AnumberofimportantindustrialprocessesproduceCO2unavoidablyfromthechemistryinvolvedandCCSistheonlypracticalmethodofavoidingsuchprocessemissionsbeingreleasedtotheatmosphere.Forotherindustrialprocessescontinueduseofhydrocarbonfuels,coupledwithCCStoavoidCO2emission,maybemorepracticalandmoreeconomicthanother
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decarbonisationapproaches.Inthisreviewelectricitygeneration,aswellascombinedheatandpower(CHP)orco-generation,areincludedinthegeneralmeaningof“industry”whethersuchfacilitiesarededicatedtoparticularindustrialsitesorsupplyingtogriddistribution.
Theroleofcarboncaptureandutilisation(CCU)inindustrialdecarbonisationislessclear.SomeutilisationprocessesleadtopermanentremovalofCO2fromtheatmospherethroughitsincorporationinstableproducts,whilewithotherprocessestheCO2utilisedisre-releasedinperiodsrangingfromdaystoafewyears.Ingeneral,thisreviewwillfocusontheintentiontoreduceindustrialemissionsthroughthecapture,transportandpermanentgeologicalstorageofCO2;thatis,itwillfocusonCCSratherthanCCU.ItissuggestedthatfactorsrelatedtoCCSaretheprinciplefactorsdeterminingthesuitabilityofareasastheseclusters,andtheterm“industrialCCSclusters”,or“ICCSclusters”,willbetakentoincludeCCU.Itisacknowledged,however,thatinsomecases,suchascaptureandutilisationofCO2fromsteelworksgasesoralocaldemandfromenhancedoilrecovery(EOR),theutilisationprocessmaybeanimportantdeterminingfactor.
1.1 Clusters,hubsandnetworks–terminologyTheterm“cluster”,intheCCScontext,hasoftenbeenusedalongsidetheterm“hub”;however,thesetermsdescribedistinctentities.Acluster,orinthissensemoreproperlya“capturecluster”,isageographicalgroupingofCO2emitterswithpotentialorrealisedcapturefacilities.Themainanticipatedbenefitofclusteringcomesfromuseofsharedinfrastructuretocollect,transportandstorethecapturedCO2.ThisimpliesasharedcollectionnetworkthatwouldbringCO2toaconsolidationpoint,a“collectionhub”,foronwardtransporttostoragebyatrunktransportsystem.Thecollectionnetworkissometimesassumedtobelimitedtoapipelinesystem.Thismaybeappropriateforaclusteroflarge-capacitycapturefacilities,butamodulartransportcollectionsystemmaybeappropriateinsomecases,particularlyformorespread-outclustersorwhereindividualcapturefacilitiesareofsmallerscale.ModulartransportsystemsestablishedforCO2includeroadtanker,railtank-carandshipping;bargetransportoninlandwaterwayshasalsobeenproposed(Doctor,2005;Vermulen,2011;Brownsort,2018).
Figure1-1,Figure1-2andFigure1-3belowshowschematicoutlinesofexampleindustrialCCSclusterconfigurationsusingdifferentCO2transportoptions.Figure1-1showsanindustrialclusterwheresomeemittershaveformedacapturecluster,withapipelinenetworkcollectingCO2fortransporttooffshorestorage.Inthiscasethecollectionhubisminimal,justapipelinejunction;acompressor(booster)isshownatthecoast,todeliverpressureneededatthestoragesiteforwellinjection.
InFigure1-2asystemisshownusingdifferentmodulartransportmethodsforliquefiedCO2fromcapturefacilitiesatallmajoremittersinacluster.AcollectionhubwithbufferstorageataportdeliversCO2toshipsfortrunktransportbyshipandoffshoreoffloadingtoastoragesite.Figure1-3showsahybridsystemwithapipelinecollectionnetworkandonshorepipelinetoacentralisedliquefactionfacility,transportoverseasbyshiptoareceivingterminal,andonwardtransportbyoffshorepipelinetoastoragesite.Clearlydifferentcombinationsoftransportmodearepossible.
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Figure1-1SchematicofICCSclusterusingpipelinesfortransport.
Figure1-2SchematicofICCSclusterusingmodulartransportoptionsfortransportofliquefiedCO2.
Storagesite
IndustrialclusterIndustrialCCScluster
Collec2onnetworkTrunktransportsystem
Onshore
Offshore
Booster
Industrial facility emitting CO2
CO2 capture facility CO2 pipeline
Hub
Storagesite
Trunktransportbyship
Offshoreoffloading
IndustrialclusterIndustrialCCScluster
Train:GettyImages,KOHbRoadtanker:GettyImages,MaximRudoi
Road
Rail
Ship: Getty Images, Barbulat
Port,loadingfacili?es
Bargetransport
Collec?onhub
Industrial facility emitting CO2
CO2 capture and liquefaction facility
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Figure1-3SchematicofICCSclusterusingahybridtransportsystemwithbothpipelinesandshipping.
Theterm“cluster”canalsobeappliedtoageographicalgroupingofindividualstoragesites,a“storagecluster”,thissituationmightoccurforoperationalrobustnesswithaback-upstore,orwhenafirststoreisnearingthelimitofitscapacity.Inthiscasetheremightbea“distributionhub”atthedownstreamendofthetrunktransportsystem.Thetrunktransportsystemlinkingfromcollectionhubtodistributionhub,ortoanindividualstoragesite,isalsonotlimitedtoapipelinesystemandmayincludeshippingforallorpartofitsroute,dependingongeographyandeconomicfactors(Doctor,2005;Brownsort,2015).
Someauthors(e.g.PurvisandCourtinGCCSI,2015)havewrittenof“hubandclusternetworks”todescribedeveloped,full-chainCCSsystemswithmultiplecapturefacilities,butthistermhasnotbeenuniversallyadopted.
1.2 ObjectivesandstructureofthisreportThisreportformsanearlystageintheSTRATEGYCCUSProject,aimingtoprovidesomeguidancetolaterstagesasdifferentteamsdefineandprogresspotentialICCSclusterstohelpachieveindustrialdecarbonisationintheirregions.Thepresentreportispreparedinparalleltoareport,withsimilarobjectives,coveringCO2storage:StorageResourceAssessmentMethodologies(Cavanagh,2019).
AlimitedselectionofrelevantliteratureispresentedinSection2.Firstly,anumberofrecentreviewsaresummarisedcoveringICCSclustersfromvariouspointsofview.Secondly,somereportsaredescribedthatgivedetailofthemethodologiestheyhaveusedfor(inmostcases)individualclusterstudies.
Oneobjectiveofthisreport,coveredinSection3,istoreviewanumberofICCSclusterprojectsthathaveshownpromiseorareactivelydevelopingintheNorthSeaBasinregionofEurope,inordertounderstandthefactorsandfeaturesthathaveledtotheirrelativeadvancement–butnotethatnoICCSclustershaveyetmovedintoadeploymentphaseinEurope.Understandingthesefactors,itis
Storagesite
Trunktransportbypipelineandship
Ship: Getty Images, Barbulat
Port,loadingfacili9es
Intermodalhubwithliquefac9onandbuffer
storage
Industrial facility emitting CO2
CO2 capture facility
Hub
Collec9onnetwork
Intermodalhubwithstorageandrecondi9oning
Port,offloadingfacili9es
IndustrialCCScluster
CO2 pipeline
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hoped,willhelpotherpromisingregionselsewhereinEuropetoformrobustplansfortheirownICCSclusters,andforthetransportlinksthatwillberequiredtoaccessCO2storagesites.
Afurtherobjectiveofthisreportistoconsiderthestepsbywhichclusterprojectshavedeveloped,theinformationgathered,thestudies,considerationsandengagementsmade,andfromthistosuggesta“bestpractice”formethodologytoidentifyanddefinefutureclusterprojects.ThisformsSection4ofthereport.
ThereisclearlyastronglinkbetweenthesetwoobjectivesinthatthefactorsthatcharacteriseanICCSclusterarebasedoninformationanddatathatwouldbeneededtodevelopaclusterproject.However,itshouldberecognisedthatallclustersaredifferent,eachhasdifferentstrengthsandweakness,andthereisnotonesolutionthatwillworkforeverycluster.Sothisaspired“best-practice”isnotdefinitive,butaimstoshowexamplesofwherestrengthscanbemadeuseofandhowsomechallengesmaybetackled.
Equally,forminganICCSclusterisnotjustamatteroftechnicaldefinition.Section5considerssomegroupsthatmaybeinvolvedandareasofengagementthatarelikelytoberequired.WithintheSTRATEGYCCUSProject,WorkPackages3and6focusspecificallyonstakeholderengagementandonstrategiccommunicationrespectively,sointhispresentreportonlybriefconsiderationisgiventotheseimportantareas.
Finally,Section6providesasummaryandconclusionsforthisreport,withreflectionsonhowitsideasmaybeusedinthewiderSTRATEGYCCUSProjectandbeyond.
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2 Somerelevantliterature
2.1 PreviousreviewsofICCSclustersThereareanumberofpreviousreviewscoveringICCSclusterstodifferentextents.Somerecentonesaresummarisedbrieflybelow;thisisbynomeansacomprehensivelistofallsuchworks.
AmajorreviewbytheInternationalEnergyAgencyGreenhouseGasResearchandDevelopmentProgramme(IEAGHG)aimedtoidentifyalldocumentedCCSclustersglobally,togatherkeytechnicalinformationoneachandtoconsiderdevelopmentofbusinessplans(Haines,2015).ThestudycoveredbothcaptureclustersandclustersofCO2sinks,beingthemajorCO2-EORclustersintheUSA.Twelvewell-definedclusterswerereviewedindepth,locatedinEurope(6),NorthAmerica(4),ChinaandAustraliawithmaturityrangingfromearlyconceptstudiestooperatingsystems.TheliteraturereviewcarriedoutalsoidentifiedalargernumberofstudiesofpotentialclustersandofprojectsonclusteringinaCCScontextingeneral,includinganumberofpreviousEuropeanFrameworkprojects.
Alsoin2015,theGlobalCCSInstitutepublishedaSpecialReport(GCCSI,2015)exploringtherolethatcaptureclustersandthenetworkingofCO2transportintoa“hubandclusternetwork”couldplayinthedeploymentofCCSinEurope.ThereportusedaQ&Aformattohighlighttheadvantagesofclusteringandgaveanumberofcasestudiesfromprojectsdevelopingatthattime.
In2016,theZeroEmissionsPlatform(ZEP)publishedalimitedreportonhowthedeploymentofCCShubsandclusterscouldcontributetoachievinga“NetZeroeconomy”inEurope(ZEP,2016).TheworkfoundlimiteddatawasavailableforsomeoftheregionswhereCCSclusterswerethoughtlikelytobeadvantaged.Itconsideredthepolicyandorganisationalneedstoaddressthisinordertoprogressregionaldevelopment.
AninterestingcomparisonofsevenpotentialUKICCSclusterswasmadein2017byECOFYSfortheUKGovernment(StorkandSchenkel,2017).Thestudyusedacombinationofliteratureandstakeholderinterviewstocompileanumerical(butfairlysubjective)assessmentofreadinessforeachclusterintermsofseven“dimensions”.
AstudybyElementEnergyforIEAGHGusedamodellingapproachtoinvestigateeconomicandbusinessrelatedissueswiththeformationofICCSclustersinfourglobalareasoffocus(NorthAmerica,Europe,China,Australia)(ElementEnergy,2018b).ItaddressedthecurrentlackofcommercialmaturityofICCSandidentifiedfourkeyfactorsthatmayenableprivateinvestments.ItproposedfourdifferentbusinessmodelsforICCSclusterssuggestingatleastonewassuitableforeachglobalregion.
TheCarbonSequestrationLeadershipForum(CSLF)hasrecentlypublishedareportbyitstaskforceonCCSclusters,hubsandinfrastructure.Thisgivesup-to-datecoverageofcurrentlyactiveCCSclusters(notjustindustrialCCSclusters),currentprojectsproposingCCSclusters,andsummarisesrecentreportsandstudies(somelistedhereabove)(CSLF,2019).Itgivesspecifichigh-levelrecommendations,aimedatgovernmentsandindustry,toaccelerateprogressondeploymentofCCSclusters.
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2.2 PreviousworkonICCSclustermethodologiesAlthoughtherearequiteanumberofreportsfromstudiesonICCSclusters,notsomanydetailthemethodologytheyhaveused,focusingmoreonthebenefitsandthecommercialaspectsofbringingaclusterprojectintobeing.InTable2-1abrieflistisgivenofsomepublicationsthatincludedescriptionsofatleastsomemethodology.Someofthesewillbeusedinlaterdiscussionanddevelopmentofa“bestpractice”methodology.Again,thislistisnotcomprehensiveandclearlyotherprojectswillhavefollowedamethodology,butmaynothaveexplicitlydescribedthis.
ThefirstentryinTable2-1,byHaines(2015),givesausefultemplateforcollectinginformationtodescribeICCSclusters,butdoesnotreallyconsiderhowthatinformationisusedtodevelopaclusterproject.
Thefinaltableentry,ontheLiverpool-ManchesterHydrogenCluster,hasonlylimitedrelevancetoCCSclustermethodology(ProgressiveEnergy,2017).Itisincludedasareminderthatthereareotheroptionsforindustrialdecarbonisation,stillrelyingonCCS,thathavedifferentcharacteristicsfromtheclustersofCO2capturefacilitiesgenerallythoughtofasICCSclusters
Theotherthreeentriesallsharepartsofasimilarmethodology,mostclearlylaidoutasa“workflow”bytheCOCATEProject(COCATE,2013).Thiscanbesimplyoutlinedbasedonthreequestions,defining:
• WHATCO2willbecaptured?• HOWwillthisCO2becaptured,collected,transported?• WHEREwillthisCO2bestored?
ThisoutlinewillbedevelopedinSection4.
Alsoworthyofnote,althoughnotsolelyrelatedtoICCSclusters,isarecentpaperonapproachestakenbytheAcornCCSProjectinnortheastScotlandtotwokeychallengesfacedbyearlystageCCSprojects:reductionofcostsandlackofstakeholdersupport(Alcaldeetal,2019).Thework(undertheACTAcornProjectfunding)identifiessevenkeyelementsoftheprojectdevelopmentprocessthathavehelpedaddressthesechallengesandmaketheprojectmoreattractiveforinvestors.Thekeyelementsidentifiedwere:
• identifyinginfrastructureforreusewithcostsavings;• producingadetailedstoragedevelopmentplantobooststorageconfidence;• definingsteppedexpansionphasesas“low-carbonbuild-outoptions”basedontheinitial
development;• havingadevelopmentplancoveringthefullCCSchain–capture,transportandstorage;• developingthemessagingrequiredtogainpolicysupport;• settingCCSwithinthecontextofa“justtransition”togainpublicsupport;• knowledgeexchangeatalllevelsofengagement.
Thestudyconcludesthataddressingtheseelementsmakesaprojectmorelikelytoprogress,moresustainable,andsomorelikelytoattractinvestment.ItsuggeststhislearningcanbetransferredtootherprojectsseekingtodevelopCCS.
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Table2-1ExistingICCSclusterstudymethodologies
Publication Summaryofrelevantmethodology
CarbonCaptureandStorageClusterProjects:ReviewandFutureOpportunities.(Haines,2015)
Usedanextensivetemplatetocollecttechnicalandbusinessinformation.Flexibleapproach,templatedevelopedinlinewithinformationavailable.
TheEastIrishSeaCCSCluster:AConceptualDesign-TechnicalReport.(Coulthurst,TaylorandBaddeley,2011)
Assessmentofavailablestoragecapacity.
AnalysisofexistingandfutureCO2emissions,location,source,quantity,profile.
Considerationoftechnicalopportunitiesandconstraintsforsharinginfrastructure,capture,purification,conditioning,transport(collectionandtrunk,on-andoffshore),healthandsafety,infrastructurereuse,flowmeasurement,offshorefacilities,storagemonitoring,systemintegration.
COCATE:Large-scaleCCSTransportationinfrastructureinEurope,(PublicSummary).(COCATE,2013)
Workflowoutlinerecommendedforfutureprojectsincludes5(+1)blocks,eachwithdefinedactivities.Blocksare(1)emissionsanalysis,(2)capturepoolingandclusteringoptiondefinition(thesetobedoneinparallelwithstoragecapacityassessment),then(3)identificationofCO2hubsandcollectingnetworks,(4)exportsystems,(5)projectdeploymentstrategy(includingfinancialandriskanalysis).
Reducingcostsofcarboncaptureandstoragebysharedreuseofexistingpipeline—CasestudyofaCO2captureclusterforindustryandpowerinScotland.(Brownsort,ScottandHaszeldine,2016)
Analysisofemissions,quantity,location,distancetopotentialsharedtransportinfrastructure,screeningtoidentifypromisingcapturesites.
Estimationofcapturerate,andofcapitalcostforcapture.
Identificationofconnectionpipelinenetwork,estimationofcapitalcost.
Analysisintegratedwithcapacityinformationforexistingtrunkpipeline,costcomparisonwithnewpipelineestimate.
TheLiverpool-ManchesterHydrogenCluster:Alowcost,deliverableproject.Technicalreport.(ProgressiveEnergy,2017)
Projectclearlyfocussedondecarbonisationofindustryclusterthroughreplacementofnaturalgasusagebyhydrogen(H2),somethodologyspecifictothat,todeterminetheH2supplysystemrequirement.ThissimplifiestheCO2managementsystemleavingonlycentralisedCO2“emission”atnewandexisting(forammoniaproduction)steammethanereformers,considersonlypipelineandstoragecapacities.
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3 CharacterisationofICCSclusters
Allindustrialclusters,andsoallpotentialICCSclusters,aredifferent,buttheymaybecharacterisedbyconsideringanumberoffactorsandfeatures.ThissectiondevelopsalistofsuchfeaturesthenmakesbriefcasestudiesofaselectionofpromisingICCSclustersfromaroundtheNorthSeaBasinandassesseshowthesemaybedescribedusingtheidentifiedfeatures.
3.1 FeaturesthatcharacteriseapotentialclusterManydifferentfeaturescanbeusedtodescribepotentialICCSclustersandtocompareonepotentialclustertoanother.AlistoffeatureshasbeendevelopedforthisreviewbasedongeneralknowledgeofexistingandproposedICCSclusters.ThesefeaturesarelistedandexplainedinSections3.1.1to3.1.6below.Thelistisnotexhaustive,ordefinitive,butisproposedasastructureforconsideringthestrengthsandweaknessesofdifferentclusters,toreflectontheirrelativepositions.ECOFYSusedasimilarapproach(StorkandSchenkel,2017),butfocusedmoreonorganisationalcapabilityinaclustertojudgeitsreadinesstodeploy.
ThisapproachdescribespotentialICCSclustersintermsofsixgroupsoffeatures:emissions,thearea,theindustries,relationships,infrastructureandCO2storage.Thelastisrathertheoddoneout,asitdoesnotdescribetheICCSclusteritself,butisnecessarytoconsiderthepotentialoftheareaasanICCScluster.
3.1.1 Characterisationofemissions
Emissionlocationdistribution–howclosely“clustered”isthearea,aretherefewormanyventsatfacilities?
Emissionvolumedistribution–arethere“anchor”emitters,severallargeemitters,manysmallemitters?
Emissionvolumeprofile–arefacilitiesatrisk/closing,orisinvestmentoccurring,isthereseasonalvariation?
Emissionstypeandquality–aretheresignificantprocessemissions,aretherehigh-concentrationemissions,arethereproblematiccontaminants?
3.1.2 Characterisationofthearea
Industrialareacharacter–isiturbanorremote,largeorsmall,spreadoutordense? Importanceofindustry–istheareapredominantlyindustrial,isindustrymainemployerinarea?
Clusterrecognition–isthereanexistingclustermentality,historyofclusterfocus,existingstudyresults?
3.1.3 Characterisationoftheindustries
Integrationofindustry–isthereacommonculture,cross-industrybodies,serviceinterdependence,sharableresourcesetc?
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Decarbonisationalternatives–whatscope/feasibilityforenergyefficiency,electrificationorbiomass,hydrogen?
CCU–whatpotentialforCCU,isit“defining”e.g.EORdemandorsyngasavailability? Motivationfordecarbonisation–willindustryprioritisedecarbonisation? MotivationforCCS–canindustrygainfromCCS?
3.1.4 Characterisationofrelationships
Stakeholders–arekeystakeholdersrecognised,engaged,supportive? Policyposition–islocaland/ornationalpolicysupportive? Publicposition–islocalpopulationengagedwithindustry,positivelyornegatively,e.g.employmentorairqualityissues?
3.1.5 Characterisationofinfrastructure
CO2collectionoptions–arethereexistingpipelinecorridors,raillinks,liquid-CO2(L-CO2)terminals,aretheregeographicorotherconstraintsonroutesforcollection?
CO2consolidationoptions–aresitesforconsolidationhubsavailable,e.g.forbufferstorage,centralprocessing,compressionorliquefaction?
ExistingCO2infrastructure–arethereanyexistingcapture,transportorutilisationoperationsorexperience?
Infrastructurereuseoptions–arethererelevantexistingpipelines,ports,terminals?
3.1.6 Characterisationofstorage
Storageaccessibility–isareaclosetoknownpotentialCO2storagesites? Storagecapacity–isaccessiblestorageofsuitablecapacity,injectivity,security? Storageflexibility–aretherealternativestoprimarystoragesite? Storagedevelopmentintegration–isthereanorganisationinterested/capableofdevelopingstorage?
TherelativeimportanceofthesecharacteristicsisdiscussedinSection3.3,followingthecasestudies.
3.2 CasestudiestocharacterisepotentialICCSclustersIntheUK,sixareashavebeenidentifiedwithpotentialICCSclustersinrecentpolicydevelopments(BEIS,2018):Humberside,Teesside,Merseyside(Liverpool-Manchester),SouthWales,GrangemouthandStFergus,withthelasttwooftenconsideredtogetherasthe“Scottishcluster”.Theseareas,plustwoothersaroundtheNorthSeaBasin,GrenlandinNorwayandRotterdamintheNetherlands,areshowninFigure3-1anddescribedandconsideredusingtheframeworkoffeaturesidentifiedabove,presentedasTables3.1to3.7,withsupportingdiscussion,inthefollowingSections.
Atthetimeofwriting,severaloftheclusterareasintheUKareformingmorefocused,orrefocusingexisting,regionalclusterprojectstotakeadvantageofchangesinUKGovernmentpolicy,withpotentialfunding,tosupportICCSclusters.Thereviewsoftheseareaspresentedheremay,therefore,becomeout-datedfairlyquicklyasthesedevelopmentsproceed.
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Thesecasestudiesaremostlybasedonpubliclyavailableinformationplustheknowledgeandopinionsoftheauthorwho,whilehavingbeeninvolvedinthefieldofindustrialCCSandCO2transportforanumberofyearsinanacademicrole,hashadnospecificpartinanyoftheprojectswiththeexceptionofsomestudiesoftheScottishCluster,includingfortheACTAcornProject.
Thestudiesdonotcoverallfeaturesindetail,butaimtohighlightdistinctiveandsignificantfeaturesthathelpexplainacluster’sposition.Whileintendedtobeobjective,thecasestudieswillnecessarilybecolouredbytheauthor’sopinionsanddegreeofknowledge.Forthesakeofspace,theexamplequestionslistedinSections3.1.1to3.1.6abovearenotrepeatedinthetables.
Figure3-1Locationsofindustrialclusters(red),storagesites(green)andassociatedfacilitiesdescribedincasestudies.BasemapfromGoogleMyMaps-Mapdata©2019GeoBasics-DE/BKG(©2009),Google.
StFergus
Merseyside
Grangemouth
SouthWales
Humberside
Teesside
Grenland
Kollsnes
Oslo
Ro<erdam
Acorn
Johansen
Hamilton
Endurance
P18
EastMey
Feeder10Shippingroute
500 km
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3.2.1 Humberside
HumbersidehasbeenconsideredforaCCSclusterforatleasttenyears(YorkshireForward,2008)andhasbenefittedfromstronginterestandleadershipfromDrax,initiallyasananchorprojectforaclusterbasedonlargecoal-burningpowerstations(astheWhiteRoseproject)andmorerecentlytoenablelargenegativeemissionsthroughcapturefromDrax’songoingbiomasscombustionoperations.Otherstrengthsincludelargeandwell-characterisedstoragesites,relativelycloseoffshoreintheSouthernNorthSea,potentiallywithpipelineinfrastructurethatmightbereused;therearealsogoodportfacilities.Thereisactiveengagementonindustrydecarbonisationbetweenthelocalenterprisepartnershipandanindustrygroup,althoughnotclearthatCCSisamainfocus,exceptforDrax.
DevelopmentofplansforCCSintheareaexemplifiestheneedtotakeaccountofchangesintheindustriallandscapethroughscenarioplanningandconsideringphaseddevelopment.Theearlierplantodevelopaclusterbasedoncoal-burningpowerstationshasbecomeout-datedwithclosure,orplannedclosure,oftheseemitters.WhileDraxhasconvertedtobiomasscombustionandremainsaverylarge-scaleemitter,itisunlikelythatthetrunkCO2transportroutepreviouslyplannedisoptimaltoincludeotherlargeemittersalongtheSouthHumberaxis.CurrentquestionsoverthefutureoftheScunthorpesteelworksalsoleaveuncertaintiesforoverallclustercomposition.ThisallsuggeststheneedtoretainflexibilityinplanningforindustrialCCS,asitislikelythatHumbersidewillremainanimportantindustrialarea.
Figure3-2Largepoint-sourceemissionsinHumbersidearea,figuresinktfor2017(NAEI,2019);power/CHPstations(red),steelworks(brown),refineryandchemicals(yellow),gasterminal(blue),cementandminerals(purple).Redlineshowsapproximatepipelinerouteproposedin2014fromDraxPowerstation.BasemapfromGoogleMyMaps™-Mapdata©2019Google.
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Table3-1HumbersideclusterfeaturesGRO
UP
Feature/factor CommentforclusterSignificance
+,~,−
EMISSIONS
Emissionlocationdistribution
MainlocusSouthHumber:Imminghamrefineries(2),severalCCGTs,Scunthorpesteelworks.AlsochemicalsatSaltendonNorthHumberand
DraxbiomassPSinland.+
Emissionvolumedistribution Severallargesinglepointsources,alsositeswithmultiplevents. +
Emissionvolumeprofile
Riskofclosureofsteelworks,CCGToperationvarieswithcontracts,overallemissionlikelytoremainhigh. ~
Emissionstypeandquality
Mostlycombustionemissionswithsomehigherconcentrationsfromsteelworksandrefineries ~
AREA
Industrialareacharacter
Refineries,chemical,steelworksalladjacenttourbanareas,othersitesmostlyrural.Majorportactivitiesalso. ~
Importanceofindustry
Majorindustrialarea,largesupplychainsupportedbyheavyindustriesanddocks;steelworksmajoremployer(c.5000). +
Clusterrecognition Areasubjecttoseveralstudies,includingWhiteRoseproject,butfocuspreviouslyoncoalpowerstations,nowclosing. ~
INDU
STRIES
Integrationofindustry
RefineriesintegratedforCHP,alsoSaltendcomplexandsteelworksintegratedwithinsites. ~
Decarbonisationalternatives
Long-termpotentialforalternativesteelmakingprocesses,potentialforhydrogenfueluseatrefineries,biomassinusewithBECCSplanned. ~
CCU Potentialforsyngasusefromsteelworks,forfuelre-synthesis.Potentialinchemicalssector. +
Motivationfordecarbonisation
Notclearforsteelworks,notmainconcern,economicswilldominate.Unknownforotherindustrysectors. −
MotivationforCCS StrongforDrax,fornegativeemissions;notclearforothersectors. +
RELA
TION-
SHIPS
Stakeholders Draxpartnership,LocalEnterprisePartnership,industrygroup(CATCH)allengagedwithdecarbonisation,however,onlyDraxclearsupportforCCS +
Policyposition Previousproject(WhiteRose)hadbeenafront-runnernationally.Nationalpolicysupportivegenerally,notspecifictoarea. +
Publicposition Unknown,probablyambivalent,butnosignificantissuesforearlierWhiteRoseproposals. ~
INFR
ASTR
UCT
URE
CO2collectionoptions
PreviousstudiesconsideredpipelinenetworksnorthorsouthofHumber.Raillinkstomostmajoremitters,withactiveterminals. ~
CO2consolidationoptions
BrownfieldlandatImminghamandGrimsby,limitedwithinemittersites.Amplegreenfieldarea. +
ExistingCO2infrastructure SMRsatSaltendandatrefineries,butnotclearofCO2collection. −
Infrastructurereuseoptions
Existingoffshorepipelinesfromgasterminals(Theddlethorpe,Easington)butprospectofavailabilityunknown.ExistingtankerberthsonHumberat
Saltend(2)andImmingham(7).+
STORA
GE
Storageaccessibility ClosestatEndurance(c.80kmoffshore)severalothergoodoptionsinSouthernNorthSeawithin250km. +
Storagecapacity Good,Endurancec.500Mt;moredistantsitesmaytotalseveraltimesthis. +Storageflexibility Good,optionsforsequentiallylinkingsites.Alsooptionsforshipping. +
Storagedevelopmentintegration
NationalGriddevelopedtransportandstorageplansforEnduranceinWhiteRoseproject,andinvolvedincurrentDraxprojectpartnership,withEquinor
also.+
Tablereferences:ETI,2016;UKCCSRC,2016a;CarbonTrust,2018;Google,2019;HumberLEP,2019;NAEI,2019).
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3.2.2 Teesside
TeessidehasalmosteverythingpositiveintermsofforminganICCScluster.Atightgeographicalareawithseverallargeemitters,somewithhigh-concentrationCO2emissionsincludingonewithexistingpartialcaptureofCO2forsale.Themainsitesarewellintegratedwithanexistingpipelinenetwork;therearegoodportfacilitiesincludinganexistingsmallCO2import/exportterminal.Aswellasthetechnicaladvantages,perhapsthekeystrengthoftheareaisthetight-knitrelationshipsamongstcompaniesandlocalagencieswithalongstandingindustryclusterorganisation.ThishasdevelopedfromthecollegiaterelationshipswithinImperialChemicalIndustries(ICI),whichownedmanyofthemainfacilitiesinthepast.Sinceitsbreak-up,thelevelofcooperationbetweensuccessorcompanieshasremainedhigh,withanongoingmotivationtosucceedasanindustrialcluster,asawayofsupportingindividualcompanysuccess.
IfthereisatechnicalweaknessforTeessideasanICCSclusteritisthedistance(c.155km)fromtheareatothenearestCO2storagelocation.Butthisisnotsogreat,andplansandcostingsforpipelinestoboththeEndurancesiteandtoasiteintheCentralNorthSeaweredevelopedaspartoftheTeessideCollectivestudy(TeessideCollective,2015).Sincethatstudy,thedistributionofemissionsintheclusterhasalsochangedwiththeclosureoftheSSIsteelworksatRedcarinlate2015;however,therearenowplansforalargenew-buildCCGTpowerstationwithCCSatthatsiteprovidingareplacement“anchor”forthecluster(OGCI,2018).ThisagainemphasisestheimportanceforICCSclusterplanstohaveflexibility,toallowforvariationinCO2volumeswiththechangingindustrialprofileofthearea.TeessideisbelievedtobeconsideringuseofCO2shippingfortrunktransport,whichwouldhelpprovidesuchflexibility.
Figure3-3Teessideindustrialclusterin2016.ThenewCCGT+CCSdevelopmentisproposedforthesiteofthenow-closedsteelworks,nearthecoasteastoftherivermouth(TeesValleyCombinedAuthority2016,usedwithpermission).
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Table3-2TeessideclusterfeaturesGRO
UP
Feature/factor CommentforclusterSignificance
+,~,−
EMISSIONS
Emissionlocationdistribution
Fairlytightcluster(10km)withthreemainareas,Billingham,WiltonandSealSands,alongRiverTeesestuary. +
Emissionvolumedistribution
Roughly5emittersin100-500kt/yrrange,twoin750-1250kt/yrrange,butmultiplevents,plusnumeroussmalleremitters. +
Emissionvolumeprofile
Significantreductionwithsteelworksclosurein2015,otherwiseindustrystableorgrowingwithnewlargeCCGT+CCSplanned. ~
Emissionstypeandquality
Large,high-concentrationemissionsfromhydrogenproductionforammoniaandbulksupply,otherwisemostlycombustionemissions. +
AREA
Industrialareacharacter
Large-scaleindustrialcomplexes,BillinghamandWiltonclosetourbanareas;SealSandsmoredistant,butwithenvironmentallysensitiveareas. ~
Importanceofindustry
Teessideindustrycriticaltobothregionalandnationaleconomy;employs>10,000,£4bnexports. +
Clusterrecognition Longstandingclusterrecognition,originallyasmostwasICI.Sincebreakup,NorthEastProcessIndustriesCluster(NEPIC)formalbody. +
INDU
STRIES
Integrationofindustry
Allthreeareasheavilyintegrated,commonutilityprovidersincludingprocessheat,extensivepipenetworksincludingrivercrossing. +
Decarbonisationalternatives
Somebiomassinuse/planned,potentialforhydrogenuse,butlargeCO2processemissions. +
CCU Potentialinchemicalssector. ~Motivationfordecarbonisation
Strongmotivationinindustryandcommunityingeneral.TeesValleyCombinedAuthority(TVCA)havestrategiclow-carbonplan. +
MotivationforCCS Strong,keyelementinTVCAplan,previousprojectlaidgroundwork. +
RELA
TION-
SHIPS
Stakeholders Strongengagement,NEPIC,TVCA,TeessideCollective(CCSgroup) +Policyposition Strongsupportfromlocal/regionalauthorities.Nationalpolicysupportive
generally,nationalrecognitionofcluster’simportance. +Publicposition Generallysupportiveofindustryasmajoremployer.Goodpublic
engagementthroughTeessideCollectiveprojectwork. +
INFR
ASTR
UCT
URE
CO2collectionoptions
Mainemitterscanbelinkedthroughexistingpipelinecorridors,designsexisting.Previousrailnetworknowmostlyderelict. +
CO2consolidationoptions
Brownfieldsiteforcompressorstationidentifiedwithdesignexisting.SpaceavailableonriversideforL-CO2operations. +
ExistingCO2infrastructure
ExistingcapturefacilityatCFFertilisers,CO2liquefiedforcommercialsupply.ExistingL-CO2shipimport/exportberthwithsmallstoragecapacity
androadtankerfillingpoint.+
Infrastructurereuseoptions
Twooffshoregaspipelines,butunlikelytobeavailableforCO2.Extensiveportfacilities,severaltankerjetties,spacefornewterminal,largegas
storagecavernsnearby.+
STORA
GE
Storageaccessibility ClosestatEndurance(c.155kmoffshore),othergoodoptionsinSouthernandCentralNorthSeaall>300kmdistant. ~
Storagecapacity Good,Endurancec.500Mt;moredistantsitesmaytotalseveraltimesthis. +Storageflexibility Good,eitherthroughlinkingfromEndurance,orbyshipping. +
Storagedevelopmentintegration
PartnersinnewCCGT+CCSprojectincludeO&Gmajorswithstoragedevelopmentcapabilities. +
Tablereferences:TeessideCollective,2015;Google,2019;NAEI2019).
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3.2.3 GrangemouthandStFergus–the“Scottishcluster”
The“Scottishcluster”isunusual;itcomprisestwoseparateindustrialareaslinkedbyanexistingnaturalgaspipeline(knownasFeeder10)thathaslongbeenidentifiedasbeingabletocarryCO2(ScottishPowerCCSConsortium,2011).TheavailabilityofFeeder10forreusewithCO2atrelativelylowcostisamajoradvantageforpotentialcapturedevelopmentsattheGrangemouthrefineryandpetrochemicalscomplex,thelargestScottishemissioncluster(ElementEnergy,2014).ThesouthernendofFeeder10isclosetoGrangemouthandseveralotherlargeemittersarealsoclosetotheroute(Brownsort,ScottandHaszeldine,2016).ThenorthernendofthepipelineisatStFergus,amajornaturalgasprocessingcomplexwherearoundonethirdofUKgassupply(domesticandimported)islanded.FromStFergustherearethreeexistingoffshoregaspipelines,whicharesuitableforcarryingCO2onwardtoidentifiedstoragesitesintheCentralNorthSea.Oneofthesesites,theAcornstoragesite,hasbeenawardedaCO2appraisalandstoragelicence(OGA,2018).
Themainstrengths,then,oftheScottishclusterareintheavailabilityofpipelineinfrastructureavailableforreuseandinthepresenceoflargeandwell-understoodCO2storagesitesthatarereadytobedeveloped.Thisinfrastructureisbeingpositioned,throughtheAcornCCSProject,tobeabletoacceptCO2fromcaptureatStFergusitselfinitially,butalsofromGrangemouththroughFeeder10,andbyshipimportthroughPeterheadPort(closetoStFergus)fromotherUKorEuropeancapturedevelopments(Alcaldeetal,2019).ThisflexibilitywillhelptocounterthesomewhatslowengagementofindustryinthearearesultinglargelyfromthecurrentdifficultyofmakingabusinesscaseforCCS.
Figure3-4MapfromBrownsort,ScottandHaszeldine(2016)showingemitters(asat2014)inCentralScotland,withrouteofFeeder10(red)andpotentialcollectionnetworks(blue)servingGrangemouthandFife.InsetmapshowsFeeder10routetoStFergus.Mapdata©2019,GoogleMyMaps™.
20 km
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Table3-3ScottishclusterfeaturesGRO
UP
Feature/factor CommentforclusterSignificance
+,~,−
EMISSIONS
Emissionlocationdistribution
TightclustersatGrangemouth(5km)andStFergus(1.5km)withloosergroupingaroundForthestuaryandinFife,fairlyclosetoavailablepipeline. +
Emissionvolumedistribution
FivelargeemittersatGrangemouth(300-1600kt/yr),butincludingrefinery,petrochemicalswithmultiplevents.Sixotheremitters200-900kt/yrcloseto
availablepipeline.+
Emissionvolumeprofile Industryemissionssteady,onegas-fuelledpowerstationvarieswithcontract. +
Emissionstypeandquality
Lowtomoderatevolumeofhigh-concentrationprocessemissionsatafewsites,otherwisemostlycombustionemissions,somebiogenic. ~
AREA
Industrialareacharacter
Grangemouthcomplexadjacenttourbanarea,StFergusandmostothersitesrural. ~
Importanceofindustry
RefineryandpetrochemicalssitescriticaltoScottishandUKeconomy;nationallystrategicinfrastructure(gasimportatStFergus,oilpipelinetoGrangemouth). +
Clusterrecognition IndustryclusteratGrangemouthlongrecognised;abilitytoincludeotherindustryinCCSclusterthroughuseofexistingpipelinerecognisedatleast10years. +
INDU
STRIES
Integrationofindustry MostofGrangemouthcomplexwellintegratedforCHPandotherutilities. ~
Decarbonisationalternatives
Somebiomassinuse,potentialforhydrogenfueluse,electrificationlimitedscopebutpotentialfore.g.glasskilns.Someprocessemissions. +
CCU PotentialforCCUinchemicalssector.PotentialforCO2-EORinCentralNorthSea. +Motivationfordecarbonisation
Industrymotivationvarieswithsector,strongwherepremiumproducts(e.g.distilleries),refiningandpetrochemicalsmoresensitivetoeconomics. ~
MotivationforCCS Patchyinindustry,butstrongforstoragedevelopmentopportunity. ~
RELA
TION-
SHIPS
Stakeholders Industryengagementimproving,goodengagementwithScottishGovernment(SG)anddevelopmentagencies. ~
Policyposition UKnationalpolicysupportivegenerally,SGpolicystronglysupportivebutdependentonUK. +
Publicposition Fairlyambivalent.GoodpublicengagementthroughpreviousLongannetandPeterheadprojectworkandcurrentAcornCCSProject. +
INFR
ASTR
UCT
URE
CO2collectionoptionsGrangemouthandmostothermainemitterscanbelinkedthroughexisting
pipelinecorridors.Severaldistantlargeemitterscouldbeincludedusingraillinks. +CO2consolidation
optionsBrownfieldlandavailableforcompressorstationatGrangemouth,oratgas
pipelinenode(Avonbridge).PotentialforintermodalhubatGrangemouthdocks. +ExistingCO2infrastructure
Smallcaptureplant(mothballed)atNBDistillery,roadtankerfillingpoint.SourgasseparationplantatStFergus. +
Infrastructurereuseoptions
ExistingpipelinefromAvonbridge,nearGrangemouth,toStFergus,andonward(3pipelines)topotentialoffshorestorageandEORsites.Tankerjettiesat
Grangemouth(6active,1redundant)andPeterhead(1redundant)nearStFergus.+
STORA
GE
Storageaccessibility Verygood,existingpipelinesavailableaccessingwell-characterisedstoragesites,includingonewithdevelopmentlicence(Acorn),onewithFEEDcomplete. +
Storagecapacity Verygood,Acornsitec.150Mt,EastMey>500Mt,plusotheridentifiedsitesofseveralhundredsofMt. +
Storageflexibility Verygood,alternativesitesidentified,othersavailable,alsopotentialforshipping. +Storagedevelopment
integrationPartnersinAcornCCSProjectincludeO&Gmajorswithstoragedevelopment
capabilities. +Tablereferences:ElementEnergy,2010;ETI,2016;Brownsort,ScottandHaszeldine,2016;ACTAcornProject,2019;Google,2019.
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3.2.4 Merseyside–theLiverpool-Manchestercluster
ConsideringtheMerseysideindustrialareainitiallyintheabstract,ithasseveralstrong,positivefeaturesfortheformationofanICCScluster.Anumberofmajoremittersarelocatedalongacleartransportaxis,somewithhigh-concentrationCO2emissions,somelargesingle-pointemissions.ThereispotentialforpipelinereusetoaccessCO2storagesitescloseoffshore,withoptionstoextendcapacityintoothersites,oraccessalternativestoragelocationsbyshipping.Localagenciesaresupportiveofindustrydecarbonisation,althoughwithoutaclearfocusonCCS,whileCCUopportunitiesarebeingpursuedbyindustry.
However,whatmakestheareaunusualistheproposalbeingadvancedbytheHyNetProjecttotackledecarbonisationforindustry,andmoregenerally,byawholesalefuel-switchtohydrogen,replacingnaturalgascombustionforheat.Theprojectproposesahydrogennetworkcovering,eventually,thewiderLiverpool-Manchesterareawithhydrogensuppliedfromacentralisedfacility,probablybysteammethanereformingatasiteonthesouthshoreoftheMerseyestuary(ProgressiveEnergy,2017;Cadent,2018).Thenetworkwouldinitiallysupplyindustrythroughnewhydrogenpipelines,hydrogenwouldbeavailableasatransportfuel,andapercentageofhydrogenwouldbeinjectedintotheexistingnaturalgasdistributionnetworkatalevelnotrequiringchangetoconsumerappliances.Inthelongertermtransitiontoa100%hydrogendistributionisenvisaged.
TheadvantageofthisapproachisthattheproductionofCO2iscentralisedtothelocationofthehydrogensupplyfacilities,reducingthenumberofseparationandcaptureoperationsrequired,minimisinganyCO2collectionnetworkandreducingvariablesfordesignoftrunktransportandstoragefacilities.Againsttheseadvantagesonemightsettheriskofthemorefundamentalchangesrequiredtoswitchtoadifferentfuel-gas.However,UKpolicyissupportiveofexploringaswitchtohydrogen,atleastasanoption,andotherclusterareasandprojectsarealsoconsideringhowhydrogenmaybeusedintheirdevelopments.
Figure3-5OverviewoftheHyNetProjectfortheMerseysidearea.ImagefromCadent(2018),usedwithpermission.
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Table3-4Liverpool-ManchesterclusterfeaturesGRO
UP
Feature/factor CommentforclusterSignificance
+,~,−
EMISSIONS
Emissionlocationdistribution
Largeconurbation(50km)withindustrylargelyfocusedonaxisofMerseyandDeeestuariesandManchesterShipCanal. +
Emissionvolumedistribution
Largerefinery>2000kt/yrwithmultiplevents,threelargepowerstations1000-2000kt/yr,roughly10emitters100-700kt/yr. +
Emissionvolumeprofile
FiddlersFerrycoal-burningpowerstation(2MtCO2)plannedtoclose2020;otherwiseunknown,butprobablyfairlysteady. ~
Emissionstypeandquality
Large,high-concentrationemissionsfromhydrogenproductionforammonia,someotherprocessemissions,otherwisecombustionemissions. +
AREA
Industrialareacharacter Mostindustryclosetooradjacenttourbanareas,somemorerural. ~
Importanceofindustry
Majorindustrialareaofnationalsignificance,refinery,chemicals,automotive,foodanddrink,glass,mineralsanddocks,allimportant. +
Clusterrecognition RecognitionaschemicalsclusterfromhistoryasICI(cf.Teesside),HyNetprojectbringingrecognitionaspotentialhydrogen-basedcluster. +
INDU
STRIES
Integrationofindustry
GoodwithinchemicalsandrefineryareasatRuncornandEllesmerePort,otherwiseunknown. ~
Decarbonisationalternatives
Areaproposedformajorfuel-switchtohydrogen,initiallyformajorgasusers,laterfordistributedgasusersthroughgasgrid. +
CCU Potentialinchemicalssector,recentannouncementbyTataChemicalsof40kt/yrcaptureplantforreuseinsodiumbicarbonate. +
Motivationfordecarbonisation
Stronglow-carbonfocusfromLocalEnterprisePartnership,focussedonoffshorewind,notclearforheavyindustrybutsupportingHyNet. +
MotivationforCCS Earlyrecognitionofareabasedonstoragepotentialnotfollowedthrough,butnowagaininfocusforHyNetproject,toprovidelow-carbonhydrogen. +
RELA
TION-
SHIPS
Stakeholders GasnetworkandindustrystakeholdersbehindHyNetproposals,projecthasengagedwithlocalagencies,notclearofwiderpublicengagement. ~
Policyposition Nationalpolicysupportivegenerally,includingforhydrogenfocus,butnotspecifictoarea. ~
Publicposition Generallysupportiveofindustryasmajoremployer,butotherwiseprobablyambivalent. ~
INFR
ASTR
UCT
URE
CO2collectionoptions
Mainemitterscanbelinkedthroughexistingpipelinecorridors.Mostalsohaveraillinksclosebyandseveralaresitedonshipcanal. +
CO2consolidationoptions
Somebrownfieldlandnearrefinery,alsoatPointofAyrgasterminal(pipelinebeachcrossing),andatTranmereTerminal. +
ExistingCO2infrastructure
ExistingCO2separationatCFFertilisersammoniaplantatInce,butunclearofanycaptureforsupply.TataCCUprojectwillcaptureCO2forownuse. ~
Infrastructurereuseoptions
PipelinefromHamiltongasfieldsinLiverpoolBaytoPointofAyridentifiedaspotentialforfuturere-use.LimitedtankerfacilitiesatTranmere
Terminal,twoactivejetties,onederelict.Largegasstoragecavernsnearby.+
STORA
GE
Storageaccessibility Verygood,Hamiltonfieldcloseoffshore(26km),alsoMorecambeBayfieldsfurthernorth(c.80km). +
Storagecapacity Good,Hamiltonestimatedat115Mt,MorecambeBayfieldsc.1Gt. +Storageflexibility Good,optionsforsequentiallylinkingsites.Alsooptionsforshipping. +
Storagedevelopmentintegration
Notclear,assumedCadentcandrawonstoragedevelopmentexpertise. ~Tablereferences:Cadent,2018;ETI,2016;ProgressiveEnergy2017;NAEI,2019;Google,2019;TataChemicals,2019.
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3.2.5 SouthWales
WhiletheneedtodecarbonisetheclusterofindustriesinSouthWalesisrecognised(WelshGovernment,2019),considerationofusingCCStoachievethisisataveryearlystage(UKCCSRC,2016b).IndustrialemissionsinSouthWalesaredominatedbythePortTalbotsteelworks,whiletheothermajorareaofemissionisatMilfordHaven,witharefineryandotherhydrocarbonindustries,locatedsome90kmtothewest.
ThemainpotentialstrengthsoftheareaasaCCUSclusterwouldincludethepresenceofthesteelworks,whichcouldbeananchortothecluster,withthepossibilityofoff-gasutilisationforfuelre-synthesis.AlsoanexistingpipelinelinkingPortTalbottoMilfordHavengivesthepossibilityofinfrastructurereusetotransportcapturedCO2toaport,forshippingtoastoragesite.However,thesestrengthsareoffsetbytheriskofclosureofthesteelworks,and,inparticular,thedistancetoknownCO2storageareas,withsomeuncertaintiesoverstorageoptions(CCC,2017).
Figure3-6Locationoflargepoint-sourceindustrialCO2emissionsinWales:steelworks(brown),refinery(yellow),LNGterminal(blue),cementworks(purple);figuresdenotepercentageofWelshlargepoint-sourceemissions(CCC,2017),circleareasproportionate.BasemapfromGoogleMyMaps™-Mapdata©2019GeoBasics-DE/BKG(©2009),Google.
2
3
3
1650
40 km
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Table3-5SouthWalesclusterfeaturesGRO
UP
Feature/factor CommentforclusterSignificance
+,~,−
EMISSIONS
Emissionlocationdistribution
Twomainloci,PortTalbotsteelworks;MilfordHavenrefineryandmajorhydrocarbonterminal;eachlocuswithmultiplevents. ~
Emissionvolumedistribution Steelworksemissiondominates,potentialanchor. +
Emissionvolumeprofile
Risksofsignificantclosures-generalissueofsteelcompetitivenessandrefineryovercapacity. −
Emissionstypeandquality
Mostlycombustionemissionswithsomehigherconcentrationsfromsteelworksandrefinery ~
AREA
Industrialareacharacter Steelworksclosetourbanarea,refineryrural,bothcoastalsites. ~
Importanceofindustry
Steelworksmajoremployer(>5000)butwithinmixedeconomyacrossarea.NationallysignificantLNGterminalatMilfordHaven. ~
Clusterrecognition Areaatearlieststageofcluster“consciousness” −
INDU
STRIES
Integrationofindustry Withinmajorsites,notbetweensteelworksandrefinery,unknownbetweenrefineryandPumahydrocarbonterminal. ~
Decarbonisationalternatives
Long-termpotentialforalternativesteelmakingprocesses,potentialforhydrogenfueluseatrefinery. ~
CCU Potentialforsyngasusefromsteelworks,forfuelre-synthesis. +Motivationfordecarbonisation Notclear,notmainconcern,economicswilldominate. −
MotivationforCCS Possibly,incombinationwithfuelre-synthesisfromsyngas. +
RELA
TION
-SHIPS Stakeholders TataSteelengaged,butearlyawarenessstage,notclearforrefinery. ~
Policyposition SomelocalsupportthroughFLEXISproject,butCCSnotmainfocus.Nationalpolicysupportivegenerally,notspecifictoarea. ~
Publicposition Unknown,steelworksismajoremployer,probablyrefinery/terminalalso. ~
INFR
ASTR
UCT
URE
CO2collectionoptionsPipelinecorridorfromPortTalbottoMilfordHaven.RaillinkstoPort
TalbotandPumaterminal,redundantlinktoValerorefinery.PossibleL-CO2supplyfacilityatBOCPortTalbot.
~CO2consolidation
optionsUnoccupiedlandwithinsiteboundariesatsteelworksandPumaand
Valerooilterminals(limitedatrefinery). +ExistingCO2infrastructure
PossibleL-CO2supplyfrommerchanthydrogenSMRfacilityatBOCPortTalbot. −
Infrastructurereuseoptions
RedundantpipelineconnectsPortTalbottoMilfordHaven,unknownavailabilityorcondition.NumeroustankerjettiesatMilfordHaven,bulk
oreimportjettyatPortTalbot,limitedspaceforadditionaljetty.+
STORA
GE
Storageaccessibility ClosestatKinsale(offCork,c.300km),nextEastIrishSea(EIS)(450kmbysea,orawkwardc.50kmoverland). −
Storagecapacity Kinsalehaspotentialissues(uncertain);EISconsideredsuitable,Gt-scale. ~Storageflexibility Yes,asabove,orothermoredistantstoragelocations,usingshipping. ~
Storagedevelopmentintegration
Notclear,potentiallyErvia(CorkCCSProject),orCadent(HyNetProject,Merseyside)inlongerterm. −
Tablereferences:TataSteel,2017;Williams,2019;Google,2019.
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3.2.6 Rotterdam
RotterdamisthemostadvancedlargeCCSclusterproposalinmainlandEurope,alsowithafairlylonghistoryofdevelopment.Earlierplanswerebasedonan“anchor”captureproject,theROADProjectattherecentlybuilt,coal-burningMaasvlakte3powerstation,butthiswascancelledfollowingchangeinnationalpoliciesregardinggenerationfromcoal.Theclusterplanshavealwaysincludedanetworkconnectingthelargepetrochemicalandrefiningsites,basedontheexistingOCAPCO2pipeline,andthisnowremainsasthefocusoftheongoingPorthosProject.
AkeystrengthoftheclusterisleadershipfromthePortofRotterdamAuthority,whichhassettoughemissionreductiontargetsandisactivelydevelopingthesystemsandinfrastructureneededtoachievethem.TheAuthority’spositionisthatitexpectscompaniestoinvestandcontributetoachievingthesetargets,makinguseoftheinfrastructuretheAuthorityprovides,ortoceasetheiroperationsinRotterdam.Theinfrastructureandsystemsbeingdevelopedincludeenergyefficiency,renewableenergy,heat,steamandhydrogennetworksaswellastheCO2transportandstoragenetwork.
RotterdamalsoholdsakeypositioninEuropefromitspositionastheinterchangebetweenmainlandEuropeandtheNorthSeaBasin.Longstandingconceptualplans,togetherwithsomedetailedstudies,haveconsideredtheroleofRotterdamasa“superhub”forCO2transportfrommainlandEurope,usingbothpipelinesandwaterbornetransportbybargeoninlandwaterways,andbycoastalshipping.OnwardtransporttothelargestoragecapacityavailableintheNorthSeaBasincouldbebybothpipelineandshipping(RCI,2011;TetterooandvanderBen,2011).
Figure3-7ExistingOCAPCO2pipeline(green,approximateroute)andextensionsproposedbyPortofRotterdamAuthority(red,oneoftworouteoptionsshown)tocollectCO2frommajoremitters(reddots)anddeliverittooffshorestorage(green,figure-capacityinMt)indepletedgasfields.Adaptedfrom(Porthos,2019).Mapdata©2019,GoogleMyMaps™.
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OCAP
10 km
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Table3-6RotterdamclusterfeaturesGRO
UP
Feature/factor CommentforclusterSignificance
+,~,−
EMISSIONS
Emissionlocationdistribution Elongated(35km)clusterofindustryalongsouthbankofMaasestuary. +
Emissionvolumedistribution
Twocoal-burningandtwogas-burningpowerstations,4refineries,majorpetrochemicals,multiplevents,plusotherlargeemitters,majorport. +
Emissionvolumeprofile
Coalpowerstationsscheduledtoclose,mid-term.Otherwiseunknown,butlikelysteady. ~
Emissionstypeandquality
Largeprocessemissions,somehigh-concentrationatrefineriesandbioethanolplant;otherwisemainlycombustionemissions. +
AREA
Industrialareacharacter
Verylargescaleindustrialcomplexes,mostalongMaasestuarygivingseparationfromcity,butsomeurbancontacts. +
Importanceofindustry GloballysignificantportandoneoflargestEuropeanindustryclusters. +Cluster
recognitionStrong,RotterdamClimateInitiative,initiatedbyPortAuthorityinc.2006,
includingmajorindustryandpoweremitters. +
INDU
STRIES
Integrationofindustry Refineriesandpetrochemicalswellintegratedwithinandbetweensites. +
Decarbonisationalternatives
Studyofpotentialhydrogennetworkundertakenandmajorprojectbeingconsidered,initialsupplythroughmethanereformingwithCCS. +
CCU Goodpotentialinchemicalssector. +Motivationfordecarbonisation
Strong,PortAuthorityhassettargetforCO2-neutralityandexpectscompaniesinareatohelpachievethis–ormoveout. +
MotivationforCCS Strong,PortAuthorityprogressingPorthosProjecttoprovideCO2transportandstorageinfrastructure,expectingcompaniestoinvestincapture. +
RELA
TION-
SHIPS
Stakeholders StrongleadershipfromPortAuthoritywithgoodengagementfromindustry,aswellasgovernmentagencies. +
Policyposition NationalpolicyincludesCCSaspartofbalancedclimateactionapproach. +Publicposition Currentclimatefocusandbalancedapproachgivingmoresupportiveposition
followingpreviouspublicrelationsissuesforCCS(onshorestorage). ~
INFR
ASTR
UCT
URE
CO2collectionoptions
Existingpipelinecorridorsrunthelengthofthecluster.Potentialtoexpandclusterinclusionthroughuseofbargetransportoninlandwaterways. +
CO2consolidationoptions
Siteidentifiedforcompressorstationatbeachcrossing,alsoforpotentialCO2trans-modalterminalforL-CO2transportbyship/barge. +
ExistingCO2infrastructure
OCAPpipelinelinksbioethanolplantandcaptureatrefineryhydrogenplantwithgreenhousesconsumingCO2inSouthHolland. +
Infrastructurereuseoptions OCAPpipelineplannedtobeincludedinextendedcollectionnetwork. +
STORA
GE
Storageaccessibility
Verygood,smallinitialshorelinesite,thenfurtherdepletedgasfieldsinP18blockcloseoffshore(25km),withmorespreadtonorthandeast. +
Storagecapacity Fivesmallsitescloseoffshorehave200Mtcapacity,otherlargerpotentialfurtherafield. ~
Storageflexibility Good,optionsforsequentiallylinkingsites.Alsooptionsforshipping. +Storage
developmentintegration
Porthosprojectpartnersincludenationalgasinfrastructurecompany,Gasunie,whichispartownerofCintra,CO2transportandstoragedeveloper. +
TableReferences:RCI,2011;Porthos,2019;Vermulen,2011;Neeleetal,2012;Google,2019.
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3.2.7 Norway
TheNorwegianorGrenlandclusterisaninterestingcase,astechnicallyitisfairlyunexceptional.Theindustryemissionsarenotparticularlylarge;indeedNorway’sentireindustrialemissionissmallininternationalterms.ApartfromasmallclusterinGrenland(ICG,2019),otheremittersarescattered.Potentialstoragesitesneartotheemittershavenotbeenextensivelystudied(Haugenetal,2013)andwell-characterisedsitesareaconsiderabledistanceaway.
ThecurrentproposalfortheNorwegianfull-scaleCCSprojectisforjusttwoemittersinitiallytocaptureCO2,theNorcemcementworksatBrevikandtheFortumOsloVarmewastetoenergyplantatKlemetsrud.CO2willbetransportedbyshipsome600-700kmfromthesesitestoaconsolidationhubatKollsnes,fromwhereitwillbepipedtoastoragesiteintheJohansensalineformation,neartheTrolloilandgasfield(CCSNorway,2019).TworefineriesinsouthernSwedenarealsobeingevaluatedforpotentialCO2captureprojectswithtransportbyshipunderthesamesystem(SINTEF,2019).
ThiscaseshowsthatwithstronggovernmentleadershipandutilisingNorway’sstrongoffshoreandengineeringexpertise,solutionstosuchtechnicalchallengescanbefound.ThechoiceofCO2transportbyshipmaybeanobviousoneforNorway,givenitsgeographyandtradition,anditisseenasenablingfarmorethanjustcollectionofNorway’sownCO2forstorage.Thereisaclearlonger-termintentiontoimportCO2fromothercountriesforstorageandthisisseenasaneconomicopportunityforNorwayinthefuture.
Figure3-8Mapshowingcurrentproposalsforfull-scaleCO2managementinNorway,pluspotentialextensiontoincluderefineriesinSweden,includingpotentialCO2capturesites(red),intermodalterminal(yellow)andstoragesite(green),withindicativeshippingroutesandnewpipeline.BasemapfromGoogleMyMaps™-Mapdata©2019GeoBasics-DE/BKG(©2009),Google.
Grenlandcluster,Brevikcementworks
KollsnesCO2terminalandbufferstorage
FortumOsloVarmewaste-to-energyplant
Storagesite,JohansenformaEon
Shippingroutes
PreemLysekilrefinery
PreemGothenburgrefinery
Newpipeline
Norway
Sweden
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Table3-7NorwayclusterfeaturesGRO
UP
Feature/factor CommentforclusterSignificance
+,~,−
EMISSIONS
Emissionlocationdistribution
SeveralemittersinGrenlandclustered(10km)aroundFrierfjorden,andatHerøyaIndustrialPark,nearPorsgrunn,pluscementworksatBrevik;other
emittersfurtherscatteredaroundOslofjord+
Emissionvolumedistribution
Mostlymid-scaleemitters,butuptoc.1Mt/yr;multipleventsatmostmainsites. ~
Emissionvolumeprofile Unknown,generallyrisingnationally. ~
Emissionstypeandquality
High-concentrationemissionsfromhydrogenproductionforammonia,cementandotherprocessemissions,alsocombustionemissions. +
AREA
Industrialareacharacter
HerøyaIndustrialParkandKlemetstrudenergyfromwasteplantsemi-urban;othersitesrural,coastal. ~
Importanceofindustry
Importantnationally,relativelysmallbutimportantexportproducts-ammonia,silicon,polymers. ~
Clusterrecognition
Localclusterorganisation(IndustriclusteretGrenland,ICG)includesmainemitters.LongstandingrecognitionforCO2capturetrialsatBrevik. +
INDU
STRIES
Integrationofindustry
GoodintegrationbetweencompaniesinFierfjordenandHerøyaandwithincomplexes. +
Decarbonisationalternatives
Alternativefuelspossibleforcement,somepotentialforhydrogenuseforheat,butlargeCO2processemissions. ~
CCU YaracapturemuchoftheCO2fromammoniaproductiontosupplytoexistingEuropeanindustrialCO2market,andplantogrowthisexport. ~
Motivationfordecarbonisation Specificcompanies,butclearthatastronggeneralmotivationexists. ~
MotivationforCCS SpecificcompaniesprogressingCCSaspartofNorwegianFullScaleProject,NorcematBrevik,FortumOsloVarmeatKlemetsrud,previouslyYara. +
RELA
TION-
SHIPS
Stakeholders NorwegianGovandstate-ownedbodiesleadingonCCS,withspecificcompaniesalso.Notclearofgeneralengagementwithindustryorpublic. ~
Policyposition NationalgovernmenthasambitiontodevelopCCSandissupportingwithfundsandoninternationalengagement. +
Publicposition Unknown,probablyambivalent. ~
INFR
ASTR
UCT
URE
CO2collectionoptions
Capturesitesconsideredarecoastal,collectionbyshippingbeingdeveloped.OneexceptionisKlemetsrud,requiresshortnewpipelineortrucking. ~
CO2consolidationoptions
Transportbyshipproposed,expectingdiscretepick-uppointswithconsolidationoccurringatKollsnes,nearBergen,c.600-700kmaway. ~
ExistingCO2infrastructure
CO2captureandliquefactionatYara,Herøyawithshipexportterminal.ExperienceofCCSwithSleipnerandSnøvitprojects. +
Infrastructurereuseoptions
TunnelcontainingpipelinelinksHerøyaandFierfjordensites,potentialforreuseifconsolidationneededateithersite. ~
STORA
GE
Storageaccessibility
CO2willbestoredinJohansenformation,80kmoffshore,butc.600kmfromGrenland. −
Storagecapacity Estimateofc.150MtinsouthernpartofJohansenformation ~Storageflexibility Otheraquifersidentifiedinarea(nearTrollfield). ~
Storagedevelopmentintegration
Gassnovaisoverseeingproject,partnershipofEquinor,TotalandShellaredevelopingtransportandstorage. +
Tablereferences:USEIA,2015;ICG,2019;Equinor,2018;CCSNorway,2019.
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3.3 RelativeimportanceofclustercharacteristicsItistemptingtotakethecasestudiesaboveandcompareoneclustertoanothertojudgewhichisthestrongest.Thiswouldbeamisguidedapproachandisnotthepointoftheexercise.Theallocationinthetablesaboveofsymbolsdenotingthesignificanceofclusterfeaturesisqualitativeandintendedtodrawattentiontomoreimportantfeaturesofeachcluster,ratherthanasscoringsystem.Allindustrialclustersaredifferent,andsoapproachestodevelopingICCSclusterswillalsobedifferenttotakeadvantageofthestrengthsofanareaanditsconnectivity.Also,someoftheclustersdescribedabovehavebeenunderdiscussionformanyyears,othersonlyforashortperiod,sodirectcomparisonisnotappropriate.
However,itisappropriatetoreflectgenerallyonthecharacteristicscommontotheICCSclustersthataremosthighlydevelopedandthataremakingbestprogressatpresent.Oneimportantcharacteristicisclearleadershipfromasuitablyempoweredauthority,suchasnationalorregionalgovernment,aportauthority,orregionalorlocaldevelopmentagency.Aclearvisionfortheclusterareainthefutureisanimportantpartofthisleadership.Ofequalimportanceistheengagementwith,orindeedleadershipfromindustryinthearea,andthecooperationbetweencompanies,therelevantauthoritiesandpublicbodies.Goodpublicrelations,bothfortheindustriesinvolvedandfordevelopingICCSclusterplans,arealsoimportant,atleasttoalevelofpublicawarenessandacceptanceifnotactivesupport.
Consideringmoretechnicalcharacteristics,fordecarbonisationofanindustryclusterthroughCCS,theabilitytoaccesswell-characterisedCO2storagewithsuitablelong-termcapacityiskey.Othermeansmaybeavailablefordecarbonisingindustrytoanextent,butfordeep-decarbonisation,especiallywhereprocessemissionsareinvolved,CCSislikelytobenecessarymeaningCO2storageisessential.FactorsthatreducecostsofestablishingCCSarealsoimportant.SuchfactorsincludethepresenceofhighconcentrationCO2emissionsthatwillhavelowercostsofcapture,ortheavailabilityofinfrastructuresuitableforreusewithCO2,suchasexistinggasseparationequipment,pipelines,orportfacilitiesforCO2transport.TheabilityofaclustertouseshippingforCO2transport,atleastinearlyphases,canalsoreducetheinitialinvestmentneededandprovideflexibility.
ConsideringthecharacteristicsofpotentialICCSclustersexploredinthesecasestudiesoverall,themainobservationistheirdiversity;allaredifferentandthereisnoonebestwaytodevelop.Technicaladvantagescanbeimportantbutitissuggestedthattheoverridingfactorsleadingtoprogressarethemotivations,leadershipandrelationshipspresentbetweenthestakeholdersintheindustrialclusterarea.
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4 Datacollectionandanalysismethodologies
InSection2.2anumberofpreviousstudiesweresummarisedwheremethodologiesforrecordingdescriptions,orforthedefinition,ofICCSclusterswerediscussed.ItwassuggestedthattherearethreegeneralstepsfordefinitionofanICCScluster–determiningwhatCO2maybecaptured,howitwillbecaptured,collectedandtransported,andwhereitwillbestored.
Atthislevel,thisapproachisintentionallysimplistic,astheobjectiveistodefinetheinformationanddatathatneedstobecollectedtoinitiateactivitiesinapotentialICCSclusterarea.ThisoutlinemethodologyisshownschematicallyinFigure4-1,andthemainaspectsaredescribedinmoredetail,withexamplesandsomediscussioninthefollowingSections,4.1to4.3.
Figure4-1Clusterdefinitionmethodology–schematicoutline.
Thisdiscussionisintendedtohighlighttheobjectivesofthemainsectionsofthesuggestedmethodologyandprovidesomeexamplesofpointstoconsider.However,itisclearthateveryindustrialareaisdifferentandsothemethodologyandtheconsiderationsmadeinassessinganarea’spotentialasanICCSclusterwillneedtobeadaptedanddevelopedforeachcase.Equally,thesourcesofinformationanddatawillvarywiththeareasocannotbedefinedcompletelyhere.Themethodologyisalsogenerallydescribedinalinear,sequentialfashion,whereasinfacttherewillbenumerousinteractionsbetweensectionsandknowledgeofallaspectswillbeneededtodefinearealisticICCSclusterproposal.
Sections4.1to4.3discussinformationanddatacollection,andtheobjectivesofthesuggestedmethodology,inthisgeneralsense.Afollowingsection,4.4,describesanoverallflowforthemethodologyandgivesastructureforassemblingthedataandinformationinaseriesoftables.DetailedlistsofdataandinformationthatareconsideredlikelytobenecessaryfordefinitionofICCSclustersareprovidedinAppendixA.TheselistshavebeenadaptedbyUniversidadedeÉvoraintoadatabasesystemforcollectionofthisinformationbylocalteamsoftheSTRATEGYCCUSProject.
WHATCO2willbecaptured?
WHEREwillthisCO2bestored?
HOWwillthisCO2becaptured,
collected,transported?
Markettrends
Emissionsanalysis
DecarbonisaBonalternaBves
Techno-commercial
CaptureclusterdefiniBon
CO2trunktransportopBons
CO2collecBonnetworkopBons
StoragesiteopBons
Risks,costsandupsidepotenBal
CapacityandinjecBvity
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4.1 DeterminingwhatCO2maybecapturedTheobjectiveofthispartofthesuggestedmethodologyistodevelopanunderstandingoftheCO2thatmaybecapturedintheclusterareaaspartofanindustrialemissionsreductionprogrammeusingCCS.Thisisnotonlyaninventoryofcurrentemissionquantitiesandlocations,butneedstotakeaccountofforeseeableinfluencessuchasthedevelopmentofalternativedecarbonisationtechnologies,economicfactors,changesinsocietalbehaviour,policyandmarkets.
ThestartingpointisthedefinitionofcurrentCO2emissionquantitiesintheclusterarea,thelocationsofemittersandrelateddetails.OncethisinventoryoftheCO2emissionsthatarecurrentlyoccurringhasbeenestablished,itisnecessarytoconsiderwhatportionofthatmaybeappropriatetoaddressusingCCS.Anumberoffactorsmaydeterminethisportionanditisimportanttounderstandthatthereisnoone“rightanswer”.Thesemayberoughlydividedintotechnicalortechno-commercialfactors,theoptionsforalternativemeansforachievingthesameemissionreductions,andthemarketinfluencesonproductionleadingtotheemissions,includingpolicy,regulationandsocietalbehaviourchanges.Beyondidentifyingsuchfactors,theinfluencetheywillhavecannotbegeneralised,butwilldependonthespecificcircumstancesinanyareabeingconsideredandatanyparticulartime.Someexampleswillbegivenforillustration.
4.1.1 Emissionsanalysis–currentemissioninventory
Thereareusuallyvarioussourcesofemissiondataatdifferentlevelsofdetail.LargeemittersreporttotheEUEmissionsTradingSystem(ETS),butthisdatamaybeaggregatedforanumberoffacilitiesoroveracompanyandissometimesdifficulttointerpret.Moreuseful,maybelocal,regionalornationaldatathatwillbecollectedbyappropriateagenciesforcompilationintothenationalreturnstotheETS.
InScotland,forinstance,theScottishEnvironmentProtectionAgency(SEPA)collectsdatafromallcompanieswithemissionslicencesinScotlandandlistsCO2emissionquantitiesoveracertainthresholdinapubliclyaccessibledatabase,theScottishPollutantReleaseInventory(SEPA,2017).
Locationsofemittersmayalsobeindicatedbysuchpublicinventories,butsometimesonlythecompanyaddressisgivenandthismaybeanofficeaddressratherthanlocationoftheemitter.Somedegreeofcheckingmayberequired,usingatoolsuchasGoogleMaps™,orbycontactingthecompany,orotherlocalknowledge,todeterminetheactualemissionlocation.Forsiteswithmultiplevents,suchaspetrochemicalcomplexesorsteelworks,itisunlikelythatdataonindividualventstreamswillbeavailablepublicly,anditmaybenecessarytodevelopagoodrelationshipwiththecompanytoobtainthisdata.
Theobjectiveofcompilingacurrentemissionsinventoryforanareaistoallowanalysisoftheemissionsintermsofquantityandlocation,toidentifythelargestemittersandtheareaswithgreatestdensityofemissions,aswellasotherinformationonemittersandtheiremissionsthatwillhelpselectthesiteswithgreatestpotentialtodeploycarboncaptureandbeinvolvedinanICCScluster.
Fromthisexerciseofcollectingemissionquantityandlocationdata,detailssuchastheindustriesinvolved,thetypeofemissions(whethercombustionorprocessemissions)andperhapsthefuel
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typemayemerge,ormaybededuced.ForaninitialconceptualstudyofapotentialICCScluster,thislevelofinformation,essentiallya“snapshot”ofrecentCO2emissionsourcesandquantities,maybesufficient.However,formorein-depthassessmentofanarea’spotentialforCCSorformoredetailedfeasibilitystudies,itisusefultounderstanddetailsoftheCO2“quality”intermsofcomposition(CO2content,othermajorgases,traceimpurities),condition(temperatureandpressure),aswellasflowrateandflowprofile(continuous,intermittent,seasonal).
4.1.2 Technical/techno-commercialfactors
Techno-commercialfactorsfollowfromthedetailedemissionanalysisforanarea.Forinstance,facilitiesthathavelargeemissionsathighCO2concentrationfromasingleventmaybemoreamenabletoCCStechnologythanthosethathavenumerousventswithlow-concentrationemissions–eveniftheoverallquantityishigh.Inseveralclusterprojectsdescribedtodate(e.g.Teesside,Rotterdam,Grenland),thepresenceoflarge,high-concentrationCO2sources,suchasfromhydrogenproductionforammoniasynthesis,orforrefineryuse,hasbeenastrongfeature.Conversely,thelargenumberofventsthatwouldneedtobeincludedinacomprehensiveapplicationofCCStoarefineryhasbeengivenasareasonforitbeingunjustifiableasatechnologyinthatcontext(Simmondsetal,2002).
OthertechnicalfactorsthatmaylimittheapplicationofCCSincludetheneedforspaceforcaptureequipment,potentialeffectsontheproductionprocessandintermittencyofemission(e.g.batchorcampaignprocessing,seasonalproduction).Mostofthesearenottechnical“showstoppers”butmaketheapplicationofCCSmoredifficulttojustifycommercially.UnderstandingthesefactorsfortheindustriesacrossaclusterareahelpstoidentifythesitesthathavethegreatestpotentialtojoinanICCScluster.
4.1.3 AlternativestoCCSforindustrialdecarbonisation
ThemainapproachesrecognisedtoachievereducedCO2emissionsfromindustry,assumingaconstantlevelofproduction,arematerialandenergyefficiency,fuelswitchingtogivelowercarbonintensityfortheenergyrequirement,andtheapplicationofCCS.ThedegreetowhichthealternativesmayreducetheemissionsinanindustrialareawillaffectthequantityofCO2towhichCCSmaybeapplied.ThisisimportanttounderstandinordertorefineestimatesofthescaleofapotentialICCScluster.
Materialandenergyefficiency–gettingthesameproductoutputforlessinput–clearlyislikelytohaveabusinessjustificationandsohasadegreeofpriority.Butthishasbeenamainfocusofindustrialprocessdevelopmentforalongperiodandsoisunlikelytohavelargegainsremainingavailableforestablishedprocesses.
Fuelswitchingforenergyrequirement,forexampleelectrification,useofbiomass,biogasorhydrogen,mayhavearoletoreduceCO2emissionsinspecificindustrialapplicationsandthedegreetowhichthismayhappenneedstobeassessed.Electrification,however,isnoteasilyapplicabletomanyimportantprocessindustries,particularlythoseneedinghightemperaturesatlargescales.Theuseofbiomassorbiogasforenergyinindustrydoeshaveapplicationinanumberofareas,suchasthepulpandpaper,andfoodanddrinksectors.ButCO2isstillproduced,sowhilesuchfuelsmaybeconsideredcarbonneutral,theuseofCCSasameanstoreduceemissionsfurtherisnotprecluded.
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Switchingtohydrogenappearslikelytobetechnicallyfeasibleformanyindustrieswherenaturalgasiscurrentlythemainfuel.IfhydrogenisproducedbyelectrolysisfromrenewableelectricitythereisnoroleforCCS.However,thebulkquantitiesofhydrogenneededforindustryarelikelytobemostcost-effectivelyproduced,intheneartomid-termatleast,fromnaturalgasbysteammethanereforming(SMR).ThisprocessproducesCO2asaby-product,whichrequiresCCStomaketheoverallhydrogenenergysystemlow-carbon.
4.1.4 Policy,regulationandsocietalchange
Theemissionsfromanindustrialareaareinevitablyinfluencedbythelevelofproduction,andsobythemarketdemandfortheproductsofthearea.Themarketisinturninfluencedbypolicy,regulationandsocietalbehaviours,whicharethemselvesstronglylinked.WheretrendsinthemarketcanbeclearlyrecogniseditisappropriatetotakeaccountoftheminassessingthepotentialforapplicationofCCSinanindustrialarea,asagain,thesetrendswillaffectthescaleofapotentialICCSclusterintermsofCO2quantity.
Forexample,thedrivetoreduceCO2emissionsfromroadtransport,whetherbyelectrificationoruseofhydrogenorotherlow-carbonfuels,islikelytochangethemarketforliquidpetroleumfuelsinthefuture,withconsequenteffectsonrefineryoperations.Similarly,thenatureofsomeglobalmarkets,suchassteel,islikelytoleadtofurtherrationalisationofsteelmakinginEurope.Itmaynotbepossibletoquantifysucheffects,orpredictthemwithanycertainty;however,itissensibletoincludetheminjudgementsonthesuitabilityofanareaforinvestmentinCCS.
4.2 DetermininghowCO2willbecaptured,collectedandtransportedOnceapictureisdevelopedofthequantityandsourcesofCO2emissionsinanindustrialareathatmaybeaddressedbyCCSintheforeseeablefuture,asoutlinedabove,thekeythinkingthatleadstowardstherecognitionofapromisingICCSclusterisabouthowtheclusterwillbestructuredandoperated.Thisneedstoconsiderboththemoretechnicalaspectssuchasfacilitiesinvolved,infrastructure,technologyandroutingdecisions,andalsosomeaspectsofstakeholderinvolvementandinteraction,allconsideredwithaviewtodeliveringtotheareathedesiredCO2emissionreductionsalongsidethebenefitsofaclusteringapproach.
TheobjectiveofthissectionofthesuggestedmethodologyistodevelopthepotentialscopeforanICCSclusterintheareaofinterest.Thisshouldbedoneinawaythatincludesengagementwithstakeholders,inordertogainsupportfordevelopmentofthecluster.Developingascopeimpliesthatsomeemissionsourceswillbeincludedinthescopewhileotherswillnotbe.Thisfilteringprocesswillbebasedonanumberofconsiderations,orcriteria,forincludingafacilityinthescopeandiscoveredinSection4.2.1below.Tosetfixedcriteriaforinclusioninthescopeaspartofamethodologywouldbecounterproductive,asitisnotrealistictopredictallthepossibilities.Atdifferenttimes,orunderdifferentcircumstancesitmaybeappropriatetoincludedifferentemittersinthescopeofanICCSclusterandseveralscenarios,oraphasedprogressionofdevelopmentsmaybeconsidered.Theprocessofrefiningthesetoaconcreteprojectproposalislikelytotakeanumberofiterations.
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TheoverallscopeandthewayitispresentedneedtoshowthebenefitstoanareaofdevelopinganICCScluster,notjustintermsofthefundamentalpurposeofreducingclimate-damagingCO2emissions,butalsointermsofthepotentialbenefitstodifferentstakeholders,suchasthroughsustainingvalueandemploymentfromexistingindustries,potentialtoattractinvestmenttoanarea,orimprovedairquality.
Therearethreemainsubjectareastoconsiderwithinthisoverallclusterscoping:theCO2emittersthatmayparticipateintheCCSclusterandtheCO2captureoptionsforthesesites;howthecapturedCO2willbecollectedtogether;andhowtheCO2willbetransportedtotheproposedstoragesite.Thefirstoftheseis,perhaps,thekeypartoftheprocessofICCSclusterdefinition.Theseareasareeachdiscussedinthefollowingsections.ThediscussionoftrunktransportislimitedtosystemsforindividualICCSclusters,noconsiderationhasbeengiveninthisreporttohowanumberofclustersmaysharetransportinfrastructure.
Thescopingprocessalsoneedstotakeaccountoftheavailabilityandconstraintsofpotentialstoragesites,atleastinbroadterms,inorderthatarealisticmatchingofcapacityacrossthewholeCCSchain–capture,transportandstorage–isconsideredforthewholelifecycleofthefacilitiesandinfrastructureinvolved.ThisistouchedonatahighlevelinSection4.3,whilethesubjectofmethodologyforCO2storageappraisaliscoveredindepthintheparallelreportStorageResourceAssessmentMethodologies(Cavanagh,2019).
4.2.1 Captureclusterdefinition
DrawingontheemissionsanalysisdescribedinSection4.1,includingthemodifyingfactorsdescribed,theobjectiveofthissectionofmethodologyistoidentifycompaniesandtheirfacilitiesthatmayparticipateinaCO2captureclusterwithinanindustrialarea,inordertodefinetheshape,scaleandstructureofthecluster.Intermsofthegeneralstepsofthemethodology,thissectionoverlapswith,orisaniterationof,thequestionofWHATCO2willbecaptured.
Theoutcomesofthisexercisewillinclude:
• AlistofcompaniesandfacilitiesthatmayparticipateinaCCScluster,• Identificationofappropriatecapturetechnologyforthefacilities,• EstimationofthequantityandprofileofCO2captured,• Indicationofdevelopmentphasing,• Identificationofrelevantexistingresources,infrastructureandoperations.
Thereisnoone,singlewayofgoingaboutthis.Itcanbedone,forinstance,asadesk-basedstudy,usingtheemissionsanalysistoidentifyemittingfacilitiesconsideredmostappropriate.Thesemaybefacilitiesthathavethelargestemissions,orthosethathavehighconcentrationemissions.Orthosefacilitiesthathavesomeothertechnicaladvantage,suchasproximitytopotentialoractualCO2transportinfrastructure,oraresourcethatcanbeusedtoreducecapturecostssuchasexcessheatoranalkalineby-productstream.
TheScottishcasestudylistedinTable2-1isanexampleofadesk-basedstudytoidentifyapotentialCCScluster(Brownsort,ScottandHaszeldine,2016).Inthisworkemitterswereselectedforfurther
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evaluationonthebasisofongoingemissionvolume(>100kt/yr)andproximitytoanexistingpipelinewithpotentialforreusewithCO2.
OritmaybethatcompaniesidentifyinterestinformingaCCSclusterthemselves,through,forexample,alocalindustryorganisationwithaninterestinreducingemissionsofitsmembers.ThiswasthecaseinTeessidewheretheNorthEastProcessIndustriesCluster(NEPIC)grouplaunchedaProcessIndustriesCCSInitiative,whichledtotheTeessideCollectiveproject(TeessideCollective,2015).Thegroupofemittersformingthisclusterprojectincludedtwositeswherehigh-concentrationCO2wasalreadyseparatedinlargequantitiesaspartofhydrogenproduction,butalsoonewheremarkettrendsledtoaneedtoreducecarbonintensityofitsproduct.
IntheSTRATEGYCCUSprojectitisproposedthatlocalteamswithintheprojectwillcollectinformationanddataonemissionsandfacilitiesintheirareasandalsoengagewithindustryandotherstakeholders,formingnew,orsupportingexisting,industrygroupswithaCCSinterest.Acombinationofdesk-basedanalysisanddiscussionswithstakeholderswillallowaviewtobeformedofthepotentialICCSclusterthatmaybedevelopedinanarea,includingtheoutcomeslistedabove.
ThisviewmayincluderecognitionofcompaniesorfacilitieswithintheclusterthatmayspearheadCCSdevelopment.Thesemaybelarge-scaleemittersthatforman“anchorproject”forthecluster(suchasapowerplant),facilitiesthatcurrentlyemithigh-concentrationCO2(suchashydrogenproductionorfermentationplant),orsiteswherepartialcaptureisadvantageous(suchasfromaparticularventorprocessemission).ThesecanpotentiallyhavelowerunitcostofCO2captureandsohelptoinitiateaclusterprojectandthedevelopmentoftransportandstorageinfrastructure.
AlthoughselectioncriteriaforindustryinvolvementinanICCSclusterwilldifferbetweenareasandshouldremainflexible,someexamplesofcriteriatoconsiderarelistedbelow.
• Facilitieswithemissionsaboveacertainannualvolumethreshold.• Verylargeemittersthatcouldforman“anchorproject”.• FacilitieswithemissionsofhigherconcentrationCO2streams.• EmissionsourceslocatedclosetopotentialCO2transportroutes,ortoCO2storagesites.• EmissionsourceslocatednearexistinginfrastructurethatcanbereusedforCO2transport.• Emissionsourcesthathavenoalternativedecarbonisationoptions.• Emitterswhohavemarketopportunityforlow-carbonintensityproducts.• Emitterswhereenvironmentalcredentialsformpartoftheirmarketingstrategy.• Emissionsiteswherethereisaresourceavailablethatcanreducethecostofcarboncapture,
suchasheat(foramineregeneration)oralkalinewastestreams(forCO2absorption).• Emittersthatareunderregulatory,orfiscalpolicypressure/incentivetoreduceCO2
emissions.
AviewofthephasingofadditionoffurthercaptureprojectstoanICCScluster,withthetimingsandCO2quantitiesinvolved,alsoneedstobedeveloped.Thismayincludeconsiderationofalternativescenarioswithdifferingtimingsandratesofbuild-upofcapturevolume.Itisimportanttodevelopproposalsthathavetheflexibilitytoallownewcapturefacilitiestojointheclusterlaterandthatarerobusttothelossofindividualfacilities.
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EarlyworkontheAcornCCSProject(undertheACTAcornProjectfunding)developeddifferentscenariosforthepotentialbuildupofsuppliesofcapturedCO2(Dumeniletal,2017)andconsideredhowtheinitialCO2transportandstorageinfrastructureproposedbytheprojectcouldsupportsuccessivephasesof“build-out”(GomersallandBrownsort,2018).Thisallowedaproposedbusinessmodelwithlowinitialriskandcapitalexposure,mid-termgrowthandmaximumlong-termuseofassets(MurphyandPilbeam,2018).Figure4-2showsCO2supplyvolumeprofilesovertimeforthetwoscenariosconsidered.
Figure4-2ComparisonofCO2supplyprofilescenariosdevelopedfortheACTAcornProject(Dumeniletal,2017).ReferencecaseisminimalprojectcapturevolumefromoneunitatStFergus.
AsthescopeofapotentialICCSclusterandtheemittersinvolvedbecomesclear,aninitialassessmentofthecapturetechnologyoptionscanbemade.Thechoiceoftechnologydependsonthespecificsoftheemittingfacilityandprocessandisbeyondtheremitofthisreport.However,allthreemaintechnologygroups–pre-combustioncapture,post-combustionorpost-processcapture,andoxyfuelcombustion–canhaveapplicationsinindustry(IPCC,2005).
InestimatingthequantityofCO2thatmaybecapturedfromanyindustrialsiteorfacility,ajudgementneedstobetakenontheproportionofthetotalemissionthatmaybecaptured,oftentermedthe“capturerate”(nottobeconfusedwithphysicalflowrateofcapturedCO2)or“captureefficiency”.Astartingapproximationmayuseacapturerateof90%oftotalCO2emissiontreated,however,thisfiguremaybehigher(toapproach100%)orlowerdependingonthetechnicalandcommercialchoicesofthecaptureplantdesign(Feronetal,2019).
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Identificationoffacilitiesinvolvedinapotentialcaptureclusterinherentlybeginstoaddressthenextsectionofmethodology,whichistodefinehowthecapturedCO2iscollectedtogetherwithinthearea.Thisisdiscussedinthenextsection.
4.2.2 CO2collectionnetwork
FromthelocationsofpotentialcaptureplantandthequantitiesofCO2thatmaybecaptured,therequirementsforacollectionnetworkcanbegintobedefined.ThisisalsoinfluencedbytheintendedCO2storagelocationandbytheintendedmethodoftrunktransporttothestorage,whichneedtobeconsideredinparallel,astheydefinethedownstreamdeliveryrequirementforthecollectionsystem.
Theobjectiveofthissectionistoidentifyacost-effectiveandefficientsystemtocollecttheCO2capturedinanICCScluster,anddeliverittotheentrypoint(orpoints)ofatrunktransportsysteminthecondition,qualityandquantityrequired.
Outcomesofthissectionofmethodologyinclude:
• ProposalofCO2transportmode,ormodes,tobeused.• Definitionofcollectionpoints,routings,capacities,deliverypoints.• Identifyingoptionsforanycentralisedfacilitiesneededforthecollectionsystem.• Informationtoallowcostestimatesofcollectionsystemtobeprogressed.
Ausefulstartingpointistocatalogueexistingtransportinfrastructureintheclusterareathathaspotentialtobeused,orisalreadyused,forCO2transport.CO2iscurrentlytransportedinEuropemostlyusingmodulartransportsystems–roadtanker,railtank-carandcoastalshipping–toservicetheexistingmarketinL-CO2forindustrialuses,includinginthefoodanddrinksector.ThereisalsolimitedexistinguseofpipelinesforCO2transportinEurope,suchasintheSnøhvitProject(NorwegianPetroleumDirectorate,2019),whilepipelinesareextensivelyusedinNorthAmerica(Wallaceetal,2015).ThecurrentmarketforCO2inEurope,atafewmilliontonnesCO2peryear,issmallcomparedtothefuturevolumesenvisagedforCCS,anditisexpectedthatpipelineCO2collectionnetworkswillbemostappropriateforlargeICCSclusters.However,modulartransportmodesmayhaveapplicationsinmorewidely-spreadclusters,andtoconnectsmalleroroutlyingcapturesitestoacollectionnetwork.BargetransportoninlandwaterwayshasalsobeensuggestedforCO2(Vermeulen,2011).
Giventhiswiderangeoftransportoptions,therangeofpotentiallyusefulexistingtransportinfrastructureisalsowide.However,dependingonthedevelopingconceptsforanICCSclusterandonlocal/regionalgeography,itmaynotbenecessarytocollectinformationonalltransportmodes.SomeexamplesofusefultypesofinformationfordifferentmodesofCO2transportfollow.
Forroadtransport,thelocationofexistingCO2tankerfillingstations,howthesearesupplied,whatstoragecapacityisavailable,whatspaceatthesiteisavailable,whatroad-tankercapacityispermitted,isallinformationthatcanhelpjudgeifthatlocationcouldbeadaptedtoaCO2collectioncentretoservesmallercaptureprojectswithinacluster.
TheexistenceofrailwayconnectionsatmanyindustrialsitesmayallowbulkCO2collectionatsitesthataremoredistantfromthecentreofaclusterarea.Otherliquefiedgases,suchasLPGand
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ammonia,areroutinelycarriedbyrail,andtank-carssuitableforL-CO2areavailableforleaseinEurope(VTG,2018).Statusofbranchlines,maximumtrainlengthforlocalrailsystem,tank-carcapacity,availabilityofraillinktopotentialsiteforconnectiontotrunkCO2transportsystemallneedtobeconsidered.
ManyindustrialareasinEuropearelocatedoninlandwaterwaysoronthecoast,andbargetransportorcoastalshippingofL-CO2havebeenproposedascollectionsystems,connectingtoatrunkpipelineorbulkshippingsystemataport-basedcollectionhub(Vermeulen,2011;Tel-Tek,2012).Informationsuchasportspaceavailability,existingL-CO2terminalsandstorageatportsandmaximumbargesizeforwaterwaysisneededtojudgepotentialforwaterbornetransport.
PipelinenetworksmaybeconsideredasthedefaultcollectionsystemfordenseICCSclusters,butthepotentialtousemodulartransportsystemstoincludeperipheralorsmallercapturesitesshouldnotbeoverlooked.Onesignificantdifferenceofmodularsystemsisthattheytransportrefrigerated,liquefiedCO2,sospaceandservicesforliquefactionplantneedtobeavailable.StorageofL-CO2atthefillingpoint,withholdingcapacityofatleastonetransportloadisalsoneeded.Incontrast,apipelinesystemonlyneedsCO2compressionatthepointofentrytothecollectionnetwork.
Forpotentialpipelinecollectionnetworks,aswellasthelocationsofcapturesitesandtheproposedentrypointtothetrunktransportsystem,informationontheintermediategeographyoftheareaisneeded.Thisincludestopography,crossingsrequiredwithothertransportorwaterfeatures,actuallanduseandplanningzones,includingexistingorpotentialpipelinecorridorsandtheircapacityforadditionalpipelines.Modelstoestimatepipelinecostsareavailable,someconsiderinfluenceofterrainoncosts(e.g.Grantetal,2013),othersgiveasimple“ruleofthumb”forcostperkilometre(e.g.Haszeldineetal,2010).However,boththesetypesofmodelshouldbeusedwithcaution;theymaybeusefulforcomparingrouteoptionsbutareunlikelytogivereliableabsolutecosts,forwhichaproperengineeringassessmentisneeded.
Ofcourse,ifthereisanyexisting,availablepipelineeitherinusealreadyforCO2,orthatisofasuitablespecificationandconditionthatitmightbeconvertedtoCO2duty,detailedinformationonthisshouldbeobtained.AnexampleistheOCAPpipelineintheNetherlands;thiscurrentlycollectsCO2fromtwocapturesitesinRotterdamfordeliverytoglasshousesincentralNetherlands.ThispipelinewillformpartofthecollectionnetworkfortheproposedRotterdamICCScluster(Rosetal,2014;Porthos,2019).
AswellasthetransportoptionsforaCO2collectionsystem,thecollectionpointorhubwhereCO2is“bulked-up”,or“consolidated”,fortrunktransportneedstobeconsidered.ForaL-CO2basedmodularcollectionsystemusingroad,railorbargetankers,thiswillrequirerefrigeratedbulkstorageofL-CO2toaccommodatethebatch-wiseprofileofdeliveries,aswellastransferand/orreconditioningfacilitiestopreparetheCO2fortrunktransport.IftheonwardtrunktransportisalsoasL-CO2byship(seeSection4.2.3below)thenthestorageneedscapacityofatleastoneshiploadtoallowpromptfillingoftheship.IfonwardtrunktransportofcollectedL-CO2istouseapipeline,thentheCO2willneedtobereconditionedbypumpingtoahigherpressureandwarmingtoambienttemperaturesuitableforthepipeline.
Ifthecollectionsystemisapipelinenetwork,theremaybenorequirementforprocessingatthecollectionpoint,whichmayjustbeapipelinejunction.However,dependingonthewaythe
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collectionsystemissetupandmanagedtheremaybeaneedforcentralisedcompressiontotrunkpipelinepressure,orforacentralisedpurificationunittoachievetherequiredspecificationofCO2fortransportandstorage,forinstance,achievingasufficientlylowmoisturelevel.
WhatevertherequirementsforCO2processingatthecollectionhub,asuitablelocationandsufficientspaceforfacilities,withavailabilityofrequiredservices,needstobeidentified.ThisshouldalsotakeaccountofsafetyconsiderationsforapotentiallylargeinventoryofCO2.
4.2.3 TrunkCO2transportsystem
OptionsfortrunkCO2transportfromthecollectionhubservinganICCSclustertoastoragesitearemorelimitedthanforthecollectionnetworkandaredefinedprimarilybygeography.Trunktransportoverlandisonlylikelytobebypipeline;however,asmanyfuturestoragesitesareoffshore,thereisamodechoicebetweenpipelineandshippingtobemadeforoffshoretransport.
Theoutcomesofdefinitionforthetrunktransportsystemaresimilartothoseforthecollectionnetwork:
• ProposalofCO2transportmode,ormodes,tobeused.• Definitionofcollectionpoints,routings,capacities,deliverypoints.• Definitionofoperatingconditionsforthetrunksystem.• Informationtoallowcostestimatesofthetrunksystemtobeprogressed.
Atabasiclevel,muchofthedefinitionofthetrunkCO2transportsystemcomesfromupstreamanddownstreamofthetrunkrouteitself,althoughdefinitionofallpartsoftheCCSchainshouldbeconsideredinparallel.Wherethetrunksystemstartsdependsontheclusterlocationandcollectionnetworkdefinitionasdiscussedabove,andwhereitfinishesdependsonthestoragelocationbeingconsidered.Thecapacityneededdependsonthecapturequantityandprofilesdefinedforthecluster,allowingcapacityforthemaximumflowsexpected.However,thephasingofcapturequantitydevelopmentovertimemayleadtodecisionsabouttransportmodewhereoptionsareavailable.Forinstance,CO2shipping,whereitisanoption,maybeappropriateforinitialphasesofaclusterdevelopmentwhenquantitiesarelower,withtransitiontopipelinetransportascapturequantityincreasesaboveacertainthreshold.
Thecostcompetitivenessofshippingcomparedtopipelinefortrunktransportoffshoredependsonbothscaleanddistance.Ingeneral,shippingismorecompetitiveforlowervolumesandlongerdistanceswhilepipelinesarefavouredforlargervolumesandshorterdistances.However,therelativeflexibilityofshippingisanadditionaladvantage,givingscopeforsteppedbuild-upintransportcapacitybyaddingfurthershipstothefleet(Brownsort,2015;ElementEnergy,2018a).
Whereshippingisconsideredaspartofatrunktransportsystem,informationonexisting,oronthepotentialfornewportfacilitiesisneededtoscopefeasibility.AvailabilityofquayspaceortankerjettiesclosetoasuitablesitefortemporaryCO2storage,portexperiencewithrefrigeratedliquids,portconstraintssuchasdepth,locksize,tidalstreamsorweatherfactorsmayallneedtobeconsidered.
Foroverlandtrunktransportbypipeline,thestartingpointanddestinationfollowfromCCSclusterlocationandthechoiceofstoragesite.Thecapacityrequirementwillfollowfromtheconsideration
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ofCO2capturequantity,profileandthedevelopmentphasingoftheclusterasoutlinedabove.Thismayleadtoproposalofan“oversized”pipelinetoallowforthephaseddevelopmentofaclusterwithouttheneedforfurtherinvestmentintrunktransport,however,thisneedstobecarefullyjustifiedduetothehighcapitalcostsoflargepipelines.
Asforapipelinecollectionnetwork,informationsuchasdistance,topography,infrastructureandwatercrossings,pipelinecorridors,landuse,planningzones,allneedtobeconsideredindecidingatrunkpipelineroute.Detaileddesign,suchasforpipesizing,operatingpressureortheneedforboostercompressorstations,followsfromroutingandcapacityrequirement.AusefulreferencemanualonCO2pipelines,basedonglobalexperience,ispublishedbyIEAGHG(2014).ArecentreviewoftechnicalliteraturebySINTEFcoversCO2transportbybothpipelineandship(Munkejordetal,2016).
Forbothonshoreandoffshoretransporttheremaybethepotential,insomecircumstances,tomakeuseofexistingpipelines,mostlikelyexistingnaturalgaspipelines,forsomeoralloftheroute.Thiscouldleadtoverylargecapitalcostsavingsinsomecases,reducingthecosthurdlesforCCSdevelopments.Forexample,inScotlandthepotentialreuseofexistingonshoreandoffshorenaturalgaspipelinestoconnecttheGrangemouthindustrialclustertoastoragesiteintheCentralNorthSeahasbeenestimatedtosaveover£140million,comparedtoanewpipeline(Brownsort,ScottandHaszeldine,2016;Alcaldeetal,2019).Giventhescaleofpotentialcostsavings,thepotentialforpipelinereuseshouldbeconsideredcarefully,however,itislikelytodependonregionandontimescaleoftheenvisagedCO2transportdevelopment.OtherstudiesfocusingonGermanyhaveconcludedreuseofnaturalgaspipelinesisunlikelyinthetimescaleofinitialCCSdevelopments(CO2Europipeproject)(Santenetal,2011).
OperatingconditionsforCO2transportarelikelytobedependentonotherelementsoftheCCSchain,ratherthanbeingprimarydesignchoices.Forpipelinetransport,CO2pressureinthesectionbetweenthemostdownstreamcompressorandtheinjectionwell(forinstance,theoffshorepipelineleg)isdeterminedbythereservoirproperties.Thecompressoroutletpressureneedstobesufficienttodelivertherequiredinjectionpressureattheentrypointtothereservoir,afterallowingforfrictionalpressurelossesinthewellandalongthepipelinerun.ThecompressorandpipelinealsoneedscopetoincreasepressureovertimefromtheinitialconditionsaspressureinthereservoirriseswithprogressiveCO2injection.Upstreamofthefinalcompressor,thereismoreflexibilityforpipelinepressuresinbothtrunkandcollectionsystemsandsoeconomicfactors,plusconstraintsofanyinfrastructurebeingreused,willdeterminetheoptimumdesignpressure.Operatingtemperatureforpipelinetransportisusuallybasedontheambienttemperatureofthegroundorseasurroundingthepipeline.
ForshiptransportofCO2avarietyofconditionsarepossiblewithproposalsrangingfromlowpressure,refrigeratedliquidconditionsnearthetriple-pointofCO2togasathighpressureandambienttemperature(Brownsort,2015).Determiningthebestconditionsrequireseconomicandenergyoptimisationacrossthewholetransportandstoragesystemtakingaccountofdiversefactorsincludingreservoirpressure,carriertankdesign,availabilityofcoolingandre-warmingwater(Kroghetal,2012;Nametal,2013).CurrentlyitlookslikelythatCO2conditionsforshiptransportwillbecomestandardisedatso-called“mediumpressure”conditionsofaround15barand-30°C,similartotheconditionsalreadyinuseforsmallscalecommercialCO2transportbyship(Statoil,2018).
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4.3 IntegrationwithCO2storagedefinitionForadevelopingICCSclustertoachieveitsmainintendedpurposeofdecarbonisingindustryinanarea,optionsthatprovideapermanentsinkforthecapturedCO2needtobedefinedinparallel,toallowcreationofanintegratedcapture,transportandstoragechain.ThemainoptionforstorageisdeepgeologicalCO2sequestration,whereasveryfewCO2utilisationprocessesresultinpermanentstorage.
ThescopingofanICCSclustershouldhaveaview,atallstages,oftheabilitytoaccessCO2storageofa“quality”suitablefortheproposedcaptureoperationsastheyarebuiltupacrossanindustrialarea.InastudyofpotentialstoragesitesintheUK,sixfactorswereusedtoassessthequalityofthesites(ETI,2016):
• Capacity–estimateofabsolutecapacity,takenasP50valuefromavailableestimates.• Injectivity–ameasureofhoweasily(quickly)CO2canbeinjectedtothereservoir.• Engineeredcontainmentrisk–measureofriskfromabandonedwellsinthereservoirarea.• Geo-containmentrisk–measureofriskfromnaturallyoccurringgeologicalfeatures.• Developmentcostfactor–dependingontransportdistancetostorageandreservoirdepth.• Upsidepotential–asumofadditionalsitecapacitynearby,accessibleusingthesametrunk
pipeline.
Whiletheseandotherfactors,andtheinformationneededtodeterminethem,arecoveredindepthintheparallelreportStorageResourceAssessmentMethodologies(Cavanagh,2019),themaininteractionswithICCSclusterandCO2transportdefinitionarediscussedbrieflyhere.
4.3.1 Capacityandinjectivity
TheavailabilityofcapacitysufficienttostoretheCO2thatwillbecapturedovertheprojectedlifetimeof,atleast,theinitialphasesofdevelopmentofanICCScluster,isanobviousessentialrequirementtodecarboniseanindustrialclustersuccessfullyusingCCS.BeyondinitialCCSclusterdevelopments,astrategicviewofmanagementofCO2storageresourcesforaregionwillberequiredassumingCCSdevelopstoitsfullpotentialfordecarbonisingindustry.
TherateatwhichCO2canbeinjectedintoareservoirdependsontheinjectivity,onthenumberofinjectionwellsused,andonpressureconstraints.Whileitmaybepossibletousemorewellsortomanagepressureinthereservoirtoincreasetotalinjectionrate,thisincreasesthecostsofdevelopingastoragesite.ThetotalrateofinjectionachievableneedstobematchedwiththetotalrateofcaptureintheICCSclusterforasingleCCSchain.ThepotentialforvariationinCO2flow,includingtemporarystoppage,alsoneedstobeconsideredanddesignedfor.
4.3.2 Containmentrisks
UnderstandingtheriskstocontainmentofCO2inageologicalstructureiskeytochoosingthebestlocationstodevelopasstoragesites.Well-chosenlocationswillhaveminimalresidualrisksofCO2leakagethroughnaturalorman-madefeatures.Theprocessofselectingsuitablestoragelocationsmayexcludecertainsiteswhererisksarerecognisedtobehigher,andthismayhaveimplicationsforICCSclustersifsafestoragesitesareatagreaterdistance,leadingtohighercostsforCO2transport.
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4.3.3 Developmentcostsandupsidepotential
Asabove,thedistancefromanICCSclustertoasuitableCO2storagelocationhasadirectaffectoncostsofCO2transport,andsoonthetotalcostofaCCSoperation(althoughtheaffectisrelativelygreateronpipelinetransportthanontransportbyship).
Thedepthofastoragereservoiralsohasanaffectontotalcostsbyincreasingcostofdrillingwells.Storagemustbeatadepthgreaterthanabout800mtomaintaintheCO2inaliquidphaseandtypicallysuitablereservoirsareatdepthsbetween1000and4000mintheNorthSea(deKleretal,2016).
WherethereispotentialtolinkanumberofstoragesitestoasupplyofCO2fromthesametrunktransportinfrastructure,thismaybringabenefittotheinitialdevelopment,byallowingcoststobespreadoveralargertotalscaleofoperationand/oralongertimescale.Thismayhaveimplicationsfortheoptimumconfigurationofthetransportsystem,whetherpipelineorshippingbased.
4.4 MethodologyflowanddatastructureTheworkofdefiningthecompositionandconnectionsofapotentialICCSclusterspansawidevarietyofareasasdescribedintheprevioussections.Ithasbeennotedthataflexibleapproachisneededtoallowforthediversityofindustrialareas,buttherearesomeclear,logicallinksbetweenthestepsinvolved.Figure4-3showstherelationshipsbetweenthemainstepsofthemethodologydescribedasasimpleflowdiagram.
Thegeneraldirectionofmethodologyflow,asrepresentedinthediagram,isfromtoptobottomandfromthesidestowardsthetrunktransportdefinition,whichcanonlyfollowfromthedefinitionoftheclusterwithitsCO2collectionsystemandtheproposedCO2storagelocation.
Toapplythemethodologyclearlyrequiresthecollectionofmuchinformationanddataontheindustriesinaclusterareaandtheiroperations,thepotentialfortransportconnectionsacrosstheareaandforaccesstotheCO2storageoptions.Listshavebeendevelopedcoveringmostofthedataandinformationlikelytobeneeded.TheseareprovidedasextractsfromaninitialspreadsheetinAppendixA.
TheselistshavebeenadaptedbyUniversidadedeÉvoratocreateadatabasesystemforlocalteamsoftheSTRATEGYCCUSProjecttouseforcollectionofdataandinformationontheirclusterareas.Thedatabaseisformedofeleventablesgroupingthedata,spatialdataandotherinformation;thedatabasetabledescriptionsaregiveninAppendixB.ThestructureofthesetablesisrelatedtothemethodologyflowandisrepresentedintheblockdiagramFigure4-4.
Aswiththerestofthismethodology,theselistsandthederiveddatabaseshouldbeusedflexiblyasappropriatetoeachclusterarea.WhiletheselistsarethoughttoincludemostinformationneededforinitialICCSclusterdefinitionandscoping,notallsuggestedentrieswillbeappropriateforallareas.Equally,thelistsonlyincludelimitedinformationneededformoredetailedstudiessuchasbusinesscasesorenvironmentalassessments;furtherroundsofdatacollectionmayberequiredasthesestudiesdefinetheirneedswithintheSTRATEGYCCUSProject.
AbriefguidancenoteonthecollectionofdataandtheuseofthemethodologyisalsoincludedinAppendixC.
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Figure4-3Outlineofrelationshipsbetweenmainstepsofmethodology.ThethreeshadedareashighlightthethreegeneralstepsproposedinFigure4-1.Theareaofoverlap,mid-left,representsinformationrelatedtothesecondstep,butspecifictoeachemitterconsidered.
Storagesiteop,ons
Collec,onnetworkproposals
Transportop,onsforselectedfacili,es
Selec,onofemi7ersforICCS
cluster
Poten,alCO2capturequan,ty
Capturetechnologyop,ons
Emi7erdetails
SuitabilityofemissionforCCS
Influencesonemissionsinventory
Emissionsinventoryand
analysis
Generalinforma,ononclusterarea
Informa,onontransportincluster
area
Collec,onhubproposals
Storagesiteinforma,on
Proposedstoragesite
Trunktransportrouteop,ons
Trunktransportmodeop,ons
WHAT
HOW
WHERE
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Figure4-4Blockdiagramshowinglayoutofdatatables.Thethreeshadedareasagainshowtherelationshipofthedatatothegeneralstepsofthemethodology.
Capturefacili-esandpoten-altransport
connec-ons
EmissionssourcesLevel1
informa-onEmissionssourcesLevel2
informa-onEmissionssourcesLevel3
informa-on
Clusterareaspecific
informa-on
Collec-onhubop-ons
andpoten-altransport
connec-ons
Transport,specificinforma-on
Collec-onnetworkop-ons
Trunktransportop-ons
Portsandshipping
Exis-ngpipelines
Pipelinecorridors
Storageop-ons,aquifer
Storageop-ons,
hydrocarbonfield
Storageop-ons,coalbed
Spa-aldataandinforma-on
WHAT WHERE HOW
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5 Engagementactivities
InapplyingthemethodologysuggestedabovefordefinitionofapotentialICCScluster,andintakingthisforwardtofurtherstudiesandtowardsdeployment,itisimplicitthatmanydifferentformsofengagementwillbeinvolved.Indeeditissuggestedabove(Section0)thatrelationships,developedthroughengagementactivities,areamongthekeyfactorsthataffecttheadvancementofanICCScluster.WithintheSTRATEGYCCUSProject,WorkPackages3and6focusspecificallyonstakeholderengagementandonstrategiccommunicationrespectivelysointhispresentreportonlyabriefconsiderationofthisareaisgiven.
Inthiscontext,engagementactivitiesareaboutwhatrelationshipsneedtobebuiltinordertoobtaintheinformationanddatadescribedabove,andonwhatisdonewiththeoutcomesofscopinganICCSclusterandtheanalysesarising.ThisisallwiththeintentionofmovingforwardtowardsdeploymentofaCCSaclustertoreduceCO2emissionsfromindustryinthearea.Somesubjectsforengagementactivitiesandgroupsthatmaybeinvolvedareoutlinedbelow:
• Engagingindustryinterestindecarbonisationoptionso Existingindustrygroups,sectorialorlocationbasedo Newgroupswithspecificfocuso Datacollectionfordecarbonisationoptions,includingCCSo Definingchallengesandopportunities
• EngagingspecificinterestinCCSdevelopmento Industry–emitters,equipmentsupplychain,transportproviders,storageoperatorso Public–cleanair,employmentretention,climatechangemitigationo Regulators,environmentagencies–pollutionandemissionreductiontargets,transport
standards,storageliabilitieso Government–climatechangemitigationtargets,financialcase,supportingindustryo Regionalauthorities,planningauthoritieso Funders,investors
• Publicawarenessandengagemento Improvingawarenessofneedforindustrydecarbonisationo ImprovingawarenessofroleofCCS
• DefiningpotentialdriversforCCSo Policy,regulation,societalo Clusterinterests–climatemitigation,wealthcreation,employmentretention,legal
compliance
ThisprojecthasreceivedfundingfromtheEuropeanUnion’sHorizon2020
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6 Summaryandconclusions
ThisreporthasbeenpreparedtohelplocalteamsintheSTRATEGYCCUSProjecttodefineoptions
andscopeforpotentialindustrialCCSclustersintheirregions,includingtheCO2collectionandtrunk
transportsystemsneededtoconnecttoaCO2storagesite.Thereportdrawsonexperiencefrom
existingCCSclusterprojectsinNorthernEuropeandproposesabasicmethodologicalapproachfor
thedefinitionofnewindustrialCCSclusters.Aparallelreportformingpartofthesameproject
deliverablecoversassessmentofsuitablestoragesites(Cavanagh,2019).TheaimoftheSTRATEGY
CCUSProjectistoenabletheshort-tomid-termdevelopmentofCCUSthroughstrategicplanningof
ICCSclustersinSouthernandEasternEurope,withintheoverarchingcontextofemissionsreduction
forclimatechangemitigation.
AreviewhasbeencarriedoutofsevenindustrialareasinNorthernEuropewhereICCScluster
developmentisunderdiscussionorprogressing.Eachhasbeenassessedagainstalistof
characteristicsorfactorsdevelopedforthisstudythatdescribeanareainthecontextofitspotential
forforminganICCScluster.
Itwasfoundthattheareasalldifferintheirtechnicaladvantagesandchallenges,butthatfeasible
optionsexistforICCSinallcases.Technicalcharacteristicsthatcanbeassociatedwiththemost
activelyprogressingICCSclustersincludeaclearmeansofaccesstoawell-definedCO2storagesite,
andfactorsthatcanreduceunitcostsofCO2captureandtransport,suchashigh-concentrationCO2
emissionsandinfrastructurethatmaybereusedforCO2captureortransport.
However,itappearsthatnon-technicalfactorshavethegreatestinfluenceonadvancementof
projectsintheICCSclusterareasreviewed.Clearleadershipandvisionfrom,mostcommonly,an
empoweredpublicauthorityforthearea,orfromacredibleindustryleaderorgroup,appeartobe
key,togetherwithgoodengagementofallstakeholders–industry,agency,andthepublic.Itisthe
motivations,leadershipandrelationshipsamongststakeholdersthatunderpinaneffectiveICCS
clusterdevelopment.
ConsideringotherindustrialregionsinEuropethatmayhavepotentialtodevelopasICCSclusters,it
islikelythattheywillbeatleastasdiverseastheclusterareasreviewedforthisstudy.Assuch,itis
unlikelythattherecanbeasingle“bestpractice”methodfordefininganICCSclusterforallareas;
anymethodologyproposedmustbeadaptabletosuiteacharea.However,therearesomeobvious
fundamentalstepsrequiredtostarttheprocessofdefininganICCScluster;howaclusterthen
developsdependsonthecircumstances–thepoliticalwill,industrialengagement,geographical
opportunitiesandinfrastructureofthearea.
Inthisreportasimplemethodologyissuggested,startingfromtwopointsatoppositeendsofthe
CCSlogisticschainbeforefillinginthedetailofthecentralportion.Thestartingpointsare,atone
end,ananalysisofexistingandprojectedfutureCO2emissionsleadingtoaninitialestimateofthe
totalCO2quantitythatmaybeabatedusingCCSinanarea;attheotherend,anappraisalofCO2
storageoptionstodefinesiteshavingcapacityfortheestimatedquantity.Followingthis,selection
ofthemostpromisingemitterstojoinanICCSclusterdevelopment,perhapswithdifferentphasesof
inclusion,allowsrefinementoftheCO2quantityestimate.ConsiderationoftheCO2transport
optionswithintheindustrialarealeadstoproposalofcollectionnetworkoptionsanda
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consolidationpointorcollectionhub.FinallyproposalsofCO2trunktransportoptionstolinkthispointwiththeidentifiedstorageoptionscancompletedefinitionofproposalsforthefullCCSchain.
DataandinformationthatneedtobecollectedforICCSclusterdefinitionhasalsobeensuggestedaspartofthismethodologyandisdetailedinAppendixA.ThishasbeenadaptedbytheUniversidadedeÉvoratocreateadatabasesystemforusebythelocalteams.Followingfromtheobservationthatallclustersaredifferent,thisdatacollectionwillalsoneedtobeadaptedasappropriateforeachpotentialclusterarea;itmaybecarriedoutindifferentphasesandtodifferentextentstosuittheneedsofthearea.
Collectionofdataandinformation,andotheraspectsofthemethodologyproposed,willrequireidentificationof,andsignificantengagementwith,themainstakeholdersinapotentialICCSclusterarea.EngagementactivitiesandstrategiccommunicationaretouchedonverybrieflyinthisreportandwillbeamainfocusofWorkPackages3and6oftheSTRATEGYCCUSProject.Goodstakeholderengagementtakestimeandcannotberushed.Thisimpliesthat,whilesomeoftheproposedmethodologycanbecarriedoutquicklywithlittlestakeholderengagement,theoverallprocessofICCSclusterdefinitionmayneedtobespreadoversomeconsiderabletime,mostlikelyinanumberofiterationsasinitialideasareformed,discussed,improvedandrevised.
TheSTRATEGYCCUSProjectwilladdressonlyalimitednumberofindustrialregionsinSouthernandEasternEurope.TherearemanymoresuchregionsinEuropeandtherestoftheworldwhereindustrialdecarbonisationwillberequiredtomeetemissionreductiontargetsandwhereindustrialCCSmaybeoneofthemainoptions.Itishopedthatthemethodologysuggestedinthisstudyisgeneralenoughtobeusefulacrossallregions,andthatallindustrialareaswilltakeactiontoconsidertheirbestalternativesfordecarbonisation.Itisnotacceptablethatonlythemostfavourableindustrialareasaresupportedtodecarbonise;thiswouldrisklossofindustryfromotherareas,byclosureorbydisplacementtoregimeswithless-stringentemissionreductiontargets.
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7 GlossaryofAbbreviations
Abbreviation MeaningACT AcceleratingCCSTechnologiesBEIS UKGovernmentDepartmentforBusiness,EnergyandIndustrialStrategybn billion(forcurrency)c. circa,approximately
cf. confer,comparewith
CCC CommitteeonClimateChange(UK)
CCGT combined-cyclegasturbineCCGT+CCS combined-cyclegasturbinewithcarboncaptureandstorageCCS carboncaptureandstorageCCU carboncaptureandutilisationCCUS carboncaptureutilisationandstorage
CHP combinedheatandpowerCO2 carbondioxideCO2-EOR carbondioxideenhancedoilrecoveryCSLF CarbonSequestrationLeadershipForumEIS EastIrishSeaEOR enhancedoilrecovery
ETI EnergyTechnologiesInstitute
ETS emissionstradingsystem
EU EuropeanUnionFEED frontendengineeringdesignGCCSI GlobalCCSInstituteGov government
Gt gigatonne(109tonnes,billiontonnes)H2 hydrogenICCS industrialcarboncaptureandstorageICG IndustriclusteretGrenlandICI ImperialChemicalIndustriesIEAGHG InternationalEnergyAgencyGreenhouseGasResearchandDevelopmentProgrammeIPCC IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangekm kilometrekt kilotonne(thousandtonnes)kt/yr kilotonneperyearL-CO2 liquid/liquefiedCO2LEP LocalEnterprisePartnershipLNG liquefiednaturalgasLPG liquefiedpetroleumgas
ThisprojecthasreceivedfundingfromtheEuropeanUnion’sHorizon2020researchandinnovationprogrammeundergrantagreementNo.837754
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m metre
Mt megatonne(106tonnes,milliontonnes)Mt/yr megatonneperyearNAEI NationalAtmosphericEmissionsInventory(UK)NEPIC NorthEastProcessIndustriesClusterO&G oilandgas
OCAP OrganicCO2forAssimilationbyPlants(OCAPPipeline)OGA Oil&GasAuthority(UK)OGCI Oil&GasClimateInitiativeP50 50%ofestimatesexceedtheP50value,50%areless
PS powerstationRCI RotterdamClimateInitiativeSCCS ScottishCarbonCapture&StorageSEPA ScottishEnvironmentProtectionAgencySG ScottishGovernmentSMR steammethanereformer/reformingSSI SahaviriyaSteelIndustriesPCLTVCA TeesValleyCombinedAuthorityUK UnitedKingdomUKCCSRC UnitedKingdomCarbonCaptureandStorageResearchCentreUSA UnitedStatesofAmericaUSEIA UnitedStatesEnergyInformationAdministrationyr yearZEP ZeroEmissionsPlatform
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WelshGovernment.(2019).ProsperityforAll:ALowCarbonWales.WelshGovernment.https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2019-06/low-carbon-delivery-plan_1.pdf
Williams,C.(2019)PersonalcommunicationwithChrisWilliams(TataSteel),April2019,Cardiff.
YorkshireForward.(2008).YorkshireForward-ACarbonCaptureandStorageNetworkforYorkshireandHumber.YorkshireForward,Leeds,(regionaldevelopmentagency).https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080614062132/http://www.yorkshire-forward.com//asset_store/document/carboncapturebros7_mr_8556.pdf
ZEP.(2016).IdentifyingandDevelopingEuropeanCCSHubs.ZeroEmissonsPlatform.http://www.zeroemissionsplatform.eu/library/publication/262-zepeuhubsclusters.html
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AppendixA.Collectionofdataandinformation,originallists
STRATEGYCCUSTask2.1 Filename: StratCCUS_T2-1_Appendix_A.xlsxBasedon: StratCCUS_T2-1_Cluster_Data_V051.xlsx
SuggesteddatarequirementsforICCSclusterscoping Update: 30/08/19By: PAB
Source:Startinglistfrom"COMETSourcesAttributes.doc"(providedbyJulioCarneiro),addedtoandadaptedbyPeteBrownsort,SCCS.Thecolumn"DataGroup"referencesFigure4.4ofmainreport,theblockdiagramshowinglayoutofdatatables.
Levelofinformation-explanationLevel1 Basicinformationonfacility,locationandemissionneededforinitialemissionanalysis.Thisislikelytobeavailablefrompublic
sourcesandistheinitialinformationneededforclusterdefinition.Level2 Basictechnicalinformationonprocessesandcurrentfluegaspropertiesneededfordevelopingcaptureclusterscenarios,plusanyknowledgeofappropriatecapture
technologies.Thisinformationunlikelytobeavailablepublicly,maytaketimetoobtainthroughengagementwithselectedemitters.Level3 Moredetailedtechnicalandproductioninformationneededfortechno-economicandlifecycleanalysisonselectedfacilities.Thisonlyneededforthesefurtherstudies,
butusefultocollectifreadilyavailable.Someislikelytoneedindustryengagementforactualdata,ormaybeassumedfromliteratureforTEA/LCAmodellingpurposes.
DataGroup Emissionsourceattributename Level Description/explanationofattribute Unit FieldtypeEmissionsources Unitidentifier 1 Short,uniquenameforemittingfacility TextEmissionsources Industrysector 1 AdaptfromsecondlevelofNACEhierarchy TextEmissionsources NACEcode 1 NACEcodeatmostdetailedlevelidentified NumericEmissionsources Companyname 1 Companyresponsibleforemission TextEmissionsources City 1 Closestcityortown TextEmissionsources StateorProvince 1 Stateorprovince(orsimilar)ofemissionlocation TextEmissionsources Country 1 Countryofemission TextEmissionsources CountryCode 1 TwoletterISOcountrycode TextEmissionsources Region 1 NameofSTRATEGYCCUSProjectregion TextEmissionsources Longitude 1 XcoordinatesofemissionlocationinWGS84decimaldegrees NumericEmissionsources Lattitude 1 YcoordinatesofemissionlocationinWGS84decimaldegrees NumericEmissionsources Status 1 Statusofemissionsource TextEmissionsources CO2reported 1 ThereportedCO2emissionfromthesource tonnes NumericEmissionsources Yearreported 1 Yeartowhichthereportrelates NumericEmissionsources Reportbasis 1 Referencetodatasourceand/ormethodofaveragingifappropriate TextEmissionsources CO2estimated 1 EstimatedCO2emissionfromsourceifactualdatanotavailable tonnes NumericEmissionsources Yearestimated 1 Yeartowhichtheestimaterelates NumericEmissionsources Estimatebasis 1 Estimationmethodorreference TextEmissionsources Emissiontrend 1 Trendinemissionyearonyear TextEmissionsources Trenddriver1 1 Whatisleadingtotrendinemission? TextEmissionsources Trenddriver2 1 Whatisleadingtotrendinemission? TextEmissionsources Decarbonisationalternative1 1 WhatdecarbonisationalternativetoCCSispractical? TextEmissionsources Decarbonisationalternative2 1 WhatdecarbonisationalternativetoCCSispractical? TextEmissionsources Startyear 2 Theyeartheemissionsstarted NumericEmissionsources Shutyear 1 Theyeartheemissionsourceclosedorisprojectedtoclose NumericEmissionsources CO2concentration 2 ConcentrationofCO2inemission,%v/vdrybasis %v/v NumericEmissionsources Composition 2 Ismoreinformationoncompositionofemissionavailable?Y/N TextEmissionsources Watercontent 3 Waterimpuritycontentinfluegas,agreedunit NumericEmissionsources Hydrogencontent 3 Hydrogenimpuritycontentinfluegas,agreedunit NumericEmissionsources Carbonmonoxidecontent 3 Carbonmonoxideimpuritycontentinfluegas,agreedunit NumericEmissionsources Methanecontent 3 Methaneimpuritycontentinfluegas,agreedunit NumericEmissionsources Sulphuroxidescontent 3 SOximpuritycontentinfluegas,agreedunit NumericEmissionsources Nitrogenoxidescontent 3 NOximpuritycontentinfluegas,agreedunit NumericEmissionsources Otherimpuritycontent 3 Informationonotherimpuritycontentinfluegas TextEmissionsources Temperature 2 Temperatureofemission °C NumericEmissionsources Pressure 2 Pressureoffluegaspriortoemission barg NumericEmissionsources Flowrate,average 2 Averagevolumeflowrateoffluegas Nm3/s NumericEmissionsources Flowvariationinformation 2 Isanyinformationonemissionflowvariationprofileavailable?Y/N TextEmissionsources Maximumflow 3 Maximumvolumeflowrateoffluegas Nm3/s NumericEmissionsources Minimumflow 3 Minimumoperationalvolumeflowrateoffluegas Nm3/s NumericEmissionsources Flowvariationprofiledescription 3 Descriptionofflowvariationprofile,ifknown TextEmissionsources Processemissionproportion 2 Approximateproportionofemissionderivedfromprocess,ratherthanenergyuse % NumericEmissionsources Numberofemissionpoints 2 Thenumberofvents/emissionpointsincludedinthefacilitiy'semissionreport NumericEmissionsources Heatavailability 2 Isthereexcessheatavailableatthefacilityorcloseby?Y/N TextEmissionsources Alkalinewasteavailability 2 Isthereanalkalinewatsestreamavailableatthefacilityorcloseby?Y/N TextEmissionsources Capturetechnologyoptions 2 Whatismostappropriatecapturetechnology? TextEmissionsources Proportionatecapturerate 2 ExpectedproportionofCO2thatmeybecapturedfromreportedemission % NumericEmissionsources Captureoptionbasis 2 Referencetoinformationsourceforcapturetechnologyandrate TextEmissionsources Mainproduct 3 Whatisthemainproductofthefacility? TextEmissionsources Production 3 Physicalproductionofmainproductoffacility,unitsinnextentry UoP NumericEmissionsources Unitofproduction 3 Defineusualunitforproduction(UoP)inindustrysector TextEmissionsources Fullloadhours 3 Operationalhoursachievedinreportingyear h NumericEmissionsources Capacity 3 Nameplatecapacityofplant UoP NumericEmissionsources UnitofCapacity 3 Onlyifdifferentfromunitofproduction TextEmissionsources Emissionfactor 3 Emissiontoproductionratio,t-CO2/UoP t-CO2/UoP NumericEmissionsources NetGenerationElectricity 3 NetGenerationElectricity GWh/yr NumericEmissionsources NetGenerationHeat 3 NetGenerationHeat GWh/yr NumericEmissionsources Inhouseloads 3 Inhouseloads GWh/yr NumericEmissionsources Grossgeneration 3 Grossgeneration GWh/yr NumericEmissionsources Co-product1 3 Co-productidentity TextEmissionsources Co-product1production 3 Co-productproduction tonnes/yr NumericEmissionsources Co-product2 3 Co-productidentity,furtherco-productsaddedasrequired TextEmissionsources Utilities,electricity 3 Electricityusage MWh/yr NumericEmissionsources Utilities,water 3 Waterusage m3/yr NumericEmissionsources Utilities, 3 FurtherutilitiesaddedasrequiredEmissionsources Technology 3 Themaintechnologyusedinfacility. TextEmissionsources Mainfuel 2 Mainfuelusedforfacilityenergyrequirement TextEmissionsources Otherfuel 2 Alternativeoradditionalfuelsused TextEmissionsources Fueluse 2 Fuelconsumption-unitneedstoberate,soWatts,notJoules MW NumericEmissionsources Informationsource 1 Primarysource TextEmissionsources Informationsource 1 Alternativeoradditionalsources,noteanycommentsonvalidity TextEmissionsources Remarks 1 Anyrelevantcommentsaboutthefacility,theemissionsortheinformationused Text
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STRATEGYCCUSTask2.1 Filename: StratCCUS_T2-1_Appendix_A.xlsx
Basedon: StratCCUS_T2-1_Cluster_Data_V051.xlsx
Suggesteddatarequirementsforcollectionnetworkscoping Update: 30/08/19
By: PAB
Fourareasofinformationthatmayneedtobetreateddifferentlyfordatabase
a)Informationanddatarelatedtotheclusterareaandcollectionnetworkasawhole-onesetofdataperclusterarea,firstgroupinlistbelow
b)InformationanddataonCO2collectionoptionsforeachemitterconsidered-asetofdataforeachemitterselectedfor"Level2"information,secondgroup
c)Insomecases(particularlyforpipelines)thesameclassofinformation/dataisneededforbothgeneralandspecificconsiderations-datafieldsduplicatedinsecondgroup
d)Forexistingpipleinesthatmaybereused,specificinformationanddataisneededforthepipeline-thirdgroup
Thecolumn"DataGroup"referencesFigure4.4ofmainreport,theblockdiagramshowinglayoutofdatatables.
DataGroup Collectionnetworkattributename Description/explanationofattributeoroptions Unit Fieldtype
Generaltoarea/networkClusterarea Emitterdistribution Emitterlocationmap(s),withindicationofphasingand/ordifferentscenarios Text
Clusterarea Estimatedclustercapturevolumes Totals,relatedtophasingand/ordifferentscenarios Mt Numeric
Huboptions Collectionhublocationoptions Huboptions,mayrelatetophasingorscenarios Text
Huboptions Processingrequirementathub Purification,drying,compression,liquefaction,pumping,warming,cooling,refrigeration Text
Huboptions Resourceavailabilityathublocationoptions Coolingwater(ifliquefactionneeded),excessheat(ifrewarmingneeded),electricity Text
Huboptions Transportconnectionsatcollectionhuboptions Whatconnectionsareavailable:Road,rail,seaport,existingpipeline,pipelinecorridor Text
Clusterarea Trunktransportoptions Shipping,existingpipeline,newpipeline Text
Storageoptions Storagelocationoptions Text
Clusterarea Permittedroadtankerload Generalroadtransportrestriction tonnes Numeric
Clusterarea Availablerailtank-carcapacity Thismaybefixeddata-onlyawareofonesupplier-VTG m3 Numeric
Clusterarea Railtank-carlength m Numeric
Clusterarea Permittedtrainlength Regional,nationalorinternationalrailsystemlimits m Numeric
Networkpipelines Existingpipelineavailability Compatability,MoC,condition,age,usage,availability, Text
Clusterarea Existingpipelineroutes Includeinclustermapaslayer? Text
Networkpipelines Existingpipelinecapacity,estimate AsCO2 Mt/yr Numeric
Clusterarea Pipelinecorridors Includeinclustermapaslayer? Text
Networkpipelines Pipelinecorridorusage-type Arethereanyincompatibleuses? Text
Networkpipelines Pipelinecorridorusage-space Howis"capacity"ofcorridordefined? Text
Clusterarea Planningzones Includeinclustermapaslayer? Text
Clusterarea Landuse Includeinclustermapaslayer? Text
Clusterarea Topography Includeinclustermapaslayer? Text
Clusterarea Crossings transport,otherpipelines,waterfeatures-rivers,lakes,marshes,estuarys,sea Text
Clusterarea Constraints Anyconstraintsbeyondplaningrestrictions,e.g.publicconcerns Text
Clusterarea Industryinterestgroup IsthereanexistingindustrystakeholdergroupwithinterestinCCS?Y/N Text
SpecifictoeachfacilityandindividualconnectiontonetworkCaptureconnections Facilitylocation Facilitylocation,capturefacilityiflocationidentified,otherwiseemitter Text
Captureconnections Estimatedcapturevolume Estimateofpotentialcapturevolumeatfacility t/yr Numeric
Captureconnections Spaceavailabilityatfacility Beyondthatforcapturefacility,fore.g.compressor,liquefactionplant,bufferstotrage Text
Captureconnections ExpectedCO2conditionatfacility Pressure,temperature-dependsoncapturechoices. Text
Captureconnections Roadaccessatfacility ConfirmHGVaccess.Y/N Text
Captureconnections Existingbulkliquidloadingatsite Y/N Text
Captureconnections ExistingCO2loadingstationnearby Ifso,howsupplied,whatstoragevolume?Y/N+textifY Text
Captureconnections Permittedroadtankerload Anylocation-specificrestricition tonnes Numeric
Captureconnections Roadtransportconstraint planningconstraints,physicalconstraints,trafficconsraints Text
Captureconnections Railaccessatfacility Potentialrailaccess?Y/N Text
Captureconnections Statusofrailbranch Operational,mothballed,derelict-trackinplace,derelict-trackremoved Text
Captureconnections Distancetobranchfromcapturefacility km Numeric
Captureconnections Existingrailterminalatsite Y/N Text
Captureconnections Existingbulkliquidloadingatsite Y/N Text
Captureconnections Waterwayaccessatfacility Potentialwateraccess?Y/N Text
Captureconnections Porttype river,canal,estuary,coastal Text
Captureconnections Portentryconstraint entrysize,draft,entrylock,tidalgate,weatherexposure,trafficconstraint,other Text
Captureconnections Ship/bargesizelimit length,beam,draft(3valuesortext?) m Numeric
Captureconnections Ship/bargeweightlimit deadweighttonnageorequivalent DWT Numeric
Captureconnections Maximumship/bargecapacity CO2capacity,estimated/calculated tonnes Numeric
Captureconnections Distancetoportfromcapturefacility km Numeric
Captureconnections Existingbulkliquidloadingatport Y/N Text
Captureconnections ExistingCO2terminalatport Y/N Text
Captureconnections Quay/jettyspaceavailability Y/N+texttoqualify Text
Captureconnections Landspaceavailabilityatport forbufferstorage,loadingpumps.Y/K+text Text
Captureconnections Portdevelopmentconstraints space,planningzones,safetyzones,otherdevelopments Text
Captureconnections Potentialforpipelineaccessatfacility Potentialpipelineaccess?Y/N Text
Captureconnections Existingpipelineavailability Compatability,MoC,condition,age,usage,availability, Text
Clusterarea Existingpipelineroutes Includeinclustermapaslayer? Text
Captureconnections Existingpipelinecapacity,estimateasCO2 Specifictoapipelineavailabletothecapturefacility Mt/yr Numeric
Clusterarea Pipelinecorridors Includeinclustermapaslayer? Text
Captureconnections Pipelinecorridorusage-type Specifictoapipelineavailabletothecapturefacility Text
Captureconnections Pipelinecorridorusage-space Specifictoapipelineavailabletothecapturefacility Text
Captureconnections Distancetopipeline/corridorfromcapturefacility Specifictoapipelineavailabletothecapturefacility m Numeric
ForexistingpipelinesidentifiedNetworkpipelines NameofPipeline Text
Networkpipelines Descriptionofthepipeline P1/P2/P3 Text
Networkpipelines
Infrastructurefactorforcrossingdifferenttypesof
Pipelines Numeric
Networkpipelines CurrentOperator Text
Networkpipelines Fluidconveyed Oil/Gas/Other/Nodata Text
Networkpipelines Isthepipelineonoroffshore Onshore/Offshore Text
Networkpipelines Diameterofthepipe m Numeric
Networkpipelines Isthepipelineexposed Yes/No/Unknown Text
Networkpipelines
Whetherthepipeiscurrentlyactive,notinuse,
plannedetc Active/Proposed/Pre-commission/Notinuse/Unknown Text
Networkpipelines Doesthepipepiggybackanother Yes/No/Unknown Text
Networkpipelines Isthepipelineinabundle Yes/No/Unknown Text
Networkpipelines
Anyadditionalinformation(i.e.moredetailsof
fluidconveyedifOtherenteredinFluid_Conv
attributefield). Text
Networkpipelines Country CountryCodei.e.PT=Portugal,MO=Morocco,SP=Spain Text
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STRATEGYCCUSTask2.1 Filename: StratCCUS_T2-1_Appendix_A.xlsxBasedon: StratCCUS_T2-1_Cluster_Data_V051.xlsx
Suggesteddatarequirementsfortrunktransportscoping Update: 30/08/19By: PAB
Thecolumn"DataGroup"referencesFigure4.4ofmainreport,theblockdiagramshowinglayoutofdatatables.
DataGroup Collectionnetworkattributename Description/explanationofattributeoroptions Unit Fieldtype
GeneralroutingHuboptions Collectionhub/pipelinenodelocationoptions Hub/nodeoptions,mayrelatetophasingorscenarios Text
Huboptions TransportconnectionsatcollectionhuboptionsWhattrunkconnectionsareavailable:seaport,existingpipeline,pipelinecorridorother,none Text
Storageoptions Storagelocationoptions TextTrunkroute Onshoreroutesections Y/N TextTrunkroute Onshoreroutelength km NumericTrunkroute Offshoreroutesections Y/N TextTrunkroute Offshoreroutelength km NumericTrunkroute Routenodes? Arethereanyclearpointstheroutemustinclude,egjunctionswithotherroutes, TextClusterarea Estimatedclustercapturevolumes Totals,relatedtophasingand/ordifferentscenarios Mt NumericHuboptions ExpectedCO2conditionatcollectionhub Pressure,temperature-dependsoncollectionsystemchoicesandtrunkoptions TextStorageoptions Storagetoleranceforintermittentinjection Dependsonreservoirproperties/injectiondesign Text
OnshoresectionsTrunkpipelines Existingpipelineavailability Compatability,MoC,condition,age,usage,availability, TextTrunkpipelines Existingpipelineroutes Includeintrunktransportmapaslayer? TextTrunkpipelines Existingpipelinecapacity,estimate AsCO2 Mt/yr NumericTrunkroute Pipelinecorridors Includeintrunktransportmapaslayer? TextTrunkroute Pipelinecorridorusage-type Arethereanyincompatibleuses? TextTrunkroute Pipelinecorridorusage-space Howis"capacity"ofcorridordefined? TextTrunkroute Planningzones Includeintrunktransportmapaslayer? TextTrunkroute Landuse Includeintrunktransportmapaslayer? TextTrunkroute Topography Includeintrunktransportmapaslayer? TextTrunkroute Crossings transport,otherpipelines,waterfeatures-rivers,lakes,marshes,estuarys,sea TextTrunkroute Constraints Anyconstraintsbeyondplaningrestrictions,e.g.publicconcerns Text
Offshoresections-shippingoptionTrunkroute Porttype river,canal,estuary,coastal TextTrunkroute Portentryconstraint entrysize,draft,entrylock,tidalgate,weatherexposure,trafficconstraint,other TextTrunkroute Shipsizelimit length,beam,draft(3valuesortext?) m NumericTrunkroute Shipweightlimit deadweighttonnageorequivalent DWT NumericTrunkroute Maximumshipcapacity CO2capacity,estimated/calculated tonnes NumericTrunkroute Distancetoportfromliquefactionfacility km NumericTrunkroute Existingbulkliquidloadingatport Y/N TextTrunkroute ExistingCO2terminalatport Y/N TextTrunkroute Quay/jettyspaceavailability Y/N+texttoqualify TextTrunkroute Landspaceavailabilityatport forbufferstorage,loadingpumps.Y/K+text TextTrunkroute Portdevelopmentconstraints space,planningzones,safetyzones,otherdevelopments Text
Trunkroute DestinationtypePort,directoffshoreinjection,offshoresurfacestorage/conditioningunit,offshoresurfaceconditioningunit Text
Trunkroute Shipequipmentrequired Pumping,heating,dynamicpositioning Text
Offshoresections-pipelineoptionTrunkpipelines Existingpipelineavailability Compatability,MoC,condition,age,usage,availability, TextTrunkpipelines Existingpipelineroutes Includeintrunktransportmapaslayer? TextTrunkpipelines Existingpipelinecapacity,estimate AsCO2 Mt/yr NumericTrunkroute Compressiorstationlocation TextTrunkroute Shorecrossinglocation TextTrunkroute Otherseabeduserinteractions TextTrunkroute Othermarineuserinteractions TextTrunkroute Marineplanningzones Includeintrunktransportmapaslayer? TextTrunkroute Seabedtopography Includeintrunktransportmapaslayer? TextTrunkroute Seabedsurfacetype rock,boulders,gravel,sand,mud,clay, TextTrunkroute Crossings cables,otherpipelines, TextTrunkroute Constraints Anyconstraintsbeyondplaningrestrictions,e.g.publicconcerns Text
ForexistingpipelinesidentifiedTrunkpipelines NameofPipeline TextTrunkpipelines Descriptionofthepipeline P1/P2/P3 Text
TrunkpipelinesInfrastructurefactorforcrossingdifferenttypesofPipelines Numeric
Trunkpipelines CurrentOperator TextTrunkpipelines Fluidconveyed Oil/Gas/Other/Nodata TextTrunkpipelines Isthepipelineonoroffshore Onshore/Offshore TextTrunkpipelines Diameterofthepipe m NumericTrunkpipelines Isthepipelineexposed Yes/No/Unknown Text
TrunkpipelinesWhetherthepipeiscurrentlyactive,notinuse,plannedetc Active/Proposed/Pre-commission/Notinuse/Unknown Text
Trunkpipelines Doesthepipepiggybackanother Yes/No/Unknown TextTrunkpipelines Isthepipelineinabundle Yes/No/Unknown Text
Trunkpipelines
Anyadditionalinformation(i.e.moredetailsoffluidconveyedifOtherenteredinFluid_Convattributefield). Text
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researchandinnovationprogrammeundergrantagreementNo.837754
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AppendixB.Databasetabledescriptions
Thisisanextractfromthespreadsheet“WP2–CaptureandTransportdatadescription.xlsx”,which
describestheeleventablesthatformthedatabasedevelopedbyPauloMesquitaofUniversidadede
Évora.ThefullspreadsheetisavailabletomembersoftheSTRATEGYCCUSProjectfromWork
Package2Leader,JúlioCarneiro,UniversidadedeÉvora.
STRATEGIC PLANNING OF REGIONS AND TERRITORIES IN EUROPE FOR LOW-CARBON ENERGY AND INDUSTRY THROUGH CCUS
WP2 - Mapping the technical potential of promising start-up regions
Worksheet Name Description
E.SourcesL1 EmissionsourcesLevel1Level1:Basicinformationonindustrialfacilities,locationandemissionneededforinitialemissionanalysis.Thisislikelytobeavailablefrompublicsourcesandistheinitialinformationneededforclusterdefinition.
E.SourcesL2 EmissionsourcesLevel2
Level2:Basictechnicalinformationonprocessesandcurrentfluegaspropertiesneededfordevelopingcaptureclusteroptions,plusanyknowledgeofappropriatecapturetechnologies.Thisinformationunlikelytobeavailablepublicly,maytaketimetoobtainthroughengagementwithselectedemitters.
E.SourcesL3 EmissionsourcesLevel3
Level3:Moredetailedtechnicalandproductioninformationneededfortechno-economicandlifecycleanalysisonselectedindustrialfacilities.Thisisonlyneededforthesefurtherstudies,butusefultocollectifreadilyavailable.Someislikelytoneedindustryengagementforactualdata,ormaybeassumedfromliteratureforTEA/LCAmodellingpurposes.
C.Facilities CapturefacilitiesInformationonpotentialCO2capturefacilitiesrelatedtoemissionsources,includinginformationonthesiteandexistingorpotentialtransportconnections.
P.CollectionHubs PotentialcollectionhubsInformationonpotentialhubsforcollectionofCO2withintheclusterarea,includingprocessingrequirements,andontheoptionsforonwardtransporttostoragearea.
ClusterArea ClusterareaGeneralinformationontheclusterarea,andonexistingorpotentialtransportinfrastructureinthewiderregion,foronwardtransporttostoragearea.
Ports Ports InformationonportsandshippingforclusterswherewatertransportofCO2maybeanoption.
E.Pipelines ExistingpipelinesInformationonexistingpipelinesforclusterswherere-useofpipelineinfrastructureforCO2transportmaybeanoption.
P.Corridors PipelinecorridorsInformationondesignatedpipelinecorridorsexistinginaclusterarea,orbetweenacollectionhublocationandastoragelocation.
SpatialData Spatialdatafiles Spatialinformationdescribingtheclusterareaandexistingorpotentialtransportroutes.
OptionsLists Optionslists Optionstofillspecificattributes.
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AppendixC.Briefguidancefordatacollectionanduseofmethodology
Thisguidancefollowsthemainstepsofthemethodologyassetoutinflowchart(Fig.4.3ofmainreport)andtheblockdiagramofdatatablestructure(Fig.4.4),togetherwiththespreadsheetofdatadescriptions“WP2–CaptureandTransportdatadescription.xlsx”.
C.1DeterminingwhatCO2maybecaptured
C.1.1Emissionsinventoryandanalysis
Datatable:EmissionSourcesLevel1.
• Informationcollectedforthistableformsabasiclistofemittersandinventoryofemissions.• Usethistoanalyseemissionsintermsofquantityandlocation.Ranksitesbyemissionquantity
andidentifyareasofgreatestemissiondensity.
Outputs:emissionsinventory,emissionsanalysis.
C.1.2InfluencesonemissionsavailableforCCS
Datatable:EmissionSourcesLevel1.
Otherinputs:knowledgeoflocalindustry,marketsandpolicies.
• Lookatyear-on-yeartrendsofemissionfromeachsiteandassesswhatisdrivingthetrend.• Considertheindustrysectorandthespecificsiteandassesswhatalternativeoptionsfor
decarbonisingmaybeappropriate.
Outputs:understandinglikelychangestoemissionsinventory;viewsonappropriatedecarbonisationoptions;thiscontributestoinitialestimateofpotentialCO2capturequantityfromcluster.
C.1.3SuitabilityofemissionsforCCS
Datatable:EmissionSourcesLevel2.
Otherinputs:generalunderstandingofCO2capturetechnologies.
• InformationinthistablecontributestoselectionofemittersassuitableforusingCCS.• Thisinformationismoredifficulttoobtainandislikelytoneedengagementwithcompanies.• UsetheinformationtoassesssuitabilityofemittingsitefordevelopmentofCCS.• Makeinitialassessmentofappropriatecapturetechnologyoptions.• Makeinitialroughestimateofpotentialcapturequantityfromemittingsite.
Outputs:initialscreeningofsitessuitableforCCS,initialestimateofpotentialCO2quantityfromcluster.
Parallelactivity:identifyingCO2storagesiteoptionswithcapacitymatchedtoestimate.
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C.1.4Techno-economicandlife-cycleanalysis
ThisdoesnotformpartofthemethodologyforinitialCCSclusterdefinitionbutispartofthewiderSTRATEGYCCUSProject.
Datatable:EmissionSourcesLevel3.
• Informationinthistablehasbeenrequestedforuseintechno-economicandlife-cycleanalysesbyWorkPackage4;itwillalsobeneededfordetaileddesignofcapturefacilitiesforselectedsites.
• ItisnotessentialforinitialCCSclusterdefinitionbutsomedetailsmaybeusefultohelpselectionofclusterparticipants.
• Pleaserecordanyinformationthatisavailableandaddtoitasknowledgeofspecificemittersdevelopsthroughengagementactivities.
C.2DetermininghowCO2willbecaptured,collectedandtransportedSomeofthedataandinformationforthissectioncanbeobtainedfrompublicandindustrysources;somewillbederivedordeducedthroughtheprocessofthismethodologyasittransitionsfromdatacollectiontoidentificationofoptionsandformulationofproposals.
Thefirstfoursub-sectionsbelowinteractstronglytogether;theoutputsarecombined.
C.2.1SelectionofemittersforICCScluster
Datatables:EmissionSourcesLevel1,2&3,CaptureFacilities,ClusterArea.
Otherinputs:othersectionsofthisprocess,engagementwithstakeholdersinthearea.
• DevelopasetofselectioncriteriaforemitterstoparticipateintheCCScluster.Thisneedstobetailoredtothespecificareaandflexible–seemainreport.
• Generateashort-listofemittersthatmayparticipate.Considerpotentialdifferentphasesofdevelopment,ordifferentscenarioswithdifferentlistsofemitters;useseparaterowsindatainputtableforClusterAreatosegregatephases/scenarios.
C.2.2Emitterdetails
Datatables:EmissionSourcesLevel1,2&3,CaptureFacilities.
• Foremittersbeingconsideredforselection,ensureallinformationatLevel1&2isavailable.• IdentifyfactorsthatmayreducecostsofCO2captureortransportforspecificfacilities.• IdentifyfactorsthatmayenablecollectionofCO2fromspecificfacilities.
C.2.3Capturetechnologyoptions
Datatable:EmissionSourcesLevel2.
• Foremittersbeingconsideredforselection,confirmmostappropriatecapturetechnology.• Foreachemitterdetermineorestimateproportionofemissionthatmaybetreatedbycarbon
capture,andestimatethelikelycapturerate(efficiency).
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C.2.4PotentialCO2capturequantity
Datatables:CaptureFacilities,ClusterArea.
• Foreachselectionofemittersgenerated,produceupgradedestimateoftotalCO2quantitythatmaybecaptured.
Outputsoftheabovefoursub-sections:
• Oneormorelist(s)ofselectedemittersthatmayparticipateinCCScluster.• Ifmultipleselectionlists,definitionofwhattheyeachrepresentintermsoftimephasingor
differentscenarios.• Identificationofappropriatecapturetechnologyforsitesineachlist.• EstimateoftotalCO2capturequantityandflowprofileforeachselectionlist.• IdentificationofspecificfactorsthatsupportorenabletheCCSclusterdevelopment.
Parallelactivity:reviewmatchingofCO2storagesitecapacitywithrevisedtotalcapturequantityestimate,takingaccountoftimephasingordifferentscenarios.
Thenextfivesub-sectionsbelowinteractstronglytogether;theoutputsarecombinedinthesub-sectionsonproposalsforcollectionnetworkandcollectionhub.
C.2.5Transportoptionsforselectedfacilities
Datatable:CaptureFacilities.
• ForeachCO2capturefacilityneededfortheselectedemittersparticipatinginthecluster,identifythepotentialCO2transportlinksforthesite.
• Considerroad,rail,waterwayandpipelinebutdon’tprogresstothedetailifamodeisobviouslynotappropriate.
• CatalogueanyexistingCO2transportinfrastructurenearthecapturefacilityanddetermineanypotentialtousethisforcapturedCO2.
• Identifyspaceavailabilityattheemittingsite,bothforcapturefacility,butalsoforequipmentrelatedtotransportmodechoice(e.g.liquefactionplant).
C.2.6Generalinformationonclusterarea
Datatables:SpatialData,ClusterArea.
• AssembleGISspatialdataandinformationcoveringtheclusterarea.• Obtainanyrelevantregion-wideinformation,includingconstraints,ontransportmodesbeing
consideredforCO2collection.
C.2.7Informationontransportinclusterarea
Datatables:CaptureFacilities,PotentialCollectionHubs,ClusterArea,Ports,ExistingPipelines,PipelineCorridors,SpatialData.
• Collectsufficientinformationonrelevant,existingtransportsystemsintheclusterareawithpotentialtobeusedtoformanetworkforCO2transport.
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• Considerroad,rail,waterwayandpipelinebutdon’tprogresstothedetailifamodeisobviouslynotappropriate.
C.2.8Collectionnetworkproposalsand…
C.2.9Collectionhubproposals
Thesearethecombinedoutputsofthisgroupofsub-sectionsofthemethodology.
Parallelactivity:Considerthepotentialmodes(shipping,existingornewpipeline)fortrunkCO2transportfromtheclusterareatoproposedstoragelocation.
Inputs:informationcompiledontheCO2transportoptionsfortheclusterarea,knowledgeoftheclusterarea,andengagementwithstakeholdersinthearea.
• Makeaproposalforthetransportmode,orcombinationofmodes,tobeusedfortheCO2collectionnetworkservingtheICCScluster.
• Makeaproposalforthelocationofthecollectionpointorhubforthenetwork.• Definenetworkroutesandrequiredcapacityofnetworksectionsandbranches.• Defineanysharedorcentralisedfacilitiesrequiredtooperatetheproposednetwork(e.g.
compression,reconditioning,purification),takeaccountofspaceneededforsuchfacilitieswhenproposinglocation.
Thefinaltwosub-sectionsinteractstronglyandarecombined.
C.2.10Trunktransportrouteoptionsand…
C.2.11Trunktransportmodeoptions
Datatables:CaptureFacilities,PotentialCollectionHubs,ClusterArea,Ports,ExistingPipelines,PipelineCorridors,SpatialData.
Inputs:totalclusterCO2capturequantityandprofile,proposedcollectionhublocation,proposed
CO2storagesitelocation.
• Consideroptionsandproposemode,orcombinationofmodes(shipping,existingornewpipeline)fortrunkCO2transport.
• Takeaccountoftimephasingandanyalternativescenariosidentified.• Consideroptions;proposeroutesanddefinerequiredcapacityfortrunksystem.• Identifyapproximateoperatingconditionsfortrunktransport.
Parallelactivity:Definitionofconditionsrequiredatstoragesitewellhead.
PeteBrownsortSCCS,Edinburgh27thSeptember,2019(Appendix)