degrees of data abstraction
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Degrees of Data Abstraction
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Early 1970’s
American National Standard Institute (ANSI) Standards Planning and Requirements Committee (SPARC)
Defined a framework for data modelling based on degrees of data abstraction.
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ANSI/SPARC architecture
Defines three levels of abstraction:
external conceptual internal
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Data Abstraction levels
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The External model
Is the end user’s view of the data
environment.
The term end user’s refers to the
people who use the application
programs to manipulate the data
and generate information.
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A specific representation of an external
view is known as an external schema.
Each external schema includes the
appropriateness entities, relationships,
processes, and constraints imposed by the
business unit.
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External Model for Tiny College
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Advantages of using External views
It makes it easy to identify specific
data required to support each
business unit’s operations.
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Advantages of using External views
It makes the designer’s job easy by
providing feedback about the
model’s adequacy.
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Advantages of using External views
It helps to ensure security
constraints in the database design.
Damaging an entire database is
more difficult when each business
unit works with only a subset of
data.
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It makes application program development much simpler.
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The Conceptual model
The conceptual model represents as
a global view of the entire database
as viewed by the entire organization.
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The Conceptual model
Conceptual model integrates all
external views (entities,
relationships, constraints, and
processes) into single global of a
data.
Also known as conceptual schema
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Conceptual model for Tiny College
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Advantages of conceptual model
First, it provides a relatively easily
bird’s eye (macro level) view of the
data environment.
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External model- Conceptual model
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Advantages of conceptual model
Second, the conceptual model is
independent of both software and
hardware.
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1. Software independence means that the
model does not depend on the DBMS
software used to implement the model.
2. Hardware independence means that the
model does not depend on the hardware
used in the implementation of the model.
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Generally, the term logical design is
used to refer to the task of creating a
conceptual data model that could be
implemented in any DBMS.
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The internal model
Once a specific DBMS has been
selected, the internal model maps
the conceptual model to the DBMS.
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The internal model is the
representation of the database as
seen by the DBMS.
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Internal model for Tiny College
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Internal model depends on specific
database software, it is said to be
the software dependent.
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Internal model is still hardware-
independent because it is unaffected
by the choice of the computer on
which the software is installed.
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Physical level
This lowest level of data abstraction
is concerned exclusively with
physical storage methods.
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Early data models forced the
database designer to take the details
of the physical model’s data storage
requirements into account
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However, the now dominant
relational model is aimed largely at
the logical rather than the physical
level; therefore it does not require
the physical-level details common to
its predecessors.