“Energy can neither be created or destroyed, it can

only be changed from one form to

another.” - Einstein

Bonds are formed through the removal of

water Chemical reaction in which two molecules are

joined covalently by the removal of -OH from one molecule and -H atom which makes water

OH + H → H2O

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide → Disaccharide + H2O

Lipids

1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids → Triglyceride + 3 H2O Proteins

2 Amino Acids → Dipeptide + H2O

Examples of dehydration synthesis in biomolecules

Bonds are broken through the addition of water Adding water splits the molecules into smaller units Splitting polymers into monomers Reverse reaction of dehydration synthesis

2 H2O →2 H2 + O2

HYDROLYSIS

Carbohydrates

Disaccharide + H2O → Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide

Lipids

Triglyceride + 3 H2O → 1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids  Proteins

Dipeptide + H2O → 2 Amino Acids

Examples of hydrolysis in biomolecules

SYNTHESIS – BOND FORMS

HYDROLYSIS – BOND BREAKS

ATP : Energy & The Cell

Chapter 6

Organisms need energy to perform every task Cells also need energy for active transport &

to make molecules

What is energy?

The energy for cells is stored in the

chemical bonds of biomolecules such as carbohydrates and lipids

PRIMARY SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR CELLS is GLUCOSE

Energy for Cells

Glucose brings into the cells a large supply

of energy stored in its bonds

The energy is transferred from the glucose to where it is needed through the use of ATP

ATP = energy carrier molecule

GLUCOSE

ATP is the energy currency of the cell

ATP = Coins

Cell = Vending Machine

ATP

ATP

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

FUNCTION OF ATPATP transfers energy from the

breakdown of glucose to cell processes

Functions like a rechargeable battery

FUNCTION OF ATP

HOW DOES ATP FUNCTION?

ADP + P + Energy ↔ ATP

ATP

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

ATP is a universal energy-carrier molecule in all

cells

When ATP is converted to ADP and P, energy is released to run the cell’s activities

ADP has to be recharged to make ATP. It takes the P and energy it needs from glucose

ATP

ANIMATION : HYDROLYSIS

OF ATP

ANIMATION : SYNTHESIS

OF ATP