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Delirium and Post-Delirium Encephalopathy Gerald Nora, MD, PhD
6th Annual Current Concepts in Brain Injury Rehabilitation
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Delirium and Post-Delirium Encephalopathy
6th Annual Current Concepts in Brain Injury Rehabilitation
Gerald J. Nora MD, PhD
November 7, 2015
Disclosures Nothing to disclose
Delirium and Post-Delirium Encephalopathy Gerald Nora, MD, PhD
6th Annual Current Concepts in Brain Injury Rehabilitation
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1. Distinguish the characteristics of both acute delirium and also post-delirium encephalopathy.
2. Describe similarities and differences between the mechanisms of traumatic brain injury and delirium.
3. Identify pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions for prevention and treatment of delirium.
4. Identify potential pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions for patients with post-delirium encephalopathy.
Goals of this talk
Outline • Delirium 101
• Post-delirium Encephalopathy
• Mechanisms of Brain Injury in Delirium
• Future Directions • Potential Interventions
Delirium and Post-Delirium Encephalopathy Gerald Nora, MD, PhD
6th Annual Current Concepts in Brain Injury Rehabilitation
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Scope of the Talk
The focus of this talk is on systemic and environmental causes of delirium. TBI, CVA, PRES, Meningitis, Seizures are excluded. Perioperative delirium is excluded.
Delirium 101
Delirium and Post-Delirium Encephalopathy Gerald Nora, MD, PhD
6th Annual Current Concepts in Brain Injury Rehabilitation
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Definition of Delirium
DSM-IV (TR); Albrecht et al., 2015
I. Disturbance of consciousness: reduced focus or attention. 2. Cognitive change: memory, language, orientation, or perception. 3. Acute onset and fluctuating course. Hyperactive: overt hallucinosis, psychomotor agitation Hypoactive: seemingly well-behaved, more common
Historical Perspective
Called “phrenitis” by Hippocrates 1959 review characterized delirium as “brain failure” Multiple terms and etiologies frustrated early research
Morandi et al., 2008; Engel and Roman, 1959
Delirium and Post-Delirium Encephalopathy Gerald Nora, MD, PhD
6th Annual Current Concepts in Brain Injury Rehabilitation
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Epidemiology
Incidence: 11-14% in general medicine patients. Mortality risk increased ~1.4-2.0 fold (or greater in ICU). Length of stay: increased by 5-10 days. Cost: $38-152 Billion dollars in the USA annually.
Inouye et al., 2014; Ely et al., 2004; Maldonado, 2013
Post Delirium Encephalopathy
Delirium and Post-Delirium Encephalopathy Gerald Nora, MD, PhD
6th Annual Current Concepts in Brain Injury Rehabilitation
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Post-delirium Cognitive Deficits
Increased dependence in functional activities. ~50% of survivors with complaints of memory deficits; >70% in ARDS. Hopkins and Jackson, 2006
BRAIN-ICU Study
Tracked 893 ICU patients. Tracked ICAM assessments in ICU. 3- and 12-month neuropsych battery.
Pandharipande et al., 2013
Delirium and Post-Delirium Encephalopathy Gerald Nora, MD, PhD
6th Annual Current Concepts in Brain Injury Rehabilitation
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Delirium: “Time is Brain”
Pandharipande et al., 2013
Proposed Characteristics of PDE
Deficits in executive function and memory. Chronic as opposed to fluctuating course. Attention is stable. Potentially some overlap with post-concussive symptoms. Alternative term used is “Post-ICU Syndrome”.
Delirium and Post-Delirium Encephalopathy Gerald Nora, MD, PhD
6th Annual Current Concepts in Brain Injury Rehabilitation
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Mechanisms of Delirium and PDE
Iacobone et al, 2009
Cerebral Malperfusion
Delirium and Post-Delirium Encephalopathy Gerald Nora, MD, PhD
6th Annual Current Concepts in Brain Injury Rehabilitation
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Tzeng and Ainslie, 2014; Tan, 2012; Lucas et al., 2010
Cerebral Perfusion: A Delicate Balance
Original Lassen Model Modern Data
92 mTBI patient prospective study. SPECT within 72 hours of injury. SPECT abnormal in 63% of patients. Correlated with LOC, PTA, and PCS.
Gowda et al., 2006; Yuh et al, 2014
Cerebral Perfusion: Deficits in Concussion
Delirium and Post-Delirium Encephalopathy Gerald Nora, MD, PhD
6th Annual Current Concepts in Brain Injury Rehabilitation
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Fong et al., 2006; Alsop et al, 2006
Delirium and Malperfusion
sPECT abnormalities in 11 of 22 delirious older patients. Plurality of patients septic. Normalized perfusion with resolution of delirium. About 10 case series and reports with supporting data.
Delirium and Malperfusion Key Points
Some striking correlations with the TBI literature. Limited but suggestive data on perfusion abnormalities even in non-septic patients with delirium.
Delirium and Post-Delirium Encephalopathy Gerald Nora, MD, PhD
6th Annual Current Concepts in Brain Injury Rehabilitation
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Neuroinflammation
Inflammation and Amyloid in CTE
Repetitive TBI mouse model shows increased deposition of amyloid over time. Inflammation and neurotoxicity associated with tau-deposition in CTE.
Meehan et al., 2015; Uryu et al, 2002
Delirium and Post-Delirium Encephalopathy Gerald Nora, MD, PhD
6th Annual Current Concepts in Brain Injury Rehabilitation
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S100B associated with astrocyte activation in brain. CSF IL-6 and Serum IL-8 and IL-10 correlated with delirium. Alteration of amyloid metabolism in delirium.
Van Munster et al., 2004; Khan et al., 2011; Maldonado, 2013
Inflammation and Amyloidogenesis in Delirium
Microglia activation in delirium
Van Munster et al., 2011
Retrospective case control post-mortems of 9 delirious patients and six age-matched controls.
Delirium and Post-Delirium Encephalopathy Gerald Nora, MD, PhD
6th Annual Current Concepts in Brain Injury Rehabilitation
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Microglia activation in delirium
Van Munster et al., 2011
Prospective cohort study of 763 patients in ICU 588 developed delirium defined by CAM-ICU. 257 used statins pre-admission. 197 used statins in ICU. Early benefit with early statin use in sepsis.
Statins May Modify Course of Delirium
Morandi et al., 2014
Delirium and Post-Delirium Encephalopathy Gerald Nora, MD, PhD
6th Annual Current Concepts in Brain Injury Rehabilitation
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Key Points
Correlation of delirium and neuroinflammation. Suggests how delirium can cause, not just unmask dementia. Further work on amyloid and tau pathology would be useful.
Neurotransmitter Imbalance
Delirium and Post-Delirium Encephalopathy Gerald Nora, MD, PhD
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Frontal Lobes and Dopamine in Delirium
Orbifrontal cortex modulates aggression in non-human primates. Acetylcholine-dopamine imbalance exists in delirium. Restraints, noxious stimuli provoke imbalance.
Fong et al., 2009; Nelson and Trainor, 2007
Antipsychotics and Delirium: Dopamine Excess (?)
Randomized controlled trials show less severe delirium for atypical and typical antipsychotics. One perioperative study showed prophylactic benefit in an RCT.
Must differentiate between hyperactive and hypoactive delirium!
Wang et al., 2012; Fong et al., 2009
Delirium and Post-Delirium Encephalopathy Gerald Nora, MD, PhD
6th Annual Current Concepts in Brain Injury Rehabilitation
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Delirium and Acetylcholine Deficiency
Elevated serum cholinesterase is associated with delirium. Anticholinergic drugs are classic causes of delirium Nicotine withdrawal associated with delirium. Donepezil in hip fracture patients had no benefit in small RCT.
Overshott et al., 2008; Hessler et al, 2014
Benzodiazepines in Delirium
Imbalance of GABAnergic activity can lead to paradoxical agitation. Associated with executive dysfunction in BRAIN-ICU Study.
Fong et al., 2009; Pandharipande et al, 2006, 2013; Brown et al., 2011
Burst supression in ICU predicts subsequent delirium.
Delirium and Post-Delirium Encephalopathy Gerald Nora, MD, PhD
6th Annual Current Concepts in Brain Injury Rehabilitation
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Every time you give a benzodiazepine to a delirious patient, God kills a puppy.
Every time you give a benzodiazepine to a delirious patient, God kills a puppy.
Please, think of the puppies.
H/T Dr. Camiolo-Reddy
Delirium and Post-Delirium Encephalopathy Gerald Nora, MD, PhD
6th Annual Current Concepts in Brain Injury Rehabilitation
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Post-Delirium Encephalopathy
15 ARDS patients vs. age- and sex-matched controls. Did not assess delirium but post-dc cognition followed.
Brain Atrophy after ARDS
Hopkins et al., 2006
Delirium and Post-Delirium Encephalopathy Gerald Nora, MD, PhD
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Van Gool et al., 2010
Hypothesis: Acetylcholine and Microglia Activation
Acetylcholine has an anti-inflammatory effect on microglia.
Inadequate acetylcholine leads to uncontrolled microglia activation. Microglia lead to acetylcholinergic neuron death.
Van Gool et al., 2010
Hypothesis: Acetylcholine and Microglia Activation
Delirium and Post-Delirium Encephalopathy Gerald Nora, MD, PhD
6th Annual Current Concepts in Brain Injury Rehabilitation
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Metabolic dysfunction
Delirium
Inflammation Neurotransmitter
imbalance
Sepsis SIRS Amyloid
Iatrogenic Stimuli Circadian
Malperfusion Oxidative stress Nutrition/lytes
Metabolic dysfunction
Delirium and Evolution to PDE
Inflammation Neurotransmitter
imbalance
Sepsis SIRS Amyloid
Iatrogenic Stimuli Circadian
Malperfusion Oxidative stress Nutrition/lytes
Neuron death
Delirium and Post-Delirium Encephalopathy Gerald Nora, MD, PhD
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Is PDE a new “miserable minority”? Neurophysiology of delirium subtypes. The role of discharge medications in PDE. Amyloid and tau pathology in post-delirium patients. Tracking chronic neuroinflammation.
Open Questions
So Now What? Clinical Implications
Assessment of post-ICU patients’ return to former activities and cognitive screening. Consider neuropsychological evaluation if patient struggling >3-6 months. Clean up medications. Assess sleep, PTSD/depression. Address physical activity.
Delirium and Post-Delirium Encephalopathy Gerald Nora, MD, PhD
6th Annual Current Concepts in Brain Injury Rehabilitation
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So Now What? Pharmacology
Less is probably more, especially with senior citizens. Poor evidence for donepezil/rivastigmine acutely, none for PDE. Could consider medication if a younger patient is out of delirium with cognitive deficits.
Acknowledgements
Cara Camiolo-Reddy, MD Julie Lanphere, DO
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