delhi cdp_pgs 1-172

October, 2006

Department of Urban DevelopmentGovernment of Delhi

IL&FS Ecosmart Limited, New Delhi

CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN DELHI

IL&FS ECOSMART

Executive Summary

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Client : Dept. of Urban Development, Govt. of Delhi Consultant : IL&FS Ecosmart Limited

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) focuses on (i) improving and

augmenting the economic and social infrastructure of cities; (ii) ensuring basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at affordable prices; (iii) initiating wide-ranging urban sector reforms whose primary aim is to eliminate legal, institutional and financial constraints that have impeded management of, and investment in, urban infrastructure and services; and (iv) strengthening municipal governments and their functioning in accordance with the provisions of the 74th Constitution Amendment Act, 1992. JNNURM comprises of two sub-missions, namely (i) Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure and Governance, including water supply, sewerage and sanitation, solid waste management, urban transport, redevelopment of core areas, development of heritage, and environment. (ii) Sub-Mission for Basic Services to the Urban Poor, including shelter, infrastructure services and related civic amenities The Government of India has proposed substantial assistance through the JNNURM to the selected Mission cities. All mission cities are expected to formulate a City Development Plan (CDP). The CDP is based on an assessment of the existing situation, and outlines a vision for development, strategies for achieving this; indicative investment requirements and financial operating plans, indicating how investments made are to be sustained. The CDP will facilitate identification of projects. The ULBs/ parastatal agencies will be required to prepare DPR for the projects. The current status of sectors covered under JNNURM for Delhi are presented below E.1 City Assessment: Urban Infrastructure and Governance The National Capital Territory, Delhi (NCTD) area consists of the following three municipal areas-

• New Delhi Municipal Corporation (NDMC) area at the core, spread over an area of 42.74 km2

• Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) area, occupying 1,397 sq. kms, or 94 % of the area of the city.

• Delhi Cantonment Board (DCB) area between the Airport and the NDMC area, spread over an area of 42.97 km2

In 1999, the urban area of Delhi was 701.62 sq. kms (47.3 % of NCTD area). This is proposed to be increased to 977.91 sq. kms, or 66 % of the total area, by 2021. The CDP addresses the urban area of the NCTD as a whole. Detailed assessments for the NDMC and DCB areas may be taken up at a later date, and incorporated into the document. E.1.1 Land and Urban Growth Management The DDA is responsible for guiding planned development in Delhi, through successive Master Plans (1962, 1982 and 2001). It is also the sole agency mandated to develop and dispose of land in the city. The growth of the city over the years has been on a ring and radial pattern, with reliance on road based transport. The development envisaged by previous Master Plans was poly-nodal with a hierarchy of commercial centres located on either ring or radial roads. The DDA, however, has been unable to meet forecasted demands for housing, commercial and industrial space, resulting in large scale unauthorized development, and areas with non-conforming land uses. Only an estimated 30 % of the city’s population lives in planned areas. The poor have borne the brunt of the shortage. In

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spite of growing pressure on land resources, there are large tracts of underused land within the central city. A majority of these are government lands bearing low density (2 storey structures) and old housing. Only 30-35% of government employees have been accommodated within these areas. The lack of formal access to appropriate housing has led to the genesis of unauthorized colonies in Delhi. Currently, there are around 1432 unauthorized colonies providing shelter to around 30 lakh people. Unauthorised colonies have being regularized twice in Delhi: in 1961 when over 100 colonies were regularized and in 1977 when around 600 colonies where regularized. 165 urban villages and 52 census towns form part of the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCTD). These urban villages have undergone significant physical and functional transformation related to their specific location. Key Issues in growth management are listed below: • Increasing gap between demand and supply of appropriate housing and infrastructure • Encroachments in urban villages • Exploitation of agricultural land for unauthorized development • Inadequate supply of appropriate commercial and industrial space, resulting in non-conforming

land uses. • Lack of Linkage between Physical Planning Strategy and Financial Planning E.1.2 Water Supply DJB is the agency of the Govt. of NCT of Delhi responsible for procurement, treatment, transportation and distribution of water in the MCD areas. It also supplies bulk water to the NDMC, and Delhi Cantonment Board. Water requirements for an estimated population of 16.5 million in 2006 is 990 MGD At present DJB, is equipped to produce 735 MGD of water from 11 Water Treatment Plants (WTPs) and ground water abstraction from 446 tube wells & ranney wells. The per capita availability of water is one of the highest among urban areas. In spite of this, water is supplied for only a few hours in the day. Moreover, norms of supply to different zones vary, and areas at the end of the distribution system receive little water. About 20 per cent of the city’s population is not covered by piped water supply. In the absence of piped water supply from DJB, there has been extensive abstraction of ground water. The issues related to the status of water supply summarized below: • Unaccounted for water losses are estimated at 42% (16% in transmission and 24% in distribution) • There are wide variations in supply, both within and between supply zones • Lack of adequate management systems. E.1.3 Sewerage and Sanitation The DJB is also responsible for the management of the sewer system in MCD areas; and collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of sewage from MCD areas, NDMC & DCB areas. The length of sewers in the city is 7000 kms. The sewage generation in Delhi has been estimated at 800 MGD against the present installed treatment capacity of 512.6 MGD. Thus there is a gap of almost 300 MGD in treatment of waste water1.There are 18 sewage treatment plants (STP’s) in the city, varying from 3–45 years in age. This has resulted in a loss of treatment efficiency. The issues related to the status of Sewerage are presented below: • An estimated 530 MGD of untreated sewage is discharged into the river Yamuna. • Due to network deficiencies, there is an overflow from sewers into storm water drains. • Trunk sewers are considerably silted, requiring desilting & repair to restore their capacity in a

time bound manner. • The city’s STPs and Sewage Pumping Stations are several years old - leading to reduced

efficiency. • Upgrading conveyance system needs to be undertaken, for full capacity utilization of Common

Effluent Treatment Plants.

1 Waste water generation being estimated at 80% of piped water supply; and estimated ground water extraction.

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E.1.4 Solid Waste Management The conservancy and sanitation department of MCD is responsible for the collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste in the city. The total quantum of solid waste generated per day in Delhi is estimated to be 7,700 MT. Of this, an estimated 6000MT are collected and disposed. Currently, different types of waste streams in the city, including municipal waste, bio-medical waste, construction debris, industrial waste slaughter house waste, electronic waste…etc are all mixed. Waste from different parts of the city is transported to three landfill sites, located at Gazipur, Balaswa and Okhla. The issues related to the status of Solid Waste in city are summarized below: • The existing landfills (dump-sites) are almost full. They need to be closed immediately in a

scientific manner, and new sanitary landfills (SLF) need to be developed and commissioned at the earliest possible.

• Treatment of wastes is almost non-existent. Treatment facilities dedicated to different waste streams, to the extent possible, need to be developed

• Open 'dhalao' (masonry bin) is still the major receptacle for MSW in Delhi. These lead to exposure of the waste to the environment and multiple handling (from depositing of waste to its loading into the collection vehicle)

E.1.5 Traffic and Transportation The PWD, MCD, DDA, DTTDC and MUD are responsible for the construction and maintenance of roads in the city; whereas urban transport is managed by Transport department. The road network length in Delhi was 28,500 km in March 2001 up three times increase from 8,380 km in 1971-72. The road network comprising of ring and radial pattern has C.P. as focal point with Mathura road, Lal Bhadur Shastri Marg, Aurobindo Marg, Rao Tula Ram Marg, Gurgaon Road (NH 8) Patel road, Shankar road, Rohtak Road, G.T.Road (NH-1), Loni road, Shahadra road, NH 24 bypass forming the radials; and Mahatma Gandhi Road (Ring Road), Outer Ring road, Noida road- Bund road forming the prominent rings. These radial and ring roads serve as major arterials carrying bulk of the traffic in the city. During morning and evening peak hours 55-60 per cent of the major arterials have travel speeds less than 30 kmph, while even in off peak hours 40-45 per cent of major arterials have travel speeds less than 30 kmph. While the large number of signalized intersections in the city has led to excessive travel time and fuel consumption, the construction of fly-overs has only shifted the location of congestion. Urban Delhi is predominantly dependant on road based transport systems as railways caters to only about 1% of local traffic demand (excluding the Metro). The overall capture of public transport services in the city is only 60 per cent of total trips. Of this, the metro currently accounts for 15 per cent. The widespread distribution of employment centers all over the urban space of Delhi has contained the growth in length of trips. Over 33 per cent of total trips are short trips (less than 15 mins duration) The percentage distribution of categories of motor vehicles in Delhi shows that there has been a rapid increase in the number of cars during 1990-2000; while there has been a decline in the other category of vehicles. About two third of motor vehicles are two wheelers, though a decreasing trend in that share has been observed since 1990. On the other hand, due to arrival of low priced small cars and easy financing mechanisms, there is an indication of a shift from two wheelers to cars. The share of cars has increased from 22% in 1991 to 31% in 2005. The issues related to traffic and transportation management in the city are presented below: • The high growth rate of vehicular traffic volumes on roads causing congestion, delay, safety

issues, pollution. • The low capture of public transport systems, due to lack of integration of various modes. • The need to ensure the safety of pedestrians, who accounting for 55%, of total causalities in

accidents (1999). • Inadequate parking, leading to congestion and delays on major arterial network.

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E.1.6 Storm Water Drainage The DJB, MCD and PWD are jointly responsible for the construction and maintenance of drains in the city. Storm water drainage in Delhi is a complex situation, owing to the combination of a number of natural and man-made drainage systems – five drainage basins; large natural drains; storm water drains along roads; and combined sewer-cum-storm water drains (sometimes as a bypass arrangement for blocked sewer lines). Most of the water collected through different drainage systems finally gets discharged into the river Yamuna. The length of natural drains in the city is 350 km carrying discharge of 1000 m3, whereas the total length of drains is 1700 kms spread over 12 municipal zones. The BOD levels of waters in 90 % of city drains indicate that the discharge is comparable to a range of weak to strong domestic sewage. The main issues related to the sector are • Storm water drains carry considerable quantities of raw and untreated effluents • Lack of maintenance, leading to chocked drains. • Lack of coordination in planning and construction of roads and drains E.1.7 City Heritage The ASI, State Dept. of Archaeology, the DDA, MCD, INTACH and DUAC jointly manage the city’s heritage areas. Delhi encompasses a vast range of heritage typologies, including archaeological sites; civic buildings and complexes; religious structures and complexes; historic gardens; hunting lodges; living settlements such as the historic Walled City; the planned city of New Delhi as well as traditional networks associated with systems of water harvesting and management. These heritage resources continue to be of great significance and relevance to any sustainable development planning vision for Delhi. However, heritage in the city suffers from a lack of integration with the planning process and contemporary requirements, as a result of which, it is gradually being degraded and lost. In 1913, there were 411 identified heritage buildings in Zone A, whereas these have reduced to 231 in 2000. This, and other issues related to urban heritage are outlined below: • Lack of integration with development processes in the city • Heritage resources are threatened by over-densification, uncontrolled and inappropriate

construction due to the non-enforcement of guidelines for development in their vicinity • Multiplicity of organizations and lack of effective, coordinated action. E.1.8 City Environment The DPCC, CPCB, CGWB, MCD and DJB are responsible for regulating and monitoring the state of the city’s environment. Delhi’s unprecedented rate and scale of urbanization over the last few decades has placed enormous stress on the natural resources of the city. In comparison to the urbanization rate in the last 50 years, the rate of environmental degradation has grown at a much higher rate. This includes the loss of green cover, loss of biodiversity and aesthetics; increasing air pollution, surface and ground water pollution; loss of water bodies, receding water table, high incidence of diseases and mortality. The transport, domestic and industrial sectors are the major contributors to the rise in ambient air pollution levels (although certain background sources such as desert dust also contribute). Most of the 916 lakes, ponds and reservoirs reported to have existed in city have been depleted. Rejuvenation is being taken for a few (Sanjay Lake, Hauz Khas). The most pressing environmental concern is the continued degradation of the river Yamuna, due to the dumping of untreated effluents into its waters. Issues related to the status of city environment are presented below: • Unsustainable extraction of ground water • Weak management of natural resources, leading to degradation of the ridge, the river and surface water bodies

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• Air, ground water and noise pollution E.1.9 Urban Governance The institutional framework for urban management in Delhi consists of a multiplicity of agencies, at both central and state levels, responsible for various aspects of planning, land management, urban infrastructure and its management. The institutions/agencies involved in performing city level functions include Central Government Agencies and State Government Agencies. The issues related to city institutional set up are discussed in Table below

Issues Status

National Functions versus local functions

▪ Delhi, being the National capital, has to serve certain functions directly under the jurisdiction of Central Government. These clashes with the establishment of an effective local government incorporating citizen’s participation.

Implementation of 74th CAA

Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi has not been able to implement the 74th Amendment to the Constitution. Major decisions in planning and implementing the Master Plan are still taken by a Central

Government Agency, that is, DDA. MCD has been trying to introduce the new system of Local Area Plans (LAP), through

amendments to Unified Building Byelaws of Delhi. As things stand today, LAP violates the Delhi Development Act 1957 as well as Delhi Municipal Corporation Act.

Since legislation is not enacted by the GNCTD, necessary institutional mechanisms such as the DMPC are not in place.

Overlapping of jurisdiction

There is a lack of clarity over departmental responsibilities for land use planning, development, maintenance and enforcement. The geographical boundary of the State Government and MCD are co-terminus, and their functions are almost the same. In other cases, administrative and functional sub-divisions do not match. This has resulted in ineffective and uncoordinated decision making and actions. For eg., the boundaries of the revenue districts and the MCD zones do not match.

Overlapping of functions

Delhi Development Authority (DDA) has failed to identify and coordinate with the State Government.

Other Infrastructure Sectors

Multiplicity of Organizations Lack of coordination and no common data base for management Conflicting and overlapping jurisdictions eg.: three different agencies are responsible for

storm water drainage in the city

E.2 City Assessment: Basic Services to Urban Poor E.2.1 Urban Poor and Slums In Delhi, as in other urban areas of the country, slums and urban poverty, they are a pressing issue. The percentage of people below poverty line (BPL) stood at 49.61% for Delhi in 1973-74. This figure has declined steadily and stood at 10.02% in 2001. It is reported that 85% of the poor are squatters, and are vulnerable to frequent eviction. 6% of the poor live in rented accommodation and have to pay a substantial portion of their income for rent. Slums in Delhi are classified as (a) Notified Slums in Old Walled City area: There are 319 katras in the Walled City area with about 3,000 buildings or properties. Out of these, 365 properties have been identified as dangerous and therefore require resettlement of inhabitants. (b) JJ Clusters or Squatter settlements: These are scattered all over the city. In Delhi, over 80 percent of lands occupied by slums belong to the DDA. (c) Resettlement Colonies: Under the schemes for resettlement of JJ clusters, 44 resettlement colonies were developed during 1961-77. Around 2.0 Lakh plots were developed accommodating about 2.4 lakh households. These resettlement colonies have degenerated due to intense population pressures and unorganized development. (c) Relocated JJ Clusters: There are around 11 relocation sites such as Bawana, Holambi Kalan, Papan kalan, Rohini, Narela, Savdar Ghevada etc. The most recent relocation, of slums from central, south and east Delhi, has been made to four principal sites - Dwarka (Papan Kalan), Rohini, Narela and Savda Ghevada. Issues related to the urban poor and slums summarized below: • There is no clear legal framework (Act), or policy to guide interventions in this area

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• Their legal security of tenure is diminishing in official rehabilitation programmes over the years • There is a low rate of in-situ up-gradation of existing JJ clusters, although this is recommended

as the first course of action • Over 80% of residents do not have access to infrastructure and public services at relocation

sites. In addition, these are far removed from work centers, and lack connectivity E.3 SWOT Analysis On the basis of the above assessment, an analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to the city was undertaken, which informed the vision and strategies for development that were formulated thereafter. E.3.1 Strengths

SECTORS STRENGTHS

Location & Regional Linkages: Delhi is located strategically and connected with key economic nodes in the country.

• Seat of all political and administrative power of country. • At 95%, highest level of urbanization in the country. • It is easily accessible from other mega-cities of the country and other areas of Northern and Western India. The NHDP project, cities connectivity from Western and Eastern Gateways of the country has increased. • Delhi acts as nodal point for collection and distribution of passenger and cargo traffic in Northern India.

City Economy: The city’s economy is enjoying a period of high growth

• GSDP is growing at a high growth rate of around 15% (CAGR at current prices-2002-03), with the service/tertiary sector contributing more than 76 per cent towards the economy of the state;

• High per capita income at Rs 47,477 (current prices, 2002-03) • High spending capacity / tendency

Trade and Commerce: The city has 8 major wholesale and specialized markets of regional importance. Fruit & Vegetable Market, Azadpur and Fish & Meat Market, Gazipur are some of the major distributions centers for commodities in the Northern and North west region of the country. • The city is well connected to regional supply chains

• The city is gaining in importance as a centre of retail trade Tourism • World famous tourist destination

• Attracts both domestic as well as international tourists. • Gateway to the tourist destination in the northern region such as

Jaipur, Ajmer, Agra, Varanasi… etc Heritage • It is famous for its heritage and culture, both built and unbuilt

• Walled City of Delhi has 1000 heritage structure and 25 historical monuments.

Administrative Reforms: State Government is undertaking various institutional and legislative reforms. • Pro active government

• State on a reform path with initiatives such as Bhagidari.

E.3.2 Weaknesses

SECTORS WEAKNESSES Infrastructure: Inadequacies in the water supply, sewerage, solid waste, drainage and transport infrastructure

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SECTORS WEAKNESSES • Lack of solid waste management facilities (for treatment and disposal) in the city

leading to indiscriminate dumping of garbage and land pollution. • Existing dumping sites are saturated and no new ones have been developed • Lack of drainage and sewerage network especially in the newly developed areas. • The surface drains are used for carriage of 25-30% sewerage, leading to environment

hazards • Lack of infrastructure facilities like water supply, sewerage, road and drainage in

the unauthorized colonies; urban villages and colonies developed by private developers.

• Inadequate capture public transport system, due to inherent weaknesses, leading to skewed traffic composition on the road network of the city.

• Lack of parking space in the city. • Lack of tourism infrastructure facilities • Inadequate public conveniences. • Disposal of untreated industrial wastes and sewage in Yamuna River.

Urban Growth and Land Management • Haphazard growth of the city due to lack of provision of developed land and

infrastructure. Areas include urban villages; resettlement colonies and unauthorized colonies

• High population density within the walled city & Extension and East Delhi planning Division. Moreover low density development in RK Puram; Motibagh; Vinay Nagar..etc

• Rate of Unauthorized developments and illegal land subdivisions are increasing in urban pheriphery and village settlements.

• Lack of parks and open spaces. • Violation of rules, byelaws by the public and residents of walled city- leading to the

loss of heritage in the walled city. • Overcrowding of businesses and people in the walled city.

Conservation • Lack of integration of heritage concerns with planning process

• Lack of proper database management in each sector especially in the Heritage and Infrastructure development. • Absence of clear-cut guidelines and responsibilities of various organizations. • Lack of awareness among in the city people towards heritage conservation. • Ineffective maintenance of heritage sites like Red Fort, Qutab Minar… etc as well as buildings in the walled city and Extension areas.

Urban Environment • Degradation of River Yamuna

• Loss of traditional water systems. • Extreme Depletion of ground water. • Degraded air quality. • Congestion of major arterial roads and commercial area of the city. • Contamination of piped water with sewerage. • Chocked drains

Slums and JJ Clusters

• increasing population (& densities) in existing JJ clusters • Lack of mechanism for on-going creation of housing for the urban poor (lack of

inclusion of urban poor in city development process) • Poor infrastructure facilities in both JJ clusters and resettlement colonies and

relocation sites;

Institutional coordination

• Lack of coordination between central and state government • Lack of coordination among various departments like MCD, DDA, PWD, DJB, DUAC

etc. • Non implementation of 74th CAA in spirit-MCD does not have financial/taxation

powers, budget to be approved from Department of Local Self Government. • Overlapping jurisdictions between DDA, MCD and NDMC; DDA exercise control over

major parts of MCD Area. • Overlapping of functions between line departments.

E.3.3 Opportunities

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SECTORS OPPORTUNITIES Economic competitiveness

• With the availability of good connectivity, it can develop as nodal centre linked with other economically vibrant cities. Has potential to attract private developers and FDI in the housing and infrastructure sectors

• The city has a highly entrepreneurial population • High literacy rates • High growth areas such as NOIDA and Gurgaon are located in the vicinity • Capacity to attract many tourists because of its rich heritage and culture. • Can emerge as an “events capital” particularly after the commonwealth games

2010 Proposed Projects • Commonwealth games-2010 is likely catalyze investment to the tune of Rs 2000

Crore on development of civic infrastructure in the city. • Development of Metro Rail and its extension to other DMA towns will resolve issues

on inter and intra city connectivity State urban reforms

• City is initiating reforms in urban governance through implementation of various governance models such Bhagidari Scheme; E-governance; Repeal of ULCR, PPP models for project implementation etc.

• Institutional reforms being considered for MCD • Heightened focus on key issues-urban slums and improvement of basic

infrastructure Urban Heritage

• Rich heritage can attract the tourists. • The local crafts from across the nation can be show-cased for attracting business

and shoppers during events such as Trade Fair and other events organized in city.

E.3.4 Threats

SECTORS THREATS Economic • Wholesale trade is concentrated in core walled city area, which attracts workers

and traders to the central location-leading to deterioration of the city environment • Lack of adequate infrastructure to capitalize on economic opportunities (roads, freight handling facilities … etc)

Infrastructure • High population growth can lead to further pressure on the infrastructure sector in the future. Augmentation of trunk services is crucial.

• Lack of sewerage system, solid waste management, poor distribution of water can lead to health problems and epidemics in the city.

• Poor infrastructure in new areas -- especially in urban extensions and urban villages -- are a threat to quality of life.

• Infrastructure provision in the slums is inadequate resulting in very poor living conditions.

Institutional and fiscal reforms

• Capacity building of all the government organizations if inadequate would result in non implementation of several reforms.

• Fiscal reforms are a key for carrying out projects and provision of infrastructure in a sustainable manner.

• Urban Development in the city is the responsibility of Central government; and MCD is under both Central and State Government. These overlapping roles of state and central government have led to a non functional executive system of the city.

Conservation • Lack of repair and maintenance of heritage buildings can lead to rapid deterioration of built fabric in the walled city.

• Continued negligence of heritage areas can also lead to loss in tourism revenues • Walled city and Extension faces threat in the event of disasters both natural as

well as man-made.

E.3.5 Vision & Strategies for Development Delhi’s Vision is defined as follows: To become a highly livable city that offers a superior quality of life through a robust, employment generating economy; that is safe and inclusive, environmentally and socially sustainable; and is based on reliable infrastructure and offers a transparent, responsive system of governance dedicated to the city’s felt needs. The CDP outlines Strategies across sectors to achieve the above vision. These are elaborated further below.

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Strategy for Economic Development: The city needs to make the best use of its resources, foremost among which is the high level of entrepreneurial ability of its people. In order to unleash the city’s true economic potential, the govt. needs to encourage and nurture these abilities through forward looking policies and interventions. The following strategies are recommended for sustaining the growth of the city well into the future: • Encourage high value-add services; • Organizing Low End Services; • Enhancing Quality; The key areas identified as having most potential for driving the economic growth of the city are: (i) IT & ITES Sector; (ii) Life Style Sector; (iii) Logistics Sector; (iv) Heritage & Tourism Sector; (v) Education Sector. Strategies for Civic Infrastructure Development: Strategies identified to improve water supply system and enhance consumer satisfaction are (i) minimize water losses in transmission and distribution and enhance overall management of distribution; (ii) Augmentation of water supply and (iii) Promotion of efficiency in service delivery and strengthening of cost recovery mechanisms. Strategies for sewerage include (i) Extension and up-gradation of sewage network to intercept sewage (abatement of pollution); (ii) Provision of Sewer Network in un-sewered area; (iii) Augmentation of Sewage Treatment Capacity. The strategies for mitigating key issues in solid waste management are (i) Maximizing effective treatment processes for different waste streams, in order to minimize land required for land fill sites; (ii) Safeguarding the environment by ensuring well developed and sufficient land fill sites for disposal, and increasing efficiency of service delivery. These broad strategies have to be complemented by initiatives at resource-use reduction, waste minimization and pollution prevention. The strategies suggested for improvement of drainage system in the city are (i) Creation of an appropriate, integrated authority to deal with the sewer drains, the storm water drains and the natural drainage basins of the NCT area; (ii) Short-term repair and de-silting of all the drains on emergency basis; (iii) After monitoring the functioning of the South Delhi Greenway Project for Barapulla drain, initiating the same in the medium term for Najafgarh drain, which is by far the largest contributor in terms of discharge into river Yamuna (51.75%). The strategies suggested for improvement of road network and transport system in the city are (i) Provision of safe and efficient public transport system; (ii) Encouraging the use of non-motorized modes of passenger transport in select localities; (iii) Ensuring equitable use of space on road and priority to pedestrians; (iv) Efficient use of existing infrastructure – removal of impediments – including enhancement of road infrastructure and provision of efficient parking facilities; (v) Redevelopment of Connaught Place and Walled City as special areas; (vi) Development of goods and passenger terminals on the basis of directional needs; (vii) Enhancement of road infrastructure and (viii) Awareness and enforcement drives. Four main strategies have been identified, for management of urban heritage. These strategies are (i) Capacity Building & Provision of Technical Support for Conservation & Heritage Management;(ii) Heritage Resource Information Management System for integration of heritage concerns within the development plans – Master Plan, Zonal, Sub-Zonal, Area Level; (iii) Area Level Conservation, revitalization and Regeneration strategies which include supportive and linked sub-strategies for adaptive reuse; (iv) heritage sensitive infrastructure up-gradation, provision of essential community facilities, commercial areas, guidelines for new development in historic areas, strengthening of linkages with surrounding contemporary development; Strategies for heritage tourism, enhanced visitor experience and revenue generation, and awareness generation

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The main strategies, under which projects pertaining to the environment have been proposed, relate to (i) Outreach and capacity building; (ii) Enhancement of forests and green cover; (iii) Mitigation of air, water and noise pollution. Strategies for Slums and the Urban Poor Strategies for urban poor and slums are derived from the established fact that the poor are not a homogenous group, and vary widely in their requirements of shelter. This takes into account factors such as extent of consolidation in the city, location sensitivity, physical requirement, ability to pay as well as tenure security. Shelter options may vary from a single bed and locker in a dormitory for the male migrant, to an independent unit. The ability to exercise choice, with a variety of options, is thus, important, in the success of any programme to provide shelter for all categories of the poor. In addition, pricing, location, tenure conditions, and financing are critical considerations in catering to this segment. Strategies to reach housing for the poor include (i) In-situ rehabilitation at existing slum and JJ cluster sites, with units offered on a long term lease hold basis (with option for purchase), through a cooperative, trust, NGO etc. (ii) Development of serviced plots, to be upgraded incrementally, at out-lying locations, for outright purchase -- connectivity to work centers to be assured. (iii) Development of night shelters in the city as well as at outlying locations single beds, single rooms with shared facilities for long term stay managed by trusts, or NGO’s with government support (iv) Infrastructure up-gradation in 44 resettlement colonies (v) Provision of housing for the urban poor on an on-going basis (vi) Reconstruction of government owned Katras in the walled city Recommendations on Urban Governance The status of reform initiatives at the ULB level and State Government level to successfully implement and operate the JnNURM projects has been reviewed. The broad agenda for further institutional reforms are • To clearly institute a political and administrative nodal agency, which could provide effective

governance to the NCT; • To ensure that the function and powers of this agency and its constituents, match their

responsibilities and make them fully accountable. • To enable clarity of jurisdiction of various agencies coming into contact with the people and

entrusted with various responsibilities Recommendations to achieve the above include (i) Defining and delimiting areas of the city required to perform the functions of a National Capital (ii) to allow the State Government a say in land and municipal management in the balance areas (iii) subdividing the MCD to create Zonal Councils, the elected representatives of which will report to the Chief Minister (iv) to rationalize planning divisions to match Zonal Council demarcations (v) to constitute a Metropolitan Planning Committee to undertake planning for the entire city (vi) to constitute an Urban Renewal Corporation to undertake renewal of select areas in the city (v) to constitute a Slum Housing Corporation to tackle the issue of housing for the poor. These institutional reforms will provide a basis for the state government to implement the projects identified under JNNURM in more effective and sustainable manner. E.4 PROJECT AND CAPITAL INVESTMENT PLAN The project identification and capital investment plan have been prepared for sectors as per the sub-missions of JNNURM. Sub-Mission-1: Urban Infrastructure and Governance; Sub-Mission-2: Basic Services to Urban Poor The shares of major sectors as shown the table below are water supply (7%); sewerage (11.5%); road network & transportation (56%); and urban poor and slums (18%) respectively. Funding Pattern: The projects for investment support in Delhi are eligible for Central assistance under the following conditions:

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• In case any JNNURM project is also approved as externally aided project (EAP), the EAP funds

can be passed through as Accelerated Central Assistance to the State Government as funds contributed by States, ULBs, FIs; and JNNURM funds can be used as GoI contribution.

• If necessary, internal resources of implementing agencies, MP or MLA Local Area Development (LAD) Funds and MLA LAD funds may be substituted for institutional finance or State share.

a. Projects under Appraisal by Sub-Mission Directorate for Urban Infrastructure and Governance

CG2 SG3 ULB/ FI4 Rs

Crore 2007-

08 2008-

09 2009-

10 2010-

11 2011-

12 35 15 50

Strategy/Project

RS (Crore)

SUB-MISSION-1: URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE AND GOVERNANCE

Water Supply 1632 535 500 330 167 100 571 245 816

Sewerage 2755 605 675 605 495 375 964 413 1378

Road Network and Transportation System 13487 2886 3534 3986 1610 1471 4720 2023 6743

Storm Water Drainage 231 96 101 26 8 0 81 35 116

Solid Waste Management 593 222 181 101 51 38 208 89 297

Heritage and Conservation 582 74 154 272 46 35 204 87 291

City Environment 431 137 166 78 50 151 65 215

Urban Governance 9 4 4 1 0 0 3 1 5

Other Projects 20 5 7 8 0 0 7 3 10

Street Lighting 25 5 5 5 5 5 9 4 13

SUB-TOTAL 19740 4563 5322 5407 2427 2019 6909 2961 9870

b. Projects under Appraisal by the Sub-Mission Directorate for Basic Services to the Urban Poor Under the guidelines, housing is not be provided free to the beneficiaries by the State Government. A minimum of 12% beneficiary contribution (10 per cent in case of SC/ST/BC/OBC/PH and other weaker sections) is stipulated.

CG SG ULB/ FI Project

Cost 2007-

08 2008-

09 2009-

10 2010-

11 2011-

12 35 15 50

Strategy/Project

RS (Crore) SUB-MISSION-2: BASICSERVICES AND POOR

2 Central Government 3 State Government 4 Urban Local Body / Financial Institution.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


E-12

Urban Poor, Slum andHousing 4400 1230 1208 1023 556 383 2200 - 2200

SUB-TOTAL 4400 1230 1208 1023 556 383 2200 0 2200 TOTAL 24140 5793 6530 6430 2983 2402 9109 2961 12070

E.5 FINANCIAL SUSTENANCE PLAN

The investment sustaining capacity of MCD, NDMC and DJB, the municipal fiscal situation has been simulated, based on a Financial Operating Plan (FOP). The FOP is essentially a multi-year forecast of municipal finances for a term of 15 years. It has been used to forecast the revenue income and operating expenditures for the period between FY 2005-06 and FY 2019-20. The department wise capital investments are presented in the table below. At least 5% of the investment requirements of ULB’s (minimum) is proposed to be mobilized through the private sector. Beneficiary contributions will also account for a part (small) of this investment requirement.

Department wise Investment

Rs Crore 2007-08

2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

2011-12

Central Government Contribution 9109 2212.05 2466.7 2403.95 1127.45 898.15

State Government Contribution 2961 684.45 798.3 811.05 364.05 302.85

ULB / FI Share (Break-up)

MCD 1390 365 409.5 367.5 135.5 113 NDMC 44 6.5 9 11 10 7.5 DJB 2194 569.5 587 467.5 331 237.5 DDA 600 156 192.5 125 71.5 54.5 DIMTS 3253 652.5 650 925 512.5 512.5 DSIDC 293 97.5 110.5 52.5 33 0

Forest Department 4 2 1.5 0.5 0 0 PWD 2495 638 841.5 767.5 148.75 98.75 Revenue Dept. 2.5 1.25 1.25 0 0 0

Slum Department 1055 222.5 225 299 167.5 141.5 STA 7 1 1 1.5 1.5 1.5

TRAFFIC POLICE 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 UDD 12 3.25 4.25 4.5 0 0 INTACH 2 0.25 0.25 0.5 0.5 0.5

GNCTD – State Archaeology 117 11 32 60 5 9 DTTDC 43 3.5 15.5 17.5 6.5 0 ASI 22 11.75 8.25 1.4 0.35 0.25 Private Investment (min.) 535 155.5 172.5 113.5 68.75 24.75

Total (ULB's / FI's share) 12070 2898.5 3264 3215 1492 1201

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


E-13

GRAND TOTAL 24140 5795 6529 6430 2984 2402

The cumulative O&M cost (over 5years – 2007 – 2012) of various projects is Rs 4974 Crore (refer table below). In order to meet the O&M cost, due to new investments, it has been proposed to revise the unit area value, water tax (normal revision of water tax as per DJB norms are proposed), sewerage tax and other revenue sources.

Total Cost

O & M - Government

O & M -Private

O & M - Beneficiary

Total O&M Strategy/Project

Rs in Crore SUB-MISSION-1: URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE AND GOVERNANCE

Water Supply 1632.0 446.7 0.0 0.0 446.7

Sewerage 2755 615 0.0 0.0 615

Road Network and Transportation System 13487 1954.7 1218.5 0.0 3173.2

Storm Water Drainage 231 37.6 0.0 0.0 37.6

Solid Waste Management 593 0 50.8 0.0 50.8

Heritage and Conservation 582 32 19 0.2 51.2

City Environment 431 5.6 34 0.0 39.6

Urban Governance 9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2

Other Projects 20 0.6 0.0 0.0 1

SUB-TOTAL 19740 3092.4 1322.3 0.2 4415.3

SUB-MISSION-2: BASIC SERVICES AND POOR Urban Poor, Slum and Housing 4400 228.7 67.3 262.4 558.4

SUB-TOTAL 4400 228.7 67.3 262.4 558.4

TOTAL 24140 3321.1 1389.6 262.6 4973.7

By instituting prudent fiscal measures and reforms, the MCD will be able to enhance its revenue from the current level (2005-06) of Rs. 2019 Crore to Rs. 5,098.7 Crore in 2011-12. A large part of this is anticipated to accrue from property tax revenues. The ULB is undertaking reform measures in this area, including instituting on-line filing of taxes from 01-04-2007; and digitization and computerization of property tax records, which is due to be completed by 2008-09. This will enable efficiencies to be enhanced in both coverage and collection.

IL&FS ECOSMART

ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations

IL&FS Ecosmart Limited A-1

ABBREVIATIONS ACGR : Annual Compound Growth Rate AIIMS : All India Institute of Medical Science ASI : Annual Survey of Industries ATC : Area Traffic Control bgl : Below Ground Level BOD : Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand BPL : Below Poverty Line BPO : Business Promotion Offices C&D : Construction and Demolition CAGR : Cumulative Annual Growth Rate CBD : Central Business District CBR : Crude Birth Rate CDP : City Development Plan CDR : Crude Death Rate CETP : Combined Effluent Treatment Plant CGWB : Central Ground Water Board CIP : City Investment Plan CP : Connaght Place CPCB : Central Pollution Control Board CPWD : Central Public Works Department CSE : Center for Science and Environment CSO : Central Statistical Office DCB : Delhi Cantonment Board DDA : Delhi Development Authority DJB : Delhi Jal Board DO : Dissolved Oxygen DPCC : Delhi Pollution Control Committee DSIDC : Delhi State Industrial Development Corporation DTC : Delhi Transport Corporation DTTDC : Delhi Transport and Tourism Development Corporation DU : Dwelling Unit DUAC : Delhi Urban Art Commission DUEIIP : Delhi Urban Environment and Infrastructure Improvement Project DWCUA : Development of Women and Children in Urban Area EIUS : Environment Improvement of Urban Poor EMI : Employment Market Information EPPCA : Environment Pollution (Prevention & Control) Authority ETF : Eco Task Force EWS : Economic Weaker Section FAR : Floor Area Ratio FOP : Financial Operation Plan FY : Financial Year GNCTD : Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi GoI : Government of India GSDP : Gross State Domestic Product GT : Grand Trunk Ha : Hectare IIT : Indian Institute of Technology IMR : Infant Mortality Rate INTACH : India National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage ISBT : Interstate Bus Terminus JJ : Jhuggi Jhopari JJC : Jhuggi Jhopari Clusters JNNURM : Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission kms : Kilometers L&DO : Land and Development Organisation

Abbreviations

IL&FS Ecosmart Limited A-2

LIG : Low Income Group MCD : Municipal Corporation of Delhi MGD : Million Gallon per Day MLD : Million Litre per day mm : millimeter MPD : Master Plan for Delhi MRTS : Mass Rapid Transit System MSW : Municipal Solid Waste NCR : National Capital Region NCT : National Capital Territory NDMC : New Delhi Municipal Corporation NEERI : National Ecological and Environment Research Institute NGO : Non-Government Organisation NH : National Highways NHAI : National Highways Authority of India NOIDA : New Okhla Industrial Development Authority NOx : Oxides of Nitrates NRY : Nehru Rozgar Yojna NSDP : Net State Domestic Product NSSO : National Sample Survey Organization O&M : Operation and Maintenance OAE : Own Account Enterprises PAH : Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon PPH : Persons per Hectare PPP : Public Private Partnership PWD : Public Works Department RCC : Reinforced Cement Concrete SJSRY : Swarna Jaynti Saw Rozgar Yozana SLF : Sanitary Landfill SO2 : Sulphur Di-oxide SPM : Suspended Particulate Matter Sq.kms : square kilometers STP : Sewage Treatment Plant SWOT : Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats TERI : The Energy Research Institute TFR : Total Fertility Rate UDD : Urban Development Department UIE : Urban Industrial Extension USEP : Urban Self Employment Programme UT : Union Territory UWEP : Urban Wage Employment Programme WJC : Western Jammuna Canal WTP : Water Treatment Plant YAP : Yamuna Action Plan

IL&FS ECOSMART

Table of Contents

City Development Plan Table of Contents

Client: Dept. of Urban Development, Govt. of Delhi Consultant: IL&FS Ecosmart Limited

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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................1-1

1.1 BACKGROUND.................................................................................................. 1-1

1.2 CONCEPT & PRINCIPLES OF CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN ..................................... 1-2

1.2.1. Objective of City Development Plan...................................................... 1-2

1.3 CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN - A PROCESS............................................................ 1-2

1.3.1 City Assessment: Analysis of Existing Situation ..................................... 1-3

1.3.2. Development of Strategic Agenda and a Vision for the City.................... 1-4

1.3.3. Evolving Strategies for Development .................................................... 1-4

1.3.4. Developing a City Investment Plan and Financing Strategy .................... 1-5

1.4 STRUCTURE OF REPORT................................................................................... 1-5

CHAPTER-2 CITY DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE ...........................................2-1

2.1 INTRODUCTION – LOCATION, GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE................................. 2-1

2.2 DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS ................................................................................... 2-1

2.2.1 Area and Population............................................................................ 2-1

2.2.2 Population Growth, spatial distribution and Density ............................... 2-2

2.2.3 Natural Increase ................................................................................. 2-3

2.3 MIGRATION PATTERN ...................................................................................... 2-3

2.3.1 Origin and composition of Migrants ...................................................... 2-3

2.3.2 Socio-economic characteristics............................................................. 2-4

2.4 LITERACY RATE................................................................................................ 2-4

2.5 GENDER RATIO ................................................................................................ 2-5

2.6 SOCIAL COMPOSITION ..................................................................................... 2-5

2.7 POPULATION PROJECTION ............................................................................... 2-6

2.7.1 Annual Average Growth Rate ............................................................... 2-6

2.7.2 Projected Population ........................................................................... 2-7

CHAPTER - 3 CITY ECONOMIC PROFILE...............................................3-1

3.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 3-1

3.1.1 Economic Planning............................................................................................ 3-1

3.2 ECONOMIC PROFILE......................................................................................... 3-3

3.2.1 City GDP – Growth and Sectoral contributions....................................... 3-3

3.2.2 Trends ............................................................................................... 3-4

3.2.3 Main Sectors and trends - Employment and Revenue ............................ 3-5

3.2.4 Work Participation Rate ....................................................................... 3-7

3.3 PRIMARY SECTOR ...........................................................................................3-12



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3.4 SECONDARY SECTOR ......................................................................................3-12

3.4.1 Industry ............................................................................................3-13

3.5 TERTIARY SECTOR ..........................................................................................3-16

3.5.1 Trade, Hotels & Restaurants ...............................................................3-17

3.5.2 Retail Trade.......................................................................................3-17

3.5.3 Banking, Insurance, Real Estate & Business.........................................3-17

3.5.4 Unorganised Trade.............................................................................3-18

3.5.5 Estimated Employment.......................................................................3-18

3.5.6 Financial Indicators ............................................................................3-18

3.5.7 Other Features...................................................................................3-19

3.6 ISSUES ...........................................................................................................3-19

CHAPTER – 4 CITY ENVIRONMENT PROFILE ........................................4-1

4.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 4-1

4.2 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT BASELINE.................................................................. 4-2

4.3 URBAN ENVIRONMENT BASELINE ..................................................................... 4-7

4.3.1 Land-use ............................................................................................ 4-7

4.3.2 Industrial Activity ................................................................................ 4-8

4.4 URBAN ENVIRONMENT QUALITY....................................................................... 4-8

4.4.1 Air Quality .......................................................................................... 4-8

4.4.2 Water Quality ....................................................................................4-11

4.4.3 Noise ................................................................................................4-13

4.5 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ................................................................................4-14

4.5.1 Depletion of Resources.......................................................................4-14

CHAPTER - 5 LAND MANAGEMENT & URBAN GROWTH .......................5-1

5.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5-1

5.2 CONSTITUENT OF DELHI.................................................................................. 5-1

5.3 EXISTING CITY ASSESSMENT............................................................................ 5-2

5.4 LOW DENSITY AREAS IN CITY .......................................................................... 5-6

5.5 STATUS OF SPECIAL AREAS.............................................................................. 5-7

5.6 UNAUTHORIZED & UNORGANIZED COLONIES ................................................... 5-8

5.7 URBAN VILLAGES ............................................................................................. 5-9

5.8 STATUS OF SHELTER IN CITY ........................................................................... 5-9

5.9 STATUS OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ..........................................................5-10

5.10 ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREAS ...................................................................5-13

5.11 LAND DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT ........................................................5-13

5.12 EFFORTS OF PLANNED DEVELOPMENT.............................................................5-14



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5.13 PROVISIONS OF NCR PLAN 2001 & 21..............................................................5-21

5.14 ISSUES OF LAND & GROWTH MANAGEMENT ....................................................5-21

CHAPTER - 6 URBAN POOR AND SLUM ................................................6-1

6.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 6-1

6.2 POVERTY PROFILE OF DELHI............................................................................ 6-1

6.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF POOR............................................................... 6-1

6.4 POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES ............................................................. 6-3

6.5 SLUMS / JJ CLUSTERS ...................................................................................... 6-3

6.6 SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS/JJ CLUSTERS............................................................ 6-3

6.6.1 Location and Distribution of JJ Clusters ................................................ 6-4

6.6.2 Growth of Squatter Settlements ........................................................... 6-5

6.6.3 Land Owning Agencies and JJ Clusters ................................................. 6-6

6.6.4 Access to Infrastructure in Slums/JJ Clusters ........................................ 6-6

6.7 SLUM DEVELOPMENT POLICES & STRATEGIES .................................................. 6-9

6.7.1 Walled City Slum (Katra) Clearance and Improvement........................... 6-9

6.7.2 JJ Clusters and Squatter Settlements...................................................6-10

6.7.3 Tenure Funding Mechanisms ..............................................................6-11

6.7.4 Financial Performance of Slum Improvement .......................................6-11

6.8 ISSUES OF SLUMS/JJ CLUSTERS ......................................................................6-12

CHAPTER - 7 CONSERVATION & HERITAGE MANAGEMENT .................7-1

7.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 7-1

7.1.1 Existing framework for Conservation and Integrated Heritage Management for Delhi. ........................................................................ 7-4

7.1.2 Agencies Involved in Planning and Implementation of Heritage Conservation ..................................................................................... 7-5

7.2 INVENTORY OF HERITAGE RESOURCES OF DELHI ............................................7-13

7.3 WALLED CITY OF SHAHJEHANABAD & WALLED CITY EXTENSIONS....................7-14

7.3.1 Development Pattern .........................................................................7-14

7.3.2 Existing Situation ...............................................................................7-15

7.3.3 Priorities for Heritage Management .....................................................7-17

7.4 HISTORIC URBAN VILLAGES ............................................................................7-19

7.4.1 Development Pattern .........................................................................7-19

7.4.2 Development Requirements................................................................7-19

7.5 HISTORIC RURAL VILLAGES.............................................................................7-20

7.6 HISTORIC & TRADITIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS.............................7-20

7.7 LEGAL FRAMEWORK - EXISTING LEGISLATION, DEVELOPMENT REGULATIONS AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT POLICIES..........................................................7-21



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7.7.1 Centrally protected and State protected monuments, structures and sites ..................................................................................................7-21

7.8 TECHNICAL & MANAGEMENT ISSUES ...............................................................7-21

CHAPTER - 8 CITY WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM.........................................8-1

8.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 8-1

8.2 HISTORY OF DELHI WATER SUPPLY.................................................................. 8-1

8.3 PRODUCTION SYSTEM...................................................................................... 8-2

8.3.1 Sources of Water ................................................................................ 8-2

8.3.2 Treatment System .............................................................................. 8-2

8.3.3 Transmission and Distribution System .................................................. 8-4

8.3.4 Unaccounted Flow of Water................................................................. 8-5

8.4 WATER PRICING AND RECOVERY...................................................................... 8-6

8.5 ESTIMATION OF WATER DEMAND..................................................................... 8-6

8.6 AUGMENTATION SCHEMES FOR WATER SUPPLY................................................ 8-6

8.7 WATER QUALITY .............................................................................................. 8-7

8.8 RAIN WATER HARVESTING ............................................................................... 8-7

8.9 ISSUES REQUIRING ATTENTION....................................................................... 8-8

CHAPTER - 9 CITY SEWERAGE SYSTEM................................................9-1

9.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 9-1

9.2 SEWAGE COLLECTION SYSTEM......................................................................... 9-1

9.2.1 Sewerage Facilities in Rural Villages ..................................................... 9-2

9.2.2 Sanitation in Slum and JJ Cluster ......................................................... 9-2

9.3 NEW DELHI MUNICIPAL COUNCIL (NDMC) ........................................................ 9-3

9.4 TREATMENT SYSTEM........................................................................................ 9-3

9.4.1 Type of Treatment .............................................................................. 9-5

9.5 DISPOSAL SYSTEM ........................................................................................... 9-6

9.6 SEWERAGE CHARGES AND COLLECTIONS ......................................................... 9-6

9.7 INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER............................................................................. 9-7

9.8 PERFORMANCE OF CETP'S AT FULL DESIGN LOAD............................................. 9-9

9.9 ISSUES REQUIRING ATTENTION....................................................................... 9-9

CHAPTER-10 STORM WATER DRAINAGE............................................10-1

10.1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................10-1

10.2 SITUATION ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM ............................................10-2

10.3 EXISTING DRAINAGE INFRASTRUCTURE ..........................................................10-3

10.3.1 Natural Drainage System....................................................................10-3

10.3.2 Man-made drainage System ...............................................................10-4



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10.4 ISSUES ...........................................................................................................10-5

CHAPTER-11 REVIEW OF ROAD NETWORK AND TRANSPORT SYSTEM .........................................................................11-1

11.1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................11-1

11.2 SITUATION ANALYSIS – EXISTING SYSTEMS ....................................................11-2

11.2.1 Transport Network .............................................................................11-3

11.2.2 Road Network....................................................................................11-3

11.2.3 Rail Network......................................................................................11-4

11.3 TRANSPORT NETWORK – DELHI ......................................................................11-5

11.3.1 Vehicular Growth Trends ....................................................................11-5

11.3.2 Road Accident Trends ........................................................................11-6

11.3.3 Traffic Characteristics.........................................................................11-7

11.3.4 Traffic Speeds....................................................................................11-7

11.3.5 Parking..............................................................................................11-8

11.3.6 Traffic Intensities ...............................................................................11-8

11.4 TRAVEL CHARACTERISTICS ...........................................................................11-10

11.4.1 Intra Urban Movements....................................................................11-10

11.4.2 Intercity Movements ........................................................................11-11

11.4.3 Public Transport & Para Transit System.............................................11-11

11.4.4 City Bus Service ...............................................................................11-11

11.4.5 Ring Railway....................................................................................11-12

11.4.6 Delhi Metro Rail ...............................................................................11-13

11.4.7 MRTS Phase-I ..................................................................................11-13

11.4.8 Intermediate Public Transport System...............................................11-13

11.4.9 Inland Water Transport ....................................................................11-13

11.5 EMERGING ISSUES ........................................................................................11-14

CHAPTER – 12 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ......................................12-1

12.1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................12-1

12.2 LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK .......................................................12-1

12.2.1 Legal Framework ...............................................................................12-1

12.2.2 Institutional Framework......................................................................12-2

12.3 WASTE GENERATION AND COLLECTION...........................................................12-3

12.3.1 Waste Collection Services ...................................................................12-3

12.3.2 Waste Generation ..............................................................................12-3

12.3.3 Constituents of Waste ........................................................................12-4

12.3.4 Waste Collection and Storage .............................................................12-6



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12.3.5 Waste Transportation.........................................................................12-6

12.3.6 Processing and Disposal .....................................................................12-6

12.3.7 Construction and Demolition Debris.....................................................12-9

12.4 CONSTRAINTS – TECHNICAL, FINANCIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ......................12-11

CHAPTER-13 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT ...................................13-1

13.1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................13-1

13.2 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT-NCTD ............................................................13-1

13.3 MUNICIPAL CORPORATION OF DELHI ..............................................................13-2

13.3.1. Constitutional Framework ...................................................................13-2

13.3.2. Functions ..........................................................................................13-2

13.3.3. Issues ...............................................................................................13-3

13.4 DELHI DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY ..................................................................13-4


13.4.2. Functions ..........................................................................................13-4

13.4.3. Institutional Issues.............................................................................13-5

13.5 CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD (CPCB) AND DELHI POLLUTION CONTROL COMMITTEE (DPCC) ........................................................................13-5


13.5.2. Functions ..........................................................................................13-5


13.6 ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION (PREVENTION AND CONTROL) AUTHORITY (EPCA) FOR THE NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION .............................................................13-6


13.6.2. Functions ..........................................................................................13-6


13.7 DELHI URBAN ART COMMISSION (DUAC) .........................................................13-7


13.7.2. Functions ..........................................................................................13-7


13.8 NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION PLANNING BOARD (NCRPB)..................................13-7


13.8.2. Function ............................................................................................13-8


13.9 DELHI METRO RAIL CORPORATION..................................................................13-9


13.9.2. Functions ........................................................................................13-10

13.10 NEW DELHI MUNICIPAL COUNCIL (NDMC) ....................................................13-10



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13.10.1. Constitutional Framework .................................................................13-10

13.10.2. Functions and Powers ......................................................................13-10

13.10.3. Institutional Issues...........................................................................13-11

13.11 GNCTD SET-UP ............................................................................................13-11

13.12 DELHI JAL BOARD (DJB)...............................................................................13-11

13.12.1. Constitutional Setup .........................................................................13-11

13.12.2. Functions ........................................................................................13-12

13.13 DELHI TRANSPORT CORPORATION...............................................................13-12

13.13.1. Summary of Issues ..........................................................................13-12

CHAPTER-14 REVIEW OF URBAN FINANCE .........................................14-1

14.1 TOWARDS A CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN – FINANCIAL ASPECTS.........................14-1

14.2 REVIEW OF THE EXISTING FISCAL AND FINANCIAL SITUATION........................14-1

14.3 OVERVIEW OF MCD FINANCES.........................................................................14-1

14.3.1 Revenue Account ...............................................................................14-3

14.3.2 Capital Account..................................................................................14-8

14.3.3 Key Issues and Conclusions ................................................................14-9

14.4 OVERVIEW OF NDMC FINANCES ....................................................................14-10

14.4.1 Revenue Account .............................................................................14-11

14.4.2 Capital Account................................................................................14-15

14.4.3 Key Issues and Conclusions ..............................................................14-17

14.5 OVERVIEW OF DJB FINANCES........................................................................14-17

14.5.1 Revenue Account .............................................................................14-18

14.5.2 Capital Account................................................................................14-19

14.5.3 Key Issues & Conclusion...................................................................14-20

CHAPTER-15 COMMUNITY CONSULTATION ........................................15-1

15.1 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................15-1

15.2 CITY STAKEHOLDERS PROFILE.........................................................................15-1 15.2.1 Primary Stakeholders .....................................................................................15-1 15.2.2 Secondary Stakeholders.................................................................................15-2

15.3 SECTOR WISE VIEWPOINT OF COMMUNITY .....................................................15-3

15.3.1 Sewerage System..........................................................................................15-4 15.3.2 Storm Water Drainage System .......................................................................15-5 15.3.3 Solid Waste Management...............................................................................15-5 15.3.4 Transportation ..............................................................................................15-6 15.4 PERCEPTION ON QUALITY OF PRESENT LEVEL OF SERVICE DELIVERY...............15-7 15.4.1 View on Water Supply....................................................................................15-7 15.4.2 View on Sewerage.........................................................................................15-8 15.4.3 View on Drainage ..........................................................................................15-8



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15.4.4 Slum and JJ clusters ......................................................................................15-8 15.4.5 Views on Traffic and Transportation Sector .....................................................15-8 15.4.6 Views on Solid Waste Management ................................................................15-8 15.4.7 Willingness to Pay for Services .......................................................................15-9 15.5 STAKEHOLDERS WORKSHOP ............................................................................15-9 CHAPTER-16 CITY SWOT ASSESSMENT...............................................15-1

16.1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................15-1

16.2 STRENGTHS....................................................................................................15-1

16.3 WEAKNESSES..................................................................................................15-2

16.4 OPPORTUNITIES .............................................................................................15-3

16.5 THREATS ........................................................................................................15-4

16.6 CONSOLIDATED ISSUES ..................................................................................15-5

CHAPTER – 17 VISION & DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES .......................17-1

17.1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................17-1

17.2 VISION STATEMENT ........................................................................................17-1

17.3 STRATEGY FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT......................................................17-2

17.4 KEY SECTORS .................................................................................................17-4

17.4.1 The IT & ITES Sector.....................................................................................17-4 17.4.2 The Life Style Sector......................................................................................17-5 17.4.3 The Logistics Sector.......................................................................................17-5 17.4.4 Heritage & Tourism Sector .............................................................................17-6 17.4.5 Education Sector ...........................................................................................17-7

17.5 STRATEGY FOR CIVIC INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT..................................17-7

17.5.1 Strategy for Water Supply..............................................................................17-7 17.5.2 Strategy for Sewerage ...................................................................................17-8 17.5.3 Strategy for Solid Waste Management ............................................................17-9 17.5.4 Strategy for Drainage ..................................................................................17-10 17.5.5 Strategy for Traffic and Transport ................................................................17-11 17.5.6 Strategy for Urban Heritage .........................................................................17-12 17.5.7 Strategy for Environmental Management ......................................................17-13

17.6 STRATEGIES FOR HOUSING AND INFRASTRUCTURE PROVISION TO THE URBAN POOR............................................................................................................17-15

CHAPTER - 18 INVESTMENT FRAMEWORK..........................................18-1

18.1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................18-1

18.2 SECTOR WISE INVESTMENT OPTIONS .............................................................18-1

18.2.1 Water Supply ................................................................................................18-1 18.2.2 Sewerage System..........................................................................................18-2 18.2.3 Road Network and Transportation System ......................................................18-4 18.2.4 Storm Water Drainage ...................................................................................18-7 18.2.5 Solid Waste Management...............................................................................18-9 18.2.6 Heritage and Conservation ...........................................................................18-10 18.2.7 Urban Environment......................................................................................18-13



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18.2.8 Urban Governance.......................................................................................18-15 18.2.9 Other Development Projects.........................................................................18-15 18.2.10 Urban Slums and Poor ...............................................................................18-16

18.3 SUMMARY OF COSTS.....................................................................................18-17

CHAPTER – 19 PROJECT AND CAPITAL INVESTMENT PLAN ................19-1

19.1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................19-1

19.2 WATER SUPPLY...............................................................................................19-1

19.2.1 Summary of strategies...................................................................................19-1

19.3 SEWERAGE SYSTEM ........................................................................................19-5

19.3.1 Summary of Strategies ..................................................................................19-5

19.4 ROAD NETWORK & TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM................................................19-7

19.4.1 Summary of Strategies ..................................................................................19-7

19.5 STORM WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM ...............................................................19-15

19.5.1 Summary of Strategies ................................................................................19-15

19.6 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT.........................................................................19-17


19.7 HERITAGE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT .............................................19-21


19.8 URBAN ENVIRONMENT ..................................................................................19-30


19.9 URBAN GOVERNANCE....................................................................................19-34

19.10 OTHER DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ................................................................19-34

19.11 URBAN SLUMS AND POOR ............................................................................19-35

19.11.1 Summary of Strategies...............................................................................19-36

19.12 SUMMARY OF PROJECT INVESTMENT PLAN ..................................................19-41

CHAPTER – 20 FINANCIAL SUSTENANCE PLAN...................................20-1

20.1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................20-1

20.2 DEPARTMENT WISE INVESTMENT....................................................................20-1

20.3 O&M COST OF INVESTMENT............................................................................20-2

20.4 NEED FOR REVENUE ENHANCEMENT INITIATIVES............................................20-3

20.5 ASSUMPTIONS FOR REVENUE ENHANCEMENT INTIATIVES ...............................20-3

20.5.1 Key assumptions for FOP ...............................................................................20-3

20.6 PROPOSED CASH FLOW OF MUNICIPAL CORPORATION OF DELHI.....................20-8

20.7 PROPOSED CASH FLOW FOR DELHI JAL BOARD .............................................20-10

20.8 PROPOSED CASH FLOW FOR NDMC ...............................................................20-11

20.9 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................20-12



ToC -

x

CHAPTER – 21 INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS ..........................................21-1

21.1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................21-1

21.2 REVIEW OF ISSUES IN GOVERNANCE...............................................................21-1

21.3 MEASURES ALREADY INITIATED FOR GOOD GOVERNANCE...............................21-2

21.3.1 E-Governance ...............................................................................................21-3

21.4 AGENDA AND OBJECTIVE OF INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS...................................21-3

21.5 NEW PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT SET-UP OF DELHI .....................................21-4

21.5.1 Safeguarding of Capital City Functions............................................................21-4

21.5.2 Land Management (in areas outside the Capital City Area)...............................21-4

21.5.3 Streamlining Structure of State and City Level Representatives ........................21-5

21.5.4 Role of Zonal Councils/Corporations (ZC)........................................................21-5

21.5.5 Rationalization of Planning Boundaries............................................................21-6

21.5.6 Metropolitan Planning Committee ...................................................................21-6

21.5.7 Role of Delhi Development Authority ..............................................................21-6

21.5.8 Constitution of Urban Renewal Corporation.....................................................21-7

21.5.10 Water Management .....................................................................................21-7

21.6 INSTITUTIONAL & IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK FOR SLUMS/JJ CLUSTERS...21-8

21.6.1 Institutional Structure....................................................................................21-8

21.6.2 Funding Mechanisms .....................................................................................21-9

21.7 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................21-10

IL&FS ECOSMART

Chapter – 1 : Introduction

Chapter – 1 Introduction


1-1

CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

The Government of India has recently announced the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM). The Mission focuses on (i) improving and augmenting the economic and social infrastructure of cities; (ii) ensuring basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at affordable prices; (iii) initiating wide-ranging urban sector reforms whose primary aim is to eliminate legal, institutional and financial constraints that have impeded investment in urban infrastructure and services; and (iv) strengthening municipal governments and their functioning in accordance with the provisions of the 74th Constitution Amendment Act, 1992. The objectives of the JNNURM are to ensure:

• Focused attention to integrated development of infrastructure services in

cities; • Establishment of linkages between asset-creation and asset-management

through a slew of reforms for long term project sustainability; • Ensuring adequate funds to meet deficiencies in urban infrastructure

services; • Planned development of identified cities including peri-urban areas,

outgrowths and urban corridors leading to dispersed urbanization; • Scaling up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis

on universal access to the urban poor; • Special focus on urban renewal programme for old city areas to reduce

congestion; and • Provision of basic services to the urban poor including improved housing,

water supply and sanitation, and ensuring delivery of other existing universal services of the government for education, health and social security.

JNNURM comprises of two sub-missions, namely (i) Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure and Governance, and (ii) Sub-Mission for Basic Services to the urban Poor.

DELHI



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1.2 CONCEPT & PRINCIPLES OF CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

The City Development Plan is both a planning process and a product, which promotes partnership among the various stakeholders in a city- the city government, the private business sector, civil society, academic, and national government agencies- to jointly analyze growth issues, develop a vision for the future, formulate development strategies, design programmes, prioritize projects, mobilize resources, implement, monitor and evaluate implementation. The CDP is anchored on the following principles of a sustainable city.

LIVABILITY - what can be done to ensure a healthy and dignified standard of living for the city's residents? COMPETITIVENESS - how can the cities be more competitive in the global economy? BANKABILITY - how can the cities be more sustainable? How can public-private partnerships be promoted and/or enhanced? GOOD GOVERNANCE - how can a city's management be improved? How can accountability, integrity and transparency be made an integral part of a city's management?

1.2.1. Objective of City Development Plan

The goals of a City Development Plan include a collective city vision and action plan aimed at improving urban governance and management, increasing investment to expand employment and services, and systematic and sustained reductions in urban poverty. In order to achieve the above goals, the objectives of the CDP are to:

• Guide & promote economic development of the city; • Develop a consensus building process to establish the city's development

priority, strategies and actions; • Assist local authorities outline their financing and investment strategies;

and, build local capacity for more effective urban management. 1.3 CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN - A PROCESS

A City Development Plan is a perspective of and a vision for the future development of a city. Essentially, it addresses the following questions: 1. Where are we now? 2. Where do we want to go? 3. What do we need to address on priority basis? 4. What interventions do we make in order to attain the vision?



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The framework for preparing CDP as outlined in JNNURM toolkit is presented Figure 1.1. A key aspect in preparation of the CDP is the involvement of the community of stakeholders in the decision process.

Figure 1.1 - Multistage Process

1.3.1. City Assessment: Analysis of Existing Situation

This is the first step in the preparation of the CDP and includes: (a) An analysis of the existing situation focusing on demographic analysis and

economic activity, land use, financial, urban infrastructure and urban services (like transportation, water supply, and sanitation, sewerage and solid waste management, drainage, transport parking spaces etc) and physical and environmental aspects including heritage areas, water bodies etc.

(b) An assessment of the financial status of the City Government, parastatal and other agencies dealing with service provision including an analysis of

Multi-stakeholder Consultations

The City Assessment Opportunities, Strengths, risks, and weaknesses Unmet demand / gap

Future Perspective and Vision Directions of Change and expectations

Strategies for Development Options and strategies Link with reform agenda Criteria for prioritization

City Investment Plan & Financial Alternatives

Parameters • Demography • Economic Issues • Financial • Physical and

environment • Infrastructure • Institutions • Universalisation of

services especially to the urban poor

Sectors / Component • Environmental

services • Social infrastructure • Urban renewal • Slum improvement

and housing for EWS

• Transport and roads

services to the b



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their credit worthiness, effectiveness and efficiency of the institutional frameworks.

(c) Critical assessment as well as projections of the population growth, infrastructure needs and resource requirements in the short-term, medium term and long-term perspectives.

(d) Urban poverty, characteristics of slums e.g. social set up, availability of urban basic and social services and on-going slum improvement programmes etc. An assessment of the inner city and urban renewal requirements, an analysis of present status of availability of urban basic services including the condition of the infrastructure.

(e) Identification of existing nature of commercial and industrial establishments and identification of industries and commercial establishments that are not in conformity to the existing land-use planning and zoning regulations in the inner city areas.

(f) Heritage areas, including Archaeological Heritage, Architectural Heritage, and Architectural Conservation Areas.

(g) To highlight the "Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats" (SWOT Analysis) of the City Government / parastatal agencies and related Government departments in the City's specific context to provide an understanding of the factors responsible for inefficient and inadequate production and delivery of urban services, their managerial deficiencies and financial constraints; and to highlight critical factors that call for urgent remedial measures at the city and State governments level.

1.3.2. Development of Strategic Agenda and a Vision for the City

Based on the outcomes of the City Assessment, the second stage envisages the development of a Vision to guide the future development of the city, highlighting the direction of change and working out an Action agenda for implememntation with a specific time frame. Based on the Vision, strategies focusing on growth management, urban infrastructure and basic services, slum improvement, housing for EWS, provision of basic services for urban poor, protection of heritage areas, preservation of water bodies, redevelopment of inner city areas, etc. will be proposed. These strategies will respond risks and opportunities facing the city with a focus on reform and reform priorities. The Development of a Vision will be undertaken in consultation with various stakeholders and civil society in the city. Public consultations will focus on broad assessment of municipal resources, possible impact on the municipal budget and the proposal for reform to support development.

1.3.3. Evolving Strategies for Development

This element of work involves highlighting interventions to operationalize the Vision and future development of the city. This includes:

• Identification of options and strategies and their evaluation keeping in view



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their contribution to the goals, objectives and the reform agenda of the JNNURM.

• Translating the strategies into programmes and projects and • Identifying the programmes that have maximum contribution to the

achievement of the city's Vision and medium term perspectives.

Prioritization of the strategies, programmes and projects needs to be done as a consultative process with all the stakeholders.

1.3.4. Developing a City Investment Plan and Financing Strategy

This includes: (a): Preparation of a City Investment Plan (CIP), which will include the level of investment requirements to implement the CDP by adopting the financial norms or standards for service provision, and their upgradation, restoration, relocation etc, and directly estimating the cost of implementing the reform agenda. (b): Evaluation of financial options and strategies for financing the Vision, as enumerated in the CDP. Areas which the city government could finance by mobilizing resources in association with other tiers of government or financing institutions; the probability of access to capital market; the potential of enlisting private sector participation and steps needed to facilitate its participation, etc. (c): Broad strategies for financial viability of the proposed investments and improving financial sustainability will be worked out. This would include options for PPP in service delivery and O & M, wherever relevant. The investment schedules will layout the costs and revenue estimates of all priority projects in the next seven years of the Mission period. The preparation of CIP would be an iterative process requiring the adjustments and rescheduling to make the whole package work financially.

1.4 STRUCTURE OF REPORT

This report presents the results of the above mentioned process carried out for the National Capital City of Delhi. Since the region around Delhi has a considerable bearing on processes in the city, aspects of development in the National Capital Region (NCR) have been incorporated in the assessment of key sectors, particularly demography; economic planning; land and growth management and transportation. The report is presented in the following chapters: Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 City Demographic Profile Chapter 3 City Economic Profile Chapter 4 City Environment Profile Chapter 5 Land Management & Urban Growth Chapter 6 Urban Poor and Slum Chapter 7 Conservation & Heritage Management



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Chapter 8 Water Supply Chapter 9 City Sewerage System Chapter 10 Storm Water Drainage Chapter 11 Review of Road Network and Transport System Chapter 12 Solid Waste Management Chapter 13 Institutional Assessment Chapter 14 Review of Urban Finance Chapter 15 Community Consultation Chapter 16 SWOT Analysis Chapter 17 City Vision & Strategy Chapter 18 Investment Framework Chapter 19 Project and Capital Investment Plan Chapter 20 Financial Sustenance Plan Chapter 21 Institutional Reforms

IL&FS ECOSMART

Chapter – 2 : City Demographic Profile

Chapter – 2 City Demographic Profile


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CHAPTER - 2 CITY DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

2.1 INTRODUCTION – LOCATION, GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE

Delhi is located in northern India between the latitudes of 28°-24’-17” and 28°-53’-00” North and longitudes of 76°-50’-24” and 77°-20’-37” East. It has an area of 1,483 sq. kms. with a maximum length of 51.90 kms and greatest width of 48.48 kms. It shares borders with the States of Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. The Yamuna River and terminal part of the Aravali hill range are the two main geographical features of the city. The Aravali hill ranges are covered with forest and are called the Ridges; they are the city’s lungs and help maintain its environment. The average annual rainfall in Delhi is 714 mm, three-fourths of which falls in July, August and September. Heavy rainfall in the catchment area of the Yamuna can result in a dangerous flood situation for the city. During the summer months of April, May and June, temperatures can rise to 40-45 degrees Celsius. Winters are typically cold with minimum temperatures during December and January falling to 4 to 5 degree Celsius. February and March, October and November are climatically the best months. The forest cover has increased from 0.76% of the total area in 1980-81 to 1.75% in 1994-95 and 5.93% in 2000-01. Delhi’s mineral resources are primarily sand and stone, which are useful for construction activities. However, the stone quarries in the Ridge area have been shut down since 1984 on account of environmental considerations.

2.2 DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS Delhi has been one of the fastest growing cities in the country, clocking over 47% decadal growth from 1991-2001, more than double the national rate. A large part of this rapid growth has been due to the high level of migration. The subsequent sections take a closer look at the trends.

National Capital Region: The NCR comprises of the entire NCT Delhi, eight districts of Haryana, one district of Rajasthan and five districts of Uttar Pradesh with a population of over 371 lakhs in 2001. The sub-regions of NCT-Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh accommodated 37.33%, 23.42%, 8.07% and 31.19% of NCR’s population respectively.



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2.2.1 Area and Population

The annual average exponential growth rate of population of Delhi was the highest (6.42%) during 1941-1951 due to large-scale migration from Pakistan to India after partition in 1947. Since then the annual growth has been recorded at 4.22 % during 1951-1961; 4.25% during 1961-1971; 4.25% during 1971-1981 and 4.15% during 1981-1991. The annual growth rate of population of Delhi during 1991-2001 has been recorded as 3.85% and it is almost double the national average.

2.2.2 Population Growth, spatial distribution and Density

Delhi was considered as a single district for Population Census 1991. In 1996, Government of NCT of Delhi, through a Gazette Notification, created 9 districts and 27 sub-divisions. Population Census 2001 was conducted in Delhi in each of 9 districts and 27 Sub-divisions. Ranking of districts by population, in 1991 and 2001 is given in Table 2.1 Table 2.1: District-wise population

2001 1991

District Population % to total Population % to total Decadal Growth

North-West 2,860,869 20.65 1,777,968 18.87 60.91% South 2,267,023 16.37 1,501,881 15.94 50.95% West 2,128,908 15.37 1,433,038 15.21 48.56% North-East 1,768,061 12.77 1,085,250 11.52 62.92% South-West 1,755,041 12.67 1,087,573 11.55 61.37% East 1,463,583 10.57 1,023,078 10.86 43.06% North 781,525 5.64 686,654 7.29 13.82% Central 646,385 4.67 656,533 6.97 -1.55% New Delhi 179,112 1.29 168,669 1.79 6.19% Total 13,850,507 100 9,420,644 100 47.02%

Source: Economic Survey of Delhi 2003-04 Note: The population of nine districts for 1991 is derived by recasting the Census data of 1991 Census according to the present jurisdiction of the districts.

Population Density

According to Census 2001, the density of population, in Delhi, averages 9,340 persons per sq. km. as against 6,352 persons in 1991. Density of population at All-India level has been worked out at 324 persons per sq. km. in 2001. The density of population in Delhi is the highest among all states / UT’s in the country. The spatial distribution of the population density in Delhi is given in Table 2.2. Table 2.2: Density of Population (Per person Sq. kms)

Population Density

District 1991 2001 North-East 18,088 29,468 Central 26,261 25,855 East 15,986 22,868



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West 11,116 16,503 North 11,471 13,025 South 6,012 9,068 North-West 4,042 6,502 New Delhi 4,791 5,117 South-West 2,583 4,179 All Delhi 6352 9340

Source: Economic Survey of Delhi 2003-04 Note: The population of nine districts for 1991 is derived by recasting the Census data of 1991 Census according to the present jurisdiction of the districts.

2.2.3 Natural Increase

According to Civil Registration Records, birth and death rate (per’000 population) have been declining since 1991. The birth rate of 28.48 per 1000 recorded in 1991, further declined to 21.25 in 2001. The death rate also declined from 6.35 per 1000 in 1991 to 5.86 per 1000 in 2001. Infant mortality rate declined from 32.37 per thousand live births in 1991 to 24.49 in 2001. Table 2.3 provides the annual increase between 1991 and 2001. Table 2.3: Birth & Death Rate

(Figures in Lakhs)

Year Population Growth Total Birth

Total Death

Natural Increase Migration

1991 95.5 3.89 2.72 0.61 2.11 1.78 1992 99.37 3.87 2.74 0.62 2.12 1.75 1993 103.38 4.01 2.7 0.64 2.06 1.95 1994 107.5 4.12 2.62 0.68 1.94 2.18 1995 111.74 4.24 2.75 0.69 2.06 2.18 1996 116.1 4.36 2.83 0.76 2.07 2.29 1997 120.57 4.47 2.89 0.71 2.18 2.29 1998 125.14 4.57 2.84 0.8 2.04 2.52 1999 129.82 4.68 2.88 0.79 2.09 2.59 2000 134.6 4.78 3.17 0.8 2.37 2.41

2001(p) 139.5 4.9 2.96 0.81 2.15 2.75 Source: Economic Survey of Delhi 2003-04

2.3 MIGRATION PATTERN

As observed from the above table, migration has been a major driver in the population increase in the city. The key factors relating to this have been discussed below.

2.3.1 Origin and composition of Migrants

Table 2.4 shows the last estimate for migration origin. This is based on percentage of migration taking place from various States to Delhi during Census period 1981 to 1991. Table 2.4: Origin of Migrants

State of Origin % of total migration

Uttar Pradesh 49.61% Haryana 11.82%



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Bihar 10.99% Rajasthan 6.17% Punjab 5.43% West Bengal 2.79% Madhya Pradesh 2.71% Other States 10.48%

Source: Economic Survey of Delhi 2003-04

DURATION OF MIGRATION AND EMPLOYMENT

As per a survey done by “The Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi”, a majority of the migrant workers were employed as petty traders or vendors in the service sector and manufacturing. Together these account for over 80% of the migrant population. Table 2.5: Occupational Characteristics of Migrant population

Dominant Occupation Migration

Category Petty Traders

and Vendors

Transport

Workers

Workers in

Services

Manufacturing, Construction and Related

Work

Casual Workers

Total

0-5 Years 5 3 2 3 1 14 6-9 Years 15 0 3 5 0 23 10-11 Years 3 2 8 12 2 27

NCR Settlement Pattern: There are 17 Class I cities in the NCR, including Delhi Metropolis. These account for more than 90 % of the total urban population of the region (Delhi alone accounts for 62%) The highest order settlements identified in Regional plan-2001 were six Central NCR towns and 11 priority towns/regional centers outside NCT-Delhi in NCR. The CNCR towns were envisaged to grow to 37 lakhs against which they actually grew to 28.11 lakhs as per the census 2001. Of these six towns, the towns of Ghaziabad and Faridabad reached their targeted population; the rest of the CNCR towns could not achieve their target. The planned vs actual population figures are given in the table below.

Urban & Rural Settlement in NCR-2001

Name of Area Actual Population 2001

Assigned Popn. as per RP-01

Actual Popn. as % of Assigned Population

CNCR Towns 28,10,942 37,00,000 75.97

Regional Centers /Priority Towns 28,17,837 49,00,000 57.51

NCR (excl. NCT Delhi) 2,32,49,759 2,13,00,000 109.15

NCT-Delhi 1,38,50,507 1,12,00,000 123.67

NCR 3,71,00,266 3,25,00,000 114.15



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Dominant Occupation Migration Category Petty

Traders and

Vendors

Transport

Workers

Workers in

Services

Manufacturing, Construction and Related

Work

Casual Workers

Total

12-15 Years 26 11 27 14 8 86 Total 49 (32.7) 16 (10.7) 40 (26.7) 34 (22.7) 11 (7.3) 150

(100.0) (NOTE: Figures in parenthesis are in percentage) Source: The Institute of Economic Growth Delhi

2.3.2 Socio-economic characteristics

There is a clear class difference between the native residents of Delhi and the migrants. Among the natives, a larger number are either rich or belong to the middle class. On the other hand, among the migrants from Bihar and Jharkhand, a large number are poor, and only 7% are rich. Similarly, most migrants from UP and Uttaranchal are also poor. But those who migrated to this city at the time of independence have become very rich – 87% among them have become rich or belong to the middle class. A snapshot of the economic profile is given below. Table 2.6: Economic Status of Migrant population

Place of origin Rich Middle Poor Delhi 20 53 27 Bihar and Jharkhand 7 31 61 UP and Uttaranchal 10 46 45 Pakistan 36 51 13 Other states 23 49 28

Source: HT-CSDS 2003 survey 2.4 LITERACY RATE

Literacy rate in Delhi was 81.67 in 2001. The rural and urban composition was 78.05 and 82.00, respectively. The following table gives the literacy rate in rural and urban areas of nine districts as recorded in 2001 Census. Table 2.7: Literacy Rate

Literacy Rate (%) State/District

Total Rural Urban State: NCT of Delhi 81.67 78.05 82.00 Districts North West 80.57 78.62 80.77 North 80.10 78.48 80.31 North East 77.53 75.58 77.70 East 84.91 81.94 84.94 New Delhi 83.24 - 83.24 Central 79.69 - 79.69 West 83.39 76.19 83.68 South West 83.61 79.61 84.20 South 81.96 78.05 82.25



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2.5 GENDER RATIO

The gender ratio of Delhi has been showing an upward trend since 1971, though at 821, it is still much lower than the All India average of 933, in 2001. A comparative view of the two is given in Table 2.8. Table 2.8: Sex Ratio of population

Sex Ratio (Females per ‘000 Males) Census Year

Delhi India 1901 862 972 1911 793 964 1921 733 955 1931 722 950 1941 715 945 1951 768 946 1961 785 941 1971 801 930 1981 808 934 1991 827 927 2001 821 933

Source: Delhi Statistical Handbook 2004 2.6 SOCIAL COMPOSITION

The Planning Commission estimates the proportion and number of poor separately for rural and urban India at the national and state levels based on the recommendations of the Task Force on 'Projections of Minimum Needs and Effective Consumption Demands' (1979). The Task Force had defined the poverty line (BPL) as the cost of an all India average consumption basket at which calorie norms were met. The norms were 2400 calories per capita per day for rural areas and 2100 calories for urban areas. These calories norms have been expressed in monetary terms for each individual year. Table 2.9: Monthly Per Capita Poverty Line Delhi- 1973-74/1999-2000



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According to the Delhi Economic Survey 2004-2005, 6% of the people living in Delhi are very poor and another 28% poor. If clubbed together, 34% would be considered as poor. On the other hand, nearly 6% people in Delhi would be considered as very rich and another 12% as rich. As such, 18% people in Delhi are those who would be considered as belonging to the rich class. There is a big middle class, which constitutes 48% of the population. Among the middle class, 28% belong to the upper middle class, while 20% fall in the lower middle class.

2.7 POPULATION PROJECTION

The population projection for Delhi has been provided below. This is as per the projections given by the Census of India. The breakup has been provided by sex, dependency and age. The estimates project a growing trend in the population density and median age, whereas the sex ratio shows a worryingly downward trend.

2.7.1 Annual Average Growth Rate

The demographic indicators project a marginal downturn in the population growth rate from 2.9 per thousand to 2.7. Table 2.10: Demographic Indicators: 2001-2025



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2.7.2 Projected Population

As per the projections of Census of India, the population of Delhi is expected to be over 24 million by 2021 and touch 28 million by 2026.

Population Projections for NCR: The population projection for NCR for the year 2011 and 2021 is given in the table below. The population of NCR is projected to be 641.4 lakhs by 2021. The percentage share of NCT-Delhi is expected to decrease from 37.3% in 2001 to 37% in 2011 and thereafter to 36.6% in 2021. In Haryana Sub-region, the percentage share is projected to consistently increase from 23.4% in 2001 to 24.9% in 2021, whereas in case of UP, it may decline marginally from 31.2% in 2001 to 30.9% in 2021.

Population Growth in National Capital Region

Population in Lakh Population Projection Sub-Region

1961 1971 1981 1991 2001

Decadal Growth Rate 61-

01 2011 2021

NCT-Delhi 26.6 40.6 62.2 94.2 138.5 51.1 179.9 234.8

Haryana 28.9 37.9 49.4 66.4 86.8 31.6 117.5 160.2

Rajasthan 11.0 14.0 17.7 22.9 29.9 28.4 37.9 48.1

Uttar Pradesh 44.5 54.4 69.6 90.0 115.7 27.0 150.8 198.3

NCR 2072 2117.9 2189.9 2274.5 2371.9 35.2 2497.1 2662.4

IL&FS ECOSMART

Chapter – 3 : City Economic Profile

Chapter – 3 City Economic Profile


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CHAPTER - 3 CITY ECONOMIC PROFILE

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Delhi is rapidly emerging as a world-class metropolis. With a 15% average compounded growth rate, it has one of the fastest growing economies in the country, among cities with million plus population. As with all metros, Delhi’s economy is driven by the services sector, which accounts for 78% of its GSDP and provides employment to 58% of the labour force.

The growing affluence of its populace is reflected by the relatively high per capita income, which at Rs. 47,477 in 2002-03 ranks second only to Chandigarh. Its literacy rate of 81.82% (as per census 2001) is fourth highest among states in the country. At the same time, this affluence acts as a magnet for immigration from neighboring states and drives the rapid growth in the City’s population. As per the 2001 census the City had a decadal growth rate of 46.31% over 1991, which was more than double the All India growth rate.

On the one hand the growing population, coupled with the growing per capita income is fuelling the growth of the services sector, which in turn provides employment to a majority of the work force. The high proportion of immigration also provides a ready pool of resources for the unorganized sector of the City, which constitutes a significant portion of the overall economy of Delhi.

However, it is necessary to study the various aspects of the economy to understand the dynamics further and formulate a coherent strategy for the future.

3.1.1 Economic Planning

Economic planning for Delhi is presently undertaken at the State level, by the Planning Department of the Govt. of National Capital Territory of Delhi. This section takes a quick look at the economic planning agendas over the last few years, and the present trends.

Of the Rs. 15,541.28 crore approved by the Planning Commission as plan outlay for the 9th Five Year Plan for Delhi, the tentative expenditure in the 9th Five Year Plan would be about Rs. 13,469.68 crore. It is about 87% of the original approved outlay. The details of outlay and expenditure during Annual Plans under the 9th Five Year Plan are presented below in Table 3.1: Table 3.1: Details of outlay & expenditure during Annual Plan under 9th Five Year Plan

(in Crores) S. No.

Annual Plan Allocation of Plan Outlay

Revised Estimate Expenditure

1. 1997-98 2331.73 2073.00 1978.31 2. 1998-99 2700.00 2365.86 2054.56



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S. No.

Annual Plan Allocation of Plan Outlay

Revised Estimate Expenditure

3. 1999-2000 3000.00 2500.00 2298.20 4. 2000-2001 3300.00 3300.00 3129.11 5. 2001-2002 3800.00 4200.00 4009.50

Source: Introduction to the Tenth Five Year Plan 2002-07 document of the GNCTD

During the last two plans (8th & 9th), Infrastructure areas like Energy, Transport, Urban Development and Water Supply received a majority of the funding, indicating the focus of the Govt. on Urban Infrastructure, which required major up gradation, driven by the rising population and expectations. Table 3.2, given below, shows the investments in each of the priority sectors.

Table 3.2: Priorities Sectors of Eighth Five-Year Plan & Ninth Five-Year Plan

(Rs. in crore) S. No. Name of the

Sectors 8th Five Year Plan (1992-97) Expn.

9th Five Year Plan (1997-02) Outlay

9th Five Year Plan

Anticipated Expn.

10th Plan Outlay

(2002-07)

1 Transport

851.94 3158.40 2260.69 5446.71

2 Energy

1549.40 3046.55 3589.70 3457.50

3 Urban Development

966.11 2070.75 1998.07 2940.25

4 Water Supply

895.30 2540.00 1896.88 3766.00

5 Medical & Public Health

407.36 1101.40 1032.31 2223.50

6 Education (Gen. & Tech.)

609.18 1080.75 1132.15 1840.00

7 Social Welfare

34.82 108.60 133.70 322.50

8 Welfare of SC/ST/OBC

38.48 87.25 36.50 158.00

9 Others 855.73 2347.58 1389.65 369.29

Grand Total 6208.32 15541.28 13469.68 20523.75

Source: Introduction to the Tenth Five Year Plan 2002-07. Document of the GNCTD

The Tenth Plan outlay has been made based on various studies done by the concerned Departments and the 20 year perspective “Delhi Urban Environment and Infrastructure Improvement Project (DUEIIP) – 2021” formulated with the Ministry of Environment & Forest, GoI. The outlays for the priority sectors under this plan indicate a continued emphasis on the infrastructure aspects that characterized the previous plans, as shown in the table above.

3.2 ECONOMIC PROFILE 3.2.1 City GDP – Growth and Sectoral contributions

This section provides a review of the present position of the City Economy.



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Estimates at Current Prices Delhi has a strong and vibrant economy. Gross State Domestic Product at current prices was to the tune of Rs. 66,866 crores during 2001-02 depicting a 7.0% growth over the previous year (Table 3.3). Quick estimates at Rs. 74,474 crores for 2002-03 indicate 11.4% growth at current prices. Net State Domestic Product at current prices for the year 2002-03 is estimated to touch Rs. 68747 crores indicating a growth of 11.6% over the previous year (Table 3.4) Table 3.3 – Percentage Growth over previous year 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 GSDP 1. At Current Prices 11.4 18.2 7.0 11.4 2. At 1993-94 Prices 4.6 13.6 4.2 7.9 NSDP 1. At Current Prices 11.8 18.8 7.0 11.6 2. At 1993-94 Prices 4.6 14.2 4.2 8.1


Estimates at 1993-94 Prices GSDP at 1993-94 prices was estimated at Rs. 40,900 crores for 2001-02 indicating a real growth of 4.2% over the previous year (Table 3.5). However real annual growth for the year 2002-03 (Rs. 44,135 crores) is expected to be 7.9% as compared to 4.0% at the national level. NSDP at 1993-94 prices was estimated at Rs. 37,366 crores with 4.2% annual growth for the year 2001-02. However the annual growth for 2002-03 (Rs. 40,396 crores) is expected to be at 8.1% (Table 3.6). The real growth in sectoral GSDP for 2002-03 is expected to be -2.0% in the primary sector, 6.4 % in the secondary sector and 8.5 % in the tertiary sector.

Figure 1 – Year-Wise Growth of GDP at Current Prices

23.1

9.8

19.1

22

15.2

11.4

18.2

7

11.4

17.4 1715.9

11.8

15

10.2

8

9.9

7.6

0

5

10

15

20

25

1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03

Year

Perc

enta

ge

Delhi All India




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3.2.2 Trends

Gross State Domestic Product of Delhi, at current prices, estimated at Rs. 74,474 crores during 2002-03, has shown an annual compound growth rate of 15.11% over the estimate of Rs. 20,992 crores in 1993-94. Similarly, annual compound growth rate at 1993-94 prices has been 8.61% for the corresponding period. The Net State Domestic Product at current prices for 2002-03 has been estimated of Rs. 68,747 crores, indicating an annual compound growth rate of 15.38% over the corresponding estimate of Rs. 18,967 crores in 1993-94. At 1993-94 prices, NSDP is projected at Rs. 40,396 crores in 2002-03 registering an annual compound growth rate of 8.76 %. The comparative picture of Delhi vis-à-vis All India is depicted below: Table 3.4: Annual Compound Growth (Between 1993-94 & 2002-03)

DELHI ALL INDIA

GSDP/GDP 1. At Current Prices 2. At 1993-94 Prices

15.11% 8.61%

12.47% 5.98%

NSDP/NNP 1. At Current Prices 2. At 1993-94 Prices

15.38% 8.76%

12.5% 5.89%


Per Capita Income According to the present series, the per capita income of Delhi at current prices is projected at Rs. 47,477 in 2002-03 compared to Rs. 43,751 in 2001-02. The annual growth rates for 2001-02 is 3.2% respectively. Quick Estimates indicate an annual growth of 8.5% during 2002-03.

The per capita income of Delhi at 1993-94 prices is projected at Rs. 27,898 in 2002-03 compared to Rs. 26,550 in 2001-02, registering an annual growth of 5.1 %. However in real terms per capita income at National level has been estimated at Rs. 10,964 during 2002-03 (CSO Estimates) Delhi’s per capita income is more than double the national average, both at current and constant prices as indicated below: Table 3.5: Per Capita Income (in Rs.)

1993-94 2001-02* 2002-03# A.C.G.R. 1993-94

to 2002-03 At Current Prices Delhi 18,166 43,751 47,477 11.26% All India 7,690 17,947 18,912 10.52% At Constant (1993-94) Prices

Delhi 18,166 26,550 27,898 4.88% All India 7,690 10,774 10,964 4.02%

N.B.: * - Provisional, # - Quick, ACGR – Annual Compound Growth Rate. Source: Economic Survey of Delhi 2003-2004



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3.2.3 Main Sectors and trends - Employment and Revenue This section provides a review of the present position and trends in the income and employment generation potentials for the three main sectors of the City Economy. States / UT Wise Position Table 3.6 provides the provisional results of the fifth economic census in States / UTs in respect of key features. NCT of Delhi has secured a share of 1.79% in enterprises and 4.12% in terms of employment in the total for the country. Table 3.6: Key Features of the Economy

Parameters Delhi All India Position Total Enterprises - Share of All India

753,795 1.79%

42,123,849

16

Average Annual Growth Rate: - Enterprises - Employment

1.36 2.21

4.8

2.49

33 18

Percentage Enterprise Employing 10+ persons

2.7% 1.4% 10

Percentage of Enterprises in non-Agri Business

99.3% 84.7% 1

Total Employment - Share of All India

4,080,033 4.12%

98,967,642 11

Hired Workers Percentage 76.6% 52.4% 6 Female Workers Percentage 10.5% 19.3% 34

Source: Fifth Economic Census – 2005 (Provisional Results), GNCTD

Sectoral Review The analysis of sectoral growth in Gross State Domestic Product at current prices reveals that contribution of primary sector comprising of agriculture, livestock, forestry, fishing, mining & quarrying and also the secondary sector comprising of manufacturing, electricity, gas, water supply and construction is decreasing. On the contrary, the tertiary sector, also called the service sector, comprising of trade, hotels and restaurants, transport, storage, communication, financing & insurance, real estate, business services, public administration and other services, is the major contributor to the economy of Delhi, increasing regularly. The contribution of primary the sector, which was 3.85 % during 1993-94, has come down to 1.13% in 2002-03. Similarly the contribution of the secondary sector recorded at 25.20% in the base year has also declined to 21.90% in 2002-03. On the other hand, the contribution of the tertiary sector which worked out to 70.95% in 1993-94 has increased to 76.97% in 2002-03.

A comparative picture regarding the shift in sectoral composition of GSDP in Delhi is available in Table 3.7 below.



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Table 3.7 - Sectoral Growth of Economy at Current Prices

(in Rs. Lakhs) Sector 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04

Primary 76,757 80,465 82,601 79,912 84,361 84,452

Secondary 889,763 878,711 1,370,739 1,356,687 1,460,876 1,629,390

Tertiary 3,781,896 4,349,952 4,821,690 5,380,169 5,940,281 6,668,633

Gross State domestic product

4,748,416 5,300,965 6,273,293 6,818,546 7,480,683 8,382,475

Sectoral composition of Gross State Domestic Product at 1993-94 prices also indicates the same trend as that of current prices but with slight variations in percentages. During 2002-03 contribution of the primary, secondary and tertiary sector was 1.17%, 22.54% and 76.29% respectively.

Table 3.8 – Sectoral Composition of GSDP in Delhi

(in Percentage) 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 Sector 1993-

94 Current Constant Current Constant Current Constant Primary 3.85 1.29 1.37 1.23 1.29 1.13 1.17 Secondary 25.2 21.92 22.96 22.13 22.86 21.9 22.54 Tertiary 70.95 76.79 75.67 76.64 75.85 76.97 76.29 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Source: Economic Survey of Delhi 2003-2004 The reasons for the shift in the sectoral composition of the Delhi Economy may be attributed to the rapid urbanization and consequential reduction in agricultural and allied activities on one hand; and substantial increase in activities pertaining to the services sector on the other. Regular monitoring of environmental degradation by different Government agencies on the directives of the Honorable Supreme Court and subsequent closure of polluting industrial units also contributed to the reduction of output of the secondary sector.

NCR Review: The industrial activities in NCR have been developing over a span of more than three decades during which substantial structural changes have taken place. Industrial development in NCR, to a large extent, is characterized by the ‘Scale Factor’ i.e developments could be easily characterized in terms of large and medium units, small scale industries and development in tiny unorganized units.



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3.2.4 Work Participation Rate This section provides a review of the present position and trends in the employment and distribution of workers based on various parameters including geographical, industry segment, enterprise type, etc.

Distribution of Enterprises The number of enterprises found to be operating in the geographical boundaries of NCT of Delhi during 2005 was 753,795. Out of them only 27,695 (3.67%) were in rural areas and 726,100 (96.33%) in urban areas. Enterprises have been classified into two broad groups with respect to type of premises viz. Enterprises with premises and without premises (i.e. moving type).

NCR Review – Worker Participation: The Central NCR towns, namely, Bahadurgarh, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Gaziabad, NOIDA, with a workforce participation rate of 29.50% in 1991 had a very low proportion of primary workers (5.16%) a moderately high proportion of secondary worker (37.29%) and a high proportion of tertiary workers (57.55%). The Regional Centers as identified as in the Regional Plan 2001 in totality represented a workforce participation rate of 27.10% in 1991 as compared to 26.6% in 1981.

NCR Sectoral Review: The organized industrial sector consisting of the large and medium units and SSI in NCR has developed both in terms of number of units as well as in terms of growth in terms of growth of different industries. In Haryana Sub-Region, units are manufacturing engineering goods, consisting of metal products and parts, machine tools and electric machinery show highest percentage distribution. Electric machinery, metal products and parts, chemical products and parts, textile products constitute the major sectors in UP Sub-Region. In Rajasthan Sub-Region, metal products and parts, textile products and transport equipments along with chemicals, non-metallic mineral products and basic metal products constitute the major sectors.



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Table 3.9 - Distribution of Enterprises


Analysis of related data revealed that out of the total enterprises 87.23% were enterprises operating with fixed premises and rest of the 96,238 enterprises accounting for 12.77% were operating without any fixed premises. About 2.68% of the total enterprises were the found to be employing more than 10 workers. Break-up of enterprises, as shown in Table 3.10 in terms of the agricultural and non-agricultural type revealed that 5,328 (0.71%) belong to the former category and 748,467 (99.29%) to the latter. There has been a substantial drop in rural enterprises between 1998 and 2005, of over 25%, whereas urban enterprises have shown a growth of over 10% in the same period.

Table 3.10 - Number of Enterprises under 4th & 5th Economic Census


Distribution of Number of Persons Usually Working The total number of persons usually found to be working in the enterprises of Delhi worked out to 4,080,033 persons. The share of rural and urban enterprises with respect to employment was about 1.79% and 98.21% respectively. Out of the total workers, 3,123,667 (76.56%) were hired workers and of the rest, nearly 23.44%, were household workers.



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Table 3.11 - Employment under 4th & 5th Economic Census (Number pf persons)


Employment in the Fifth Economic Census when compared to that Fourth economic Census registered an overall increase of about 16.54% during the period 1998-2005. However, there was a drop of nearly 15% in employment in rural areas. Average Employment The average number of persons usually working in each enterprise comes to 5.41 persons in Delhi. In Rural Delhi, this average was 2.64 persons per enterprise while in urban areas it was as high as 5.52 persons per enterprise. In comparison to the fourth economic census (1998) the overall average employment per enterprise registered a marginal increase from 5.10 person per enterprise to 5.41 persons in the fifth economic census (2005).

Table 3.12 - Average Employment under Fifth & Fourth Economic Census (Number of persons)

Source: Fifth Economic Census – 2005 (Provisional Results), GNCTD The average number of hired persons per enterprise was 1.57 and 4.24 persons for rural and urban areas respectively.

District-Wise Profile

The basic enterprise data is presented district-wise in Table 3.13 below. Based on the Fifth Economic Census, the North-West District with a share of 17.33% in



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the total number of enterprises is leading the table. This is closely followed by the South District (14.16%) and West District (13.39%). In the case of employment, the South District with a 16.80% share is in the forefront. It is followed by the North-West District (14.35%) and the West District (11.36%). New Delhi District is ranked least, both in the case of the number of enterprises and employment among the 9 districts for obvious reasons. Table 3.13 - District- wise numbers of Enterprises with Selected Principal Characteristics


Worker Characteristics

The following Table indicates the estimated distribution of population in Delhi according to the 48th, 55th and 57th rounds (July 2001 to June 2002) of NSS under state sample: Table 3.14 - Estimated Distribution of Population

(in lakhs) S. No.

Particulars 48th Round (Jan.-Dec. 1

992)

55th Round (July 1999-June

2000)

57th Round (July 2001 to June, 2002)

1 Employed 32.61 (33.04%) 38.94 (29.29%) 41.75 (29.93%) 2 Unemployed 1.96 (1.99%) 5.59 (4.20%) 2.95 (2.12%) 3 Labour Force (1+2) 34.57 (35.02%) 44.54 (33.49%) 44.70 (32.05%) 4 Out of Labour

Force 64.14 (64.98%) 88.44 (66.51%) 94.80 (67.95%)

5 Estimated Population (3+4)

98.71 (100.00%) 132.98 (100.00%) 139.50 (100.00%)

6 Percentage of unemployed person to Labour Force

5.67 12.55 6.60

Note: Household Consumer Expenditure in Delhi (Based on NSS 57th Round 2002)-Dept. of Eco. & Stats)

From the above Table it may be seen that while the total number of persons as well as the labour force increased in absolute terms, there was a decrease in relative terms from 34.57 lakh in (48th Round) to 44.54 lakh (55th Round) and 44.70 lakh in 57th Round (2002). The distribution of the work force by type of activities as per 48th round (Jan.-Dec. 1992) and 55th round (July 1999-June 2000) is given in Table 3.15 below.



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Table 3.15: Distribution of Workforce by Type of Activities (in lakhs)

S. No. Activities 48th Round 55th Round 1 Agriculture 0.92 (2.82) 0.60 (1.54) 2 Mining - - 3 Manufacturing 7.84 (24.04) 8.78 (22.55) 4 Electricity, Gas, Water etc. 0.09 (0.28) 0.11 (0.29) 5 Construction 1.78 (5.46) 2.26 (5.78) 6 Trade, Hotel, and Restaurants 6.85 (21.01) 11.31 (29.05) 7 Transport, Communication etc. 2.59 (7.94) 2.91 (7.47) 8 Finance and Business Activities 1.53 (4.69) 2.49 (6.40) 9 Public Admn., Education, Health

etc. 11.01 33.76) 10.48 (26.92)

Total 32.61 (100.00) 38.94 (100.00) Note: Figures in brackets indicate percentages From the above table it may be seen that as per the 55th Round of NSS (2000), the major sources of employment in Delhi are Trade, Hotels and Restaurants (29.05%) followed by Public Administration, Educations, Health etc.(26.92) and Manufacturing (22.55%)

The status–wise distribution of work force as per 48th round (1992), 55th round (2000) and 57th round (2002) of NSSO Surveys, given in Table 3.16 shows that out of the total work-force, the number of self-employed persons increased from 13.05 lakh (33.51%) in 55th round to 14.61 (35.00%) lakh in the 57th round. The regular/wage salaried persons increased from 22.91 lakh (58.84%) in 55th round (2000) to 25.21 lakh (60.38%) in 57th round (2002).

Table 3.16: Distribution of Workforce

(in lakhs) Urban Rural Total S.

No. Description 48th 55th 57th 48th 55th 57th 48th 55th 57th

1 Self-employed

10.00 11.91 14.17 1.22 1.14 0.44 11.31 (34.68%)

13.05 (33.51

%)

14.61 (35.00%)

2 Regular / Wage Salaried

17.11 20.87 22.88 1.61 2.04 2.33 18.72 (57.41%)

22.91 (58.84

%)

25.21 (60.38%)

3 Others / Casual Wage Labourers

2.41 2.71 1.86 0.17 0.27 0.07 2.58 (7.91%)

2.98 (7.65%)

1.93 (4.62%)

4 Total Work Force

29.61 35.49 38.91 3.00 3.45 2.84 32.61 (100.00%)

38.94 (100.0

0%)

41.75 (100.00

%) Source: Annual Plan On Manpower & Employment 2005-06, Manpower & Employment Office, Planning Department, GNCTD Informal Sector The informal sector contributes significantly in generation of employment and income. Of the total of 17.45 lakh persons employed in 8.38 lakh enterprises in the informal sector during June 1999 -July 2000, 8.50 lakh (48.72%) were employed in trading activities. Manufacturing sector accounts for 4.12 lakh persons (23.60) followed by other service sectors.



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Organized Sector As per the Employment Market Information (EMI) of Dept. of Employment, Govt. of NCT of Delhi, employment in the organized sector declined slightly from 8.45 lakh in March 1998 to 8.39 lakh in March 2004. Unemployment According to the results of 48th & 55th Rounds of NSSO conducted during 1992 and 1999-2000, 1.96 lakh and 5.59 lakh persons were found to be unemployed during the period (Table No. 3.14). As per NSS 57th Round conducted during 2002, 2.95 lakh persons were found unemployed.

Table 3.17 - Distribution of Unemployed Persons by Level of Education Attained

S.

No. Education Level Male Female Total % of Total

1 Illiterate 32525 57563 90088 16.11 2 Literate+ Primary 50080 36989 87069 15.57 3 Middle 51183 43708 94891 16.97 4 Secondary 61074 41804 102878 18.40 5 10+2 26114 39980 66094 11.82 6 Graduate &

Others 47912 70198 118110 21.13

Total 268888 290242 559130 % of Total 48.09 51.91 100.00 100.00

Source: Annual Plan on Manpower & Employment 2005-06, Manpower & Employment Office, Planning Department, GNCTD

From the above table it may be seen that out of the total unemployed persons, graduates and others constitute 21.13%; followed by those educated up to secondary level (18.40%). Educated unemployed persons constitute 83.89% of the total estimated unemployed persons in Delhi during 2000.

3.3 PRIMARY SECTOR

The Primary sector has seen a steady decline in terms of share in the GSDP. This is to be expected as rural and agricultural lands are developed to cater to the rapid urbanization of the city. A quick snapshot of the income of the various types of enterprises in this sector is given in the table below.

Table 3.18 - Net Income and Growth in the Primary Sector

(in Rs. Lakhs)




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The sector has been more or less stagnant over the last 10 years.

3.4 SECONDARY SECTOR

The Secondary sector has seen a steady decline in terms of its share of GSDP. One of the major factors was the policy of shifting polluting industries out of the NCT area. This has lead to a general slow down in industrial activity as can be seen from the chart below. However, the major factor of growth in this sector has been the performance of the construction industry, which at 21.39% CAGR is the highest in all the industrial segments. A quick snapshot of the income of the various types of enterprises in this sector is given in table 3.19 below:

Table 3.19 : Net Income and Growth in the Secondary Sector

(in Rs. Lakhs)


3.4.1 Industry

During the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) in 2003-04, there were 3193 factories in the organized sector. The primary characteristics of these industries have been shown below in Table 3.20

Table 3.20: Important characteristics of the organised industrial (Factory) sector during 2003-2004



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No. of Factories Covered S .No Type of Organisation Census Sample Total

1 Individual Proprietorship 36 953 989 15.06% 32.26% 30.97%

2 Joint Family (HUF) 0 26 26 0.88% 0.81%

3 Partnership 74 1001 1075 30.96% 33.89% 33.67%

4 Public Limited Company 50 103 153 20.92% 3.49% 4.79%

5 Private Limited Company 79 871 950 33.05% 29.49% 29.75%

6 Govt. Deptt. Enterprises 0 0 07 Public Corporation 0 0 08 Co-operative Societies 0 0 09 Others 0 0 0 TOTAL 239 2954 3193 100% 100% 100%

Organised Industry

The summary results revealed that during the reference period of ASI 2003-2004, a larger number of factories were engaged in manufacturing of wearing apparel, dressing and dying of fur (17.71%); followed by manufacture of fabricated material product except machinery (8.55%); manufacture of machinery and equipment (8.49%); and manufacture of rubber and plastic product

(6.66%); manufacture of publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media (6.42%) These five industries together account for 45.7 percent of the total working factories, provide employment to 58.24 percent of the total employees and utilize 51.98 percent of fixed capital stock. Their share in the gross value of output and net value added by manufacture were 37.33 and 44.84 percent respectively.

The study during the Annual Survey of 2002-03 reveals that:

1. Factories under the group ‘partnership’ numbering 1075 (33.67 %) were the

highest in the factory sector; followed by individual proprietorship-989 (30.97%); Private Limited Company-950 (29.75%); Public Limited Company-153 (4.79%); Joint Family (HUF)-26 (0.81%) in that order.

2. In the Census Sector, Pvt. Ltd.

Companies number 79 (33.05%), Partnerships-74 (30.96%), Public Limited Company-50 (20.92%), Individual Proprietorship-36 (15.06%) and other organisation as Joint Family (HUF), Govt. Dept., Public Corporation & Co-op Society are Nil.

3. The pattern in the Sample sector, however was slightly different i.e.

Partnership 1001 (33.89%) occupied the top position, followed by Individual Proprietorship 953 (32.26%), Private Ltd. Company 871 (29.49%), Public Ltd. Company 103 (3.49%), Joint Family (HUF) 26 (0.88%) in that order.

Household Industries

The “Report on Unorganised Service Sector in Delhi”, based on the data collected during the 57th NSS survey, indicates that nearly 69.25% of the total enterprises in the unorganized service sector in Delhi were household

The Census Sector consists of the following categories: • Units having 100 or more workers and • All factories covered under Joint return

and contributing significantly in terms of GVA.

Sample sector: All industrial units of theentire ASI frame minus the Industrial units of the Census Sector will form the sample sector.



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enterprises, employing about 2.21 lakh workers. As per the 4th Economic Census, the total number of Own Account Enterprises (OAE), which are the same as household enterprises, is 329,190. Of this, Retail Trade accounted for a whopping 135,398 followed by Transport at 34,991 and Manufacturing & Repair at 34,659.

Unorganized Industry

The pattern of enterprises and employment in the unorganized industrial sector is very similar to that of the organized sector. Here too the manufacturing of wearing apparel, dressing and dying of fur has the largest representation with 27.42% followed by manufacture of fabricated metal at 13.93% and manufacture of furniture at 10.82%. These sectors also provided the highest employment with 30.22%, 10.14% and 9.65%, respectively.

Table 3.21: Distribution of Enterprise and Employment by Type in the Unorganized Sector

DELHI Description Enterprises Rank Employment Generated Rank Number Percentage Number Percentage Manufacture of Wearing Apparels; Dressing & Dyeing of Fur 52168 27.42 1 239948 30.22 1 Manufacture of Fabricated Metal Products, Except Machinery & Equipment 26499 13.93 2 80515 10.14 2 Manufacture of Furniture; Mfg. NEC 20586 10.82 3 76646 9.65 3 Manufacture of Food Products & Beverages 17986 9.45 4 56084 7.06 5 Manufacture of Textiles 15898 8.35 5 75273 9.48 4 Manufacture of Rubber & Plastics Products 9520 5 6 38023 4.79 6 Manufacture of Paper & paper Products 6873 3.61 7 27608 3.48 8 Publishing, Printing & reproduction of Recorded Media 5454 2.87 8 22054 2.78 10 Manufacture of Machinery & Equipment 5254 2.76 9 29520 3.72 7 Manufacture of Electrical Machinery & Apparatus 4549 2.39 10 26820 3.38 9 Tanning & Dressing ofLeather: Mfg. Of Luggage, Handbags, Footwear etc. 4133 2.17 11 18605 2.34 12 Manufacture of Basic Metals 3968 2.09 12 17550 2.21 14



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DELHI Description Enterprises Rank Employment Generated Rank Number Percentage Number Percentage Manufacture of Motor Vehicles, Trailers 7 Semi-Trailers 3615 1.9 13 17866 2.25 13 Manufacture of Radio, Television & Communication Equipment & Apparatus 3148 1.65 14 21480 2.7 11 Manufacture of Wood Products 2869 1.51 15 8261 1.04 17 Manufacture of Chemicals & Chemical Products 2707 1.42 16 14711 1.85 15 Manufacture of Medical, Precision & optical Instruments, Watches & Clocks 2606 1.37 17 10098 1.27 16 Manufacture of Other Transport Equipment 1250 0.66 18 6560 0.83 18 Manufacture of Other Non-Metallic Mineral Products 704 0.37 19 3106 0.39 19 Recycling 378 0.2 20 3004 0.38 20 Manufacture of Office, Accounting & Computing Machinery 94 0.05 21 209 0.03 21 Manufacture of Tobacco Products 18 0.01 22 117 0.01 22 Total 190277 100 794058 100

Source: Report on Unorganised Manufacturing Activities in Delhi, 56th Round 3.5 TERTIARY SECTOR

The tertiary sector, accounting for 76% of the GSDP of Delhi, is also the fastest growing. Banking & Insurance and the Real Estate & Business Services showed the highest growth rates at 20.17% and 17.22% CAGR between 1993-94 and 2003-04. Overall the sector growth at 16.53% was the highest of all the 3 sectors.

Table 3.22 Net Income and Growth in the Tertiary Sector (in Rs. Lakhs)



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The major industries under this sector, in terms of income are Banking & Insurance and Trade, Hotels & Restaurants at 30.21% and 25.56% respectively as per the figures shown above for 2002-03. Other areas of potential growth include Real Estate and Other Services.

3.5.1 Trade, Hotels & Restaurants

Trade, along with Hotels & Restaurants accounts for over 43.5% of the total enterprises in Delhi and contributes to nearly 20% of its GSDP. The figure below shows the breakup by enterprise group. This sector has been growing at a near 14% CAGR between 1993-94 and 2002-03.

As per the Fourth Economic Census, there were 268,091 enterprises under the Trade classification, which employed a total of 694,034 persons. Of this Retail Trade accounts for the highest number in terms of enterprises and employment.

3.5.2 Retail Trade

The Retail Trade sector accounts for 33.7% of the enterprises in Delhi. A majority of the enterprises in this sector are in the unorganized category accounting for 135,398 enterprises against 95,735 in the organized category. These enterprises provide employment to 535,887 persons.



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3.5.3 Banking, Insurance, Real Estate & Business Services

Banking, Insurance, Real Estate & Business Services accounts for only 4.25% of the total enterprises in Delhi though it contributes to over 33% of its GSDP. This sector has been growing at over 19% CAGR between 1993-94 and 2002-03.

As per the Fourth Economic Census, there were 29,153 enterprises employing a total of 207,465 persons.

3.5.4 Unorganised Trade

As per the report on Unorganised Sector in Delhi (based on NSS 57 during 2001-02) the total numbers of enterprises operating in NCT of Delhi and falling within the purview of unorganised service sector were estimated as 244,873.

Out of them, 11,467 (4.68%) were in rural areas while 233,406 (95.32%) were operating in urban areas. Of these, 169,577 (69.25%) were household enterprises (OAE) operating without any hired labour and 75,296 (30.75%) were establishments with at least one hired worker. In Delhi, Community / Social / Personal service activities, including other transport accounted for 22.57% followed by Real estate, Renting and Business activities with 14.38% share while Restaurants contributed 14.06%. These three categories taken together contributed for more than 50 percent of the total number of enterprises.

3.5.5 Estimated Employment

The total employment provided by the un-organised service sector enterprises was about 5.92 lakhs. Out of the total employment, 15,885 persons (2.68%) were employed in rural enterprises while 575,909 persons (97.32%) were employed in the enterprises operating in urban Delhi. Household enterprises (OAE’s) employed about 2.21 lakh persons, (37.36%) whereas 3.71 lakh persons (62.74%) were gainfully employed in establishments. Out of the total persons employed 47.86% were working owners, 47.03% hired workers and the rest of 5.11% fall in the category of other workers which includes un-paid house hold workers, helpers etc. Of these, female employees accounted for only 15.5%. The average employment of own account enterprises stood at 1.3 persons and in establishments this was as high as 4.93 persons, though out of the total of 278,335 hired workers, more than 70% were found to be skilled. Enterprises dealing with Community/Social/Personal services etc accounted for 19.44% followed by Health & Social Work with 16.12 %, and Restaurants which contributed 15.62 % of the total employment. These enterprises taken together provide employment to more than 50 % of the persons employed in this Sector.

3.5.6 Financial Indicators

Delhi has recorded the highest combined Gross Value Added per worker as well as per enterprise among 35 States / UTs in the country.



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The Gross Value Added per annum, per enterprise, in the unorganised service sector was Rs. 1.52 lakhs. The Value Added per worker in this sector was estimated as Rs. 62,998 per year. Value added per worker in OAE’s was Rs. 37,844 and that of establishments was Rs. 77,939 per annum. The Value Added per worker was relatively high in enterprises located in urban areas (Rs. 63,770) as compared to that of (Rs. 35,011) enterprises located in rural areas.

About 20.03% of these enterprises were expanding, 52.61% were stagnant, 10.93% were contracting as per the assessment of the entrepreneurs.

3.5.7 Other Features

About 25.30% of these enterprises were household based. 57.93% have independent premises outside the household and 16.77% were mobile / hawkers type. Of these, 94.28% enterprises were proprietary in nature. The major problems faced by the entrepreneurs included shortage of capital (16.42%), local problems (13.64%), competition from other units (13.35%) and power cuts (10.14%). The share of enterprises found registered under some authority or act was 93.25% among Own Account enterprises and 91.17% among establishments. Only 3.14% of the enterprises in Delhi have availed any type of assistance.

3.6 ISSUES

Overall the economy of Delhi appears to be on a pretty sound footing. The growth rate and the sectoral trends are quite in line with global trends for very large cities. However, there are a few points of concern. The major points include: 1. The comparatively large influx of low quality manpower from neighboring

states could skew the skill level available. 2. The lack of focus on major value-add sectors like Software, BPO,

Communications and Biotechnology is likely to lead to a situation where the Value-Add per employee / enterprise would be affected adversely. It is ironic that these sectors which have established a strong presence and a fast growth trajectory in the NCR towns like Gurgaon and NOIDA, yet have to make much headway in Delhi.

3. The highly skewed sex ratio in the employment sector, with 15% females in

the workforce.

IL&FS ECOSMART

Chapter – 4 : City Environment Profile

Chapter – 4 City Environment Profile


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CHAPTER – 4 CITY ENVIRONMENT PROFILE

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Delhi’s unprecedented rate and scale of urbanization over the last few decades has created enormous stress on the natural resources of the city. In comparison to the urbanization rate in the last 50 years, the rate of environmental degradation grew at a much higher rate. The alarming fact is that it has not ended. This degradation includes loss of green cover, loss of biodiversity and aesthetics, air pollution, surface and ground water pollution, loss of water bodies, receding water table, high incidence of diseases and mortality. According to World Bank estimates, the pollution itself caused nearly 9900 deaths in the year 1995. Environment degradation cannot be ‘cured’. The cure is never complete, losses are too high and remediation is far too expensive. Given this complex scenario, the approach to manage and control has to be strictly adhered to, which will support the smooth development of the city. This chapter gives a description of the existing status of environmental conditions in the city of Delhi

4.1.2 Environmental Management

Environmental regulation, although not new to India, has been given focus only in the eighties. Although the laws are comprehensive, enforcement has been weak and this has been one of the major causes of environmental degradation in Delhi. There are several regulatory agencies operating at the national and city level for implementation of regulations. Table 4.1 shows the various agencies and their roles.

Table 4.1: Agencies in Environmental Management and their Role

Agency Role

Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC)

Compliance of water, air, noise parameters at Delhi level

Central Pollution Control Board Compliance at national level, monitoring of water quality of the Yamuna and discharging drains at various locations

Delhi Jal Board Ensuring water supply & managing raw water in Delhi, discharges in Yamuna

Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD)

Solid Waste Management, drainage and sewerage, street cleaning

Environmental Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority (EPPCA)

Enforcement of environmental regulation in NCR, hazardous substances

Department of Industry – Delhi State Industrial Development Corporation (DSIDC)

relocation of polluting and non conforming industries

"The State shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country".



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Delhi Development Authority (DDA) Development of parks and open spaces New Delhi Municipal Corporation (NDMC)

Solid waste management, drainage and sewerage, street cleaning of the New Delhi area

Delhi Police Auto emissions, noise pollution, public health and hygiene

Delhi Cantonment Board (DCB) Solid waste management, drainage and sewerage, street cleaning of the Delhi Cantonment area

Central Water Commission Monitors the river flow and water quality at three regular stations

Central Ground Water Board Ground water monitoring through 108 stations Ridge Management Board Management of Delhi Ridge Irrigation and Flood Control Department

Management of water bodies – lakes, tanks and ponds of Delhi

NGOs – TERI, CSE, TAPAS, INTACH creating awareness, research and conducting studies, publications, creating awareness

Source: Discussions with Stakeholders

All the above mentioned agencies are concerned with activities directly dealing with environmental services, environmental infrastructure investment, environmental planning at the project and sectoral levels. Only two agencies, DPCC for Delhi and EPPCA for NCR are responsible for regulating, monitoring and enforcing environmental concerns.

4.2 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT BASELINE 4.2.1 Physical Features

The city of Delhi lies in the fertile Northern Plains of India. The main features of Delhi are the Aravalli hill ranges and the Yamuna river. The Aravalli hill ranges are covered with forest called the Ridges. The Yamuna is the main source of drinking water for the citizens of Delhi. There is a forest cover of nearly 11.5% of the total area in Delhi. Delhi’s mineral sources are primarily sand and stone which are used for construction activities.

4.2.2 Geology

The geology of Delhi features pre-Cambrian to Quaternary formations in age. The pre Cambrian formations are represented by the Alwar Quartzites. These are overlain by the Aeolian deposits, which are further overlain by the old and the new alluvial deposits.

4.2.3 Climate

Delhi has a semi arid climate, with hot summers, average rainfall and moderate winters. Mean monthly temperatures range from 14.3˚ C in January to 34.5˚ C in June. However, the temperatures go upto 40-45˚ C in summers and 4-5˚ C in winters. The annual precipitation is about 711 mm falling largely during the monsoon months (July – September). Dust storms are frequent during the summer months leading to an immense build-up of particulate matter in the atmosphere.

Environmental protection is a fundamental duty of every citizen of this country under Article 51-A(g) of our Constitution which reads as follows: "It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures."



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Ground Water Usage

domestic, 48

industrial , 9 losses, 3

irrigation , 40

4.2.4 Wind Direction

Wind directions vary with season. In the summers, the predominant wind directions are from the west in the morning and either west or northwest in the evening. In the monsoons, the predominant wind directions are from the south-east or west in the morning and from east (in July and August) or north-west (in September) in the evenings. During the post monsoon season, west and calm winds predominate in the mornings while in the evenings, north and northwest winds are most frequent. In the winter mornings, southwest and west winds dominate, while in the evenings, northwest and north winds are frequent

4.2.5 Land Resources Delhi covers an area around of 1483 sq kms based on the estimations in the Master Plan. It consists of the Yamuna Flood Plain, the old Khadar (earlier flood plain) and the Bangar (upper alluvial plain). Majority of the land is covered by fine-to-coarse loamy soils with different levels of moisture-retention capacity. This land has been converted to urban use.

4.2.6 Water Resources

Delhi’s sources of water consist of surface and ground water.

Ground Water Ground water exploration is carried out at a depth range of 50 to 150 m in the Delhi Quartzite. The Quaternary deposits constitute the major repository of ground water. Total ground water resources in the NCT Delhi are estimated around as 28156.32 ha m (Central Ground Water Board). The annual extraction of ground water is estimated around 47945.18 ha m (Central Ground Water Board).

Source: CGWB



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Net Ground Water Availability in Delhi – Unit-wise

South12%

South West34%

North East3%

North West32%

West12%

New Delhi1%

North3%Central

1%

East2%

Source: Ground Water Resources of National Capital Territory Delhi, CGWB, 2006

Pre Monsoon Water Level

The Pre Monsoon Water Level is measured in the month of May. The levels at various locations done on the year 2003 by CGWB are shown in Table 4.2 & Table 4.3. Table 4.2: Pre Monsoon Levels of Ground Water in Delhi Location Level (m below ground

level, bgl) Asola Bhatti, Tuglakabad, Ladosarai, Satbari, Pushpvihar, Balbirnagar

40-60

Ghottorni, JNU 40-60 NCERT, Vasant Kunj, Ayanagar, R K Puram, Shekhawati Line, Palam Road, Basant Gain, Samalkha

30-40

Central Parts, North of Najafgarh Jheel, South Eastern Part of West Districts

10-20

Along Yamuna, Parts of North, Northwest Parts 5 Source: CGWB

Table 4.3: Post Monsoon Levels of Ground Water

(m below ground level, bgl) Location Level Asola Bhatti, Tuglakabad, Ladosarai, Satbari, Pushpvihar, Balbirnagar

20-40

Ghottorni, JNU, Palam Board, Kabul Line, R. K. Puram, Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri, IIT Gate, Lado Sarai

20-40

NCERT, Vasant Kunj, Ayanagar, R K Puram, Shekhawati Line, Palam Road, Basant Gain, Samalkha

20-40

North, Western & Southern Parts of Northwest, Northern Part of West District

5-10

Central Parts, South Eastern Part of West Districts, 10-20



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Location Level Samalakha, Dwaraka, Naraina belt, Mahavir Banasthali, Talkatora, Rail Bhawan, Cannought Place, Kidwai Nagar Along Yamuna, Parts of North, Haroli-Sanoth-Kherakala-Libaspur-Banda bahadur Marg belt

< 2

Northwest Parts, North, North East, Najafgarh Jheel, South Western Parts

< 5

Source: CGWB

Around 44% of the ground water is recharged by the rainfall during monsoons, 31% from other sources during non monsoon, 19% from other sources in monsoon and 6% from rainfall during non monsoon.

Surface Water

Surface water contributes to over 86% of Delhi’s total drinking water. Yamuna provides the major share of this water. Other sources of drinking water supply to Delhi include the Himalayan rivers through different interstate arrangements and sub-surface sources like Ranney wells and tube wells.

Table 4.4: Quantity of Surface Water

Source Total Quantity

(MGD) Total Quantity

(MLD) Yamuna 210 950 Bhakra Storage 200 905 Ganga 100 450 Surface Water Sub Total 510 2305 Ranney Wells/ Tubewells 81 365 Total Raw Water 591 2670

Source: Delhi Urban Environment & Infrastructure Improvement Project, Status Report for Delhi-21

It is reported that there are 611 water bodies including lakes, ponds and reservoirs in Delhi as reported by the Deptt of Irrigation & Flood Control and Directorate Panchayat of Delhi. Most of them have depleted. More than half of these bodies have vanished and another half can not be revived based on data of the Irrigation Department. However, rejuvenation is being taken up in Sanjay Lake, Hauz Khas, Purna Qila, Tihar Lake, Khooni Jheel and a couple of other lakes.

Forest Resources

As per the State of Forest Report, 2003 of Forest Survey of India, Dehradun, Delhi has 170.17 sq kms as forest and tree cover against the total geographical area of 1483 sq kms.

Table 4.5: District Wise Forest Cover of Delhi

(sq. km) District Geographic

Area Forest Cover % of Geographic

Area Central 24.68 05.20 21.07 East 63.76 2.94 04.61 North 34.90 14.54 41.66 New Delhi 59.16 04.70 07.94 North East 60.29 02.70 04.48 North West 440.31 15.47 03.51



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South 249.85 40.61 09.66 South West 420.54 78.95 31.60 West 129.52 05.06 03.91 Total 1483.00 170.17 11.46

Source: State of Forest Report 2003, Forest Survey of India, Dehradun

There are fourteen city forests developed in the city by the Department of Forests and Wild Life as shown below:

Table 4.6: District Wise City Forests

S. No. Name of City Forest Area (ha) District 1. Nasirpur City Forest 28.00 South West 2. Alipur City Forest 16.80 North 3. Hauzrani City Forest 28.80 South 4. Mitraon City Forest 40.00 South-West 5. Sultanpur City Forest 48.00 North-West 6. Ghummanhera City Forest 32.00 South-West 7. Ghoga 10.40 East 8. Shahapur Garhi 08.00 North-East 9. Mamurpur 56.00 North-East 10. Jindpur 47.60 North-East 11. Mukhmelpur 53.00 North-East 12. Bawana 32.00 North- West 13. Garhi Mandu 300.00 East 14. Anand Vihar 32.00 East

Source: Department of Forests & Wild Life

The Delhi Ridge is an important constituent of the forest cover of Delhi and covers 7784 ha. The Delhi Ridge is an extension of the Aravallis and extends into Delhi from Haryana at Tughlakabad Bhatti Mines – Dera Mandi axis moving north, covering parts of Delhi Cantt, Lutyen’s Zone and culminating at Delhi University. This area is also included in the Notified Forest Areas in Delhi. Table 4.7: Constituents of Delhi Ridge

S. No.

Name of the Ridge Area (ha)

Managing Agencies

1. Northern Ridge 87 DDA, MCD and Forest Deptt 2. Central Ridge 864 Forest Deptt, DDA, Army, CPWD,

NDMC, MCD 3. South Central Ridge 626 DDA 4. Nanakpura South Central 7 DDA 5. Southern Ridge 6200 DDA, Forest Deptt, Sports Authority of

India Total 7784

Source: Greening Delhi Action Plan, 2006-07, Deptt of Forests & Wild Life Table 4.8: Protected Forests under Department of Forests and Wildlife

S. No.

Name of the Protected Forest Area (acres)

1. Mitraon 105 2. Sultanpur 120 3. Mukhlempur 133 4. Rajokri 600

Source: Deptt of Forests and Wildlife, Govt of Delhi



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There is one man-made wildlife sanctuary in Delhi managed by the Deptt of Forests and Wildlife that is Asola Wildlife Sanctuary. However, the reclamation of Bhatti Mines and the wildlife sanctuary is being done through the Eco Task Force (ETF).

There are 120 species of plants in Delhi, 32 species of mammals, 25 species of reptiles, and 434 species of resident and other birds. There are 1787 species, 585 species of vertebrates and 1202 species of invertebrates, in Delhi.

Parks and Gardens

As per the MPD, 2001, 8422 ha of land has been earmarked for park greens. There are district parks (part of the Delhi Ridge), Neighbourhood Parks, City Forests, Historical Landscapes, Sports complexes, Landmark Greens and Green Belts. There are 14500 big and small parks managed by the local and semi government agencies. Few of the prominent parks of Delhi are: Lodhi Gardens, Garden of Five Senses, Indraprastha Park and Nehru Park.

4.2.7 Natural Hazards

Flood Hazards

Delhi has been prone to flooding from the rivers Yamuna and Sahibi (through Najafgarh drain). The last floods were witnessed in the year 1978 in Yamuna. This river has crossed its danger level 20 times in the last 33 years. The city also experiences floods due to its network of 98 drains whose catchment area extends well beyond the city limits.

Earthquake Hazards

Delhi is in Zone-IV, characterized by a significantly high intensity of seismic activities, where there are periodic occurrences of earthquakes of the magnitude of 5-6 on the Richter scale.

4.3 URBAN ENVIRONMENT BASELINE

4.3.1 Land-use

44% of the geographical area of Delhi is built-up area. This includes the Delhi urban limits, built-up area in rural-use zones and farmhouse. Even though the Delhi ridge and Asola wildlife sanctuary area has been designated as protected area, built up areas are found in certain pockets. 41% of the area is under agriculture. Table 4.9: Land Use Pattern Land Use Percentage Built up Area 44 Agriculture 41 Vegetative Cover 8 Water Body 4 Waste Land 2 Open Land 1 100

Source: DEUIP + State of Environment, Report for Delhi, 2001



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4.3.2 Industrial Activity

Location and Type Out of the 1,30,000 industrial units in Delhi, around 25-30,000 are located in the planned industrial areas or comprise permissible household industries. Based on the recommendations of the MPD, it is imperative that a sizeable number of industries be relocated not only for considerations of adherence to the land use pattern, but also because of the pollution caused by them. It has been proposed in the MPD that the classification of the industry in Delhi be of 2 categories; Prohibited and Non-Prohibited. The standards prescribed by the pollution control authorities would have to be met by the industrial units.

The household industry in Delhi consists of agarbatti, aluminium hangers, electrical and electronic gadgets, sewing machines, assembly of hand tools, candles, cane and bamboo products, brushes and brooms, carpentary, cardboard boxes, packaging, dari and carpet weaving, detergent, dairy products, dry cleaning, embroidery, framing of pictures, pencils and pens, hosiery products, leather belts, paper & stationer items, repair of watches, repair of bicycles, stone engravings, sport goods, tailoring, toys, food processing, jewellery, wool knitting, zari & zardozi.

4.4 URBAN ENVIRONMENT QUALITY

4.4.1 Air Quality

Sources of Air Pollution

The transport, domestic and industrial sectors are the major contributors to the rise in ambient air pollution levels, although certain background sources such as desert dust transported from the Thar desert during dust storms also contribute to the pollution loads. Also, the industrial activities in the peripheral areas of Delhi, including Faridabad, Gurgaon, NOIDA and other towns contribute to the air pollution levels of the city. The past trends in the air pollution levels have been erratic, mainly because of the high share of vehicular pollution. The share of vehicular pollution has increased from 64% to 72% in the last decade. The tremendous increase in the number of vehicles in Delhi has contributed significantly in raising the consumption of petroleum products, mainly petroleum and diesel. However, diesel consumption in the city is not confined alone to vehicles, it is also there in diesel generating sets used in the industry, commercial and domestic sectors. The other two major contributors to air pollution are a fuel combustion in the domestic and industrial activities. Thermal power plants are major part of this activity. The coal based, thermal power plants at Rajghat, Indraprastha and Badarpur are the major power generators in the city.



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Table 4.10: Contribution of Various Sectors to Air Pollution

Sectors Percentage Vehicular 72 Industrial 20 Domestic 8

Source: Ministry of Environment & Forests, 2001 Levels of Air Pollution Ambient air quality monitoring is being carried out regularly at nine stations in Delhi by the CPCB. These include five stations in industrial areas (Nizamuddin, Ashok Vihar, Shahzada Bagh, Najafgarh Road and Shahdara) and four stations in residential areas (Janakpuri, Siri Fort, Sarojini Nagar and Town Hall). The critical parameters for monitoring air pollution levels are SO2, Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and NOx (Oxides of Nitrogen). However, other parameters including RPM, lead, PAH (Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons) and Ozone are also being monitored. The permissible limits for these parameters have been set by the CPCB and DPCC. The levels, as monitored by the CPCB, are shown in the table given below.

Table 4.11: Air Quality Levels for Residential Areas in Delhi

In µg/m3

Year - 1997 Year - 1998

S. No.

Name of the Monitoring Stations

SO2 NOx SPM SO2 NOx SPM

1 Nizamuddin 17.70(L) 37.40(L) 362(H) 15.60(L) 35.10(L) 342(M)

2 Ashok Vihar 14.20(L) 22.90(L) 307(M) 15.30(L) 21.40(L) 313(M)

3 Janakpuri 15.70(L) 34.80(L) 343(M) 17.10(L) 32.10(L) 340(M)

4 Siri Fort 12.90(L) 29.30(L) 367(H) 15.70(L) 28.00(L) 384(H)

5 Netaji Nagar, Post Office

10.20(L) 32.20(L) NA 7.80(L) 36.50(L) NA

6 Town Hall 17.50(L) 37.70(L) NA 12.20(L) 44.00(M) NA

Year - 1999 Year - 2000 S.

No. Name of the Monitoring Stations


1 Nizamuddin 17.10(L) 31.70(L) 283(M) 18.20(L) 33.60(L) 279(M)

2 Ashok Vihar 11.50(L) 19.90(L) 317(M) 11.60(L) 27.00(L) 306(M)

3 Janakpuri 17.40(L) 30.00(L) 312(M) 18.60(L) 32.50(L) 242(M)

4 Siri Fort 19.60(L) 24.80(L) 337(M) 15.90(L) 24.60(L) 225(M)


13.70(L) 45.70(M) NA 8.30(L) 52.60(M) NA

6 Town Hall 17.40(L) 54.50(M) NA 14.30(L) 64.00(M) NA

Year - 2001 Year - 2002 S.



1 Nizamuddin 16.90(L) 35.70(L) 261(M) 13.10(L) 39.30(L) 329(M)

2 Ashok Vihar 8.20(L) 19.50(L) 273(M) 6.40(L) 26.00(L) 425(H)

3 Janakpuri 16.40(L) 37.30(L) 278(M) 13.70(L) 39.50(L) 442(H)

4 Siri Fort 13.80(L) 22.50(L) 324(M) 11.80(L) 27.30(L) 378(H)



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S. No.

Name of the Monitoring Stations



7.60(L) 52.50(M) 398(H) 7.30(L) 42.60(M) 421(H)

6 Town Hall 13.30(L) 70.1(M) NA 11.50(L) 53.30(M) 534(H)

Year - 2003 S.


SO2 NOx SPM

1 Nizamuddin 12.20(L) 43.30M) 315(M) 2 Ashok Vihar 6.10(L) 32.20(L) 356(M) 3 Janakpuri 11.70(L) 44.20(M) 291(M) 4 Siri Fort 9.00(L) 31.80(L) 281(M)


7.20(L) 46.40(M) 352(M)

6 Town Hall 11.50(L) 58.90(M) 478(H)

Source: CPCB

Table 4.12: Air Quality Levels for Industrial Areas in Delhi in µg/m3

Year - 1997 S. No. Name of the Monitoring Stations SO2 NOx SPM

1 Shahzada Bagh 24.20(L) 44.80(M) 282(M)

2 Shahadra 16.00(L) 29.30(L) 313(M)

3 E.S.I. Disp., Najafgarh Road 18.70(L) 38.00(L) NA


1 Shahzada Bagh 20.60(L) 44.00(M) 316(M)

2 Shahadra 20.20(L) 25.00(L) 345(M)

3 E.S.I. Disp., Najafgarh Road 19.60(L) 47.30(M) NA


1 Shahzada Bagh 13.60(L) 35.40(L) 378(H)

2 Shahadra 13.00(L) 22.50(L) 291(M)

3 E.S.I. Disp., Najafgarh Road NA NA NA


1 Shahzada Bagh 6.90(L) 39.30(L) 354(M)

2 Shahadra 11.40(L) 32.60(L) 343(M)

3 E.S.I. Disp., Najafgarh Road 13.40(L) 45.20(M) 425(H)

Source: CPCB

Table 4.13: Permissible Limits In µg/m3

Limits SO2 & NO2 SPM Low (L) 0-40 0-180 Moderate (M) 40-80 180-360 High (H) 80-120 360-540 Critical © > 120 >540

Source: CPCB



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The above levels include the excessive levels during festival times especially Diwali.

4.4.2 Water Quality Sources of Water Pollution

Waste water is generated by the domestic, industrial and commercial sectors in Delhi. With the increased human activities, there has been a corresponding rise in the amount of waste water generation in the city. Levels of Water Pollution The critical parameters of measuring water pollution are Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO). Another critical parameter which has emerged over the last few years is the faecal coliform. Depletion in DO and increase in BOD levels are prominent features of the stretch of river Yamuna passing through Delhi.

LOCATION DESIRED

CLASS 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Najafgarh drain at Wazirabad before conf. to river Yamuna, Delhi

NA NA NA NA NA

Western Yamuna canal at Haiderpur water works, Delhi

NA C D Totcoli

D Totcoli

DO Totcoli

Yamuna at Wazirabad (Palla), Delhi, CPCB

C D Totcoli

D Totcoli

D Totcoli

D Totcoli

D Totcoli

Yamuna At Ring Road, Delhi, CPCB

C E DO, BOD,

Totcoli

D Totcoli

E BOD,

Totcoli, Fammoni

a

E DO, BOD,

Totcoli

D BOD,

Totcoli

Yamuna At Agra Canal, Delhi, CPCB

C E DO, BOD,

Totcoli

NA NA NA NA

Source: CPCB Designated-Best-Use

Class Criteria

1 .Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 50 or less 2. pH between 6.5 and 8.5 3. Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more

Drinking Water Source without conventional treatment but after disinfection

A

4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20oC 2mg/l or less 1 .Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 500 or less 2. pH between 6.5 and 8.5

Outdoor bathing (Organised) B

3. Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/l or more



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4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20oC 3mg/l or less 1 . Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 5000 or less 2. pH between 6 to 9 3. Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more

Drinking water source after conventional treatment and disinfection

C

4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20oC 3mg/l or less 1 .pH between 6.5 to 8.5 2. Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more 3. Free Ammonia (as N)

Propagation of Wild life and Fisheries

D

4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20oC 2mg/l or less 1 .pH between 6.0 to 8.5 2. Electrical Conductivity at 25oC micro mhos/cm Max. 2250 3. Sodium absorption Ratio Max. 26

Irrigation, Industrial Cooling, Controlled Waste disposal

E

4. Boron Max. 2mg/l Below-E Not Meeting A, B, C, D & E Criteria

Source: CPCB Ground Water Quality

Groundwater quality in Delhi varies with depth and space. Generally the quality of ground water is alkaline with pH ranging from 7.1 to 9.2, chloride content ranges between 21 and 1380 ppm. South of Delhi average chloride content is 250 ppm while in Najafgarh area it is around 1000 ppm. The ground water study done by the NEERI for MoEF revealed high nitrate and fluoride concentrations. High metallic content, particularly manganese and iron have also been observed in the samples collected. The manganese content was found to be 0.1 mg/L against the permissible limit of 0.5-mg/L and iron concentrations of 4.05 mg/L to 0.337 mg/L have been observed. Ground water in the maximum part of the South district is fresh and potable with electrical conductivity ranging from 320 to 4130 micro-mhos/cm at 25` C. Electrical conductivity values more than the permissible limit are observed at Deragaon, Molarbund and at Gadaipur. High values of nitrate are found at four locations i.e. at Gadaipur, at Rajokri and at Jaunapur. In north Ghitorni and Andheri More, Fluoride is more than permissible limits. Except chromium concentrations at one locality, ground water is devoid of pollution by heavy metals. A comparison of ground water quality from 1983 to 2000 shows quality deterioration in the central part of the Chhattarpur basin and in the areas around Nizamuddin. The electrical conductivity of shallow ground water in the Southwest district varies from 630 to 13200 micro-mhos/cm at 25` C. In the detailed Electrical Conductivity map prepared for this district, ground water quality is fresh with electrical conductivity 1000 to 2000 micro-mhos/cm at 25` C. Thus, with over-development of ground water resources in the district, more and more areas are becoming brackish.



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Source: CGWB

Figure 4.1: Ground Water Quality in Delhi 4.4.3 Noise

Sources of Noise Pollution Delhi has excessive noise. This is generated by the traffic, industry, celebration of festivals, construction activities, diesel generating sets, etc. Levels of Noise Pollution Noise is notified as a pollutant under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act. Although stringent permissible noise level regulation has been set by the CPCB, noise levels exceed these limits almost everywhere in the city. Monitoring is also done by CPCB and few private agencies. Noise limits have also been prescribed to the automobile manufacturers, domestic appliances, construction equipments and others.



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Table 4.14: Noise Levels at Various Locations in Delhi

Noise Level (DbA) Location Day Night

Maharani Bagh 73 67 Malviya Nagar 66 66 Lodhi Complex 57 48 Palam Colony 60 67 Punjabi Bagh 70 67 Timarpur 72 65

Source: NEERI, 1995

Table 4.15: Permissible Limits of Noise Levels

Limits of Noise Level (DbA) Category of Area Day Night

Industrial Area 75 70 Commercial Area 65 55 Residential Area 55 45 Silence Zone 50 40

Source: CPCB 4.5 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

4.5.1 Depletion of resources

Ground Water The abstraction of ground water is more than the estimated availability of ground water. CGWB estimates that 47,945 ha m water is extracted for domestic, industrial and irrigation purposes. Surface Water There is a high loss in the water bodies of Delhi. Most of them have vanished. A Public Interest Litigation has been filed for the misuse and use for alternate purposes of these water bodies. River Yamuna The city of Delhi was set up on the banks of river Yamuna. The river stretches for 22 kms along the city. The river is a source for drinking water, irrigation and others. However, with the combined effect of a modified flow regime due to water holding structures or barrages, withdrawal of water for various purposes and the cumulative discharge of domestic, industrial & agricultural wastewaters has converted Yamuna into an open sewer particularly in the Delhi stretch. As a result, there is severe impact on the bio diversity of the ecosystem and public health. Yamuna Action Plans In 1993, the Union government launched the Yamuna Action Plan (YAP), YAP to tackle the river’s pollution. Its first phase (YAP-I) was scheduled for completion during April, 2002, but an extended phase of YAP-I ran from May 2001 to February 2003. Currently it is passing through its second phase (YAP-II, 2004-08).



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Till March 2004, YAP’s total expenditure stood at Rs. 674 crores. After Rs 55 - 75 Crores spent per kilometer on cleaning it up, the river is more polluted than ever. The condition of depletion and degradation of the river is shown in the map below. (Ref: Down to Earth, April, 2005).



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Delhi itself contributes to 70% of the pollution load of the entire river and it got only 2.7% of the treatment capacity created under YAP. Further, the YAP has not taken into account the relation between pollution load generated, state-wise, and sewage treatment created. Under YAP’s extended phase, Rs 150 crores was channeled into Delhi, to set up 1146 toilet complexes in 1100 slum clusters and 46 resettlement colonies to tackle the problem of sewage disposal. An analysis by the National River Conservation Directorate shows 60% of these complexes remain unused; they have no water, or are too expensive for people to use, or simply improperly sited or ill maintained.

Despite of all the expenditure and allocations and Supreme Court interventions, the BOD load in the river has been unabated.

Investments v/s BOD

19.94

166.62

387.17

130

260

0

150

300

450

YAP phase I 1993) YAP extended phase(2001)

YAP phase II (2004)0

100

200

300

Source: National River Conservation Directorate, 2004 & CPCB

Highlights of YAP II The focus of the YAP II is to implement schemes which have visible and tangible impact on the immediate improvement of water quality of water, carry out palnning of activities for future such as preparation of master plans and feasibility studies and synchronise engineering and non engineering components. The estimated cost for YAP II is Rs 387.17 crores. The main highlights are: - Preparation of master plans for wastes of dairy farms, dhobighats,

crematoria

Yamuna Action Plan I

• Building Sewage treatment plants to treat domestic sewage

• Building common effluent treatment plants to treat industrial waste

• Repairing city sewage systems – drains, pumps and pipes

• Building sewage systems and low-cost toilets to connect the waste of slums and poor settlements to treatment plants

• Building electric crematoria

Investment in Delhi (Rs. crores)

BOD Load in tones per day



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- Physical works of STPs at Okhla, Keshopur, Belapur, Wazirabad, Ring Road Trunk

- Public participation and awareness - Institutional strengthening and capacity building of MCD - Public relations Forest Cover The degradation, misuse and insensitive treatment of the forest cover in Delhi sums up the threat to not only the environment but to the overall sustainability of the city. The Ridge area of Delhi has degraded tremendously due to by roads, buildings, traffic, garbage dumping, lopping of trees and grazing by livestock. Mining and quarrying activities in the past have degraded the South-Central Ridge causing enormous loss to biodiversity. Although as reported by the Deptt of Forests there has been an overall increase in the forest cover in the last 10 years, degradation of the forests in some pockets of the city has increased. An ecologically important location, the Asola Wildlife sanctuary, was established to protect and conserve the city’s flora and fauna. However, this sanctuary is again under threat with the proposed scientific land fill at the Bhatti Mines. The Delhi Ridge was once inhabited by leopards, deers, antelopes, wolves, jackals, hog deer, etc which have vanished over time. Air Environment The alarming levels of SPM which are way beyond the permissible levels are a serious area of concern. Even the RPM levels were exceeding the permissible limits. Although the SOx & NOx levels are just within the permissible limits, the measures to control and manage these have to be sustained. Environmental Health The city suffers from all the health related problems caused by a polluted atmosphere. High occurrence of respiratory infections, heart problems, sickness from water and vector-born diseases and other diseases because of exposure to ambient and indoor pollutants and inappropriate disposal practices of municipal solid waste have become the way of life in the city. Poor living conditions, constant exposure to the pollutants, untreated wastes has resulted in high incidence of diseases like diarrhea, hepatitis, dengue and others. Green House Gases Delhi is releasing around 16 million tones of CO2 emissions, mainly contributed by vehicles, power and residential sectors. This quantity if unabated could be a major threat to stabilizing Climate Change.

IL&FS ECOSMART

Chapter – 5 : Land Management & Urban Growth

Chapter – 5 Land Management & Urban Growth


5-1

CCHHAAPPTTEERR -- 55 LAND MANAGEMENT & URBAN GROWTH

5.1 INTRODUCTION

Delhi is located strategically on two National Highways (NH-2 & NH-8) that connect Delhi to Kolkata and Mumbai. NH-2 & NH-8 are two prime vertices of the Golden Quadrilateral Corridor of the National Highways Development Project. The city attracts a migrant population of 645 per day from various part of the country, mainly from the northern region. In order to control the unprecedented growth of Delhi, the approach of ‘planned decentralization’ has been suggested as per the MPD-1961 & 81 and NCR Plan 2001 & 21. This chapter deals with the physical growth trends and planning efforts undertaken in Delhi. An attempt has been made to understand future growth trends and issues related to urban development. The approach at the NCR level is presented in the box below:

5.2 CONSTITUENTS OF DELHI

The National Capital Territory, Delhi (NCTD) area consists of the following three municipal areas- (i) New Delhi Municipal Corporation (NDMC) area at the core. This is the

imperial Delhi spread over an area of 42.74 km2 which was established in 1911. It comprises of government Offices & residential areas and commercial nodes with wide roads, parks and open spaces etc. The NDMC area is administered by an 11 member council comprising 3 MLA’s; five government officers and 2 civilians nominated by Central Government; and a chairperson appointed by Central Government. The Council reports directly to Central Government.

(ii) Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) area, occupying 1397 sq. kms, or

most of the area of the city. The MCD further comprises the following areas: • Old Delhi comprising of the walled city (Shahajahanabad) and

densely built up areas between the Red Fort and the New Delhi Railway Station on the periphery;

The NCR Plan 2021 has proposed a six tier settlement system i.e. Metro Centre, Regional Centre, Sub-Regional Centre, Service Centre, Central Village and Basic Village. Seven metro centers (Faridabad-Ballabhgarh; Gurgaon-Manesar, Gaziabad-Loni, NOIDA, Sonepat-Kundli, Greater NOIDA, Meerut) are proposed as potential growth nodes to attract capital functions and activities and help in population dispersal from the national capital. Because of their special functional status and size, a very high level of physical, social and economic infrastructure (better than that in the capital) is required to be developed within these towns/complexes. The respective participating states and their agencies would not only be required to create the necessary infrastructure themselves in these Metro Centers but also facilitate the private sector investment therein.



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• Civil lines along the Ridge and Delhi University area in the North with large plots and open spaces;

• New colonies, which have come up in last 50 years on the Southern and Western sides;

• New development across the Yamuna river comprising of Shahadara in the North, Patparganj & Mayur Vihar in the South;

• 728 squatter settlements, spread over an area of 9.68 km2 all over the NCT area.

• Around 185 villages in outer Delhi area and 135 urban villages characterized by haphazard development with marginal municipal services etc. (outer Delhi is included in MCD limits and accounted for in the MCD area).

The MCD is administered by an elected council comprising ward councilors from each of the 137 wards in the area. (refer Section 13, “Institutional Arrangement”). The MCD reports directly to the Central Government.

(iii) Delhi Cantonment area between the Airport and the NDMC area, spread over an area of 42.97 km2. The cantonment area is administered by the Delhi Cantonment Board (DCB), which reorts directly to the Central Government (Ministry of Defence).

In 1999, the urban area of Delhi covered 701.62 Sq. Kms (Refer Table 5.1 and 5.2; and Figure 5.1).

Table 5.1: Constituents of National Capital Territory of Delhi

Total Population in ‘000 Constituents

Total Area in km2 (2001) 1981 2001

MCD AREA 1397.3 6899 11244 Walled City Area 11.6 582 570 Walled City Extension 23.0 568 624 Rest of MCD Area (including Urban Extn. and Rural areas) 1362.7 3768 8049

NDMC AREA 42.7 496 587 DELHI CANTONMENT BOARD 43.0 NA NA NCTD AREA 1483 - - Source: (i) Master Plan of Delhi-2001 & 2021; (ii) Status Report for Delhi-21, Delhi Urban Environment and Infrastructure Improvement Project (DUEIIP), January 2001

Table 5.2: Delhi Area Statistics

S. No.

Item Area (Sq. kms)

1. Total Area 1483 2. Urban Area* 701.62

(47.3%) 3. Natural Features to be Conserved** 195.09 4. Balance Area Available for Urbanisation 586.29 5. Addl. Area Proposed for Urbanisation (2021)*** 276.29 6. Proposed Urban Area (2021) 977.91

(66%) * As per IRS-IC LISS 3 Satellite Data ** Including. forests, ridge, rivers, wildlife sanctuaries, other water bodies and drains *** Preliminary estimate, MPD 2021



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Figure 5.1: Planning Division in NCTD Area

5.3 EXISTING CITY ASSESSMENT Delhi city region comprises of three components (i) Existing Urban Area; and (ii) Urban Extensions. The existing urban area has been classified as (a) Planned area; (b) Special Area; (c) Ecologically sensitive areas and (d) Unplanned areas. The descriptions of these areas are presented in Table 5-3. Table 5.3: Description of Various Components of Delhi Urban Area

Components

of Delhi Urban Area

Description

PLANNED AREAS

The planned area of Delhi include (i) Influence area along MRTS and Major Transport Corridor; (ii) Lutyens Bunglow Zone; (iii) Chanakyapuri area; (iv) DIZ area; (v) Mata Sundari Area; (vi) Civil Lines Bunglow area; (vii) Other part of NDMC area;(viii) Planned built-up housing; (ix) Planned (Hierarchical) Commercial Area; (xii) Planned Industrial Area

SPECIAL AREAS

Special areas as defined on the plan cover about 2600 ha and have been divided into three separate parts (i) Walled City; (ii) Walled City Extension and (iii) Karol Bagh. These are characterized by a mix of different land uses and have similarities in built form.

UNPLANNED The unplanned areas are distributed homogenously across the urban

EAB

C

D

F

G

H

J

K1 &K2 L

M

N

O

P1 & P2

Total Area of these Zones is 20-22000 hectare. Additional population of 2.5 million to be accomm-odated in these zones at a density of 250 pph.

These Zones are holding population more than assigned during MPD 2001. The activities such as wholesale Market; ISBT; Vegetable Market et. can be removed from these Zones to Urban Extns.

Re densification of the zones with low density and high land value has been proposed



5-4

Components of Delhi Urban

Area Description

AREAS form. These areas are (i) Slum & JJ Clusters; (ii) Resettlement Colonies; (iii) Urban Villages; (iv) Unauthorized Colonies; (v) Informal Shopping Areas; (vi) non conforming Industrial areas. These areas provide substantial housing stock; commercial and industrial development.

URBAN EXTENSIONS

The urban extensions are peripheral areas which experience pressure of development. These areas comprise of villages, unauthorized colonies and JJ clusters. As per MPD-2021, 29 lakh population already exists in these areas. The urban extensions where development processes have been initiated are Dwarka, Rohini Phase III, IV and V and Narela.

Source: Compiled from Master Plan of Delhi, 2021

The development status of the city has been revised with respect to Existing Linear Development; Development in Special areas; Unauthorised / Unorganised Colonies; Housing Supply & Demand; Planned & Unplanned Commercial & Industrial areas and ecologically sensitive areas.

5.3.1 Influence Zone along Major MRTS and Major Corridors

The growth of Delhi over the years has been on a ring and radial pattern, with reliance on road based public transport. The development envisaged by previous plans was poly-nodal with a hierarchy of commercial centres located on either ring or radial roads. The proposed MRTS network has been acting as a development catalyst and has sizeable impact on the existing structure of the city.

5.3.2 Development Profile along Major Corridors

The road network can be categorized into four types i.e. Arterial roads, sub arterial roads, minor arterial road and collector roads. About 1100 km of road length are provided with right of way of 30m and above. The road network comprising of ring and radial pattern has C.P. as a focal point with Mathura road, Lal Bhadur Shastri Marg, Aurobindo Marg, Rao Tula Ram Marg, Gurgaon Road (NH 8) Patel road, Shankar road, Rohtak Road, G.T Road (NH1), Loni road, Shahadra road, NH 24 bypass forming the radials while Mahatma Gandhi Road (Ring Road), Outer Ring road, Noida road- Bund road forming the prominent rings. These radial and ring roads serve as major arterials to carry bulk of traffic in the city.

These major corridors are high intensity development zones with planned and unplanned development along them. The predominant developments along the major corridors are presented in 4 & Figure 5.2. Table 5.4: Development Intensity along Major Corridors of Delhi

Name of Corridor

Characteristics & Type of Development

Problem

NH-2 (Delhi Kolkata): Major arm of Golden

The length of NH-2 in NCTD is around 20km from Badarpur Border to Rajghat. It is one entry point to Delhi and has industrial,

• Encroachments at Jaitpur & Badarpur intersection reduce the carriageway width.

• Prone to water logging during



5-5

Name of Corridor


Problem

Quadrilateral institutional and residential development. At the entry point it is characterized by haphazard and unplanned growth residential & industrial areas in urban villages.

rainy seasons and lack of suitable drainage infrastructure

• Bottleneck at the entry point with industrial, commercial development and Bus & Truck parking

• Environmental degradation because of filling of water bodies and low lying areas for commercial uses such as petrol pump, Transport training institute, Sarai Kale Khan ISBT.

NH-24 (Delhi-Lucknow): Major Corridor Connecting Important business centres of Uttar Pradesh to National Capital

The length of NH-24 in NCTD is around 15km from Ghazipur to NH-2 intersection at IP Park. It was at Ghazipur which is a major fish & chicken market; and fruit & vegetable market of Delhi. It also has major garbage dumping site. It mainly traverses through haphazard development within urban villages and Patparganj & Mayur Vihar society complexes. The proposed site for common wealth games is also in proximity to this corridor.

• The corridor passes through low lying area and the development in the Yamuna Bed. It has unorganized development in villages such as Khicripur, Pandav Nagar etc.

• The corridor has been encroached by JJ clusters. These clusters are devoid of basic infrastructure facilities leading high interaction with the corridor.

• Low lying areas along the corridor are used for dumping of HH and construction wastes.

NH-1 (Delhi to Kanpur: Major Corridor traverses through industrial nodes of Delhi and UP

The length of NH-1 from Samli border to TP Nagar Border is around 40 km. It traverses through Industrial areas (Wazirpur, Jahangirpuri, Badli in North and Jhilmil & Shahadara in East), Institutional area (Delhi University, IP University, Old Secretariat), Resettlement Colonies (Babarpur, Saleempuri, Seemapuri et.al)

• High density industrial; commercial and unauthorized development

• Truck parking near the TP Nagar border in east with transport operators located along the corridor

• Encroachment on the corridor due to unauthorized development have transformed the urban built form in the area along the corridor

NH-10 (Delhi to Rohtak): It is an important corridor in West Delhi connecting second order settlements of Haryana

It is around 25km in length in NCTD extending from Savdar Ghevra to Sarai Rohilla. It traverses through the urban extensions of Delhi, which have potential for future development. It is connected to Dwarka and Rohini through ring roads.

• Development of resettlement colonies and industrial areas at the urban periphery has led to unauthorized and unplanned growth of village settlements in and around these areas.

NH-8 (Delhi to Mumbai): Connecting the National Capital to the

It is around 15 km in length in NCTD extending from Rajokari Border to Daulakaun. It is one of most developed corridor of the city with industrial; residential

• It mainly has planned development and high traffic volumes due to its linkage to planned residential areas, Dwarka and IT city Gurgaon.



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Name of Corridor


Problem

Economic Capital of the Country and traversing through major industrial nodes of the country

and commercial development. Most of the predominant historical monuments are also accessible through this corridor. It has intense commercial development near Rajokri border with large open spaces due to the Airport and cantonment areas. It connects urban periphery to New Delhi and Old Delhi Areas.

• Its proximity to the Airport leads to high interaction with Cargo and goods traffic.

• It is also connected to institutional areas of Delhi and traverses through intense residential development, prone to landuse transformation.

Outer and Inner Ring Road

The ring road is of 75 km in length connecting institutional and industrial areas in the north to residential and industrial area in the west; and historical sites & institutional area in south and east.

• Ring road has now become part of the city transportation network with high intensity commercial and industrial development.

Institutional Corridor

The institutional corridor of the city is of around 45km in length and traverses through Pusa road, Central Secretariat Complex, AIIMS, IIT, CWC and JNU areas

• It has experienced transformation of residential areas to institutional and commercial areas --- eg. Green Park; Hauzkhas; Pusa road etc. These Landuse transformations have led to pressure on physical infrastructure of the city.

MRTS Corridors

MRTS has been planned to cover the spread of Delhi and its peripheral area. The metro station complexes at 2km distance are nodes for commercial development.

• These nodes are vulnerable to encroachment by unauthorized commercial development if not planned along with schemes for corridor development.



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Figure 5.2 : Major Transport Coordination 5.4 LOW DENSITY AREAS IN CITY

There is a large proportion of underused land with number of vacant sites or unutilized built areas within the central city. A majority of these are government lands having mostly low density (2 story structures) and old housing. As per the study, government is able to provide housing to only 30-35% of its employees within these areas. The gross densities in these areas are around 160 PPH against 350 PPH in the adjoining areas namely Safdarjang Enclave extn; Munirka; Bhikaji Cama commercial complex. Table 5.5 presents the development profile of low density areas. Table 5.5: Development Profile of Low Density Area

EXISITING AREA GROSS DENSITY IN PPH GROUND COVERAGE FAR

Lodhi Colony 222 18 37 RK Puram 190 17 35 Moti Bagh 145 15 31 Laxmibai Nagar 225 19 38

Source: Ravi Kumar Kakkar, Unpublished Thesis on Urban Design Strategies for Renewal of State Owned Housing Estates, Urban Design Department, SPA, 1992-93.

ROHINI RESIDENTIAL AREA

Gurgaon

NH-24

NH-2

NH-1

NH-10

NH-8

HERITAGE PRECINCT

Faridabad

NOIDA

Ghaziabad NH-1

DWARKA RESIDENTIAL AREA

INSTITUTIONAL AREA

WALLED CITY &ITS EXTN

Low Density Area



5-8

As per the provision of MPD-2001, the gross density of residential areas should be 350 PPH or 78 DU/ha with FAR of 33% against the existing FAR of 15%; whereas in commercial areas ground coverage of 25% and FAR of 100% is permitted. MPD-2001 & 2021 have recommended comprehensive planning for improvement and redevelopment of these areas in order to make the best use of land resources (Refer Figure 5.3).

Figure 5.3 : Low Density areas in Delhi 5.5 STATUS OF SPECIAL AREAS

The special area has been divided into three parts namely (i) Walled City; (ii) Walled City Extension and (iii) Karol Bagh. These are characterized by a mix of different land uses and have similarities in compact built form, narrow circulation space and low rise high density developments mainly accommodating residential, commercial (both retail or wholesale) and industrial uses. Therefore it is important that these areas, which are already established with identified uses, continue to play an active economic role (Refer Figure 5.4).

(a) Walled City Area: The traditional walled city area is a core of the

business district. The area is prone to commercialization, particularly with improved accessibility due to the MRTS. Around 20% of the wholesale trade enterprises (37000 enterprises) of urban Delhi are located in the walled city accounting for 12% of the employment.

(b) Walled City Extension: Pahar Ganj, Sadar Bazar, Rosanna Road and

their adjoining areas are called as walled city extension. These are old congested built-up areas mainly with mixed land use. For upgradation of the environment in these areas minimum level of infrastructure and parking are to be provided.

(c) Karol Bagh Area: Karol Bagh area has been one of the important

commercial centres outside the walled city. The land use transformation

Lodhi Colony

Laxmibai Nagar

RK Puram

Motibagh



5-9

from residential to commercial has led to increase in parking demand, reduction in available road width and pressure on other physical infrastructure. Therefore, this area is due for comprehensive redevelopment on the basis of mixed use concept with provision of parking and up gradation of facilities and utilities. The grid iron pattern is an asset to regulate and pedestrianise traffic movement.

Figure 5.4: Status of Special Area of Delhi

5.6 UNAUTHORIZED & UNORGANIZED COLONIES The unplanned areas of the city include Slum and JJ Clusters, Resettlement colonies, unauthorized colonies and urban villages. Slum and JJ clusters have been discussed in detail in chapter 6. The section below presents in detail the status of unauthorized colonies and urban villages.

Unauthorized Colonies

The large scale land acquisition by DDA, unregulated growth of urban fringes and housing shortage are the genesis of unauthorized colonies in Delhi. There are around 1432 unauthorized colonies1 providing shelter to around 30 lakh people. In the past unauthorized colonies have being regularized only twice in

• 1 Though an official figure suggests that 1432 such colonies exist in Delhi, there are at least 200 more such colonies which sprung up after March 2002 for which no policy exists.

WALLED CITY AREA

WALLED CITY EXTN.

COMMERCIAL CENTRE Provision of parking and up

gradation of facilities and utilities

Grid Iron Pattern is to be treated as an asset to regulate and pedestrians the traffic movement

KAROL BAGH AREA

CORE OF BUSINESS DISTRICT

Potential for Commercialization

Proposal to Shift Wholesale Trade Activity

Special Treatment of Heritage area

Reconstruction & Redevelopment

MIXED LANDUSE Provision of minimum Level Infrastructure & Parking

Facilities

Redevelopment in term of comprehensive redevelopment scheme



5-10

Delhi. Once in 1961 when over 100 colonies were regularized and last time in 1977 when around 600 colonies where regularized.

Affluent unauthorized colonies included Sanik Farm; Anant Ram Dairy (near RK Puram), Mahendru Enclave (near Model town); other colonies include Zakirnagar, Jamianagar, Anand Parbat, Khanpur Extension, Viswas Nagar, Bawana, Madanpur Khader etc (Figure 5.4). Around 1000 unauthorized colonies are on private land developed by builders.

The infrastructure status in these colonies is marginally better than slums. No metalled road exists in any of these colonies, nor is there a provision of sewer lines and other facilities. Urban Development Department, NCTD has been putting up various models for regularizing these against the resident’s demand of regularization without any charges (on the line of earlier regularization in 1977). The UDD proposals are presented in Table 5..

Table 5.6: Unauthorized Colonies Regularization Model

Facilities Charges (Rs per m2)

Power Rs 6600 Per KV

Water Rs 220 per m2

Sewerage Rs 355 per m2

Roads and Drains Rs 400 per m2

Total Fixed Charge Rs 1060 per m2

The cost for regularization of 100 sqm of plot is Rs 1 lakh. Delhi Government had invited application from residents associations for all unauthorized colonies in October 2004, through a public notice. The applicants were asked to submit their area plans. 1153 applications were received out of 1432 unauthorized colonies.

5.7 URBAN VILLAGES

165 urban villages and 52 census towns form part of the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCTD). These urban villages have undergone significant physical and functional transformation related to their specific location. Villages are characterized by a mix of different land uses and have similarities in compact built-up form, narrow circulation space and high density developments. These mainly accommodate residential, commercial, industrial and mixed uses. These areas, established with identified uses, continue to play an active economic role.

5.8 STATUS OF SHELTER IN CITY

Urban Delhi accommodated about 11.5 lakh households in different housing developments in 1981. The Housing shortage at the beginning of second plan (MPD-1981-2001) period had been estimated at about 3 lakh dwelling units which included (i) Squatter and shelterless, (ii) Families sharing houses in congested built-up areas; (iii) houses requiring immediate replacement. Therefore it had been estimated that 16.2 lakh DUs were required for the period of 1981-2001 as shown in Table 5..



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Table 5.7: Housing to be built (1981-91)

Year New Housing required Average per year

1981-86 323000 65000

1986-91 379000 76000

1991-96 434000 87000

1996-01 483000 97000

Total 1619000 81000 Source: A People’s Housing Policy; The case study of Delhi, Hazards Centre, January, 2003

As against this, Table 5. indicates the actual housing development in Delhi until 1995. This indicates that for the period of the second Master Plan (1981-2001), in fact DDA was able to provide land and housing for only 34 per cent of target.

DDA and cooperatives (42.5%) met their share of 43% and the site & services plots resettlement sites (23.9%) correspond to the 25%, but the allotment of plots for individual families (31.7%) significantly exceeded the 17% provision.

Table 5.8: Development of Housing

Type upto 1971 1971-81 1981-91 1991-95 Total %age

DDA Flats 5600 60000 129000 57000 251600 23.5

DUs on individual plots 59000 82400 135600 63000 340000 31.7

DUs by Co-operatives - 94661 72960 36000 203621 19.0

Resettlement Schemes 35000 162700 40000 18300 256000 23.9

Slum Rehousing 9500 6000 4500 - 20000 1.9

Total 109100 405761 382060 174300 107122 100.0

DUs per Year 10910 40576 38206 43575 31506 Source: A People’s Housing Policy; The case study of Delhi, Hazards Centre, January, 2003

5.9 STATUS OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

As per economic survey of Delhi 2001-02, there were about 1,29,000 industrial units in Delhi in 1998, against 85050 units in 1991. An average unit employed 9 workers while 30% of units employed less than 4 workers. Units related to textiles products constitute the largest number followed by repair services and electrical machinery. Table 5.9 shows the growth of industrial units and employment. Table 5.9: Growth of Industrial Units and Employment

Year Number of Industries Number of Employee

Employees per Industries

1981 42000 568910 14 1991 85050 730951 9 2001 129000 1440000 11

Source: Compiled from MPD-2021



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i) Existing Planned Industrial Areas: Out of 1.3 lakhs industrial units in Delhi, only around 25000-30,000 are located in planned industrial areas (Refer Figure 5.5 & 5.6). The existing industrial estates are Bawana; Narela; Badali; Mangolpuri; Okhla; Patparganj and Shahdara. These industrial areas were developed in the 70s and over the years have deteriorated considerably in terms of physical infrastructure. The industrial estates in the city are owned by three agencies- Delhi State Industrial Development Corporation (DSIDC), Delhi Government Industries Department and DDA. These industrial estates have various problems such as pot-holed roads, overflowing garbage bins, lack of water supply, improper electricity installations and absence of banks, common facility centres and post office. All the 28 industrial estates are plagued with the following problems. • Poor Water Supply: Water is supplied in these industrial estates for less

than half hour per day leading to diminishing quality of the produce. • Bad Roads: The poor road connectivity to industrial estates has made

industries withdraw from the area, leading to low occupancy and poor cost recovery. Bawana industrial estate is spread over 1900 acres of land but only around 10 per cent plots are occupied.

• Garbage Disposal: Garbage is littered on the roads and overflows out of the

dustbins. The collection system is unreliable. • Freehold Issue: There is a duality in the policy of the centre and the state.

While DDA gives plot on freehold basis, the Delhi government still has a leasehold policy which does not give full ownership of land to the unit owner.

• Encroachment: Several plots are encroached by slum dwellers. The estate

manager does not have the power to evict these encroachers. ii) Unplanned Industrial Area: A survey of residential areas with industrial concentration has revealed that only seven qualify clearly for regularization (as per the criteria of more than 70% industrial use). The remaining can get regularized only after considering godowns, commercial shops and commercial godowns as industrial activity (Refer Table 5.10) Table 5.10: Percentage breakup of Unregularised Industrial Areas in Delhi

Areas Industrial

Concentration

Industrial Godowns

Commercial Use

Commercial Godowns Total

Jawahar Nagar 75.18 75.18 Karawal Nagar 78.86 78.86 Haiderpur 76.06 76.06 Shalimar Village 80.70 80.70

New Mandoli 72.36 72.36 Basai Darapur 75.07 75.07 Khyala 70.22 70.22 Rithala 57.81 13.53 71.34 Mundka, Swarn Park 64.06 20.90 84.96

Mundka 48.35 25.87 74.22



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Areas Industrial

Concentration

Industrial Godowns

Commercial Use

Commercial Godowns Total

Naresh Park Extn. 2.17 18.11 70.28

Peeragarhi 60.44 11.52 71.96 Nawada 69.31 5.29 74.60 Hastsal-Pkt A 63.38 18.99 82.67 Hastsal-Pkt B 66.47 11.76 78.23 Dabri 52.24 7.05 15.38 74.67 Libaspur 57.85 12.29 70.14 Sultanpur Mazra 41.29 20.32 8.70 5.01 75.32

As per the Table above the maximum industrial concentration is in Shalimar village which has 80.70 per cent of the area under industries. Areas that do not qualify even after the inclusion of godowns include Tikri Kalan, Prahladpur, Viswas Nagar, Tri Nagar and Nangli Sakrawati. Two areas have more than 85 per cent industrial concentration (GT Karnal Road-80.64% and Kirti Nagar-95.83%) but do not qualify because the land area is less than four hectare land (Refer Figure 5.5)

Figure 5.5 : Location of Planned and Unorganised Industrial Areas



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5.10 ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREAS Besides Delhi’s magnificent built heritage (discussed in detail in Chapter 7), there are natural and historical landscape features (Yamuna River Corridor, Delhi Ridge) and the associated protected areas of natural wildlife (Jasola Wildlife Sanctuary) that characterize the urban form of Delhi. The detail status of Yamuna River Corridor and Jasola Wildlife Sanctuary & Delhi Ridge are discussed below.

Areas Characteristics of Ecologically Sensitive areas

YAMMUNA RIVER CORRIDOR

The river front in Delhi has lost its potential heritage, religious, pulic amenity and recreational value. It is surrounded by unplanned and haphazard development of villages and JJ clusters in North; by Thermal Power Plants, Aksardham Temple complex, Commonwealth Game village etc in central part; in the south by Julenagaon; Taimur Nagar, Kalindikunj etc. The problem areas associated with river corridor in NCTD are listed below: • Though an interstate water sharing treaty exists, there is lack of

an effective inter state river basin hydro-policy regime. This results in upstream pollution from agricultural pesticides and sub-optimal water extraction practices.

• The presence of extensive, high density areas of informal low income housing generating large volumes of untreated sewage and solid waste that is discharged into the river.

• A recent Supreme Court Order stipulates that industrial effluent must be treated to a prescribed standard before being discharged into the Yamuna. Making this order operational, through effective implementation, enforcement and monitoring will be critical to the environmental sustainability of the Yamuna.

• Within the context of the Yamuna Action Plan, DDA has proposed to change the use of 260 hectare of land in the central tranche to public use.

JASOLA WILDLIFE AREA AND THE RIDGE

The sustainability of the sensitive ecological habitat of the Jasola wildlife area will also require the formulation and implementation of a special case integrated area strategy that would be likely to include Delhi Ridge as the environmental context and buffer zone to the sanctuary. The problems associated with this area are as follows: • Temporary incompatible use permissions granted for storage,

assembly, temporary accommodation (e.g. exhibition related activities) have left behind residual materials. This despoils the area and renders it environmentally vulnerable.

• Incremental quarry extraction activities have scared the ridge; and (post working) designation as wasteland by the DDA in its land-use plans has consolidated this abuse.

It is imperative to state that the development of Delhi Ridge and Yamuna City Regional Park System has to be comprehensively looked into to plan for better physical environment & ecological system of the city.

5.11 LAND DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT

A brief summary of the roles and responsibilities of central and state government agencies in land management are presented below.



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Department/Agency Roles and Responsibilities

Land Record Management, DDA

• Deals with Nazul-I lands transferred to DDA from Delhi Improvement Trust and Nazul-II lands acquired under the policy of large scale acquisition for development and disposal of land by DDA after 1957.

• The functions of the land management department are to acquire land, allot sites for petrol pumps and gas godowns, maintain land records, protect land from encroachment and enforce Master plan section against misuse. DDA has setup six field zones for the purpose of protection of land.

Land and Building Department/Revenue Department

• The revenue department acquires land on behalf of the DDA/MCD/Slum department. The demand for land acquisition is placed by DDA to the land building department, which acquires the land for the DDA after getting approval from the LG; and after acquisition, places the same at the disposal of DDA, under section 12 of DDA act

L&E Department of MCD

• The L&E department of MCD deals with records of land and properties of the colonies/villages within the jurisdiction of MCD. The department also deals with collection of property tax and monitors its activities through the 12 MCD zones.

L&DO GoI, UDPA • The department deals with the maintenance of land record of the properties of the GoI. The activities of construction and maintenance are with CPWD.

In NCTD area most of the lands are owned by the DDA, L&DO and central governments. Land under state ownership is limited and sectorally owned. Agricultural land is mainly privately owned and owners pay agriculture tax to the revenue department. However the private sector primarily comprises of individuals; families; trusts; institutions; families; trusts; institutions and firms/companies, which own or seek land or space built on land (refer Table 5.).

Table 5.11: Land Ownership in Delhi

Land Owning

Agency DDA L&DO (NDMC)

Cantonment Board

Others (MCD, Railways etc) Total

Area in hectare 25377.2 4270.0 114352.8 4300.0 148300

% to Total 17.1 2.9 2.9 77.1 100 Source: DUEIIP, Status Report for Delhi-21

5.12 EFFORTS OF PLANNED DEVELOPMENT

In order to encourage planned development in the city, the DDA prepared master plans for the NCTD Area. Various plans prepared for Delhi over the years include (i) Lutyen’s Plan for the New Delhi (the imperial capital) now NDMC area-1911; (ii) Interim General Plan for Delhi prepared by the Town Planning Organisation (TPO) in 1956; (iii) Master Plan for Delhi (MPD) with perspective of 1981 (based on Land use inventory TPO, 1958) prepared by DDA in 1962; (iv) Master Plan for Delhi with perspective of 2001 prepared by DDA in 1990; (v) National Capital Regional Plan (NCRP) with perspective of 2001 prepared in 1989; (vi) Draft Master Plan Delhi with perspective of 2021, prepared by DDA in 2005 (notification awaited) and (vii) National Capital Regional Plan (NCRP) with



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perspective of 2021 prepared in 2005. The salient features of these plans are discussed in the subsequent section.

5.12.1 Master Plan for Delhi (1961-81)

MPD-1981 has divided city into 8 planning divisions and planning districts with an objective to make these self contained in employment and community facilities. As per MPD-1981, these divisions were proposed to have populations ranging from 3 to 7 lakhs. Hence each division had 2-3 district centres, which are composite retail shopping centres with commercial and service uses. As per the plan, total land available for urbanization in 1981, was about 440 km2. Beyond this has the “Agricultural Green Belt” which was to be preserved for agricultural use. The proposed activities as per Master Plan (1961-81) are presented in Table 5.12 & Figure 5.7.

Table 5.12: Proposed Activities as per Master Plan (1961-81)

Land Uses Activities Acquisition of Land and Development

• In order to contain the likely population of about 6.0 million by 1981, the following additional land areas were proposed to be developed under various uses: Residential: 30,000 acres; Commercial: 1900 acres; Industrial: 4800 acres; Government: 500 acres; Recreational: 25000 acres

Residential • Medium and High Density residential development proposed in the planning division A & B (Old Wall City area & its Extension).

• Average Residential Density ranges from 81 PPA in West Yamuna Canal area to 235 PPA in old walled city area. The average gross density in the Master Plan is about 97 PPA.

• Redensification of low density areas such as Lodhi colony; RK Puram, Motibagh and laxmibai nagar.

• Developing Low income housing-1,50,000 units; government housing-1,10,000 units and private housing-4,85,000 units

Commercial • The Commercial area as per MPD 1981 works out to be 0.48 acres/1000 population.

• The hierarchies of commercial area proposed were Central Business District (CBD); District Shopping Centre; Community Shopping; local shopping and convenient shopping.

• Development of commercial area of 565 acres. Slum Improvements & Redevelopment

• 20 projects were to be developed upto 1981 for slum improvements. These slum areas are Kotla Mubarakpur; Sui Walan; Kucha Pati Ram; Sarai Rohilla; Qadam Sharif; Shadipur Khampur, Ajmeri Gate etc.

Industrial Area • Areas proposed for industrial development. The details are given as part of Table 5..

Recreational Areas

• It has been proposed to develop 25000 acres of land for recreational use.

• It was proposed to provide active recreational facilities such as open air theatres, libraries, museums, swimming pools, terraced gardens, landscaped vistas and botanical gardens.

Plan for Rural Delhi

• The rural towns proposed for the location of light and medium industries are Nangloi Jat, Bawana, Palam and Najafgarh

• It was proposed to provide 17 local shopping centres for each cluster of villages (within radius of 3 miles from every village), 6 district shopping centres for bigger village groups (within radius of 5 miles from every village) and 3 mandis in more central location (Palam; Khera kalan and Kanjhawala).

Source: Compiled from Master Plan of Delhi-1961-81



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Table 5.13: Proposed Wholesale & Specialized Markets (1981)

Market Proposed Location Area in

Acre Fruit and Vegetable Markets

One mandi near Daya Basti railway station in Sarai Rohilla in North-west and another in South of Delhi at Okhla

35

Wholesale Grain Market Site near Teliwara, in north of Sadar bazaar was proposed

17

Bicycle and accessories Jhandewalan area 10 Cloth Market Redevelopment & Modernization of Chandni

Chowk area and site west of church mission road

10

Fodder Market Dayabasti near Najafgarh Road 6

General Merchandise and hosiery

Improvement and reorganization of Sadar Bazar-Old Bahadurgarh road

61

Iron, steel and scrap metal market

Jhadewalan; reorganization of junk & scrap yards in Motia Khan

15

Building Materials West Delhi adjacent to the railway line to Rewari

50


Table 5.14: Proposed Location of Industrial Estates and Zones (1981)

Industrial Area Total Land (in

acres)

Industrial Area Total Land (in

acres)

Industrial Area

Total Land (in

acres) A. Extensive manufacturing B. Intensive Manufacturing C. Service

Industries 355

Najafgarh Industrial Area

716 Flatted industries inlying locations

192 D. Extractive Industries

106

Okhla Industrial Area

1241 Flatted industries outlying locations

169 E. Special Industries

165

Azadpur Industrial Area

743 Sub-Total 361 Sub-Total 626

Shahdara Industrial Area

3832

Rohtak Industrial Area

1034

Sub-Total 7566

Source: Compiled from Master Plan of Delhi-1961-81 5.12.2 Review of Master Plan Proposals

MPD-81 proposed to increase the residential use to 44% from 18% in 1961. However the residential use as per the MPD-61 was 30% which is far below the proposed use. Other uses such as recreational area, as proposed in MPD-81 were 24%, which got limited to 12%. The area under commercial land use was proposed to be 2% but it exceeded to 3.8%. Similarly, the area under Industrial land use was proposed to be increased to 5% but only 3.5% of the area was under this land use in 1981 (Refer 6 & 6 (a)).



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Recreation Use24%

P ublic & Semi-

P ublic Use15%

Commercial Use2%

Industrial Use5%

Residential Use44%

Railways Land2%

Transportation Facilities

8%

Agriculture0.3%

Recreation Use10%

Pub lic & Semi- Pub lic

U se2 5%

Commercial Use2%

Industrial Use2%

Residential Use18%

Railways Land2%

Transportat ion Facilit ies

25%

Agriculture16.2%

Figure 5.6: Proposed Landuse 1981 Figure 5.6(a): Existing Landuse 1961

Other departures from the proposed master plan measures include:

• As proposed the enhancement of existing CBD in MPD-81 did not take place. Connaught place & its extension and commercial areas in the walled city and its extension continues to function as CBD with all the associated problems of parking and traffic congestion etcl.

• As per MPD-81, all non-conforming uses were to be shifted in stages to conforming areas; but no areas with non confirming uses were shifted out.

• MPD-81 proposed industrial areas consisting mainly of flatted factories; light industries and extensive industries but no flatted factory area was developed except for Jhandewalan area.

• MPD-81 estimated around 20000 informal sector units in 1981 which is limited to 15%. Moreover plan did not contain any specific proposal for integration of unorganized sector in development schemes.

• MPD-81 targeted to construct government housing, Low cost housing and private housing as per details mentioned in Table 5.11. During the two decades, only 5.43 lakhs houses had been constructed against target of 7.47 lakh.

• MPD-81 had proposed 15 district centres out of which only 3 had been developed in 1981 (Nehru Place; Rajendra Place and Bhikaji Cama Place.

• Two wholesale markets namely Fruit & Vegetable Market (Okhla) and Iron & Steel Market (Jhandewalan) had been shifted out up to 1981; and two cycle & truck accessories markets were partially shifted. Most of the other markets continued to grow further in the walled city creating, further congestion.

5.12.3 Master Plan for Delhi (1981-01)

MPD-2001, was based on the basic premise of Balanced Regional Development, which emphasizes restrictive policy of employment generation. The main guidelines for this policy were: (i) only such new Central Government Offices which directly serve the Ministries of the Government of India be located in Delhi; (ii) Industrial Growth in Delhi be restricted to small scale and less labour intensive and (iii) Legal & Fiscal measures to restrict employment and distributive trade.

Proposed1981

Existing 1961



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The MPD-2001 projected a population of 12.8 million by 2001 for the entire NCT. However, the plan recommended to restrict the population to 11 million in NCT and divert the remaining 0.2 million to selected towns in the NCR. The population of NCT was however 13.4 million in 2001 Refer Figure 5.8.

(i) Spatial Strategies

The Master plan has come up with strategies for each of the constituents of the NCTD and DMA area. The proposed strategies as per Master Plan (1981-01) are presented in Table 5.15.

Table 5.15: Proposed Activities as per Master Plan (1981-01)

Constituent

Area Proposed Strategy

Acquisition of Land and Development

• 24000 hectare of land to be acquired up to 2001 • Land development for residential purpose 12000 ha and

industrial purpose 1600 ha

Walled City-Special Area

• Revitalization of Walled City keeping in view the traditional character and style of the buildings

• Redevelopment of Sadar Bazaar wholesale market by provision of necessary infrastructure and parking areas

• Prohibiting all heavy commercial vehicles in walled city area • Cars not allowed inside the walled city areas with provision of

underground parking at Lal Quila, Delhi Gate, Ajmeri Gate, Turkman Gate, Mori Gate and Purdah bagh

• One way traffic on all the streets of walled city • Planning tools such as conservative surgery to be adopted for

city upgradation

Residential

• New Concept of Partially built plotted housing has been introduced. This involves partially built housing on individual plots of 70-80m2.

• Cooperative formation in 600 unauthorized colonies for improvement of low level of physical & social infrastructure

• Planned Development of Urban extension areas (Rohini, Dwarka and Narela)

• Augmentation of housing at focused locations-Patparganj, Sarita Vihar and Vasant Kunj (4000 ha)

Commercial

• Existing CBDs-Old Wall City, Connaught Place and Karol Bagh two Sub CBDs, Proposed 2 Sub-CBDs (One in Trans Yamuna Area & other in the urban extension area)

• Existing Five district centers; 22 new district centers proposed (14 in existing urban limits & 8 in the urban extensions)

• It was proposed to develop four regional wholesale markets in different directions integrated with freight complexes.

• 11 regional cum local wholesale markets as secondary wholesale markets are proposed to be developed in different planning divisions.

Slum Improvement & Redevelopment

• Provision of Hostel accommodation for single; minimum 25% as site and Services and 45% housing up to 2 rooms dwellings for about 1 lakh LIG families

• Infrastructure up gradation in 44 resettlement colonies and provisions of income earning opportunities within or proximity of resettlement colonies

• Provision of slum housing for 49000 families Industrial use • Industrial area redevelopment scheme for Anand Parbhat (Light



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Constituent Area Proposed Strategy

Industrial Area); Shahdara (Light Industrial Area) and Shampur Badli (Extensive Industrial Area)

• Provision of 16 new light industrial areas (Total area of 1533 ha) was to be developed in urban industrial extensions (UIE). Each UIE upto 5 units of about 20 ha.

Recreational Area

• Provision of 1.6 km wide green belt beyond urbanisable limits • Provision of Divisional sport centres-7nos; District level children

parks-11nos; Development of lakes-2nos

Plan for Rural Delhi

• Five villages were identified as higher order growth centre-Bakhtwarpur; Bawana; Jharoda Kalan; Dhansa and Chawala. Six villages were identified as lower order growth centre- Jagatpur; Ghogha; Qutab Garh; Jaunti; Mitron; Gommanhera

• Environment improvement of 120 villages and development of 11 central villages

Channelisation of River Yamuna

• Development of river front considering all ecological and scientific aspects as project of special significance for city

Table 5.16: Proposed Wholesale & Specialized Markets (2001)

Market Proposed Location Area in Hectare

A. MARKET WITH WAREHOUSING

Textile & Textile Products

Patparganj in east; Madanpur Khadar & Urban Extension in South; Urban Extension in South West 70

Auto, Motor Part & Machinery

Patparganj in east; Urban Extension in South; Urban Extension in South West 43

Fruit and Vegetable Market

Loni Road in east; Madanpur Khader & Urban Extension in South; Urban Extension in South West 53

Hardware and Building Material

Patparganj & Loni Road in east; Madanpur Khader & Urban Extension in South; Urban Extension in South West

53

Iron and Steel Patparganj in east; Madanpur Khader & Urban Extension in South; Urban Extension in South West 25

Food Grain Patparganj in east; Madanpur Khader in South; Nazafgarh in South West 32

Timber Patparganj & Loni Road in east; Madanpur Khader & Urban Extension in South; Urban Extension in South West

112

Plastic Leather and PVC Patparganj in east and Urban Extension in South West 19

Relocation of Junk Market Patparganj in east 4

Truck Terminal Patparganj in east; Madanpur Khader & Urban Extension in South; Najafgarh & Urban Extension in South West

219

Regional cum local Markets

Sub-CBD (Shahdara); Okhla; Rohtak Road District Centre; Shivaji Place District Centre in North; Wazirpur District Centre; Rohini District Centre; Markets of 8-10hectare in each urban extension and fodder markets was to be developed in the rural areas

157



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Market Proposed Location Area in Hectare

Integrated Freight Complex

Madanpur Khadar (NH-2); Patparganj (NH-24); GT Road (NH-1) and Bharthal (NH-8) -


• Review of Master Plan Proposals (1981-01)

Proposals which have not been completed as per the directions of the Master Plan are presented below: o As proposed the enhancement of existing CBD in MPD-01 did not take place.

Connaught place & its extension, and commercial areas in the walled city and its extension continue to function as CBD with all the associated problem of parking and traffic congestion etc.

o District centres at Jhanakpuri; Laxminagar and Shivaji palace are still in

process of development o As per MPD-01, all non-conforming uses were to be shifted in stages to the

conforming areas but no areas with non-conforming uses were shifted out. o No provision of Hostel accommodation for single workers; or minimum 25%

as site and Services and 45% housing up to 2 rooms dwellings for about 1 lakh LIG families were made up to 2001

o Only 1 integrated freight complex at Gazipur is in development stage

against the 4 proposed in MPD-01. 5.12.4 Draft Master Plan for Delhi (2001-21)

The land use plan 2021 has been prepared based on (i) the policies enunciated for different urban activities; (ii) requirement of additional social and physical infrastructure; (iii) Transportation and work centres; (iv) restructuring of land uses along the MRTS corridors. In order to control development; the areas have been designated as one of the 27 use zones. These zones have been classified into 10 categories2 as shown in Figure 5.9.

MPD-2021 projected a population of 23.0 million by 2021 for the entire NCT. However, the plan recommended accommodating 11.4 million people in zone A to H; and 3.9 million in Dwarka, Rohini phase-III, IV & V and Narela; and diverting the remaining 8.0 million in the planned new urban extensions. MPD-2021 is in draft stage the detailed provisions and development strategy suggested in the plan will be presented once it is finalized.

5.13 PROVISIONS OF NCR PLAN 2001 & 21

Five towns were proposed in the Master Plan (2001-21) as DMA towns in the Delhi Metropolitan Area (DMA). These include Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Kundli and Loni. A total of 3.5-lakh population was assigned by the Master Plan to these towns for the year 2011. Besides, specialized economic activities were

• 2 The Landuse categories are Residential; Commercial; Industrial; Recreational; Regional Park/Ridge; Transportation; Utility; Government; Public & Semi-Public Use; Agriculture and Water Bodies



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proposed for each of these towns. A brief summary of the land use allocation strategies and provisions in NCR plan is discussed below:

Sectors Recommendations

Development of New Townships

• DMA Towns: Faridbad, NOIDA, Ghaziabad, Kundli, Bahadurgarh and Gurgaon

• Priorty Towns (Regional Centres): Palwal, Khurja, Hapur, Meerut, Bulandshar, Panipat, Rohtak, Dharuhera, Bhiwadi, Rewari, Alwar

• Counter Magnet Towns; Patiala (Punjab); Bareilly (Uttar Pradesh); Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh), Kota (Rajasthan), Hissar (Haryana)

• Sub- Regional Centre: Shikarpur; Philhua; Tijara; Khairthal; Bahror; Bawal; Hathin; Hodal; Jhajjar and Sonipat

Development of Transport Sector

• Development Proposals: Regional Road Links • Elevated Expressway on Ring Road • Development Proposal-Regional Rail

Industrial Development

• Industrial Development through NCRPB assistance in Loni; Faridabad; Kundli; Gurgaon; Meerut; Barhi; Panipat; Manesar; Bhiwadi; Bawal; Neemrana; Alwar

5.14 ISSUES IN LAND & GROWTH MANAGEMENT

Some of the major issues emerge from the above analysis are presented below:

• Increasing gap between demand and supply of housing and infrastructure: The growth of unauthorized colonies and JJ clusters clearly indicate the housing status of the city. Consistently, targets for housing provision have not been met. Moreover, the poor have borne the brount of the shortfall. Overall, Around 5 lakh houses are to be constructed to fulfill past back logs, over and above the future demand of 20 lakh houses by 2021.

• Over crowding, haphazard development without basic services: There are

728 JJ clusters; 1700 unauthorized colonies and 165 urban villages accommodating around 60 lakh population. Of these, barely 25% of the population has access to physical infrastructure.

• Encroachments on agricultural land and urban villages: The urbanization

area is expanding in an adhoc manner, often into the green area. Due to lax development regulations and control, rural areas are falling prey to unauthorized development. Original land owners have parceled their holdings and sold these at high prices to builders/developers. Urban villages have been over-run with haphazard developments

• Exploitation of Land for unauthorized development: Large portion of

urban land in NCT is owned by government generally for public, community and government uses. Without programmed use and efforts for protection, these lands get easily encroached by both marginal groups and unregistered land speculators. This is further aggravated by insufficient official provision of land for various uses – be it residential, commercial or industrial.

• Non-Conforming Land uses: Around 1 lakh industries are located in non-

conforming areas as per MPD. Efforts for relocation have failed due to the



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inaccessibility to work-centre of the relocation site; lack of infrastructure; security of tenure & assets and affordability of the owner.

• Lack of Linkage of Physical Planning Strategy with Financial Planning:

Successful physical planning should respond to economic realities; and support broader financial goals and strategies for the city. The link between these aspects, while strong in the first Master Plan, seems to have weakened substantially in subsequent plans. Failure of implementation has aggravated the situation further.

Figure 5.7 : L A N D U S E M A P 1961 – 81



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Figure 5.8 : L A N D U S E M A P 1981 - 2001

Figure 5.9 : L A N D U S E M A P 2001-21

IL&FS ECOSMART

Chapter – 6 : Urban Poor and Slum

Chapter – 6 Urban Poor & Slum


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CHAPTER - 6 URBAN POOR AND SLUM

6.1 INTRODUCTION

Urban Poverty and Slums are the most critical problems of urban development today. In Delhi too, they are a serious issue. The various dimensions of poverty and slums have been discussed in detail in this chapter. This chapter has been divided into three sections. The first section discusses the poverty profile of the city, the characteristics of the poor population and poverty alleviation programmes. The profile of slums / JJ Clusters, with respect to their location, distribution, growth, infrastructure status and requirements, processes of slum development in the city and the slum development programmes by the Slum Department of the MCD and DDA, is discussed in the second section. The last section summarizes the issues related to poverty and slums.

6.2 POVERTY PROFILE OF DELHI

The Planning Commission estimates the proportion and number of poor based on the projection of minimum needs and effective consumption. Such a projection is based on the norm of 2100 calorie per capita per day consumption for an urban area. The calorie norms are invariably expressed in monetary terms that change with respect to weighted commodity indices of the consumer price index. The percentage of people below poverty line (BPL) stood at 49.61% for Delhi in 1973-74. The

figure has been declining steadily to 26.22% in 1983; 16.4% in 1991 and 14.69% in 1993-94. The percentage of people below poverty line declined to 10.02% in 2001. Table 6.1 presents the zone wise BPL population.

Table 6.1: Below Poverty Line Population (2005)

Year Rural BPL Population (in Lakh)

% age to

Total

Urban BPL Population

%age to

Total

1973 1.06 24.44 21.78 52.23 1983 0.44 7.66 17.95 27.89 1987 0.10 1.29 10.15 13.56 1993 0.19 1.19 15.32 16.03 2000

0.07 0.40 11.42 9.42 0.070.190.11.06 0.44

21.78

17.95

10.15 11.42

15.32

0

5

10

15

20

25

1973 1983 1987 1993 2000

Source: Economic Survey Report, Government of Delhi, Delhi

Urban

Rural



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6.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF POOR

The socio-economic profile of the segment of population categorized as poor is of strategic importance for both planning purposes, and for managing the habitat and its environmental upgradation and improvement. However, comprehensive data is not available for the whole of Delhi, although generalizations can be made on the following parameters based on data available from the few available surveys and studies. It is important to keep in perspective however that inhabitants of LIG / EWS areas are not a homogenous segment.

(a) Income and Expenditure: The average total monthly income per

household ranges from Rs. 1500-2500 among the poor. The expenditure of these families is around 5-10% more than their incomes. The per capita monthly income and expenditure is Rs. 245 & Rs. 423 respectively. Poor households, therefore, are increasingly dependent upon loans from the local moneylenders. The monthly income of around 25-30% households is above Rs 1500 and around 45-50% households is below Rs 1000.

(b) Access to Housing: Housing is a basic need of the poor. Most of the poor

do not have access to secure land tenure. 85% of the poor are squatters, and are vulnerable to frequent eviction. 6% of the poor live in rented accommodation and have to pay a substantial portion of their income for rent. Most importantly, such rental quarters do not have even basic infrastructure facilities. The quality of life led by these people is extremely poor.

(c) Occupation Profile of Poor: 41% of these families work as casual

labourers, as most of them are unskilled. However, one-third of the poor also work in the service sector and only 20-25 % is self-employed. Therefore, nearly 52% of the poor households do not have access to a dependable occupation and secure incomes.

(d) Migration Status and Poor: Migration characteristics have also been

included as most of the poor are migrants from rural areas, who come to the city in search of employment. In Delhi, 38% of the total poor have migrated to the city for employment purposes.

(e) Access to Infrastructure: The infrastructure facilities that have been

covered are water and sources of energy for the urban poor. A majority of the poor families (47%) have access to water from community sources. 16% of the families do not have any definite source of water. With respect to source of light, nearly 30% of the families depend on kerosene lamps.

(f) Pavement Dwellers: Around 1 Lakh homeless people constitute another

component of the poor in Delhi. They are mostly found in the Walled City or its surrounding areas and generally sleep on the pavements. There are around 10 night shelters located at Azadpur, Subzi Mandi, Paharganj, Jhandewalan, Red Fort, Old Delhi Railway Station, Azad Market and Roshanara road. The night shelters operated by MCD provide accommodation to only male dwellers.



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6.4 POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES

Swaranajyanti Saw Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) is the main poverty alleviation programme of the government, which was launched in 1997 after merging the NRY (Nehru Rozgar Yojna), PMIUPEP and Urban Basic Services Programme (UBSP). The programme aims not only at economic emancipation of people living below the poverty line but also an improvement in their living environment. The details of the programme are being given in Box 1.

Box 1: Salient Features of SJSRY The programme seeks to provide gainful employment to the urban unemployed and underemployed poor, through encouraging the setting up of self – employment ventures or provision of wage employment. It relies on creation of suitable community structures and delivery of inputs through urban local bodies. It is funded on a 75:25 basis between the centre and the state. It consists of two special components of: • Urban Self-Employment Programme (USEP): It has 3 components of self-

employment: setting up of micro-enterprise; setting up of group micro- enterprise under Development of Women and Children in Urban Areas (DWCUA) and training for skills up-gradation of beneficiaries.

• Urban Wage-Employment Programme (UWEP): The programme aims to provide

wage employment by utilizing labour to construct socially and economically useful public assets.

• Special emphasis is given on formation of Community based structures like CDS,

NHGs and NCs. 6.5 SHELTER OPTIONS

The poor typically inhabit unplanned or semi-planned developments. In Delhi these are classified as (a) Notified Slums in Old Walled City area; (b) Resettlement Colonies; (c) Relocated JJ Clusters and (d) JJ Clusters or Squatter settlements. The section below describes the characteristics of these areas.

6.5.1 Old Walled City Area In Delhi, areas designated or notified as slums under the act are generally located in the Walled City and its adjoining environs. There are 319 katras in the Walled City area with about 3,000 buildings or properties. Out of these, 365 properties have been identified as dangerous and therefore require resettlement of inhabitants. In addition, there are 400 properties, which are with the Evacuee Property Cell of Land and Building Department of Delhi Government.

6.6 SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS / JJ CLUSTERS The squatter settlements are encroachments on mainly public land. As such these are illegal clusters (JJCs) and are devoid of any legal entitlements. However, efforts have been made by the government to extend basic social and environmental services to them (Refer Box 2)



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Box 2: Urban Poor and Type of Shelter The category of the urban poor mainly comprises of the inhabitants in JJ clusters / squatter settlements. These inhabitants are service providers, which includes domestic help, hawkers and vendors, low paid workers in the industrial, commercial and trade / business sectors etc.

The socio-economic constraints on access to income pose constraints to food and other basic necessities including shelter. As a result, they are constrained to live in the worst kind of settlements. Substandard housing is not only the consequence of poverty but also policy and financial constraints imposed on the government departments and agencies to provide adequate services for the poor. However, the type of housing they are constrained to choose is largely the consequence of poverty.

6.6.1 Location and Distribution of JJ Clusters

JJ clusters are scattered all over the city. Generally they are situated on the vacant land along railway lines, roads, drains and river embankments and also vacant spaces near residential, industrial and commercial complexes. Around 55 per cent of squatters are near the residential areas and 40% along the road berms (Table 2).

Table 6.2: Status of JJ Clusters in Delhi

Areas with Encroachment

Number of

Squatters

% age to

Total Residential Areas 34100 55.86 Road Berms 24184 39.62 Park and Open Spaces 966 1.58 Schools 500 0.82 Market 1093 1.79 Railway Station 200 0.33

TOTAL 61043 100.00

Market2%

Schools1%Park and Open

Spaces2%

Road Berms40% Residential Areas

55%

Source: Sabir Ali, Environment Scenario of Delhi Slums, Centre for Social Development Studies, 1998

It is clear from Table 6.3 that around 70% of clusters have less than 500 JJ’s. This percentage has remained constant from 1991-2001. The sharp decline in the number of JJ clusters (1994-2001) is attributed to large scale relocation of JJs since 1999.



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Table 6.3: Size Wise Distribution of JJ Clusters

Number of JJ in

Clusters 1991 1994 2001

Upto 100 496 396 227 101-500 311 446 295 501-1000 59 121 110 1001-1500 30 54 37

1500 & above 33 63 59

Above 15008%

1001-15005%

501-100015%

101-50041%

Upto 10031%

Source: (i) Slum Department, Municipal Corporation of Delhi, Delhi; (ii) Status Report for Delhi-21, Delhi Urban Environment and Infrastructure Improvement Project (DUEIIP), January 2001

Some of the major areas with concentrations of slums in various pockets of Delhi are presented in Figure 6.2 and Box 3.

Box 3: Areas with Concentration of JJ Clusters

The spread of JJ clusters ranges from a plot of 0.4 acres with 8 JJs to JJCs as large as 50 acres with 10,000 households & 45000 population. The average number of JJ per acre comes to 200 with 193 being the lowest (Nazafgarh area) and 206 the highest (Gole Market and Kalkaji areas). The average area of JJ is 20m2. Some of the major area with such concentrations are given below A) HIGH CONCENTRATION: a. Minto Road/Gole Market/Matia Mahal (129 clusters, 43388 JJs, 215.08 acres)-NDMC

Area b. Badarpur/Tulaqabad/Saket (79 clusters, 64187 JJs, 79 acres)-MCD Area c. Moti Nagar/ Patel Nagar/Rajendra Nagar (72 clusters, 35,427 JJs, 175.45 acres)-

MCD Area d. Jahangirpuri/Adarsh Nagar/Model Town/Wazirpur (117 clusters, 71538 JJs, 356

acres) -MCD Area e. Badli/Shahbad-Daulatpur (21 clusters, 27,551 JJs, 137.70 acres) -MCD Area B) MEDIUM CONCENTRATION: a) Delhi Cantonment/Janakpuri/Tilak Marg (17 clusters, 18,982 JJs, 95.03 acres) -MCD

Area b) Bishwas Nagar/ Shahdara/Babarpur (44 clusters, 18915 JJs, 88.91 acres)-MCD Area c) Hauzkhas/RK Puram (52 clusters, 14110 JJs, 70.22 acres)-NDMC Area C) LOW CONCENTRATION: a) Nazargarh/Nasirpur/Palam (11 clusters, 363 JJs, 1.83 acres)-MCD Area b) Sarojini Nagar/Kalkaji/Malaviya Nagar/Ambedkar Nagar/ Kasturba Marg (45 clusters, 11,802 JJs, 68.42 acres)-NDMC Area

6.6.2 Growth of Squatter Settlements

The squatter settlements or jhuggi jhopari clusters (JJC) assume strategic importance as far as issues of unorganized settlements are concerned. As mentioned in Table 6.4 , in 1951 Delhi had 12749 jhuggi jhopris (JJs) scattered over 199 clusters. By 1973 the number of JJs had reached 98483 spread over 1373 clusters. The resettlement scheme pursued in 1962-77, with a

2001



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concentrated effort in 1975-77 resulted in the resettlement of 2.4 lakh JJs in different parts of Delhi. In 1977 only 20000 JJ households remained to be relocated. But, in 1983 the number of squatter households had gone upto 1.13 lakhs. In 2001 the JJ clusters had declined to (729 from 1080 in 1994) due to relocation of around 300 clusters from Gautampuri, Kingsway Camp, Ashok Vihar, AIIMS and Hauz Khas etc.

Table 6.4: Status of JJ Clusters in Delhi

YEAR JJ CLUSTERS JHUGGI HHS AREA IN HA POPULATION 1951 199 12749 21.1 63745 1973 1373 98483 164.1 492415 1983 534 113000 188.3 565000 1990 929 259000 431.7 1295000 1997 1100 600000 902.1 3000000 2001 728 429662 650.2 2148310

Source: Slum Department, Municipal Corporation of Delhi, Delhi 6.6.3 Land Owning Agencies and JJ Clusters

The land owning agencies in whose area the JJ clusters are situated are given in Table 6.5. Eighty Three percent of DDA land is squatted on by 600 JJ clusters (refer Annex-6.1).

Table 6.5: Land Owning Agencies and JJ Clusters

Number of Jhuggies LO AGENCY

1990 1994

Population

1994

Area in Acres

DDA 280988 349705 1856683 1865.93 L&DO 21530 29415 132327 149.86 Railway 12161 17346 78929 84.34

MCD 8428 11052 52045 47.29

NDMC 3226 4487 20182 22.52 Gram Sabha 4132 4360 19619 21.31 Cantonment Board 1570 1700 7064 7.86

CPWD 3040 4316 19421 16.84 Private 2454 2885 12980 14.45 TOTAL 337529 425266 2199250 2230.4

NDMC1%

Gram Sabha1%

CB8% CPWD

1% Private1%

Railw ay4%

MCD 2%

L&DO7%

DDA83%

Source: Status Report for Delhi-21, Delhi Urban Environment and Infrastructure Improvement Project (DUEIIP), January 2001

6.6.4 Access to Infrastructure in Slums/JJ Clusters

Water and sanitation facilities in these unorganized colonies, particularly JJ clusters, is poor. Only 21 % of colonies are covered with piped water supply and 10% are covered by sanitation. Table 6.6 presents a satisfactory level of infrastructure availability in unplanned settlements, but these facilities are non- functional in around 75-80% of the settlements. The average population served by one PSP ranges from 250-300 against the standard of 150. Moreover, average waiting time at PSP is 20-30 minutes. Around 85-90% of JJ clusters did not have even community toilets, forcing habitants to defecate in the open near the water bodies or drainage channels.



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Table 6.6: Water and Sanitation Status in the Unplanned Settlements (2004)

Piped Water Supply Sewer Facility Service Provision in Unplanned Settlement Number % of

Colonies Number % of Colonies

Regularized Unauthorized colonies 557 98.2 458 80.7

Resettlement Colonies 44 100.0 44 100.0 JJ Clusters 158 21.7 72 9.8

Source: Slum Department, Municipal Corporation of Delhi, Delhi

6.7 RESETTLEMENT COLONIES Under the schemes for resettlement of JJ clusters 47 resettlement colonies were developed during 1961-77. Around 2.0 Lakh plots were developed accommodating about 2.4 lakh households. These resettlement colonies have degenerated due to intense population pressures and unorganized development. Therefore investment towards up gradation of physical infrastructure has to be made for improving civic life. Annex 6.2 gives detailed list of resettlement colonies in City.

6.7.1 Location of Resettlement Colonies

The spatial distribution of these colonies indicates that they are proliferating mainly in the south-east, north east, north-west, south-west and central parts of the NCT of Delhi. There are five colonies in South-East, eight in North-East, 15 in North West, Seven in South West and 12 in central Delhi.

6.8 RELOCATION SITES

There are around 11 relocation sites such as Bawana, Holambi Kalan, Papan kalan, Rohini, Narela, Savdar Ghevada etc. The most recent relocation has been made to three principal sites. These are Dwarka (known also as Papan Kalan), Rohini, Narela and Savdar Ghevada. The main pockets from where JJ Cluster were relocated are Central, South and East Delhi areas. Thus, during 1999-2000, 3741 squatter households from the JJ clusters at CGO complex, Chanakyapuri, Kotla Mubarakpur, Andrews Ganj, Sadiq Nagar, Mahki Sarai, Shahdara were moved to Narela and Rohini. 27.4 acres of land has been allotted at Molar Bund for shifting of the JJ cluster at Gautam Nagar behind AIIMS. In 1997-98, DDA allocated 32 acres of land in Tehkhand village for relocation of squatter families. These relocation / resettlement sites offer no security of tenure to habitants who begin a new life without security, basic services, schools and other basic amenities. (Refer Figure 6.2 & 6.2 (a))

Box 4: Experience of Relocation One of the problems with regard to the strategy of relocation is that of allottees transferring the plots for payment and then squatting elsewhere. According to recent estimates by DDA, more than 50 per cent of the allottees have sold their plots which are now occupied by unauthorized persons. The sample survey in Kalkaji and Dakshinpuri resettlement colony (out of 6238 units only 2350 were original allottees) reveals that around 50% occupants were not original allottees. The transfer of properties has been attributed to the fact that relocation sites planned were 40km away from the existing location of JJ clusters.



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At Bhalswa resettlement site, communities were relocated in November 2000. They started the process of constructing their homes on land allotted to them without any tenure document. Without adequate documented tenure, the residents cannot obtain loans from financial institutions. Additionally, unscrupulous property dealers offer loans to residents and then coerce them to leave under duress.

Figure 6.2(a): Relocation Sites and Recent Eviction Sites

PAPANKALAN-SECTOR 1

ASHOK VIHAR

NEHRU PLACE

MOLADBUND

MADANPUR KHADER

PUTHKALAN

BAKHARWALA

BHALASWANARELA

JAHANGIRIPURI

KINGSWAY CAMP

PAPANKALAN-SECTOR 16A

KALYANPURI

GAUTAMPURI

TRILOKPURI

ASHOK VIHAR

AIIM

HAUZKHAS

Relocation Sites

Eviction Sites

Figure 6.2: Relocation Sites and Relocated JJ Clusters

Narela (10422)

Bhalaswa

Holambi kalan

Rohini (2151)

Bakanwara (2000)

Papan kalan (5650)

Madanpur Khadder



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6.9 SLUM DEVELOPMENT POLICES & STRATEGIES

The approach of the government towards areas notified as Slums under the Slum areas Act 19561 has been three pronged (i) Clearance/Relocation; (ii) In-situ upgradation; and (iii) Environmental Improvement Schemes. Clearance / relocation has been the mainstay of the policy towards the squatters and JJ clusters. The program of squatter clearance was discontinued at the end of the sixth plan (1980-85). The clearance program has been initiated again in 2005.

The general policy adopted by the government has been two fold (i) No new encroachment shall be permitted on public land and (ii) Past encroachments viz. those in existence up to 1990 would not be removed without providing alternatives.

6.9.1 Walled City Slum (Katra) Clearance and Improvement

There are 319 katras in the walled city area with about 3000 buildings or properties. Out of these, 365 properties have been identified as dangerous and therefore require resettlement of the inhabitants. In addition, there are 400 properties, which are with the evacuee property cell of Land and Building Department, Delhi Government. At present two schemes are being implemented by the slum wing for the improvement of the wall city. These are (i) structural improvement of Katras; (ii) relocation of Katra Dwellers. The salient features of these programmes are presented below.

NAME OF PROGRAMME

SALIENT FEATURES ACHIEVEMENT

Katra Structural Improvement

Structural improvement are made only to those katra properties where: (i) Cost of structural repairs does not exceed Rs 1000 per m2 and habitable space after structure improvement should not fall below 3m2 per inhabitant. (ii) Per capita space is more than 3m2 but cost of repair exceeds Rs 1000 per m2, the occupants are either evacuated or conferred ownership rights to enable them to make improvements either by themselves or by forming a co-operative society.

About Rs 2 crore per year is being utilized from Plan funds for repair of these Katras by the slum wing and the transferring the ownership right to the residing households for maintenance.

Katra Clearance

Katra properties that do not fall under the parameter of structural improvement are to be cleared.

In 9th five year plan, the relocation scheme contains two components. These are construction of 261 flats at Ajmeri Gate, where katra properties were cleared, and construction of 900 incremental type houses in various parts of Delhi.

Environment Improvement

Environment improvement is undertaken under urban basic

Upto 1989, 14.50 lakh slum dwellers had benefited under

1 The Old city areas and unauthorized colonies are notified as slum under the provision of Slum Area Act 1956. The provisions of the act are not applied to the squatters or JJ clusters.



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NAME OF PROGRAMME

SALIENT FEATURES ACHIEVEMENT

in Katras services programme (UBS). This programme includes the provision of water supply, sewers, storm water drains, jan suvidha complexes, widening and paving of existing lanes, dalaos/dustbins, community facilities etc.

the programme. The facilities provided are: 78 Multi-purpose centres; 3 open air theatres; 10 physical training centres; 8 social welfare centres; 677 water taps/handpumps; 642 WC seats; 20550 metres sewerline; 122077 metre storm water drains; 5397 street light; 5 lakh square metre roads; 122 parks for children

6.9.2 JJ Clusters and Squatter Settlements

Three pronged strategy has been adopted by Government of Delhi2 for dealing with the problems of JJ Clusters. These strategies are (i) Relocation of Jhuggie Households; (ii) In-situ Up gradation of JJ Clusters; and (iii) Extension of minimum basic civic amenities for community use under EIUS schemes in JJ clusters. The salient features and achievement of these schemes and programmes are presented below:

NAME OF

PROGRAMME SALIENT FEATURES ACHIEVEMENT

Relocation & Resettlement

Under this Strategy, relocation has to be carried out for only those clusters that are required by the land owning agency for projects of larger public interest. The cost of resettlement due to the land owning agency amounts to Rs 29,000 per household. The beneficiary3 is expected to contribute Rs 7000 and the Slum department has to provide a grant of Rs 10,000 towards the cost of sites and services for the purpose of resettlement.

During 1990-99, about 13000 JJ households have been relocated. During 1999-00, about 3741 squatter households from JJ clusters at CGO complex, Chanakyapuri, Kotla Mubarakpur, Andrews Ganj, Sadiq Nagar, Mahki Sarai, Shahdara were moved to Narela and Rohini.

In-situ Upgradation of JJ Clusters4

The scheme involves re-planning of the existing JJ dwelling units in modified layouts by redistributing the encroached land pockets. The JJ households are given plots of 10 to 12.5 m2 in modified layouts. The beneficiary constructs the shelter under a self help approach with technical extension services from MCD and Slum & JJ department

In-Situ up-gradation has been undertaken in 3 JJ clusters viz at Prayog Vihar (214 DUs), Ekta Vihar (471 DUs) and Shanti Vihar (112 DUs) respectively. At present JJ clusters of Shahbad-Daulatpur are being developed with this approach for providing infrastructure services. In first

2 Government of Delhi has emphasized on two policies with regards to JJ Clusters “Policy-1: No fresh encroachments shall be permitted on public land and Policy-2: Past encroachments which had been in existence prior to 31/01/90 would not be removed without providing alternatives. 3 The beneficiaries staying in JJ clusters prior to 1990 are provided with 18.5m2 plots, whereas those settled in 1990-98 are provided with 12.5m2 plots at the relocation site. The squatters settled after 1998 are displaced without providing alternatives. 4 The implementation of this programme is dependent upon two conditions. One is “No Objection Certificate” from the land owning agency and the other is clearance of the project by the technical committee of DDA.



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NAME OF PROGRAMME SALIENT FEATURES ACHIEVEMENT

and consultative support from NGOs & VOs. Upto 1992-93, in-situ upgradation was limited within a cost ceiling of Rs. 6000 per dwelling unit, which has been extended to Rs 8000 per dwelling unit.

phase, 4800 families are being covered and the second phase will take care of 4000 households.

Environment Improvement Scheme of JJ Clusters

In JJ clusters, which are not being relocated or developed with the in-situ approach, basic amenities are provided under the ‘Environment Improvement of Urban Slums Scheme’. The minimum basic facilities provided are as per the prescribed national norm5 of Rs 525 per capita, which has been raised to Rs 800 since April 1995.

Jansuvidha Complexes: 1985-1991: 138 Pay and Use Jan Suvidha Complexes were constructed. 1995-1999: 365 Pay and Use Jan Suvidha Complexes and 9211 WCs were constructed. Water Supply: Until 1990: 917 water hydrants had been provided in 280 JJ clusters and 601 India Mark-II hand pumps installed in 205 dwellers. Street Light: Upto 1990: In all 4981 electric poles containing 6,318 street light points were available in 326 clusters.

6.9.3 Tenure Funding Mechanisms

The current land tenure allotted to the dwellers is for a lease period of 5 to 10 years. The lease period of around 80% dwellers at relocation sites has expired. The NGOs / Slum & JJ Department assist in forming societies by motivating the beneficiaries. Beneficiaries are to meet the incidental charges amounting to Rs 247 towards formation of the Societies. Resettlement is organized by setting up multi-purpose co-operative societies comprising of about 200 families.

6.9.4 Financial Performance of Slum Improvement

The amount spent on slum improvement and rehabilitation programmes in the city by the slum department of the MCD since the year 2002 – 03 has been given in Table 6.7. The maximum expenditure of Rs. 179.3 million was in the year 2003-04 under the National Slum Development Programme. A steep decline in the allocations for slum development is evident. Since 1991, the slum department has developed around 55000 plots for relocation of squatters through non-Plan investment and has not utilized the Plan investment as is evident from the table below.

5 The Norms and Standards for basic amenities are: (i) Water Supply-One tap for 150 persons; (ii) Drainage for Waste water and Storm Water; (iii) Community Bath- One bath for 20-50 persons; (iv) Community Latrine- One WC seat for 20-25 persons; (v) Widening and paving of lanes; (vi) Street lighting- poles 30 meters apart and (vii) Community Facilities-Community Centres, Dispensaries, non-formal educational centre.



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Table 6.7: Financial Performance of Slum Improvement (Rs Million)

Name of Schemes 10th Plan Approved Out Lays

2002-03 2003-04 2004-

05 2005-06

Night Shelter including Mobile

30 5.9 6.03 6.04 5.51

Relocation of Squatter 1200 - - - -

Construction of Community Halls

50 11.2 6.03 6.57 18.22

In situ Up gradation of Slums and JJ Clusters

100 - - - -

Environment Improvement in Urban Slums

100 55.6 19.7 18.8 19.95

Construction of Pay & Use Jan Suvidha Complex

50 10.0 10.0 8.60 3.9

Structural improvement and rehabilitation of Katras

100 22.5 28.2 25.7 18.57

Incremental Houses for Katra Dwellers

50 5.15 1.8 - -

Shishu vatikas/common spaces in JJ clusters

25 5.51 4.4 1.3 13.19

National Slum Development Programme

1000 176.9 179.4 132.7 88.53

Study and preparation of perspective plan of sub standard area for next 20 years

50 - - - -

TOTAL 2755 292.9 255.6 199.8 167.8

Source: Slum Department, Municipal Corporation of Delhi, Delhi 6.10 ISSUES IN SHELTER FOR THE URBAN POOR

The evaluation of slums, JJ clusters and resettlement sites, housing workers and service providers in Delhi highlighted the following issues:

(i) Legal Security of Tenure: Studies conducted by various NGOs and CBOs

highlighted the problem of security of legal tenure, rights of the dwellers on resettlement sites and the JJ clusters. Without adequate documented tenure, the residents cannot obtain loans from financial institutions. Additionally, unscrupulous property dealers offer loans to residents and then coerce them to leave under duress.



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(ii) Access to Appropriate Mechanisms of Finance: The poor are unable to meet the requirements of conventional financing institutions, and housing micro-finance is poorly developed.

(iii) In-situ Up gradation of Existing JJ clusters: Around 80% of dwellers of

JJ clusters favour in-situ up-gradation of clusters with provision of plots not less than 40m2. In case the relocation is unavoidable, it shall be within 2km radius. If plots cannot be provided, relocation in G+1 structures is preferred.

(iv) Access to Public Goods and Services: In all the relocation sites, and 85-

90% of JJ clusters, residents did not have access to public goods and services. These areas lack general health services, access to portable water and sanitation. As discussed above, residents are dependent on private tankers to meet their water need. In all the JJ clusters, residents have to travel average distances of 500m-700m to PSP with an average waiting time of 20-25 minutes. All the twelve relocation sites are not accessible from arterial & sub arterial roads in the city.

(v) Variable plots sizes at relocation sites: The eligibility criteria for

resettlement is restricted to those who are (i) Indian Nationals and (ii) residing on the respective site as on 31st December 1998 as evidenced by ration cards. Because of the cut-off date, upto 40-45% families of JJ clusters are ineligible for relocation. Hence, it has become very difficult to get encroached land pockets completely vacated.

The existing practice adopted by slum department for provision of plot to the beneficiaries is (i) 18m2 to beneficiaries settled before 1990 and 12.5m2 to beneficiaries settled during 1990-98. This practice of providing differential plots sizes to the beneficiaries, which is lower than the UNHCR guideline of 40 m2, is one of the major issues to be tackled as part of the slum relocation policy.

(vi) Land Suitability of Relocation Sites: The land provided for the

construction of homes in five of the twelve sites is uninhabitable. In areas of Hastsal, Bhalsawa and Madanpur Khader, around 15-20 % of plots are 5-10 feet below Ground Level and vulnerable to flooding.



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Annex-6.1

Area of Squatter Settlements in Delhi Classified as per Land Owning Agencies, 1994

S. No. Land Owning Agency Area (in Acres) Population % 1. Delhi Development Authority 1,495.67 1,346,103 62.56 2. DDA / Slum Dept. 297.04 267,336 12.24 3. L&DO 135.92 122,328 5.68 4. Data not available 97.11 87,394 4.06 5. Railway 90.64 81,571 3.79 6. Slum Dept. / Private 60.00 54,000 2.51 7. Slum Dept. 45.45 40,900 1.90 8. DDA / Railway 37.17 33,448 1.55 9. NDMC 22.27 20,038 0.93 10. Gram Sabha 21.54 19,386 0.90 11. CPWD 16.83 15,147 0.70 12. Private 15.09 13,576 0.63 13. MCD 12.31 11,074 0.51 14. L&DO / CPWD 11.59 10,431 0.48 15. Cantonment Board 7.85 7,065 0.33 16. DDA / Private 4.5 4,131 0.19 17. CPWD / Waqf Board 4.00 3,600 0.17 18. CPWD / L&DO 3.25 2,925 0.14 19. Delhi University 2.24 2,016 0.09 20. DDA / Waqf Board 2.00 1,800 0.08 21. DDA / L&DO 1.50 1,350 0.60 22. PWD / Railway 1.25 1,125 0.050 23. MCD / Flood control 0.94 841 0.04 24. P&T Dept. 0.90 810 0.04 25. Defence 0.84 751 0.03 26. Railway / MCD 0.68 607 0.03 27. L&DO / NDMC 0.62 553 0.03 28. Delhi Admn. / Flood control 0.56 508 0.02 29. Flood Control 0.46 409 0.02 30. Delhi Admn. 0.26 234 0.01 31. Private (Gram Sabha) 0.26 234 0.01 32. Archaeological Deptt. 0.11 99 0.00 33. PWD - -

TOTAL 2,390.94 2,151,790 100.00 1998-99 estimates 3,000,000

Source: Slum Wing, MCD



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Annex 6.2 Resettlement Colonies in Delhi

Name of the Colony Estimated Population

Area (in

acres)

21 / 25 / 31 sq. yds.

80 sq. yds. Tenement

More than 1,00,000 Population Jahangirpuri 125100 1061.22 25020 - - Patparganj Complex, Trilokpuri, Kalyanpuri, Khichripuri

110000 2013.87 22000 - -

Mangolpuri Ph. III 105160 332.92 21032 - - 20,000 – 1,00,000 Population Sultanpuri 97010 624.57 19402 - - N. G. Road (Sector A, D, E & C) 42100 213.53 5829 1591 100 Nand Nagri, Ph. I 39975 244.33 7995 - - Dakshinpuri Extn. 32145 47.07 6429 - - Madangir 31770 139.20 6354 - - Shakurpur, Ph. I & II 30780 91.53 6156 - - Seelampur Ph. III and IV 29275 - 3586 1277 922 Dakshinpuri, R/Scheme 29015 77.90 5803 - - Wazirpur 28425 3070 5685 - - Nangloi, Phase II 22035 52.30 4407 - - Madipur 21610 55.70 4322 - - Less Than 20,000 Population Mangolpuri, Ph. II 191170 58.49 3834 - - Naraina 18700 65.00 3740 - - Seemapuri Old 18130 44.00 3626 - - Nangloi, Phase IV 18090 53.81 3618 - - Hastsal 17300 40.95 3460 - - Khayala, Ph. I, II & III 16810 49.42 3362 - - Seemapuri, New Ph, I, II & III 16265 43.84 3253 - - Mangolpuri, Ph. I 14700 47.74 2940 - - Addl. Plots at Sultanpuri 13860 220.93 2772 - - Addl. Plots, N. G. Road (R-Block, B-Block, etc.)

13570 - 2714 - -

Gokalpuri 12010 36.72 2402 - - Nehru Vihar 11045 Nand Nagari Extn. 10930 30.52 2186 - - Seelampur, Ph. I, II 10800 - 580 1580 - Kondli 10725 38.42 2145 - - Nand nagari, Ph. II 10000 76.92 2000 - - Tigri 9770 38.80 1954 - - Nangloi, Ph. I 8670 30.23 1734 - Chaukhandi 7770 21.13 1554 - - Pandav Nagar 7670 45.47 1534 - - Shakurpur, Ph. III 7280 19.55 1456 - - Kalkaji 7040 58.60 - - 1408 West of Khanpur 6030 17.67 1206 - - Block P.A.G. Extn. N and Nagri Weaver Colony

5480 12.40 1096 - -

Nangloi, Phase III 4270 11.00 854 - - Shakurpur, Ph. IV 4260 15.49 852 - - Sunlight Colony 4225 48.05 679 166 -



6-16

Name of the Colony Estimated Population

Area (in

acres)

21 / 25 / 31 sq. yds.

80 sq. yds. Tenement

Mangolpuri 3360 9.41 672 - - Seelampur additional plots 2900 - 580 - - Ranjit Nagar 2480 6.00 - - 496 Sriniwaspuri 2115 15.04 - 423 - Garhi Village 1920 7.68 - - 384 Moti Bagh, (Ring Road) 1495 14.50 - 299 - Total 1061745

IL&FS ECOSMART

Chapter – 7 : Conservation & Heritage Management

Chapter – 7 Conservation & Heritage Management


7-1

CHAPTER - 7 CONSERVATION & HERITAGE MANAGEMENT

7.1 INTRODUCTION

Heritage Resource Conservation and Management imperatives for Delhi

The distinctive historical pattern of development of Delhi, with sixteen identified capital cities1 located in different parts of the triangular area between the Aravalli ridge and the Yamuna river, has resulted in the distribution of a large number of highly significant heritage resources, mainly dating from the 13th century onwards, as an integral component within the contemporary city environment. (Map-1) In addition, as many of these heritage resources (Ashokan rock edict, two World Heritage Sites, most ASI protected monuments) are closely associated with the ridge, existing water systems, forests and open space networks, they exemplify the traditional link between natural and cultural resources which needs to be enhanced and strengthened in order to improve Delhi’s environment. (Map -2)

7.1.1 Heritage Typologies – Location and Significance These heritage resources continue to be of great significance and relevance to any sustainable development planning vision for Delhi, encompassing a vast range of heritage typologies2, including: 1. Archaeological sites, 2. Fortifications, citadels, different types of palace buildings and

administrative complexes, 3. Religious structures and complexes, including Dargah complexes 4. Memorials, funerary structures, tombs 5. Historic gardens, 6. Traditional networks associated with systems of water harvesting and

management

1 Indraprastha ( c. 1st millennium BCE), Dilli, Surajpal’s Surajkund, Anangpal’s Lal Kot, Prithviraj Chauhan’s Qila Rai Pithora, Kaiquabad’s Khilokhri, Alauddin Khilji’s Siri, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq’s Tughlaqabad, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq’s Jahanpanah, Firoz Shah Tughlaq’s Firozabad, Khizr Khan’s Khizrabad, Mubarak Shah’s Mubarakabad, Humayun’s Dinpanah, Sher Shah Suri’s Dilli Sher Shahi, Shah Jehan’s Shahjehanabad, and Lutyen’s New Delhi. 2 INTACH listing identifies 35 categories



7-2

7. Hunting lodge complexes or Shikargahs, 8. Living settlements such as the historic Walled City with its traditional

mohallas, and historic housing stock including havelis, kuchas, katras. 9. Urbanised historic villages or traditional settlements incorporated within

the urban limits with traditional multiple-use bazaar spines, and Rural historic villages

10. The planned ‘Garden city’ of New Delhi Not only are these heritage resources (including two World Heritage Sites, one World Monuments Watch Endangered Site and numerous traditional Dargah associated settlements which are vibrant centres of cultural and pilgrim significance) integral to defining the identity of Delhi, but they are also of immense historical, archaeological, architectural, functional, economic, recreational and educational value to the citizens of contemporary Delhi.

7.1.2 Potential for Community Based Regeneration and Heritage Tourism

Almost all sections of the city are enriched by these heritage resources, with a concentration of specific heritage components being located in the walled city of Shahjehanabad and areas associated with the sites of the other historic capital cities such as Mehrauli, Shahpur Jat, Tughlaquabad. Many of these significant heritage resources are located in fast-deteriorating historic urban areas and historic villages, and are threatened by over-use or inappropriate uses, property speculation, poverty of the inhabitants and inadequate infrastructure. However, their latent potential for macro-level city environmental improvement as well as community level economic regeneration through appropriate, participatory conservation and comprehensive heritage management plans and measures which include area-level conservation, adaptive reuse, visitor interpretation and cultural tourism is significant and should be taken into account by the CDP.

7.1.3 Ineffective conservation framework and lack of integration with the development planning process.

Although there has been a concern for the preservation of the monuments of Delhi since the first systematic surveys and investigations were carried out in the late 19th century by the ASI, resulting in the identification of 106 monuments by Dr Rodgers, 269 monuments by Dr Vogel in 1902, and 1317 monuments, sites and buildings by Maulvi Zafar Hasan in 1911- 1916, for various reasons only 175 of these which were of ‘Grade I’ were notified for protection as being of national significance (Ref. Appendix-1). By 2004, the number of monuments notified for protection by the ASI in the NCT of Delhi was reduced to 151+4, as some of the monuments were considered by the ASI to have lost their significance due to rapid urbanization, despite the provisions of the 1961 Master Plan for Delhi, and were under the process of



7-3

being deprotected. The State Department of Archaeology of the GNCTD has protected only 20 monuments to date.

Surveys and conservation initiatives by INTACH in the 80’s and 90’s3 revealed that out of the remaining 1142 historical monuments, sites and buildings identified by Maulvi Zafar Hasan in 1911-1916, which were considered to be of regional and local importance but were not protected, almost one third had been lost, indicating the lack of an effective conservation framework.

7.1.4 Existing framework for Conservation and Integrated Heritage Management for Delhi – Necessity for Coordination and Convergence

The existing institutional framework for protection, conservation and management of the heritage resources of Delhi, within the urban management framework, is characterized by administrative and technical sectorisation of responsibilities. As mentioned by both the Delhi Urban Environment and Infrastructure Improvement Project (DUEIIP), 2001 and the Draft MPD 2021, there is a clear necessity for coordination and convergence in conservation and formulation of locally based community development programmes which include upgradation, regeneration and provision of essential infrastructure in areas with a concentration of identified heritage resources.

7.1.5 Agencies involved with planning and implementation of heritage conservation and rehabilitation works, as well as continuing maintenance and management of heritage resources The primary agencies which are involved with conservation and management of the built heritage in Delhi are the following:

No Name of Agency &

Relevant Regulatory Framework

Responsibilities Reporting Structure

1 Archaeological Survey of India –Delhi Circle Ancient Monuments, Archaeological Sites

Designation & protection of 151+4 monuments, archaeological sites and remains of National significance, ( reduced from 175/ 163

Central Government organization under the Union Ministry of Culture Nodal officer:

3 INTACH Listing of Heritage Buildings of Delhi, 2000



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No Name of Agency & Relevant Regulatory Framework


and Remains Act, 1959 Notification issued in 1997 under Rule 32 of the Ancient Monuments, Archaeological Sites and Remains Rules, 1959 UNESCO World Heritage Convention

designated in the original list)as well as the management of designated World Heritage Sites.4 The ASI also coordinates with local governments to prohibit, restrict and regulate development in the areas ( 100+200m buffer zones) demarcated around the protected area of each national monument. Two major heritage sites, the Qutb Complex and Humayun’s Tomb Complex have been designated as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO.

Superintending Archaeologist, Delhi Circle. Overall Responsibility: Director General of the ASI, reporting to the Secretary, Culture (GoI)

2 GNCT Delhi Department of Archaeology & Museums ‘Delhi Ancient and Historical Monuments and Sites and Remains Act’ 2005

Conservation, preservation and ‘beautification’ of monuments other than those maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India; Survey, listing, documentation, Acquisition and protection of monuments; Archaeological explorations and excavations; Educational activities and bringing out departmental publications. Only 20 of more than 1300 historical monuments of different periods identified in Delhi, at present protected by Dept. of Archaeology(Website) Manages Museums of Archaeology and Delhi City, and has undertaken restoration works on privately owned monuments and historic buildings. Coordinates with local authorities to prohibit, restrict and regulate development in the areas (50 + 100m buffer zones) demarcated around the protected area of each state monument.

The Deputy Director of Archaeology is the Nodal Officer under the Director of Archaeology, reporting to the Secretary (Art & Culture), Delhi Government. Advisory committee under the chairmanship of Secretary (Art & Culture) proposed by the GNCTD Department of Archaeology, to advise and oversee the activities of conservation of monuments and other related activities of the department.

3 DDA - Heritage Cell (Delhi Urban Heritage Foundation

Preparation of Master Plans, Zonal & Sub-Zonal Plans which take heritage conservation into

Ministry of Urban Development (GoI)

4 ASI is concerned with ‘ structural and chemical preservation of monuments and antiquities, excavation and exploration of archaeological sites and remains, epigraphy and publications on inscriptions and archaeology, giving advice to the Ministry of Culture on archaeological matters, horticultural operations around the protected monuments, maintenance of site museums etc.’



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notified in 1999 under a sub-section of the DDA Act) Number of provisions for conservation of the built heritage in its 15 Planning Zones5 in the Draft MPD 2021 as well as the Zonal Development Plan for the Walled City (Part Zone A and C – approved 1999) Draft MPD 2021 mentions evelopment plans / schemes to conform to the amended Building Byelaws 1993, vide Clause 23 according to the chapter inserted on ‘Conservation of Heritage Sites including Heritage Building, Heritage Precincts and Natural Feature Areas’

account Draft MPD-2021 contains a conservation strategy that identifies six key Heritage Zones and three Archaeological Parks and also stipulates that while preparing layout plans, 170 (sic) ASI protected monuments as well as heritage buildings listed by the GNCTD Department of Archaeology, MCD and NDMC ‘should be suitably incorporated’. In case of major monuments it is necessary that surrounding areas should be identified in the layout/detail plan, and should have building controls in relation to height, material and ‘spread’ of the monuments. Suggests that with the aim of framing policies and strategies for conservation, appropriate action plans and ‘Special Development Plans’ may be prepared by all the agencies concerned with the protection of Delhi’s built heritage such as the ASI, GNCTD Department of Archaeology, MCD, NDMC, Cantonment Board and DDA. The DDA has formulated and financed the implementation of proposals for designated heritage resources with the assistance of INTACH and other organizations (MCD, DJB, DTTDC)

Delhi Urban Heritage Foundation under the Director (--) who should be a qualified Architect, Conservation Architect or Landscape Architect.

4 MCD – MCD Heritage Cell and MCD Heritage Society

Almost 75% of the built heritage listed by INTACH in 2000is situated in the Municipal Corporation of Delhi area,( which constitutes an urban area of 599.6 kms and rural area of 797.70 sq. kms subdivided into different zones6) It includes the Walled City of Shahjehanabad and extensions, a number of historic urban and rural villages

The MCD reports to the Ministry of Home Affairs (GoI)

5 Planning Zones of DDA- Master Plan of Delhi / Sub Zonal/Area / Layout Plans: A Old City (1159 ha), B City Extension (2304 ha), C. Civil Lines (3959 ha), D. New Delhi (6855 ha), E. Trans-Yamuna (8797 ha), F. South Delhi I (11958 ha), G. West Delhi I (11865 ha), H. North West Delhi (5677 ha), I. South Delhi II (15178 ha.), J. West Delhi II (12056 ha), K. West Delhi III (22979 ha), L. North West Delhi II (8213 ha), M. North West Delhi III (15851 ha), N. River Yamuna (6081 ha), O. North Delhi ( 15707 ha) 6 MCD Zones – 12 : 1. Civil Lines Zone ( 10 wards), 2. City Zone ( 8 wards), 3. Karol Bagh Zone (10 wards), 4. Najafgarh Zone (5 wards), 5. Narela Zone ( 4 wards), 6. New Delhi Zone (8 wards), 7. North West Zone (Rohini) (7 wards), 8. Sadar Paharganj Zone (13 wards), 9. Shahadara (north) Zone (8 wards), 10. Shahadara (south) Zone ( 4 wards), 11. South Zone (9 wards), 12. West Zone (10 wards)



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MCD Heritage Society set up under an Office Order as a specialist advisory body.

as well as historic buildings and complexes. The Municipal Commissioner is Chairman of the MCD Heritage Society, heritage advisory board has been appointed, including the Chief Town Planner and conservation experts for the heritage programme which is to be taken up for the Walled City area. List of heritage resources under the purview of the MCD compiled with the assistance of INTACH Delhi Chapter & Wilson’s survey drawings of Shahjehanabad being updated to have an accurate base for formulation of recommendations for the conservation and revitalization of the Walled City. MCD, in association with the ASI, Delhi Circle, and the GNCTD Department of Archaeology is demarcating the properties located within the 100 (50m) m ‘prohibited area’ and the 200 (100m) m ‘regulated area’ surrounding or contiguous with protected monuments of National (State) Importance in MCD areas.

MCD has recently constituted a Heritage Society.

5 NDMC

The 42.74 sq. km area under the New Delhi Municipal Council includes the planned city of New Delhi established in 1911. The NDMC area or New Delhi Zone has a total of 304 heritage buildings and complexes identified by the INTACH 2000 (Appendix 2 & 3) List of Historic Buildings of Delhi, as well the Connaught Place area, the Central Vista, New Delhi Bungalow Zone and also the Lodhi Gardens and the Delhi Golf Club which have been identified as Conservation Areas in the INTACH 2000 List.

NDMC reports to the Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI NDMC Chief Architect is responsible for heritage conservation activities of NDMC

6 Delhi Urban Arts Commission - DUAC Set up by an Act of Parliament, under the Delhi Urban Arts Commission Act of 1973

DUAC advises on ‘preserving and developing the aesthetic quality of urban and environmental design within Delhi’. Guides the local body on any project or development proposal which affects the skyline or the aesthetic quality of the

The Delhi Urban Arts Commission consists of a body of experts and reports to the Ministry of Urban Development.



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surroundings and redevelopment in the vicinity of historical areas and ‘conservation, preservation and beautification’ of monumental buildings, public parks and public gardens. The DUAC had a restricted advisory role with powers of rejection of non-conforming projects.

7 CPWD

Responsible for the upkeep and maintenance of government owned historic buildings in Delhi. Heritage resources of great significance such as the Rashtrapati Bavan, Secretariat Buildings, Parliament House and Central Vista as well as the architecturally significant historic bungalows and other buildings located within the New Delhi zone. Responsible for over 72,000 original drawings prepared by Lutyens and other architects for buildings within the New Delhi area.

The Central Public Works Department reports to the Ministry of Urban Development

8 Delhi Cantonment Board

DCB regulates development in the Cantonment Area, an area of 42.97 sq.kms. located between the airport and the NDMC area, within which features such as the Cantonment low density bungalow layout with extensive gardens, heritage buildings associated with the Armed Forces, and components such as Gopinath Bazaar and St. Martins Garrison church are considered to be of significance. The Cantonment Area has been proposed as a Conservation Area by INTACH in the 2000 List.

Delhi Cantonment Board reports to the Ministry of Defence. The Military Engineering Services is concerned with the upkeep and maintenance of historic buildings in this area.

9 Heritage Conservation Committee – HCC Established by an order of the High Court to ensure implementation of Clause 23.16 of the Unified Building Byelaws

HCC to be consulted by the Commissioner, MCD; Vice-Chairman, DDA; Chairman, NDMC before granting permission for any development, redevelopment, engineering operations, additions, alterations, repairs, renovations, demolition of any part of any listed building, listed precincts or listed natural areas.

HCC reports to the MoUD under the High Court order. Associated with the DUAC.

10 DTTDC Incorporated in 1979 (name changed to

The DTTDC has sponsored and undertaken proposals for tourism development in various heritage

An undertaking of GNCTD



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DTTDC in 1989) sites and urban villages in collaboration with the ASI, INTACH, MCD & DDA, including conservation and restoration works in the Mehrauli Archaeological Park.

11 Delhi Waqf Board established under the Waqf Act, 1954, is governed by the more comprehensive 1995 Waqf Act.

The Waqf Board is one of the most important property owners in the historically significant areas such as Shahjehanabad and various villages. In Delhi, the Waqf properties included 774 mosques, 19 Idgahs, 246 Dargahs, tombs and Khanquahs, Karbala, extensive historic graveyards associated with large open, green areas, and numerous commercial and residential properties with some commercial properties rented out for generating revenue (totalling approx.1900 properties determined through a careful resurvey process according to the legal counsel for the Waqf Board).

Seven members, three of whom are elected representatives and four who are appointed by the GNCTD.

Other agencies which are involved with sectors which are intrinsically linked with the heritage resources in the case of Delhi are the following: No Name of Agency &

Regulatory Framework


1 Forest Department

Responsible for the ridge forest associated with the extension of the Aravalli Hills known as the Ridge, within which are located significant historic resources of Delhi. - 6200 ha. of the Southern Ridge, 626 ha. of the South-central ridge where Mehrauli is located, 864 ha. of the Central or New Delhi ridge within which historic shikargahs, gardens and bunds are located and the 87 ha. of the Northern or Old Delhi Ridge associated with Delhi University, Civil Lines and numerous heritage resources from the Tughlaq and later British period .

The GNCTD Forest Department, DDA, NDMC, CPWD, L&DO (Land and Development Office) of the Ministry of Urban Development control different parts, or different functions, on the Ridge. This has lead to construction and encroachment on the Ridge.

2 Delhi Metro Rail Transit System

Likely impact on both the unexcavated archaeological heritage and significant heritage sites in South Delhi. Final route decided in consultation with the ASI Also likely to provide



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No Name of Agency & Regulatory Framework


improved access to certain heritage sites, beneficial for viability of certain cultural tourism circuits.

3 National Capital Region Planning Board The Draft Regional Plan 2021 for the National Capital Region prepared by the NCR Planning Board

‘Special emphasis on integrated tourism development and heritage conservation and management in the Region. Proposes to employ the instrument of the Town & Country Planning Legislation to protect the area around identified heritage resources.’

NCR Planning Board under the Ministry of Urban Development

Non-Governmental organizations and Citizen’s organizations which have been engaged with conservation initiatives, either independently or in coordination with other Government agencies are the following:

No Name of Organisation

& Regulatory Framework


1 Pani Morcha

Concerned with water resource management in Delhi - actively working in close coordination with INTACH & Tapas in identification of the traditional components of the historic water harvesting and storage system in Delhi, - identified numerous historic tanks, baolis, village ponds and water bodies, bunds, sluice gates with a potential for revival and reintegration into the contemporary city.

NGO

2 INTACH

Involved with identification and conservation of heritage components not in the purview of the ASI and not formally protected by the Delhi Department of Archaeology. INTACH has prepared a List of Heritage Buildings in Delhi, published in 2000, and, while functioning as an active pressure group, has also worked on conservation and restoration of many heritage resources in the city, especially in the Mehrauli Archaeological Park and the Walled City in coordination with the DDA, MCD & DTTDC. Consultants associated with INTACH have formulated guidelines for integration of heritage within the JNNURM City Development Plans.

Nodal quasi-autonomous NGO



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No Name of Organisation & Regulatory Framework


3 The Church of North India

Responsible for the upkeep and maintenance of numerous significant historic properties, primarily including important Church complexes, gardens and historic educational institutions and schools which have been identified in the INTACH 2000 Listing of Delhi.

4 Delhi University

Many of the colleges in the North Campus of Delhi University, which were established on the site of the old Cantonment, have been designated as significant heritage resources including the old Viceregal Lodge (Currently the DU Office), Gwyer Hall, St Stephens College campus etc.

Recently undertaken conservation and upgradation works through grants from the GNCTD.

5 Aga Khan Foundation for Culture

The Aga Khan Foundation for Culture, as a part of the Aga Khan Development Network, is concerned with contemporary design, social housing, community improvement and development, restoration, reuse and area conservation as well as landscape design and improvement of the environment.

This organization recently completed a regeneration project for the Gardens of Humayun’s Tomb – a World Heritage Site, and is currently interested in sponsoring ongoing initiatives for the Humayun’s Tomb – Hazrat Nizamuddin Conservation Area, in conjunction with the ASI and other agencies.

6 Resident Welfare Associations in heritage areas

Local Residents Associations in areas such as Hauz Khas, Mehrauli, Nizamuddin, Aliganj etc. which have a high concentration of significant heritage resources, have an important role to play in the routine maintenance and upkeep of the areas around the protected areas of monuments, as well as unprotected heritage resources in their localities.

7.1.6 Necessity for Integrated Conservation & Heritage Management – Area level

conservation, Heritage Zones and Archaeological Parks

The INTACH report on the Listing of the Built Heritage of Delhi, published in 2000, which also included heritage resources associated with the period between 1911-1947, buildings in New Delhi and the Cantonment, as well as 19th



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century residential buildings not identified by the 1911 survey, listed a total of 1203 monuments, sites and buildings, including the 151+ 4 protected by the ASI. Conservation Zones In consonance with the international (UNESCO) normative framework for integrated conservation and heritage management, there has been a shift in focus from individual monuments, with recent efforts encompassing the entire Walled City, Archaeological Parks and other heritage Conservation Zones delineated around traditional settlements such as Hazrat Nizamuddin. Earlier reports and the 2000 INTACH Listing have identified 26 proposed Conservation Areas or areas with a concentration of heritage resources in Delhi.

DDA ‘Control Zones’ The Zonal Development Plan prepared by the DDA for the Walled City (Part Zones A & C) , approved 1999, identifies 5 ‘control zones’ as Conservation Areas, as well as urban design interest areas, protected monuments and other buildings for conservation, and also suggests the preparation of area by area ‘urban renewal plans’. Draft MPD – 2021 Provisions for Conservation The Draft MPD 2021, in its section 10 on Conservation of Built Heritage mentions 170 (sic) ASI protected monuments, as well as lists of heritage buildings published by the MCD, NDMC and the State Department of Archaeology. The Draft MPD-2021 also identifies 6 Heritage Zones, including the entire Walled City of Shahjehanabad and three Archaeological Parks. It states that each local body / land owning agency should formulate ‘Special Development Plans’ for the conservation and improvement of listed heritage complexes and zones. Necessity for a common heritage Database (Inventory of Heritage Resources) However, to date, there is still no comprehensive, reliable database, GIS or Cultural Resource Information System for heritage resources of Delhi, used by all the agencies concerned with heritage conservation, which distinguishes between heritage resources which are of global, national, city-level and local significance and which indicates their exact location and legal boundaries on maps to a scale appropriate for preparation and implementation of local area plans, including heritage management and regeneration plans.

7.2 INVENTORY OF HERITAGE RESOURCES OF DELHI

Systematic process of identification and delineation of heritage resources

One of the primary requirements for integration of the heritage resources into the city development process (as recognized in the Draft MPD 2021 as well as by agencies such as the MCD, ASI & GNCT Delhi Department of Archaeology ) is a systematic process of identification and delineation on



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correct and updated maps (Master Plan Level/ Zonal Level / Area Level) of all heritage resources - components of heritage significance of Delhi ( sites, structures, monuments, conservation areas, precincts, historic urbanised villages and water management systems).

Compilation and verification of inventories This involves the compilation of inventories of heritage resources prepared by various agencies over the past 20 years, updating of that information, correlation of authentic statistical data and preparation of maps at appropriate scales which are adequate for formulation of comprehensive conservation and heritage management plans for the areas within which these heritage resources are located. In the case of monuments, buildings and sites protected by the ASI and the GNCTD Department of Archaeology, it is further necessary to precisely demarcate the extent and exact legal boundaries of the designated Protected Area, as well as the properties within the Prohibited Area and the Regulated Area surrounding the monuments/ complexes of National or State Importance.

An inventory of the monuments protected by the ASI (151) and the GNCTD Department of Archaeology (20) is given in Appendix (1) together with a map indicating their location within Delhi. In addition heritage resources listed by other organizations and agencies are given, and indicated on the map.

Distribution of Heritage resources in various zones

It is seen from an analysis of the distribution of the 1203 heritage resources (not including the 26 identified conservation areas) in the inventory compiled by INTACH (2000) that the historic Walled City of Shahjehanabad in Zone A has 231 identified heritage buildings (reduced from the 411 identified by Zafar Hasan’s survey for the ASI in 1913). The DDA Zonal Development Plan for the Walled City (Part Zone A & Zone C) however has taken into account the heritage resources as per the earlier survey. In the case of Zone B, 17 heritage buildings and complexes had been listed by INTACH in the 2000 Report, in Zone C 143 were listed, in Zone D (including the NDMC area) 304 historic buildings were listed, in Zone F 465 historic buildings were listed, while in Zone G 35 historic buildings were listed and in Zone H 8 buildings were listed.

INVENTORY

HERITAGE RESOURCES IN DDA ZONES

TOTAL A B C D NDMC

F

G H

ASI 151 +4

INTACH-HCC provisional INTACH–Report 2000

1203

207 231

15 17

103 143

79 304

338 465

29 35

4 8

GNCTD Arch.Dept. 20

1911-1916 Survey 1317 411



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Within the Walled City as well as within historic traditional settlements and urban villages such as Hazrat Nizamuddin, Chiragh Delhi, Khirki, Mehrauli etc. which have been identified as Conservation Areas, in addition to the identified heritage resources, there are numerous vernacular residential structures, traditional havelis and other elements which contribute to the distinctive urbanscapes of sections of these areas. Although the number of historic buildings in the rural and recently urbanized areas to the north and north-west is small, these zones contain extremely important heritage typologies such as the Shikargah at Jaunti village and the Minar and HathiKhana at Hastsal (both of the Shahjehani period), which also present valuable opportunities for linking conservation and provision of essential community amenities and infrastructure.

DDA Zonal Development Plan of the Walled City of Shahjehanabad indicating boundaries of 15 Sub-Zones of Zone A and 1 Sub-Zone of Zone C



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7.3 WALLED CITY OF SHAHJEHANABAD & WALLED CITY EXTENSIONS 7.3.1 Development Pattern

Founded in 1639-1648 CE, the site chosen for Shahjehan’s planned capital city was an elevated area overlooking the river Yamuna, near the existing fort of Salimgarh, and encompassing within it significant components of the earlier city of Firozabad. The great enclosure wall, 27 feet high, 12 feet thick and 3.8 miles long, constructed during the years 1651-1658, encompassed an area of 569 ha., with 10 large gates and numerous smaller ones located at the ends of the principal urban arteries, and supported a population of 60,000. Bhujla Pahari,

which was located near the centre of the walled city was used as the site for the Jama Masjid, with an area of lower ground between the Jama Masjid and the citadel, the Red Fort. Significant heritage typologies and transformations There were two main Bazaar thoroughfares – the Chandni Chowk from the Lahori Gate of the Fort to the Fatehpuri Masjid, and the Faiz Bazaar. Over a period of time, other specialized markets, urban gardens, canals, sarais, havelis, residential mohallas, kuchas, katras, for different crafts communities, 202 mosques of which 200 were built between 1639 and 1857,(including Begumi-Amiri and Mohalla mosques), dargahs, khanquahs and other religious structures were constructed, and the heritage resources of this period still characterize most areas of the walled city. Changes were brought by the British in two phases – between 1803-1857 when the palaces of Dara Shikoh and Ali Mardan Khan in the Kasmere Gate Area were used for the Residency, military barracks and the magazine, and after 1857 when the railway was introduced into the city, clearing a wide area through the northern part of the city from east to west, and replacing the sarai of Jehanara Begum on Chandni Chowk by the Town Hall. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries extensive construction and densification of the city took place, with disintegration of the traditional social ecology, increasing commercialization and associated congestion and degradation of the environment.

7.3.2 Existing Situation

According to the DDA Zonal plan, the population of the Walled City increased to saturation point in 1961, after which there has been large scale infill by commercial uses replacing residential uses and the total work force working in different sectors is estimated to be 4.0 lakhs. The Walled City comprises of 16 sub-



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zones, 15 of which are part of Zone A and one sub-zone is part of Zone-C. The area of the sub-zones varies from 14.4 ha. to 76.6 ha (Refer Table below). The population of the walled city is gradually reducing, with a reduction of about 50,000 persons in the decade between 1981-91. This reduction in population has been attributed to a decrease in residential area, with some of the sub-zones having as low as 12% of the area under residential use. Heritage Resources – Traditional housing and Conservation Areas About 80% of the total housing stock is traditional housing (katras, kuchas), with some densely populated areas with net densities of about 4400 PPH. Commercial establishments have increased by 700% in two decades, with some noxious industries and hazardous trades existing within the densely built-up area. Different areas of the walled city have a dense concentration of various types of heritage resources, traditional housing and urbanscapes associated with important roads and mohallas where the traditional character still exists. These were identified in the ASI Survey of 1911-16 (411 historical monuments/ sites/ buildings)and later by INTACH.2000 (231 historical monuments/ sites/ buildings). The Zonal Development Plan (1999) has identified 15 junctions, chowks, nodal areas and 17 streets, galis, bazaars and chattas which retain their traditional character as Control Zones, as well as 5 other control zones as Conservation Areas.

Sub Zone

Area (ha.)

Locality Heritage Resources Population 1991

Census

Population MPD-2001 Projected

A-13 27.1 Kucha Pati Ram 22 listed buildings + traditional buildings

38873 23100

A-14 23.9 Chitli Qabar 14 listed buildings + traditional buildings

38133 16040

A-15 37.9 Matia Mahal & Pataudi House

14 listed buildings + traditional buildings

43271 20670

A-16 27.8 Churi Walan, Sita Ram Bazaar


41730 23400

A-17 28.3 Farrash Khana, Lal Kuan


38323 20160

A-18 14.4 Naya Bans, Fatehpuri


18740 9400

A-19 23.6 Tilak Bazaar, Baradari, Peeli Kothi


12615 8800

A-20 52.5 Daryaganj, Ansari Road


10091 44500

A-21 22.1 Jama Masjid, Netaji Subash Park

4 protected/ listed buildings and spaces+ traditional buildings

- -

A-22 35.4 Ballimaran, Charkhey Walan


41468 18390

A-23 35.9 Maliwara, Kinari Bazaar

27 significant listed buildings and spaces + traditional buildings

31498 5700

A-24 33.6 Katra Neel, Town 33 significant listed 8806 7800



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Sub Zone

Area (ha.)

Locality Heritage Resources Population 1991

Census

Population MPD-2001 Projected

Hall, Gandhi Ground

buildings and spaces + traditional bldgs.

A-25 21.1 Lajpat Rai Market, Bhagirath Place


4383 5200

A-26 76.7 Red Fort, SalimGarh Fort

ASI protected site of potential WH significance

4726 -

A-28 46.4 Railway Station, Railway Yard

Railway station and hotels to the south

798 -

C-1 62.3 Ram Bazaar, Kashmere Gate, GPO

23 listed/protected buildings + traditional buildings

21704 32000

3,50,159 2,35,160

DDA Zonal Development Plan for Walled City of Shahjehanabad indicating location of monuments identified by ASI 1911-16 Survey



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7.3.3 Priorities for Heritage Management in Shahjehanabad Walled City

Necessity for formulation of heritage management plans for heritage zones • The necessity for conservation and heritage management within the Walled

City area of Shahjehanabad has been recognized in the Zonal Development Plan to some extent (control zones for Conservation areas, streets and chowks/nodal points were identified), as well as in the draft MPD 2021 which designates the entire Walled City as one of the Conservation Areas of Delhi. However, the present boundaries of the planning sub-zones within the Zones A & C do not follow the traditional boundaries of the mohallas, bazaars and neighbourhoods, leading to situations where streets such as the Chandni Chowk fall into two zones. Rationalisation of the boundaries based on the heritage typologies, concentration of heritage resources, coherence of the area and issues related to land uses and community needs in the various areas is required in order to formulate the ‘special development plans’ for designated heritage zones.

• Detailed identification of the components of the traditional housing stock

and individual historic havelis, katras, kuchas and mohallas, and demarcation on area level maps, together with an indication of their value as a heritage resource is required.

• A framework for integrated heritage management of the Red Fort and the

Walled city of Shahjehanabad as a whole, which is linked with community development, regeneration, crafts development and potential cultural tourism activities is required.

Strategies linking infrastructure upgradation, appropriate adaptive reuse, provision of essential community facilities and economic regeneration – Area Level • Infrastructure inadequacies have been identified to some extent in the

Zonal Development Plan, but upgradation and infrastructure retro-fitting requirements which take into account the value of the heritage resources at the area level need to be identified. Water supply and sewerage connections should be compulsory, and lines will require augumentation. Social infrastructure requirements could be partially met by appropriate adaptive reuse and conservation of heritage properties.

• Although about 3,500 evacuee properties/ Katras (under the Custodian of

Evacuee Property) have been mentioned as being controlled by the Slum Department in the Zonal Development Plan, it is observed that some of these properties of heritage value such as the Haveli Ahsanullah Khan at Hauz Qazi have been retrieved by their owners. The Zonal Development Plan suggests that in the ‘action plans’, ‘redevelopment in the conservation manner i.e. property by property’ be undertaken. Three categories of these properties have been identified , including Government Owned dangerous Katras/ evacuee properties, Government Owned other than dangerous Katras/ evacuee properties, Privately Owned Katras/ evacuee properties, for which different mechanisms are suggested. It is necessary to ensure that the heritage value of these properties is taken into account when deciding upon conservation priorities and appropriate courses of action for rehabilitation.



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• Recent heritage management initiatives for landmark bank buildings • Identification of mechanisms to ensure linkages between appropriate

adaptive reuse and reutilization of selected heritage buildings for provision of community infrastructure, facilities and amenities for cultural tourism.7

7.4 HISTORIC URBAN VILLAGES 7.4.1 Development Pattern

‘Urban Villages’ are ‘traditional rural settlements which have been changed and merged with urban areas’ or villages which have been incorporated over time into the urban limits of the present city of Delhi. They are a basic feature of the present complex urban structure and include within their limits a large proportion of the heritage resources associated with the many earlier cities of Delhi, encompassing both vernacular residential and community structures, as well as religious buildings and historic monuments. Even among themselves, they display varied characteristics depending on their location, inhabitants, their historical role and relationship to the city. The cultural, educational and economic significance of these villages is due to the fact that many of these villages include historical elements dating back at least 900 years, some are outstanding examples of the traditional village pattern, while others retain the spirit of a past way of life which has disappeared from other parts of the city. In addition, they are areas of immense use value as they served as reception areas for low income migrants and augmented the housing stock of the city. Heritage Resources – Conservation Zones The number of urban villages is currently 135, having increased from 47 in 1951. Out of these, urban villages such as Nizamuddin, Chiragh Delhi, Khirki, Sarai Shahji, Begumpur, Kalu Sarai, Kalkaji, Shaikh Sarai, Ardhchini, Saidulajaib, Mehrauli, Hauz Khas, Shahpur Jat, Tughlaquabad have a major concentration of heritage resources. Within these settlements, at the time of incorporation within the urban limits, the land earmarked for village settlements including land for houses and common needs of the villagers, encompassing the ‘Abadi’ area was shown in red ink and known as the ‘Lal Dora’. This area, in the past, has been exempt from municipal byelaws and restrictions, leading to very high densities, incompatible land uses and the location of noxious and hazardous industries within the settlement. Most of these urban villages which have a concentration of heritage resources are included within the Conservation Zones identified by INTACH and are also on certain heritage tourism itineraries.

7.4.2 Development Requirements – Issues, potential and threats

• 7 For example, Educational institutions such as Senior Secondary schools are sufficient in number but deficient in

space and historic derelict buildings could be used to provide facilities; area is deficient in health facilities, many of the existing historic buildings which already accommodate traditional dispensaries – these could be upgraded, in addition to proposed densification of the Engineering College area Railway land due to shifting of the goods yards.



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Historic urban villages, with their distinctive settlement pattern, range of traditional residential typologies and havelis and heritage resources such as the vibrant religious and cultural complexes of the sufi Dargahs of Delhi in Nizamuddin, Chiragh Delhi, Mehrauli, Ardhchini etc. and a range of protected monuments, sites and remains of National Importance are threatened today by increasing over-densification, uncontrolled and inappropriate construction primarily to cater to the demand for low-income rental housing for migrants, encroachments and inappropriate uses. Construction of this type, detrimental to the environment of these historic urban villages due to increased infrastructural stresses, incompatible in both use and scale, encroaches upon and overpowers, almost engulfing the significant heritage resources and way of life of the traditional settlement with its great potential for heritage tourism.

7.4.3 Strategies for economic regeneration, participatory conservation and environmental improvement Locally based, site specific, participatory integrated conservation and management programmes for these heritage areas, with a major infrastructure upgradation and historic building rehabilitation component, are required. Possibilities for economic regeneration through comprehensive conservation of heritage resources, supporting and stimulating cottage industries and handicrafts need to be looked into, and programmes based on the linkages between poverty alleviation and holistic environmental improvement and conservation and rehabilitation efforts developed. These detailed community based programmes need to be formulated with the objective of regeneration and conservation of these historic urban villages, focusing and building upon the contribution of these villages to the distinctive identity of the part of the city in which they are located, and should suggest specific strategies to utilise their potential as part of thematic heritage tourism circuits, and to ensure that revenue generated through heritage tourism is utilised for the environmental upgradation of the historic urban village and the benefit of the community.

7.5 HISTORIC RURAL VILLAGES

A number of historic villages, located in the rural areas, which still retain their traditional agriculture based functions and settlement patterns contain a number of significant heritage resources in the form of ‘Shikargahs’ or extensive Tughlaq and Mughal Period Hunting Palace complexes , water reservoirs etc. The conservation, provision of essential infrastructure and adaptive reuse of areas associated with these heritage complexes, such as the

Shikargah in Jaunti village could be of great potential for heritage tourism, provision of community facilities as well as generation and diversification of employment opportunities for the local community through conservation.



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7.6 HISTORIC & TRADITIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Components of the historic & traditional water management systems of the city such as the bunds, sluices, reservoirs, ‘baolis’, tanks, village have been identified as still having the potential to supplement the city’s water resources through water harvesting as well as playing a significant role in groundwater recharge in the part of the city in which they are located. These heritage resources, such as the Ugrasen’s Baoli in Connaught Place, the Baoli in Nizamuddin, the Jharna and Hauz Shamsi in Mehrauli, the HauzKhas tank associated with the FirozShah Tughlaq’s tomb etc., are vital community, functional, recreational and educational resources. Some of the larger reservoirs, such as the waterbody associated with the Shikargah or Hunting Palace at Jaunti; the Bund and the Baoli associated with Talkatora Garden; etc. are of ecological value and some have considerable potential for heritage tourism as part of a ‘Rural Tourism’ circuit. Most of these water bodies and components of the historic water management systems of Delhi are required to be conserved under a ruling of the High Court.

7.7 LEGAL FRAMEWORK - EXISTING LEGISLATION, DEVELOPMENT REGULATIONS

AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT POLICIES 7.7.1 Centrally protected and State protected monuments, structures and sites:

1. Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 and the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Rules, 1959– amended 1997 to provide for Prohibited and Regulated Areas around monuments of National Importance.

2. Delhi Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 2004

7.7.2 Other provisions for conservation and heritage management

1. Other related legislation, regulations, bye-laws and policies - Building byelaws 1993, amended vide clause 23 – Chapter on Conservation of Heritage Sites including Heritage Buildings, Heritage Precincts and Natural Feature Areas.

2. Delhi Urban Arts Commission Act 3. Waqf Act of 1995 4. Draft Master Plan for Delhi provisions for conservation of the built heritage,

including Conservation Areas and Archaeological Parks 5. Area specific proposals for conservation guidelines by CPWD, NDMC and MCD

7.8 EMERGING TECHNICAL & MANAGEMENT ISSUES (i) Technical

1. Loss of heritage resources and need for a Cultural Resource Information

System to ensure coordinated conservation efforts.



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The magnitude of the recent losses of the heritage resources of the city (12 of the 163 ASI protected monuments, buildings and remains of National Importance, and almost one third of the heritage buildings and structures of regional and state significance listed in the 1911-16 ASI survey have been demolished or lost - out of the 151+4 monuments currently protected by the ASI8, 14 are under encroachment and proceedings are on in the High Court to ensure that they are cleared) due to urbanisation and development pressures, requires the preparation of a comprehensive database and identification and demarcation of the location, extent, legal boundaries of heritage resources as well as the Prohibited and Regulated areas on maps in a comprehensive manner ( Cultural Resource Information System) to be utilised by all the agencies concerned with development ; Among the conservation related objectives identified by the the Draft MPD 2021 for which close coordination and cooperation is required from agencies such as the ASI, GNCTD State Department of Archaeology, NDMC, MCD, Cantonment Board and DDA, two essential ones are related to: Maintaining and updating a heritage database, defining all applicable terms

and Listing of Heritage Buildings based on appropriate criteria.

2. Strategies for utilisation of Heritage Tourism potential of cultural resources

Planning for heritage tourism linked to the city’s vast range of heritage resources for environmental and community benefits should be developed within an appropriate conservation and heritage management framework, with provision of adequate safeguards and according to the International Charters for Cultural Tourism; Identification of thematic cultural tourism circuits within Delhi which could include ‘Rural tourism’, ‘Pilgrim circuits’ as well as programmes for ‘Heritage festivals’ linked with the heritage resources of the city and its traditional festivals and celebrations, and the identification and designation of a category of ‘Heritage hotels’ associated with certain typologies of heritage resources in Delhi. This could be linked with the Draft MPD2021 objective of implementing programmes for education and awareness 3. Strategies for Adaptive re-use, upgradation, and provision of infrastructure in Heritage Conservation Areas and Historic Urban Villages should be developed within the heritage management framework;

4. Preparation of Heritage management Plans & Detailed Conservation Plans should be urgently undertaken for the identified heritage resources by qualified conservation professionals. This is linked with the Draft MPD 2021 objective of developing organizational capacity for heritage management.

8 The total number of monuments was 175, later reduced to 163. Out of these, a number of monuments have been delisted and others recently notified.8.of National Importance in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, under the administrative control of the Delhi Circle of the Archeological Survey of India, as entered in the original list



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5. Conservation guidelines and Special Development regulations should be formulated for areas associated with protected monuments, sites and buildings as well as for other areas with a concentration of heritage resources; All development plans for areas in close proximity to World Heritage Sites, even if they are beyond the official 100m Prohibited Area + 200m Regulated Area require a process of impact assessment on the heritage. This should be mandatory, so that long term and cumulative impacts are mitigated, valuable heritage resources are not lost but utlised for the benefit of the community and for improvement of the environment and quality of life in heritage areas, and visual corridors are also retained and not obstructed. This is linked with the Draft MPD 2021 objective for preparation of guidelines for development, redevelopment, additions, alterations, repairs, renovations and reuse of heritage buildings

6. Integration of certain heritage resources of Delhi with the proposed Greenways project to strengthen traditional linkages between the cultural and natural resources of Delhi.

(ii) Managerial

1. Multiplicity of organizations and lack of effective, coordinated action. 2. Issues related to derelict/ encroached/ evacuee properties 3. Effective implementation of Heritage management Plans & Conservation

Plans

The DUEIIP, 2001 had stated that the primary cultural heritage assets would be the responsibility of the ASI and the GNCTD Department of Archaeology, and that GNCTD Department of Archaeology had been identified in association with the DDA, MCD and NGO’s as the executive agency for the formulation of an action plan to demonstrate the utilization of cultural heritage conservation as a catalyst for comprehensive community environmental upgrading and regeneration. The primary objectives of this were envisaged as a process of ‘community self – regeneration’ through cultural heritage area conservation and rehabilitation. The project was intended to ‘expand and accelerate conservation efforts, build and consolidate private-public partnerships (including the tourism industry), and use the rehabilitation process to alleviate poverty and mitigate negative environmental impacts’.

(iii) Financial

Currently, funds earmarked for conservation of heritage resources are woefully inadequate, and mechanisms are required whereby a small percentage of property tax, as well revenues generated from tourism could be utilized for restoration, comprehensive conservation and heritage management initiatives. Mobilisation of adequate resources for effective conservation and heritage management requires to be linked with processes of economic regeneration.



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(Possible models could include the Main Street programmes which were effective for revitalisation for small towns in the US) • Incentives for conservation could be given in the following manner:

o Financial – by direct grant to the owner of the heritage resource from

the Central/State government/Heritage Organisations o Providing the building owner access to credit, and Tax relief or

concessions to the building owner o Cross- subsidies and provisions for Cessed buildings o Incentives and mechanisms such as TDR for heritage buildings. o Direct action by the authorities through upgrading of infrastructure and

through the acquisition, restoration and maintenance of buildings for provision of essential community facilities

Encouragement from the public authority through setting up of Building Centres for assisting locals in conservation and appropriate rehabilitation activities as well as formulation of community based heritage management plans in a participatory manner. Delhi Government has proposed certain initiatives to encourage Public-Private Partnerships in the heritage conservation and management sector. There are proposals to involve Business organisations, N.G.Os, Residential Welfare Associations, Public Sector Undertakings and Government departments to maintain monuments under specific guidelines under the supervision of the Department of Archaeology.



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M A P - 1

Appendix


A-1

APPENDIX-1 MONUMENTS, SITES & BUILDINGS OF NATIONAL IMPORTANCE PROTECTED BY

THE ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA DELISTED WORLD HERITAGE SITES ENCROACHED Old/ New No. Name of Monument Location 1/ 43 Bastion, where a wall of Jahan panah meets the

wall of Rai Pithora fort. Adchini

2/ 2/ 44 Ramp and gateway of Rai Pithora's Fort Adchini 3/ 45 Marble Tomb reputed to be that of Newab

BahadurJawid Khan Aliganj

4/ 12 Lal Bangla Babarpur (Kaka Nagar) 5/ 10 Khair-ul-Manzil Babarpur Bazipur

(Kakanagar) 6/ 11 Kos Minar or Mughal Mile stone Babarpur Bazipur (Kaka

Nagar) 7/ 00 The Moti Gate of Shershah, Delhi Babarpur Bazipur (Kaka

Nagar) 8/ 47 Begampuri Masjid Begampur 9/ 00 Phool Chadar aquduct near Najafgarh Jhil aquduct Chaukri Mubarakabad 10/ 48 Lal Gumbad Chirag Delhi 11/49 Tomb of Bahlol Lodi -do- 12/01 Ajmeri Gate Bazar Ajmeri Gate 13/ 13/00 Alipur Cemetery Delhi-Alipur Camping

group. 14/ 02 Ashoka'a pillar Ferozabad(Ferozshah

Kila or Vikram Nagar Colony)

15/ 00 Bara Khamba Cemetry Imperial City 16/ 19 Chauburji Ridge near Hindura

Hospital 17/ 20 Eremo Cementry Kishanaganj Railway

Stn. 18/ 03 Delhi fort or Lal Qila, Naubat Khana, Diwan-i-am,

Mumtaz Mahal' Rang Mahal, Baithak,Maseu Burj, diwan-i-Khas' Moti Masjid, sawan Bhadon ,Shah Burj, Hammam with all surrounding including the gardens, paths, terraces and water courses.

Red fort

19/ 04 Delhi Gate Daryaganj 20/ 21 Enclosure containing the grave of Lt. Edwards and

others, murdered in 1857. North Ridge near flag Staff tower, Civil Lines.

21/ 50 Enclosure wall with Tomb of Najaf Khan

Safdarjang Fly over

22/ 22 Flag Staff Tower 400 yards North of Cheuburji Mosque

23/ 13 Jantar Mantar Connaught place

Appendix


A-2

Old/ New No. Name of Monument Location 24/ 37 Kashmeri Gate and portion of the City Wall on

either side of the Kashmeri Gate on the side and on the other upto andiincluding the water Bastions at the Northern corner of the wall and also including the dith outside the City wall where this is exposed.

Kashmeri Gate

25/ 05 Kotla Ferozabad with the remaining walls, bastions and gateways and gardens, the old Mosque, and well and all other ruins buildings it contains.

Two furlangs east of jail and three furlangs due south of S.E. Corner of Shahjahanabad, Delhi.

26/ 06 Lal Darwaza, the northern gate of the outer walls of the Delhi of Shershah.

Three furlang due south of Delhi Gate,

27/ 23 Lothian Road Cemetery Kashmeri Gate 28/ 24 The Mosque Qudsia Garden 29/ 25 Mutiny telegraph Memorial In front of Old

Telegraph Building, Kashmeri Gate,

30/ 26 Nicholson (Or Kashmeri Gate) Cemetery Kashmeri Gate 31/ 00 Nicholson statue and its platform and the

surrounding gardens paths and enclosure wall. Outside Kashmeri Gate

32/ 27 Old Baoli immediately to the west of Hindu Rao's House.

On the ridge, Delhi

33/ 28 The Old Entrance Gateway of the Garden. Qudsia Delhi 34/ 29 The Pirghaib to the north and near Hindu Rao's

House On the ridge , Delhi

35/ 30 Portion of City wall near which Brij Jahn Nicholson was mortally Wounded on 14th Sept. , 1857.

On the ridge , Delhi

36/ 31 The Punjabi gate in the Roshanara bagh Opposite Municipal Board school, Subji Mandi

37/ 51 Purana Quila (Inderpat) or Delhi With all its walls Arcades, gateways and Bastions, gardens, the Mosque of Sher Shah (Kila Kohna Masjid). The Sher Mandala and entrances to Subteranean passages.

Two miles south of the Delhi Gate of Shahjahanabad, Delhi

38/ 32 Rajpur (Mutiny cemetery) Old Rajpur Cantonment, North Distt.

39/ 33 The remaining gateways of the old Magazira with their adjoining buildings.

The post office , Delhi

40/ 14 Sher Shah's gate with the adjoinining curon walls and Bastions and the remains of the double line of structure to its front

Opposite Purana Qila immediately North-east of the Khairul Manazil Mosque

41/ 34 Site of Siege battery Known as the Sammy House Battery bearing the following Inscriptions Battery , Sammy house, Major Remington Tank, RA Commanding armament 89 pounds. To command ground near Mori Bastion.

300 Yards East of mutiny memorial

41/ 34, 42/ 34 Site of siege Battery with inscription. East of the Hospital in

Appendix


A-3

Old/ New No. Name of Monument Location police Line

43/ 34 Site of siege Battery with inscription Compound of House No. 7 Court Road

44/ 34 Site of siege Battery with inscription. Compound of Curzon House

45/ 34 Site of siege Battery with inscription. In the garden near south west entrance to Delhi Club Ground

46/ 07 Sunehri Masjid near Delhi Fort Delhi Fort 47/ 00 Tomb of Capt. Mac. Barnatt & others who fall in

an attack on Kishanganj. Kishan Ganj

48/ 08 Tomb of Ghaziuddin Khan, Tughlaqabad 49/ 35 Tomb of Roshanara & Baradari Sabzi Mandi 50/ 09 Tomb of Razia Begum in Mohalla Bulbuli Khana Shahjahanabad 51/ 15 Tomb of Safdarjang (Mirza Muqim Mansur Ali

Khan) with all the enclosure walls, gateways, gardens and the mosque on the eastern side of the garden.

Lodhi Road, New Delhi

52/ 36 Tripolia Gateways Delhi-Karnal Road 53/ 16 Uggar Sain's Baoli Near Jantar Mantar 54/ 52 Tomb of Darya Khan Kidwai Nagar East 55/ 53 Baoli at Ghiaspur Nizamuddin 56/ 54 Tomb of Mirza Muzaffer, Chota Batasha No. 153,

Ghiaspur Nizamuddin

57/ 55 Tomb of Amir Khusro, Ghiaspur Nizamuddin 58/ 56 Tomb of Mirza Muzaffer, Bara Batasha No. 151

Ghiaspur Nizamuddin

59/ 57 Tomb of Nizamuddin Aulia, Ghiaspur No. 197

Nizamuddin

60/ 58 Unknown tomb Ghiaspur 153, Nizamuddin

61/ 59 i. The tomb of Ferozshah ii. Domed Building to the west of No.1 iii. Dalan between 1&2 iv. Domed Building & its court to the south of No. 3, v. Dalans and all ruined Buildings to the north of no. 1 and existing upto No.10 vi. Five Chhatris to the case of No. 1& No.5 vii. Old Gate to the north of No.6 viii. Three Chhatris to the north-west of No.7 ix. Ruined courtyard and its Dalans with the Domed building to the north-west to the No.8 x. Old wall running east from No.4 xi. 2.23 Acres of land surrounding the above monuments and bouded on the North by house of Chhange and Mehra Chand sons of Hansram and house of Uderam, son of Kusha South Ghairmunkan Resta East By village site belonging to village community house of Nots Zadar sons of Jai Singh Chhamar and field Nos. 338 & 331 belonging to Naider and others West By field no. 185 belonging to Udaram, son of Kusal Jat and field No. 186 belonging to Jagins and Sajawal Rajput, No. 195 Ghairmunkin Johar, common of Jats and Musalmans and filed no. 196, Ghairmunkin Pall.

Hauz Khas

Appendix


A-4

Old/ New No. Name of Monument Location 62/ 60 Bag-i-Alam Gumbad with a Mosque Humayunpur 63/ 61 Kali Gumti Humayunpur (Hauz

Khas) 64/ 62 Tofewala Gumbad Humayunpur Deer Park

(Hauz Khas)

65/ 63 Arab Sarai Patti, Ghiapur in Hauz Inderpat

66/ 114 The Gate way of Arab Sarai facing North towards Purana Qila

Near Arab Sarai Village

67/ 113 The Gate way of Arab Sarai facing East towards the tomb of Humayun


68/ 115 Remainig Gateways of Arab Sarai and of Abadi-Bagh-Buhalima


69/ 64 Lakhar wal Gumbad (Tomb) Inderpat Estate (Sunder Nursery), Near Delhi Public School, Mathura Road, Nizamuddin

70/ 65 Sunderwala Burj Inderpat Estate (Sunder Nursery)

71/ 66 Sunderwala Mahal Inderpat Estate (Sunder Nursery)

72/ 67 Bijay Mandal, neighbouring domes, buildings and dalan to north of Begumpur

In village Kalusarai (Sarvapriya Vihar)

73/ 68 Old Lodi Bridge with approaches Near tomb of Sikander Lodi, Khairpur

74/ 69 Mosque with the dalans and courtyard and the Bara Gumbaj (the domed entracne to the mosque)

Khairpur

75/ 70 The tomb of Mohammed Shah known as Mubarak Khan- Ka-Gumbaz

Khairpur

76/ 71 Tomb of Sikander Lodi with its enclosure wall and bastions, gates & compound

Khairpur

77/ 72 Unknown tomb with blue tiles decoration known as Shisha Gumbad

Khairpur

78/ 73 Bandi or Poti ka Gumbad III-280 Kharera village between Hauz Khas and Qutab road

79/ 75 Biran-Ka-Gumbad-282 Kharera village between Hauz Khas and Qutab road

80/ 76 Biwi or Dadi-ka-Gumbad-281 Kharera village between Hauz Khas and Qutab road

81/ 77 Chor Minar No. 289 Vol III Kharehra (Hauz Khas Enclave)

82/ 78 Choti Gumti Kharehra village Green Park

83/ 79 Idgah of Kharehra No. 287, Vol III Kharehra village Hauz Khas Enclave

84/ 80 Nili Mosque Kharehra village Hauz Khas Enclave

85/ 81 Sakri Gumti-284 Kharehra village Green Park

86/ 82 Khirkee Masjid Village Khirkee

Appendix


A-5

Old/ New No. Name of Monument Location 87/ 83 Satpula-III –216 Village Khirkee

88/ 84 Tomb of Yusuf-Quttal At Khirkee in field

no.81 min, Property of Shamlat deh.

89/ 96 Jahaz Mahal Mehrauli 90/ 94 Shamsid Tallab together with platform entrance

gates. Mehrauli

91/ 97 Moti Masjid Mehrauli 92/ 98 Old Palace of Bahadur Shah II alias Lal Mahal in

Mehrauli Mehrauli

93/ 74 Bara Khamba-285 Kherera village tombs between Hauz Khas, Qutab raod

94/ 99 The Qutab Archaeological area as now fenced in, including the Mosque, Iron Pillar, Minar of Qutab-din, unfinished Minar, all colonnads, screen arches, tomb of Altmash, college, buildings of Aluddin, Tomb of Imam Zamin and all carved stoens in the above area with gardens, paths and water channels, and all gateways including the Alai-Darwaza , also all graves in the above area

Mehrauli

95/ 101 Tomb of Adam Khan (Rest House) Mehrauli 96/ 100 Tomb and Mosque of Maulana Jamali Kamali Mehrauli 97/ 102 Wall mosque Mehrauli 98/ 104 Walls of Lal Kot and Rai Pithora's fort from Sohan

Gate to Adam Khan's tomb including the ditch where there is an outer wall

Mehrauli Kh. No. 1783, 1765, 1766, 1767, 1770, 1772, 1773, 1798 & 1764

99/ 103 Walls of Lal Kot and Rai Pithora's fort at the point where they meet together

Near Jamali Kamali's Mosque Mehrauli Kh. No. 1754, Loddho Sarai Kh.No. 86,87

100/ 105 Wall of Rai Pithora's fort including gateways and bastions

Mehrauli

101/ 107 Gates and walls of Mubarakpur, Kotla in village Mubarakpur

village Mubarakpur, Kotla

102/ 106 Moth-ki-Masjid Behind south externsion Part II.

103/ 00 Inchla Wali Gunti village Mubarakpur, Kotla

104/ 108 Kala Gumbad village Mubarakpur, Kotla

105/ 112 Tombs of Bade-Khan, and Mubarakpur Kotla, Kotla village Mubarakpur, Kotla

106/112 Tombs of Chote Khan, Mubarakpur Kotla 107/ 111 Tomb of Mubarik in Mubarakpur, Kotla village Mubarakpur,

Kotla 108/ 109 Mosque attached to Mubarak shah Tomb village Mubarakpur,

Kotla 109/ 110 Tomb of Bhura Khan village Mubarakpur,

Kotla 110/ 141 Tin Burji Walla Gumbad Mohammed pur village

II, 304

Appendix


A-6

Old/ New No. Name of Monument Location 111/ 142 Unnamed tomb Mohammed pur village

, 305 112/ 143 Baoli Munika II. 318. 113/ 144 Munda Gumbad Munika 302. 114/ 145 Unnamed Mosque Munika 314. 115/ 146 Unnamed Tomb Munika 313. 116/ 147 Unnamed Tomb Munika 315. 117/ 148 Unnamed Tomb Munika 316. 118/ 149 Unnamed Tomb Munika 317. 119/ 00 i. Unnamed Mosque

ii. Unnamed Tomb Munika 321& Munika 322

120/ 150 Wajir pur- ki-Gumbad Munika 312. 121/ 116 The Afsah-walla-ki-Masjid situated outside the

west gate of Humayun's tomb with its dalans and paved court bounded on the east by Humayun's tomb on the west by Abadi Arab Sarai on the north by road and Khasra No. 252 and on the south by Abadi Arab Sarai

Nizammudin

122/ 117 Bara Khamba outside north entrance to shrine Nizammudin 123/ 118 Bara Pulah bridge near Nizammudin South of Nizammudin

124/ 119 Chausath Khamba and tomb of Mirza Nizammudin

Aziz-ka-Kokaltash Nizammudin

125/ 120 Grave of Jahanara Begum Nizammudin 126/122 Grave of Mohammed Shah Nizammudin 127/ 121 Grave of Mirza Jahangir Nizammudin 128/ 123 Humayun's tomb, its platforms, garden, enclosure

walls and gateways Khasra No. 258 bounded on the east by Khasra No.180&181&244 of Miri Singh and on west by Kh. No. 268&253 on the north by Khasra No. 266, on the south by Kh No. 245 of Miri Singh & Kh. No. 248 & 249 of Sayyed Mohummad

Nizammudin

129/ 124 Nila Gumbad outside the south corner of the enclosure of Humayun's tomb (Kh. No. 243) bounded on the east by Kh. No. 182, on the west by Humayun's tomb, on the north by Kh. No. 181 & on the south by Kh. No. 244 of Miri Singh

Nizammudin

130/ 125 Nili Chhatri or Subz Burz . Nizammudin East 131/ 126 Tomb of Afsar-wala immediately near to the south

of Afsar-wala-ki-Masjid Nizammudin

132/ 127 Tomb of Atgah Khan Nizammudin

133/ 128 The tomb of Isa Khan with its surrounding enclosure walls and turrest garden gateways and mosque (Kh. No. 281 ) bounded on the east by Arab Sarai Kh. No.236 on the west by Kh. No. 283 graveyard of Piare Lal and K.No. 283 of Bddon on the north by Kh. No. 236 of Pandit Brij Vallabh and on the south by Arab Sarai Kh. No. 238.

Nizammudin

134/ 129 Tomb of Khan-i-Khanan Nizammudin 135/ 00 Tomb with three domes near Rly.Station Nizammudin 136/ 17 Sikargah Kushak-II -327 Old Kushak Village 137/ 38 Gateways of Badli-Ki-Sarai Village Pipalthala 138/ 131 Tomb of Sheikh Kaburuddin also known as Malviyanagar

Appendix


A-7

Old/ New No. Name of Monument Location Rakabwala Gumbad in field no.84 min. situated at sarai Shah 31 property of Thoks Shahpur and Adhehini

139/ 133 Ruined line of walls, bastions & gateways of siri Kh. No. 88, 265 &447 at village Shahpur Jat

Shahpur Jat

140/ 132 Internal buildings of Siri Mehammadi wali-Kh. No. 14 Shahpur Jat Bul-Bul-Ki-Kh. No. 256 Shahpur Jat Makhdum ki Kh. No. 255 Shahpur Jat Baradari Shahpur Jat Motiyan wala dome Shahpur Jat Thana wala Shahpur Jat

Shahpur Jat

141/ 134 Nai-ka-kot. Tughlaqabad. Kotla 142/ 135 Tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaqabad. walls and

bastions, gates and cause way including the tomb of Dad Khan

Tughlaqabad.

143/ 136 Tomb of Mohammed Tughlaqabadshah Badarpur Zail

144/ 139 Walls of old city of Tughlaqabad. Badarpur Zail 145/ 138 Walls, gateways bastions and internal buildings of

both inner and outer citadels of Tughlaqabad fort Tughlaqabad.

146/ 137 Walls, gate and bastions of Adilabad (Mohammadbad) and causeway leading there to from Tughlaqabad.

Tughlaqabad.

147/ 42 The Tomb Wazirabad 148/ 41 The mosque Wazirabad 149/ 40 Neighbouring Bridge Wazirabad 150 Mound known as Jaga Bai comprise in part of

surve plot no. 167 Jamia nagar

151/ 46 Ashoka rock Edict East of Kailash colony 152/ 85 Madhi Mosque Ladho Sarai 153/ 86 Rajon-ki-Bain with Mosque and Chhatri Ladho Sarai 154/ 87 Badun Gate Ladho Sarai 155/ 88 Gateway of Lal kot Ladho Sarai 156/ 89 Gateway of Rai Pithoria's fort Ladho Sarai 157/ 91 Walls of Rai Pithora's fort and Jahan Panah at the

point where they meet together Hauz Rani abd Lado Sarai

158/ 140 Tomb of Sultan Ghari Nalikpur Kohi 159/ 92 Baoli known as diving wall locally known as

(Candak-ki-baoli) Mehrauli

160/ 93 Enlosure containing the tomb of Shah Alam Bahadur Shah, Shah Alam to and Akbar Shah II

Mehrauli

161/ 94 Houz Shamsi with central red stone pavilion situated at Mehrauli in field No. 157-81, 1586-97, 1614 &1624

Mehrauli

162/ 95 Iron Pillar Hindu Mehrauli 163/ 151 Ancient Mosque Palam

164/ 39 Sheesh Mahal Shalimar Garden

Village Hyderpur 165/ 18 Ashokan Pillar On the Ridge between

Hindu Rao Hospital

166/ 130 Sarai Shahji Malaviya Nagar 167/ 90, 167/ 90

Azim Khan Tomb Lado Sarai

Appendix


A-8

Old/ New No. Name of Monument Location 168/ 154 Mazar of Sheikh Muhammad Ibrahim Zauq ChindBagh, Kadam

Sherif, Paharganj, Delhi

169/ 03S Fortificaiton Wall Asad Burj, Water gate, Delhi Gate, Lahori Gate, Jahangiri Gate, Chhattra Bazar, Baoli

Red Fort, Delhi

170/ 152 Fortification walls, Gates, Bastions and Ancient Buildings of Salimgarh Fort

Bela Road

171/ 153 Portion of the City Wall of Shahajanabad Ansari Road 172/ --- Sat Narain Bhawan Delhi Sadhora Khurd,

Dina Nath Marg, Roshanara Road, New Delhi.

173/ 100 Balban Khan's Tomb & Jamli Kamali Lado Sarai, Mehrauli, Delhi

174/--- Unknown Tomb in the vicinitty of Jawahar Lal Nehru Stadium

Pragati Vihar, New Delhi

175/ --- Mazar of Mirza Ghalib Nizamuddin LIST OF ADDITIONAL MONUMENTS CONSIDERED FOR PROTECTION BY THE GNCTD DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY No. Name of Monument Location 1 Mutiny Memorial Northern Ridge 2 Maqbara Paik GTK Depot 3 Dara Shikoh Library Kashmere Gate 4 Turkman Gate 5 Baradari Sadhana Enclave 6 Tomb Near Lodhi Rd Flyover 7. Zail Bawana 8 Lodhi period Tomb Katwaria Sarai 9. Monuments Delhi Golf Club, DDA Golf

Club 10 Haveli of Mirza Ghalib Gali Qasim Jan, Ballimaran

The following areas have been identified as CONSERVATION AREAS and ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARKS by the INTACH 2000 List: 1. Delhi University and Northern Ridge 2. Walled City of Shahjehanabad

Heritage Conservation Zones as detailed above 3. Lutyen’s Delhi including:

Connaught Place Gole Market Area Barracks Lutyens Bungalow Zone and Safdarjang’s Tomb, Lodhi Garden and Delhi Golf Club Central Vista

4. Firozabad – Firoz Shah Kotla 5. Purana Quila, Delhi Zoo and Sundar Nursery 6. Hazrat Nizamuddin, Humayun’s Tomb Complex World Heritage Site and Barapullah

Appendix


A-9

7. Qutb Complex World Heritage Site and Mehrauli Area 8. Vijay Mandal – Begumpur – Sarai Shahji – Lal Gumbad area 9. Hauz Khas – Deer Park 10. Chiragh Delhi 11. Tughlaquabad – Adilabad – Nai ka Kot 12. Delhi Cantonment Area. 13. Mehrauli Archaeological Park 14. Sultan Garhi Archaeological Park 15. Tughlaquabad Archaeological Park

Appendix


A-10

APPENDIX-2

Published List of Heritage Buildings in the MCD Areas Zone – A, Walled City S. No. Buildings Location 1. Idgah West of Paharganj 2. Lady Reading Health School Sadar Bazar 3. Dispensary Lady Reading Health School Sadar Bazar 4. Outer gateway Qila Qadam Sharief Nabi Karim 5. Inner gateway Qila Qadam Sharief Nabi Karim 6. Mosque Qila Qadam Sharief Qila Qadam Sharief 7. Gateway of Qadam Sharief Shrine Nabi Karim 8. Qadam Sharief Shrine Nabi Karim 9. Firoz Shah Mosque Nabi Karim 10. Kunwari Begam Ka Burj Qadam Sharief Nabi Karim 11. Enclosures walls Qila Qadam Sharief Qadam Sharief Nabi Karim 12. Tomb Tail Mill Road, Ram Nagar 13. Hari Masjid Chuna Mandi Paharganj 14. Mosque Chitra Gupta Road Paharganj 15. Chitra Gupta Temple Paharganj 16. Haveli Opp. Hare Kishan Guest House

Paharganj 17. Mosque 116, Main Bazar Road, Paharganj 18. Municipal Corporation Primary School Main Bazar Road, Paharganj 19. Residence 110, Gali Krishna Paharganj 20. Residence 104, Gali Krishna Paharganj 21. Tomb Qutab Road 22. Mosque / Imambara Qutab Road 23. Shivalaya New Delhi Rail Station 24. Mosque New Delhi Rail Station 25. Police Station Sadar Bazar 26. Balika Chaman New Delhi Rail Station 27. Northern Railway Rest House Connaught Place 28. Sarhindi Masjid Lahori Gate 29. Gular Wali Masjid Fatehpuri 30. Ghazi-ud-Din’s Mosque Fatehpuri 31. Muhtasib’s Mosque Fatehpuri 32. Gateway Tilak Bazar, Fatehpuri 33. Masjid Ramzan Shah Fatehpuri 34. Haveli Bazar Naya Bans, Fatehpuri 35. Durga Mandir Shivalya Fatehpuri 36. Hauzwali Masjid Naya Bans, Fatehpuri 37. Tahawwur Khan’s Mosque Naya Bans, Fatehpuri 38. Residnce 306, Kuncha Sanjogiram, Naya Bans,

Fatehpuri 39. Fatepuri Masjid Chandni Chowk 40. St. Stephens Church Chandni Chowk 41. Bhowani Shankar Ki Kacheri Fatehpuri, Chandni Chowk 42. Dharamshala Rai Sahib Lala Laxmi Narayan Church Mission Road, Fatehpuri 43. Bhairav Mandir Chandni Chowk 44. Municipal Corporation Primary Girls School Kuncha Ghansiram, Chandni Chowk 45. Gateway 322, Kuncha Ghansiram, Chandni

Chowk 46. Gateway 154, Kuncha Ghansiram, Chandni

Chowk

Appendix


A-11

S. No. Buildings Location 47. Namak Haram Ki Haveli Kuncha Ghansiram, Chandni Chowk 48. Namak Haram Ki Haveli 316, Kuncha Ghansiram, Chandni

Chowk 49. Gateway 759, Katra Neel, Chandni Chowk 50. Shivalya Kunniji Maharaj 793, Katra Neel, Chandni Chowk 51. Shivalaya 515, Katra Neel, Chandni Chowk 52. Mankchanda & Visvesvaranath’s Shivalya 577, Katra Neel, Chandni Chowk 53. Bada Shivalya 701, Katra Neel, Chandni Chowk 54. Residence 574, Katra Neel, Chandni Chowk 55. Shivalya Ghanteshwar Mahadev 598, Katra Neel, Chandni Chowk 56. Residence 575, Katra Neel, Chandni Chowk 57. Residence 596, Katra Neel, Chandni Chowk 58. Dhumimal’s Shivalya 602, Ghanteshwara Mahadev, Katra

Neel, Chandni Chowk 59. Residence 649, Katra Neel, Chandni Chowk 60. Pandit Hari Ram Ji ka Shivalya 689, Katra Neel, Chandni Chowk 61. Dharamshala Bagh Diwar, Fatehpuri 62. Temple School Bagh Diwar, Fatehpuri 63. Residence 508, Haveli Haider Quli, Chandni

Chowk 64. Haveli 507, Haveli Haider Quli, Chandni

Chowk 65. Residence 509, Haveli Haider Quli, Chandni

Chowk 66. Residence 499, Haveli Haider Quli, Chandni

Chowk 67. ANZ Grindlays Building 534, Chandni Chowk 68. Union Bank of India Building 628, Chandni Chowk 69. Oriental Bank of Commerce Building 681, Chandni Chowk 70. Gateway to Katra Neel Katra Neel Chandni Chowk 71. Lala Chuna Mal’s Haveli Katra Neel Chandni Chowk 72. Mirza Galib’s House 2298, Gali Qasim Jan, Billimaran,

Chandni Chowk 73. Mirza Galib’s In-Law’s House Billimaran 74. Mahadev Mandir S. P. Mukherjee Marg 75. Old Delhi Railway Station S. P. Mukherjee Marg 76. Police Station Chandni Chowk 77. Punjab National Bank Building 458, Katra Mohan, Chandni Chowk 78. MCD Office Kucha Bagh, Chandni Chowk 79. Hakim Mihr Ali Shah’s Mosque Gali Kucha Bagh, Chandni Chowk 80. Sunehri Masjid Chandni Chowk 81. North Brook Fountain Chandni Chowk 82. Gurudwara Sis Ganj Chandni Chowk 83. Central Baptist Church Chandni Chowk 84. Gujrati Temple 1739, Dariba Kalan 85. Hardayal Municipal Public Library Gandhi Ground, Chandni Chowk 86. Gateway 2255, Kaudiya Pul, Chandni Chowk 87. Bhagirath Place Chandni Chowk 88. Fort View Hotel Chandni Chowk 89. St. Mary’s Church S. P. Mukherjee Marg 90. Gateway of Zeenat Mahal Lal Kuan 91. Office Block Bazar Lal Kuan 92. Gateway Bazar Lal Kuan 93. Gateway Farash Khana Off Bazar Lal Kuan 94. Yogmaya Mandir Kuncha Sanjogiram Bazar, Naya

Bazar, Naya Bazar

Appendix


A-12

S. No. Buildings Location 95. MCD Dispensary Lal Kuan 96. Residence Mohalla Roadgran, Lal Kuan 97. Graves enclosure of Nawan Iradtmand Khan

& Nawab Masayar Khan Mohalla Roadgran, Lal Kuan

98. Gateway Bazar Sikriwalan, Fatehpuri 99. Sikriwalans Mosque Bazar Sikriwalan, Hauz Quazi

100. Masjit Mubarak Begam Bazar Sikriwalan, Hauz Quazi 101. Houz Qazi Mosque Hauz Quazi Chowk, Fatehpuri 102. Gateway Gali Qasim Jan, Fatehpuri 103. Residence 2168, Gali Qasim Jan, Billimaran,

Chandni Chowk 104. Haveli 2160, Ahata Kale Saheb, Billimaran,

Chandni Chowk 105. Hindustani Dawakhana Billimaran, Chandni Chowk 106. Gateway 3639, Chawari Bazar 107. Shri Digambar Jain Naya Mandir Fatehpuri 108. Anand Aushdhlaya Billimaran, Chandni Chowk 109. Shri Agawal Digambar Jain Panchayati

Mandir Fatehpuri

110. Residence 2293, Dharampura, Fatehpuri 111. Residence 2218, Dharampura, Fatehpuri 112. Shri Digambar Jain Maru Mandir Fatehpuri 113. Prakash Nursery School Dharampura, Fatehpuri 114. Commercial-cum-Residential Building Fatehpuri 115. Residence 2942, Katra Kushal Rai, Kinari Bazar,

Chandini Chowk 116. Residence 1961, Katra Kushal Rai, Kinari Bazar,

Chandni Chowk 117. Ram Nath Inder Devi trust Kinari Bazar, Chandni Chowk 118. Jain Temple Kinari Bazar, Chandni Chowk 119. Naugharana Kinari Bazar, Chandni Chowk 120. Residence West end of Kinari Bazar, Chandni

Chowk 121. Nawab Sahib’s Mosque Kinari Bazar, Chandni Chowk 122. Gateway Near Panchayti Jain Mandir 123. Residence Dariba Kalan, Chandni Chowk 124. Jain Temple 1541, Dariba Kalan, Chandni Chowk 125. Jain Temple 1513, Dariba Kalan, Chandni Chowk 126. Gate to Kucha-I-Ustad Hamid Kishan Gali Jama Masjid 127. Indraprastha Hindu Girls Senior Secondary

School Jama Masjid

128. Lal Mandir Chandni Chowk 129. Kasturba Janana Hospital Dariyaganj 130. Chatta Agha Jan Masjid Dariyaganj 131. Bridge Near Lahori Gate, Red Fort Red Fort 132. Baoli 158, Red Fort 133. Army Barracks Red Fort 134. Mosque of gaziuddin Khan Ajmeri Gate 135. Anglo-Arbic Public School Ajmeri Gate 136. Rehmani Masjid Ajmeri Gate 137. Commercial Building Ajmeri Gate 138. Residence 4642-4649, Ajmeri Gate 139. MCD Primary Boys School 290-295, Ajmeri Gate 140. Residence 4110-4141, Gali Shah Tara, Ajmeri

Gate 141. Guler Wali Masjid Kuncha-I-Shah, Tara, Ajmeri Gate

Appendix


A-13

S. No. Buildings Location 142. Unchi Masjid Kuncha-I-Shah, Tara, Ajmeri Gate 143. Masjid Kuncha-I-Shah, Tara, Ajmeri Gate 144. Residence 4346, Kuncha-I-Pandit, Ajmeri Gate 145. Residence 504, Kuncha Pati Ram, Ram Bazar

Sitaram 146. Nav Jyoti Public School 939, Kuncha Pati Ram Bazar Sitaram 147. Jain Mandir 908, Kuncha Pati Ram, Near Hauz

Qazi 148. Residence 901, Kuncha Pati Ram, Bazar Sitaram 149. Residence 908, Kuncha Pati Ram, Near Hauz

Qazi 150. Residence 834, Mohalla Imli, Bazar Sitaram 151. Holy trinity Church Turkman Gate 152. Badi Masjid Turkman Gate 153. Telion Ka Phatak Turkman Gate 154. Kalan Masjid Turkman Gate 155. Lal Darwaza Bazar Sita Ram 156. L. Madan Mashal Lal Ayurvedic Charitable

Dispensary Bazar Sita Ram

157. Haveli 2549, Churiwalan, Bazar Sita Ram 158. Municipal Corporation Ayurvedic Dispensary 1424, Bazar Sita Ram 159. Haksar Haveli Bazar Sita Ram 160. Bhartiya Bal Sadan Society Bazar Sita Ram 161. Dharamshala Lala Pyare Lal Madho Ram Bazar Sita Ram 162. Amrudwali Mosque Bazar Sita Ram 163. Residence 2837, Rehman Building, Bazar Sita

Ram 164. Anjuman Masjid Bazar Sita Ram, Chandni Chowk 165. Tomb of Shah Turkman Mohalla Qabrustan, Turkman Gate 166. Tomb Raziya Sultan Bulbuli Khana, Turkman Gate 167. Mosque Bazar MatMatya Mahal, Near Jama

Masjid 168. Mosque Shah Gulam Ali Kuncha Mir Hashim, Tyrkman Gate 169. Dargah Shah Gulam Ali Kuncha Mir Hashim, Tyrkman Gate 170. Residence 3460, Netaji Subhash Marg Daryaganj 171. Sunehri Masjid West of Netaji Subhash Marg

Daryaganj 172. Shri Digambar Jain Mandir Delhi Gate 173. Masjid Saiwali Kuncha Chetan, Daryaganj 174. Jain Temple & School Daryaganj 175. Hotel Moti Mahal Netaji Sibhash Marg, Daryaganj 176. Residence and Commercial Building 4, Netaji Sibhash Marg, Daryaganj 177. Commercial Street 8-14, Netaji Sibhash Marg, Daryaganj 178. Residence and Commercial Building 15-16, Netaji Sibhash Marg, Daryaganj 179. Commercial Street 19-23, Netaji Sibhash Marg, Daryaganj 180. Street with 14 Buildings 26-40, Netaji Sibhash Marg, Daryaganj 181. Dargah Shah Shabir Baksh 5051, Netaji Sibhash Marg, Daryaganj 182. Masjid Beriwali 5052, Netaji Sibhash Marg, Daryaganj 183. Police Station Daryaganj 184. Residence, DCP Central Daryaganj 185. H.M. D.A.V Middle School Daryaganj 186. Shroff Eye Hospital Daryaganj 187. Hindi Park Housing Area Hindi Park, Daryaganj 188. Mosque Hindi Park, Daryaganj 189. City Wall South Darya Ganj Daryaganj 190. Mortello Tower Daryaganj

Appendix


A-14

S. No. Buildings Location 191. Residence Ansari Road, Daryaganj 192. Residence, Dr. Ansari House Ansari Road, Daryaganj 193. Phatak Habsh Khan Tilak Bazar, Fatehpuri 194. Gateway Billimaran, Fatehpuri 195. Allahbad Bank Building Chandni Chowk 196. Town Hall Chandni Chowk 197. Company Bagh North of Town Hall 198. Gateway to Katra Nawab Chandni Chowk 199. State Bank of India Chandni Chowk 200. Residence 1222, Chandni Chowk 201. Mahabir Jain Bhawan 1417, Chandni Chowk 202. Haveli of Ahsanullah Khan Bazar Sikriwalan, Off Lal Kuan 203. Residence 5012, Phatak Bans, Lal Kuan 204. Residence 5051, Bazar Sikriwalan 205. Lal Kuan Bazar Lal Kuan 206. Residence 962, Kuncha Pati Ram, Bazar Sita Ram 207. Residence 505, Kuncha Pati Ram, Bazar Sita Ram Zone – B, Karol Bagh S. No. Buildings Location 1. Shikargah Jonti village, Kanjhaola 2. Haveli Jonti village, Kanjhaola 3. Well Jonti village, Kanjhaola 4. Temple Jonti village, Kanjhaola 5. Mukhal Tank Kanjhaola 6. Shivalya Jonti village, Kanjhaola 7. Milestone / Memorial Tikri Border, Rohtak Road 8. Ramjas S. S. School Anand Parbat 9. Tibbia College New Rohtak Road 10. Residence New Rohtak Road Opp. Tibbia College 11. Lal Masjid Northern end of Faiz Road Karon Bagh 12. Bari Masjid Bara Hindu Rao 13. MCD Co-Ed School Rani Jhansi Road, Bara Hindu Rao 14. MCD Dispensary Bara Hindu Rao 15. Shidion Ki Masjid Karol Bagh

Zone – C, Civil Lines S. No. Buildings Location

1. Tank Kuraini Village, Narela 2. Wall Mosque Kuraini Village, Narela 3. Memorial Azadpur Market, G. T. Road 4. Coronation Memorial Kingsway Camp 5. Coronation Bank Kingsway Camp 6. Embankment Majnu Ka Tila 7. Ammunition Store Mall Road, Civil Lines 8. Ammunition Store Mall Road, Civil Lines 9. Ammunition Store Brig. S. K. Majumdar Marg, Mall Road,

Civil Lines 10. Colonial Building, Majumdar Marg Engineers Office, Brig. S. K. Mall

Road, Civil Lines 11. Pathan Ki Masjid Mall Road, Civil Lines 12. Mosque G. T. Road, Opp. State Bank Colony,

Appendix


A-15

S. No. Buildings Location Delhi-7

13. Gateway of Mahaldhar Khan’s Garden G. T. Road 14. Gateway G. T. Road 15. Faculty of Arts Delhi University 16. Delhi University Office Delhi University 17. Gwyer Hall Delhi University 18. St. Stephen’ s College Delhi University 19. Chapel St. Stephen College 20. Principal’s Residence St. Stephen College 21. Guard House Hindu College 22. Old Secretariat Civil Line 23. I. P. College for Woman Civil Line 24. Defence Science Centre Ring Road, Vidha Sabha 25. National Institute of Communicable Diseases Civil Line 26. Meena Devi Jindal Medical Institute and

research centre Civil Line

27. Sant Parmanand Hospital Civil Line 28. Mosque of Shah Wajid Roshanara Garden 29. MCD Primary School Roshanara Garden 30. Residential Building Roshanara Garden 31. Dharamshala Sabzi Mandi 32. MCD Primary School Roshanara Road 33. Hindu Rao Hospital Civil Line 34. Methodist Church Tis Hazari 35. Queen Mary’s School Tis Hazari 36. Principal’s Residence Tis Hazari 37. Mosque Tis Hazari 38. St. Stephen’s Hospital Tis Hazari 39. St. Stephen’s Hospital Chapel Tis Hazari 40. Residence 10, Under Hill Road, Civil Line 41. Residence 8, Under Hill Road, Civil Line 42. Teacher Hostel Rajniwas Marg, Civil Line 43. B. M. Ganga Girls School Rajniwas Marg, Civil Line 44. Residence 19, Rajniwas Marg, Civil Line 45. Chapel 19, Rajniwas Marg, Civil Line 46. Delhi United Christian Sr. Sec. School Civil Line 47. Paulas Sadan Civil Line 48. St. Xavier’s School Civil Line 49. Butler Memorial Girls School Boulevard Road 50. Residence Boulevard Road 51. Residence North East of Stephen Hospital,

Boulevard Road 52. St. Stephen’s Community Centre Rajpur Road 53. St. Anne’s School Rajpur Road 54. Residence Court Road, Rajpur Road 55. Cambridge Brotherhood Court Lane, Civil Line 56. Hotel Oberoi Medians Civil Line 57. Exchange Store Civil Line 58. Residence 17, Sham Nath Marg 59. Canal Rest House Qudsia Bagh 60. Maharaja Agrasen Park Boulevard Road 61. Shia Masjid Mori Gate 62. Suiwali Masjid Mori Gate 63. Gulam Nabi’s Mosque Mori Gate 64. Burhya’s Mosque Mori Gate 65. Gulerwali Masjid Ram Bazar

Appendix


A-16

S. No. Buildings Location 66. Hamilton Road School Mori Gate 67. James Skinner’s House Kashmere Gate 68. Dargah Panja Sharif Kashmere Gate 69. Badrudin’s Grave Kashmere Gate 70. Residence Chotta Bazar, Kashmere Gate 71. Bengali Club Kashmere Gate 72. Kashmere Gate Market Kashmere Gate 73. NCC Office Kashmere Gate 74. Residence Lal Sultan Singh Estate, Kashmere

Gate 75. School Kashmere Gate 76. Lal Masjid Kashmere Gate 77. Colonnaded Building MCD Office, Kashmere Gate 78. Circular Baradari MCD Office, Kashmere Gate 79. Madarsaa Amima Islama Arbad Bara Bazar, Kashmere Gate 80. Ayurvedic Dispensary Kashmere Gate 81. Office of the Election Commission Kashmere Gate 82. Hamid Ali Khan’s Mosque Kashmere Gate 83. Kucheri Court for Traffic Offences Kashmere Gate 84. Water Bastion ISBT, Kashmere Gate 85. NCC Office Traffic Court, Kashmere Gate 86. Gallows Bastion Kashmere Gate 87. Office of Northern Railways Kashmere Gate 88. St. James Church Kashmere Gate 89. St. James Annexe Kashmere Gate 90. Skinner Family’s Cemetery Kashmere Gate 91. Delhi Collage of Engineering Kashmere Gate 92. Archeological Museum Kashmere Gate 93. Delhi Institute of Technology Kashmere Gate 94. Commemorative Column Lothian Road, Near Post Office 95. Post Office Kashmere Gate 96. Nigam Bodh Ghat Kashmere Gate 97. Northern Railway Officers Rest House Mukherjee Road 98. Lothian Bridge Mukherjee Road 99. Nili Chhatri Temple Yamuna Bazar 100. Jail Salimgarh Fort 101. Museum Salimgarh Fort 102. Ammunition Rooms Salimgarh Fort 103. Market Club Road off Boulevard Road

Zone – D, New Delhi S. No. Buildings Location

1. Lok Nayak Jai Prakash Narayan Hospital Jawahar Lal Nehru Marg 2. Lok Nayak Hospital Administrative Block Jawahar Lal Nehru Marg 3. Mosque Mehndiyan Near Mulana Azad Medical Collage 4. Nursery Mosque North Mulana Azad Medical Collage 5. Chaunsath Khamba West of Mulana Azad Medical Collage 6. Dargah West of Mulana Azad Medical Collage 7. Enclosure West of Mulana Azad Medical Collage 8. Memorial Mulana Azad Medical Collage 9. Jamiat Ulama Hind Masjid Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg 10. Tomb of Shiekh Muhammad Sahib South of Vikas Marg 11. Mosque South of Vikas Marg (DDA) 12. Matka Pir Mathura Road South West Corner of

Appendix


A-17

S. No. Buildings Location Pragati Maidan

13. Hammam Purana Quila, Mathura Road 14. Tomb Delhi Zoo, Mathura Road 15. Azimganj Sarai National Zoological Park, Sundar

Nagar 16. Mosque Lal Bahadur Shastri Marg 17. Do Sariya Gumbad Nizamuddin Village 18. Tomb Nizamuddin Village 19. Gateway West of Nizamuddin Village 20. Gateway Nizamuddin Village 21. Khan-E-Dauran Khan’s Mosque Nizamuddin Village 22. Tomb Nizamuddin Village 23. Northern Gateway of Dargah Complex Nizamuddin 24. Tomb North West Corner of B Nizamuddin

Village 25. Chini Ka Burj Nizamuddin Village 26. Tomb of Bai Kodaldai Nizamuddin Village 27. Arcade Building Nizamuddin Village 28. Gateway to Inner Enclosure of Dargah Nizamuddin Village 29. Dalan of Itqad Khan Nizamuddin Village 30. Enclosure of Nawab Mustafa Khan Nizamuddin Village 31. Majlis Khans Nizamuddin 32. Jamaat Khana Mosque Nizamuddin 33. Tomb Dargah Complex, Nizamuddin 34. Dalan of Mirdha Ikran Dargah Complex, Nizamuddin 35. Langar Khana Dargah Complex, Nizamuddin 36. Eastern Gateway of Dargah Dargah Complex, Nizamuddin 37. Gateway of the House of Mirza Jahangir Dargah Complex, Nizamuddin 38. Residential Nizamuddin Village 39. Gateway of Leading to the tomb of Atgan

Khan Nizamuddin Village

40. Dalans Argah Khan’s Tomb Complex 41. Bari Ka Gumbad East of Argah Khan’s Tomb Complex 42. Gateway On the Main Entry from mathura

Road, Nizamuddin Village 43. Well East of Chaunsath Khamba,

Nizamuddin 44. Gateway North West Chaunsath Khamba 45. Mirza Galib’s Tomb Nizamuddin Village 46. Kali Masjid Nizamuddin Village 47. Gateway of Inner Kot Nizamuddin Village 48. Bastion of Inner Kot Nizamuddin Village 49. Tomb of Khan-I-Jahan Tilagani Nizamuddin Village 50. Wall of Inner Kot Nizamuddin Village 51. Shiv Mandir G-Block Nizamuddin West 52. Chakarwali Masjid At the Inter Section of Lodi Road and

Mathura Road 53. Tomb South of DPS Mathura Road 54. Wall Mosque South of DPS Mathura Road 55. Well Humayun’s Tomb Complex 56. Well Sunder Nursery Nizamuddin 57. Mosque Sunder Nursery Nizamuddin 58. Tomb Northern Side of Humayun’s Tomb 59. Grave Platform North Side of Humayun’s Tomb 60. Chilla Nizamuddin North Side of Humayun’s Tomb 61. Tomb of Sayyid Yasin Mathura Road, Nizamuddin

Appendix


A-18

S. No. Buildings Location 62. Gateway Nizamuddin East, Mathura Road 63. Western Gateway Kotla Mubarakpur, South Ext. 64. Residence Kotla Mubarakpur, South Ext. 65. Baoli & Well North of Mubarak Shah’s Tomb Kotla

Mubarakpur, South Ext. 66. South Gate of Kotla Mubarakpur Mubarak Shah’s Tomb Kotla

Mubarakpur, South Ext. 67. Gumti South of Caupal, Village Kotla

Mubarakpur 68. Bridge North West Edge of Kotla Mubarakpur 69. St. Paul Cathedral Hospital Marg, Bhogal 70. Mosque Masjid Marg, Bhogal 71. MCD Office Jal Vihar, Shiv Mandir Marg, Lajpat

Nagar 72. Shivalaya Jal Vihar, Shiv Mandir Marg, Lajpat

Nagar 73. Gateway of Temple Kilokari Village 74. Domed Building Kilokari Village 75. Tomb of Kale Khan Sarai Kale Khan 76. Gumti of Sheikh Ali Defence Colony 77. Gateway Defence Colony 78. Tomb of Basti Defence Colony 79. Mosque of Basti Defence Colony Zone – F, South Delhi S. No. Buildings Location 1. Temple NH-8, Naval Area, Rao Tula Ram Marg 2. Two temples Rao Tula Ram Marg 3. Tomb Rao Tula Ram Marg 4. Gateway CAMS Complex, Cantonment 5. Qasai Wala Gumbad Vasant Vihar 6. Mosque Vasant Vihar 7. Tomb Vasant Vihar 8. Baoli Vasant Vihar 9. Bara Lao Ka Gumbad Vasant Vihar 10. Tomb Known as Baradari Vasant Vihar 11. Mosque Basant Lok Market, Vasant Vihar 12. Garden Wall Vasant Vihar 13. Mosque DTC Depot, Vasant Vihar 14. Wall Mosque Sec-5, R. K. Puram 15. Wall Mosque Sec-5, R. K. Puram 16. Mosque Sec-5, R. K. Puram 17. Residence 214, Village Munirka 18. Malik Munirka Mosque 117, Village Munirka 19. Mosque Between Sec-3 & 4, R. K. Puram 20. Mosque of Haji Langa Sec-3, R. K. Puram 21. Haji Langa Gimbad Munirka 22. Gateway Sec-3, R. K. Puram 23. Tomb Sec-3, R. K. Puram 24. Tomb Mohmmadpur Village 25. Caupal Mohmmadpur Village 26. Tomb Mohmmadpur Village 27. Mosque Mohmmadpur Village 28. Domed Building Mohmmadpur Village

Appendix


A-19

S. No. Buildings Location 29. Well Humayunpur Village 30. Maluk Chand Ka Gumbad Humayunpur Village 31. Dalan Humayunpur Village 32. Gumti Humayunpur Village 33. Hauz Khas Tank Dist. Park, Safdurjung Encl. 34. Munda Gumbad Dist. Park, Hauz Khas 35. Idgah Hauz Khas Village 36. Turrent Hauz Khas Village 37. Plinth Deer Park, Hauz Khas Village 38. Mosque Deer Park, Hauz Khas Village 39. Kali Gumti Deer Park, Hauz Khas Village 40. Wall Mosque Deer Park, Hauz Khas Village 41. Tufewala Gumbad Deer Park, Hauz Khas Village 42. Well F-Block, Green Park 43. Barah Khamba Green Park 44. Structure Unknown Green Park 45. Enclosure Wall of Kharera Village Green Park 46. Mosque Kharera Village 47. Mosque of Darwesh Gulmorhar Park 48. Bridge Sirifort Residential Complex 49. Bulbulki Sirifort Residential Complex 50. Baradari Shahpur Jat Village 51. Building Masjid Moth, South Extn. – II 52. Gateway Masjid Moth 53. Tomb Gautam Nagar 54. Tomb Near L.S.R. Collage 55. Gateway Lala Lajpat Rai Marg 56. Tomb Zamroodpur Village 57. Tomb Zamroodpur Village 58. Tomb Zamroodpur Village 59. Tomb Near House No. 88, Zamroodpur

Village 60. Tomb Lane 62, Zamroodpur Village 61. Mahavir Library N Block, G. K. Part-I 62. Gateway Kalkaji Mandir 63. Kalka Mandir Kalkaji 64. Dharamshala Kalkaji Mandir, Kalkaji 65. Bund Mahipalpur Village 66. Mahal Mahipalpur Village 67. Ruins Mahipalpur Village 68. Ruins Sec-C, Pkt-9, Vasant Kunj 69. Enclosure Wall Vasant Kunj 70. Ruins Vasant Kunj 71. Tomb Katwariasarai Village 72. Dalan Katwariasarai Village 73. Khangah Sarvpriya Vihar 74. Mosque Kalu Sarai Village 75. Chaupal Kalu Sarai Village 76. Gateway of Moqsue Adchini Village 77. Mosque Adchini Village 78. Gateway Adchini Village 79. Wall Mosque Malviya Nagar 80. Wall Mosque Malviya Nagar 81. Wall Mosque Lal Gumbad Complex 82. Wall Mosque Malviya Nagar 83. Wall Mosque Malviya Nagar

Appendix


A-20

S. No. Buildings Location 84. Mahal Malviya Nagar 85. Mosque Malviya Nagar 86. Enclosure Malviya Nagar 87. Enclosure Shiekh Sarai, Phase-I 88. Dukh Bhajan Gurudwara Shiekh Sarai, Phase-I 89. Kharbuze Ka Gumbad Shiekh Sarai, Phase-I 90. Tomb of Shiekh Allauddin Shiekh Sarai, Phase-I 91. Tomb Shiekh Sarai, Phase-I 92. Tomb Shiekh Sarai, Phase-I 93. Tomb of Shiekh Salauddin Shiekh Sarai, Phase-I 94. Mosque Shiekh Sarai, Phase-I 95. Mosque Shiekh Sarai, Phase-I 96. Tomb Shiekh Sarai, Phase-I 97. Tomb Shiekh Sarai, Phase-I 98. Majlis Khana Shiekh Sarai, Phase-I 99. Mosque Khirki Village

100. Mosque Khirki Village 101. Tomb of Sheikh Usman Saiyan Khirki Village 102. Lal Gumbad II Panchsheel Enclave 103. Madarsa Zeenatul Panchsheel Enclave 104. Northern Gateway of Chirag Delhi Chirag Delhi Village 105. Circular Bastion and Chattri Chirag Delhi Village 106. Eastern Gateway of Walls of Chirag Delhi Chirag Delhi 107. Southern Gateway of Walls of Chirag Delhi Chirag Delhi 108. Western Gateway of Walls of Chirag Delhi Chirag Delhi 109. Eastern Gateway of Inner Enclosure Chirag Delhi 110. Tomb of Roshan Chirag Delhi Chirag Delhi 111. Mosque of Faruksiyar Chirag Delhi 112. Tomb Chirag Delhi 113. Tomb of Shiekh Zainuddin Chirag Delhi 114. Tomb of the Grand Daughter of Shiekh Farid

Shakarganj Chirag Delhi

115. Mosque Chirag Delhi 116. Mehfil Khana Chirag Delhi 117. Tomb Chirag Delhi 118. An Enclosure Chirag Delhi 119. Tomb Chirag Delhi 120. Majlis Khana Chirag Delhi 121. Grave Enclosure Chirag Delhi 122. Gateway Chirag Delhi 123. Pahar Chirag Delhi 124. Gateway Near House No. 344, Chirag Delhi 125. Tomb Chirag Delhi 126. Tomb of Haji Khanam Near House No. 344, Chirag Delhi 127. Turret Near House No. 344, Chirag Delhi 128. Jain Temple Near House No. 341, Chirag Delhi 129. Hanuman Temple Chirag Delhi 130. Kos Minar Mathura Road 131. Tomb M. B. Road, Lado Sarai 132. Tomb Lado Sarai 133. Mosque Lado Sarai 134. Tomb of Sheikh Haidar M. B. Road 135. Residence Saidulajab Village 136. Plinth of Mosque Saidulajab Village 137. Roof Press Enclave 138. Tomb – Kala Gumbad Tuglakabad Institutional Area

Appendix


A-21

S. No. Buildings Location 139. Well Tuglakabad Institutional Area 140. Plinth and Well Tuglakabad Fort 141. Embankment Tuglakabad Fort 142. Kos Minar Badarpur Sarai 143. Northern Gateway Badarpur Sarai 144. Central Gateway Badarpur Sarai 145. Shahi Masjid Badarpur Sarai 146. Southern Gateway Badarpur Sarai 147. Kos Minar Mathura Road 148. Qutab Guest House Mehrauli 149. The form house restaurant Mehrauli 150. Metcalfe’s Folly 1, 2 Mehrauli 151. Colonial Buildings Mehrauli 152. Mosque Mehrauli 153. Chaumukha Darwaza Mehrauli 154. Anagtal Lalkot Excavation 155. Residence Ward-I, Mehrauli 156. Mosque of Wafab Shah Mehrauli 157. Mehrauli Public Library Mehrauli 158. Haveli Ward-1, Mehrauli 159. Residence Ward-1, Mehrauli 160. Temple of Jogmaya Ward-1, Mehrauli 161. Priest’s Residence Ward-1, Mehrauli 162. Residence 10/6, Ward-1, Mehrauli 163. Baradari at Jog Maya Temple 10/4, Ward-1, Mehrauli 164. Primary School Ward-1, Mehrauli 165. Residence 6653, Ward-1, Mehrauli 166. Residence 10/8, Mehrauli 167. Prachin Sidh Shri Hanuman Mandir Mehrauli 168. St. John Church Complex Mehrauli 169. Mosque of Quazian Near Mehrauli 170. Primary Health Centre Mehrauli 171. MCD House Tax Office and Vocational

Training Centre Ward-1, Mehrauli

172. Wall Mosque Ward-1, Mehrauli 173. Gateway 1081, Ward-1, Mehrauli 174. Residence 1018, Ward-1, Mehrauli 175. Original Gateway of Dargah Sharif Ward-1, Mehrauli 176. Residence 994, Ward-7, Mehrauli 177. Noorie Masjid 965, Ward-7, Mehrauli 178. Dilkusha Mosque Mehrauli 179. Residence 324, Ward-4, Mehrauli 180. Residence 299, Ward-4, Mehrauli 181. Residence 300, Ward-4, Mehrauli 182. Residence 294, Ward-4, Mehrauli 183. Well Ward-4, Mehrauli 184. Residence 445, Ward-3, Mehrauli 185. Residential Street 431-436, Ward-3, Mehrauli 186. Residence 260, Ward-2, Mehrauli 187. Residence Gatewayof Mohalla 450, Ward-3, Mehrauli 188. Residence 341, Ward-4, Mehrauli 189. Residence 341, Ward-4, Mehrauli 190. Residence 254, Ward-4, Mehrauli 191. Residence 359, Ward-4, Mehrauli 192. Residence 535, Ward-5, Mehrauli 193. Chowk Ward-5,Mehrauli

delhi cdp_pgs 1-172

Documents

maulvi zafar

haveli haider

fs ecosmart

fs ecosmart

dissolved

netaji sibhash

shiv mandir

kuncha pati