degradation materials
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
1/159
MKM6144
ADVANCED MATERIAL
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
2/159
INTRODUCTION
Corrosion is a natural phenomenon and can be considered as
extractive metallurgy in reverse( Fontana).
Earth Mineral Ores Extraction/Reining Metal
(Fabrication) Components Corrosion Earth
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
3/159
CORROSION ENGINEER
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
4/159
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
5/159
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
6/159
HIGH TEMPERATURE DEGRADATION
Chlorination
OXIDATION
Carburation
Flu !a" an# #$o"it %orro"ion
Nitri#ation Sul$hi#ation
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
7/159
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
8/159
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
9/159
Tube Supports Escatron (Spain)
R$la%# RA&'(MA
Pr""uri)# Flui# *#*oilr +,-. Sul/ur Li!nit
Earlir Unit" 0(,+.Sul/ur
TIDD1 Vartan
RA&'(MA "u%%""/ul
Cou$on T"tin!
22 3onth" 245'62+'78F
RA('(MA 9 7,2 33
RA&'(MA 9 2,2 33
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
10/159
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
11/159
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
12/159
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
13/159
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
14/159
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
15/159
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
16/159
Mtal Or"
Hematite(!E) or haematite("E) is the
mineralorm o #ron(###) oxide$ (Fe%O&)$
one o several iron oxides.
Magnetiteis a errimagneticmineral'ith
#!Cname iron(II,III) oxideand 'ith
chemical ormula Fe3O4$ one o several
iron oxidesand a member o the spinelgroup.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron(III)_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrimagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrimagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron(III)_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English -
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
17/159
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
18/159
PENINSULAR CRUDE AND GAS EVACUATION
GUNTONGD
SELIGI
ANGSIBEKOK
DUYONG
SCP
30"X240 km
900 mmscf/d
28" X 135 km800 mmscf/d
PM 301
PM 302
28" X 232 km
750 mmscf/d
32" X 160 km1200 mmscf/d
30" X 156 km550 mmscf/d
RESAK
Legend
Oil Fields
Gas Fields
Eis!ing Gas Pi"elineEis!ing C#ndensa!e Pi"eline
OSC
(2!!sc"#$)
OGT(%&
!!sc"#$)
G''s(2 !!sc"#$
Saes Gas)
MT$DA
ESTN*TUN*+B
L*,UT
-*S*
Not to scale
%#ng&'la
$e(ne'La)i!
*+nga Ra,aCa&e(a)ala
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
19/159
OFFSHORE SARA:A; CRUDE EVACUATION
M3
F6
F28
E6
F14
B11
B12
TEMANA
D35
D21
D18
BAYAN
C2
BERYL
BETTY
BOKOR
BARONIA
BARAM
BAKAU
A!NA
TUKAU!IKAU
!I"A
FATIMA
FAIRLEY BARAM
MLNG PLANT%
*INT-L-
MIRI
CENTRAL L-CONIA
M1
M4
!A#I
REBAB
LAILA
LAYAN$ELAN$
$%
CLA!TIC!
F13
E8
F23
&4
&INTAN
M5
&2
&5
K5
&ERON$
MARINE
F2'
E4
MA"AR
D2
C13
A!AM #AYA
!ERUNAI
!OM#OTAN
K4
&12
&1
TEN$$IRI
MARINE
A21 E2
$EDUK
M1 !ADERI
!ERAI
OIL FIELD
OIL PIPELINE
EXISIN! !"S P/LINE
!"S FIELD #$%&d'c()*+!"S FIELD #,& -. d..0&$.d+
!ALBIA
"( LUTON$
C (#ADI
!ELA!I
D12
BI&AN
&32
D3)
E11
COMPLEX
D51
!ALLO"
T3
*ARAM DELTA
*ALINGIAN
% . L-CONIA
$AMBAN$
#ATRICIA
K-MANG
A3
%ELAR
MARINE
F/
F12F11
F20
F22
*-NGAPELAGA
KANO.IT
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
20/159
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
21/159
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
22/159
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
23/159
Corro"ion Di"a"tr
Atlanti% Southa"t '&
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
24/159
FORM* OF CORRO*#O+ by Fontana
Grou$ 2
ra#il?i#nti@abl b?or#inar? i"ualBa3ination
uni/or3%orro"ion $ittin! %ri%
%orro"ion
!alani%%orro"ion
Grou$ &
3a? ruir"u$$l3ntar? 3an"o/ Ba3ination
ro"ion %orro"ion %aitation /rttin! %orro"ion intr!ranular
%orro"ion
Group 3
verification is usuallyrequired by microscopy(optical, SEM):
dealloying stress corrosion cracking corrosion fatigue
Corro"ion o/ 3atrial %an b b? a %o3binationo/3o#" #rin b? intrt=in# 3%hani"3"
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
25/159
FORM* OF CORRO*#O+
U N I F O R M / G E N E R A L
M a % r o 6 % o r r o " io n % l l "
G a l A a n i %
P i t t i n !
C r A i % H D $ o " i t
M i c r o c o r r o s i o n c e l l s
! " n t e r g r a n u l a r
! S t r e s s # o r r o s i o n # r a c k i n g
! S e l e c t i v e $ i s s o l u t i o n
L O C A L I S E D
C O R R O S I O N F O R M S
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
26/159
UNIFORM / GENERAL CORROSION
Characterised by corrosive attack proceeding evenly over
entire surface area @ large fraction area.General thinning takes place until failure. Anode and cathode
areas distributed evenly over the service by shifting.Easily measured and predicted. Measurable in mm/yr.
Affect entire metal in contact with electrolyte.Corrosion allowance is applicable.Eamples! "usting of steel in atmosphere.#reakdown of protective coating systems often leads to this
form of corrosion.$ractically controlled by cathodic protection% use of coatings
or paints% or simply by specifying a corrosion allowance.
Characterised by corrosive attack proceeding evenly over
entire surface area @ large fraction area.General thinning takes place until failure. Anode and cathode
areas distributed evenly over the service by shifting.Easily measured and predicted. Measurable in mm/yr.
Affect entire metal in contact with electrolyte.Corrosion allowance is applicable.Eamples! "usting of steel in atmosphere.#reakdown of protective coating systems often leads to this
form of corrosion.
$ractically controlled by cathodic protection% use of coatings
or paints% or simply by specifying a corrosion allowance.
, li d C iFORMS OF CORROSION:
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
27/159
,ocali-ed CorrosionFORMS OF CORROSION:
Sour%" o/ Lo%ali)# Corro"ion
Environmentoxygen concentrationchloride ion concentrationp
lo' rate
Materialsegregationinclusionsdierent phases
grain boundaries
Mechanical
static stressluctuating stress
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
28/159
%
& %.c,(&)s %. ).c.ss% &(d,(&)%.c,(&)
%.d'c,(&)%.c,(&)
O,.% %.d'c,(&)%.c,(&)s () ) c(d s&',(&) () ).',% &% -s. s&',(&)
d$,.d f%&m F(* 171 Call*ste+ %e
#F(* 171 (s f%&m :! F&),)
Co++os*o, E,-*,ee+*,- 3%d .d :c!%
;( ()c
O(d,(&) %.c,(&)
>) >) 2?
2. c(ds&',(&)
%.d'c,(&) %.c,(&)
;?;?
;2#*s+
;?
;?
;?
;?
;?
f& &f .
() ,. m.,
>) >)2++ 2e
2;+ + 2e ;2#*s+
O2 + 4;++ 4e 2;2O O2 + 2;2O + 4e
4#O;+
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
29/159
Corro"ion Rat EB$r""ion
Corro"ion Pntration Rat JCPRKCPR ; :DAT
; %on"tant J'(4 /or 3$?1 -5,+ 33?rK
: =i!ht lo""13!
D #n"it?1 !%3(
A Ara1in& or %3&
T ti31hr
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
30/159
Fara#a?" La=
Con"i#r th ra%tionF F& & 6
For r? ato3 o/ iron ra%tin!1 t=o l%tron"=ill b $ro#u%#,
On 3ol %ontain" Ao!a#ro" nu3brJ+27&(K ato3"
Th %har! on a%h l%tron i" 2,+2762
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
31/159
Fara#a?" La=
More accurately
2relative atomic
mass3$ but still 'ithunits g/mole
!ccording to Faraday3s ,a'$ 'hen ni moles of a given substance
react, aproportional electric charge Q passes across the electrode-electrolyte interface
(g/mole)metalo'eightatomic
(g)oxidisedmetalomass(C/mole)constantsFaraday4
atommetaleachorelectronsonumber
(C)passedcharge'here
=
=
=
=
=
=
M
mF
n
QM
nFmQ
F # L Di i# b ti
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
32/159
Fara#a?" La= 9 Dii# b? ti3
Fara#a?" la= thu" "tat" that th rat o/ an l%tro#ra%tion i" $ro$ortional to th 3a!nitu# o/ thl%tri%al %urrnt that %ro""" th l%tro#6l%trol?tintr/a%,
(g/mole)metalo'eightatomic
(g/s)corrosionorate
(C/mole)constantsFaraday4
atommetaleachorelectronsonumber
(!)currentcorrosion'here
=
=
=
=
=
=
M
K
F
n
I
M
nFK
I
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
33/159
Fara#a?" La=
Dii# b? ara
(g/mole)metalo'eightatomic
)m(g/scorrosionorate(C/mole)constantsFaraday4
atommetaleachorelectronsonumber
)(!/cmdensitycurrentcorrosion'here
%
%
=
=
=
=
=
=
M
kF
n
iM
nFki
Corro"ion o/ )in% in a%i#
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
34/159
Corro"ion o/ )in% in a%i#
n n&
&6
Rat o/ Ra%tionEl%tro%h3i%alP
otntial
2
2e
2
=&%%&s(&) P&,.),(=&%%&s(&) P&,.),(
=&%%&s(&) @,.=&%%&s(&) @,.
At th Corro"ion Potntial1 E%orr1 =
ha a "tabl 3iB# uilibriu3
At th Corro"ion Potntial1 E%orr1 =
ha a "tabl 3iB# uilibriu3
Thn th %orro"ion rat 3a?b B$r""# a" th
%orro"ion %urrnt #n"it?1 i%orr
Thn th %orro"ion rat 3a?b B$r""# a" th
%orro"ion %urrnt #n"it?1 i%orr
Currnt #n"it?i%orri%orr
E%orrE%orr
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
35/159
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
36/159
EBa3$l" o/ uilibria in th iron PourbaiB #ia!ra3Jnu3br# on th $lotK
F&&QFJ"K J$ur r#oB ra%tion 6 no $H
#$n#n%K F(QF& J$ur r#oB ra%tion 6 no $H
#$n#n%K
&F((H&OQF&O(J"K+H J$ur a%i#6ba"1 no r#oBK
&F&(H&OQF&O(J"K+H& J"lo$ 6'
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
37/159
Cou$on T"tin!
#i i
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
38/159
EB$o"ur %on#ition" t"t
;i # / C
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
39/159
;in#" o/ Cou$on"
$ $ C
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
40/159
e$e$ Coupon
Stresse$ Coupons
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
41/159
Stresse$ CouponsASTM G '-1 G(
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
42/159
Corrosion 'ro$uct on Coupons
%"ei5en %!anda(d #((#si#n #+"#n (#5 Me!al %a5"les7 A%TM 1010 5ild a(8#n s!eel7
E"#s+(e 19 Da,s
O(iginal .all T'i&ness 07066 in7
.all L#ss 070023 in7 a! !)# s+(aes : C#((#si#n Ra!e 2;70 MPin!
)on"
$ittin! %orro"ionJtran"!ranular %ra%>in!$ro$a!ation n#"hi!hr nr!?K
U"ual r!ion /or IGSCC1SCC u"uall? o%%ur" =hr
th $a""i @l3 i" rlatil?=a>
on 2
on &
Th r#u%tion $otntial o/%hro3at ion to "oli# Cr&O(
i" $o""ibl to in%ra" th%orro"ion $otntial o/ "tlinto it" $a""iation r!ionbut not /or 3ol?b#at an#
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
133/159
tun!"tat,
IN>IBITING -EC>*NIS- O; NIT,ITES
Th /or3ation o/ /rri% oBi#" =ith th$arti%i$ation o/ nitrit ion" ta>" $la%
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
134/159
a%%or#in! to th /ollo=in! ra%tion"Jo"$h t alK
For3ation o/ a lo=r oBi#
NO&6-H+ NH4&H&O < FJOHK& (F(O4+H&O+H+
&H&O &H &OH6
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
135/159
ra%tion it"l/ or "l%til? $r%i$itat on%atho#i% ara" to in%ra" th "ur/a%i3$#an% an# li3it th #iu"ion o/ r#u%ibl"$%i" to th" ara,
Catho#i% inhibitor" %an $roi# inhibition b?thr #irnt 3%hani"3" 2, a" %atho#i%$oi"on"] &, a" %atho#i% $r%i$itat"1 an# (,a" oB?!n "%an!r,
Volatil Corro"ionInhibitor"
Volatil %orro"ion inhibitor" JVCI"K1 al"o a$or $ha"inhibitor" JVPI"K1 ar %o3$oun#" tran"$ort# in a
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
136/159
%lo"# niron3nt to th "it o/ %orro"ion b?olatili)ation /ro3 a "our%, In boilr"1 olatil ba"i%%o3$oun#"1 "u%h a" 3or$holin or h?#ra)in 1 artran"$ort# =ith "ta3 to $rnt %orro"ion in%on#n%r tub" b? nutrali)in! a%i#i% %arbon #ioBi#or b? "i/tin! "ur/a% $H to=ar# l"" a%i#i% an# %orro"i
alu", In %lo"# a$or "$a%"1 "u%h a" "hi$$in! %ontainr"1olatil "oli#" "u%h a" "alt" o/ #i%?%lohB?la3in1%?%lohB?la3in1 an# hBa3th?ln a3in ar u"#,On %onta%t =ith th 3tal "ur/a%1 th a$or o/ thi""alt %on#n"" an# h?#rol?)# b? an? 3oi"tur to
librat $rot%ti ion",
Eectroc3e!ica Tests to -onitorin6in3ibitors eAecti=eness
:hil all laborator? %orro"ion t"t"ruira%%lratin! %orro"ion $ro%"""1 onl?l h i l #i l li/ h i
http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/TestingBasics/Laboratory.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/TestingBasics/Laboratory.htm -
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
137/159
l%tro%h3i%al t"t" %an #ir%tl? a3$li/? th i3$a%to/ %orro"ion $ro%""", Th 3ain ra"on" =h? thi" i"$o""ibl i" that all l%tro%h3i%al t"t" u" "o3/un#a3ntal 3o#l o/ th l%tro# >inti%"a""o%iat# =ith %orro"ion $ro%""" to uanti/?%orro"ion rat", Th a3$li@%ation o/ th l%tri%al"i!nal" !nrat# #urin! th" t"t" ha" $r3itt#r? $r%i" an# "n"iti 3a"ur3nt" to b%arri# out,
'otentio$5na!ic poariation !et3o$s Linear poariation resistance (L',)
Eectroc3e!ica i!pe$ance spectroscop5 (EIS)
Intro$uction to 'aint
Pain!s a(e 5i!+(es # 5an, (a) 5a!e(ials7 T'e 5a#(
#5"#nen!s a(e
*i d > !' ! d i l d 'i l di
http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Electrochem/PotPol.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Electrochem/LPR.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Electrochem/EIS.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Electrochem/EIS.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Electrochem/LPR.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Electrochem/PotPol.htm -
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
138/159
*inde( >#!'e( !e(5s +sed inl+de @e'ile 5edi+5(esin il5 #(5e(
"#l,5e(?
Pig5en! #( E!ende(7
%#l@en!7
T'e i(s! !)# #(5 !'e inal d(, "ain! il57 %#l@en! is #nl, neessa(, !# aili!a!e a""lia!i#n and
ini!ial il5 #(5a!i#n
i! lea@es !'e il5 8, e@a"#(a!i#n and an !'e(e#(e 8e
#nside(ed an
e"ensi@e )as!e "(#d+!7
Bin$ers (or J,esins) are t3e !
" i t " i t
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
139/159
"or!in6 co!ponents o" paint. T3e5 $eter!ine t3e c3aracteristics o"
t3e coatin6 bot3 p35sica an$
c3e!ica. 'aints are 6enera5 na!e$ a"tert3eir bin$er co!ponent (e6. Epo45paints c3orinate$ rubber paints
a75$ paints etc).
'i6!ents an$e4ten$ers Use$ in t3e "or! o" ne po9$ers 93ic3
$i $ i t t3 bi $ t
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
140/159
are $isperse$ into t3e bin$er to=arious partice sies.
T3ese !aterias can be $i=i$e$ into t3e"oo9in6 t5pes+
9 *nticorrosi=e pi6!ents
9 Barrier pi6!ents
9 Coourin6 pi6!ents
9 E4ten$ers
*nticorrosi=e pi6!ents
T3ese pre=ent corrosion o"
t b 3 i $
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
141/159
!etas b5 c3e!ica an$eectroc3e!ica !eans (c3e!icain3ibition)
9 ,e$ ea$9 inc
9 inc p3osp3ate
9 inc c3ro!ate
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
142/159
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
143/159
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
144/159
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
145/159
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
146/159
'rotecti=e Coatin6s # rappin6
Proi# barrir bt=n 3tal an# niron3nt,
Coatin!" 3a? a%t a" "a%ri@%ial ano# or rla""ub"tan% that inhibit %orro"i atta%> on "ub"trat
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
147/159
"ub"tan% that inhibit %orro"i atta%> on "ub"trat,
Mtal %oatin!"
Nobl 9 "ilr1 %o$$r1 ni%>l1 Cr1 Sn1 Pb on "tl,Shoul# b /r o/ $or"#i"%ontinuit? %o) %rat"
"3all ano#6lar! %atho# la#in! to ra$i# atta%> atth #a3a!# ara",
Sa%ri@%ial 9 n1 Al1 C# on "tl, EB$o"# "ub"trat=ill b %atho#i% =ill b $rot%t#,
A$$li%ation 9 hot #i$$in!1 Wa3 "$ra?in!1 %la##in!1l%tro$latin!1 a$or #$o"ition1 t%,
'rotecti=e -etaic Coatin6s
Mtalli% %oatin!" $roi# a la?r that
%han!" th "ur/a% $ro$rti" o/ th> i t th / th t l b i
http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/PaintCoatings/Introduction.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/PaintCoatings/Introduction.htm -
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
148/159
%han!" th "ur/a% $ro$rti" o/ th=or>$i% to tho" o/ th 3tal bin!a$$li#, Th =or>$i% b%o3" a%o3$o"it 3atrial Bhibitin! $ro$rti"!nrall? not a%hiabl b? ithr3atrial i/ u"# alon,
Th %oatin!" $roi# a #urabl1%orro"ion r"i"tantla?r1 an# th %or3atrial $roi#" th loa# barin!
%a$abilit?,
-eta Ca$$in6 Th %orro"ion r"i"tan% o/ a "ub"trat %an b i3$ro#b? 3tallur!i%all? bon#in! to th "u"%$tibl %or allo?a"ur/a% la?r o/ a 3tal or an allo? =ith !oo# %orro"ionr"i"tan%, Th %la##in! i" "l%t# not onl? to ha !oo#%orro"ion r"i"tan% but al"o to b ano#i% to th %or allo?
b? about -7 to 277 3V Thu" i/ th %la##in! b%o3"# # b h i/ h ll i #
http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/MatSelect/CorrResistance.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/MatSelect/CorrResistance.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/MatSelect/CorrResistance.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/MatSelect/corralloys.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Localized/Background.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Localized/Background.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/MatSelect/corralloys.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/MatSelect/CorrResistance.htm -
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
149/159
b? about -7 to 277 3V, Thu" i/ th %la##in! b%o3"#a3a!# b? "%rat%h"1 or i/ th %or allo? i" B$o"# at#rill# /a"tnr hol"1 th %la##in! =ill $roi#%atho#i% $rot%tionb? %orro#in! "a%ri@%iall?,
Cla##in! i" $ralntl? a$$li# at th 3ill "ta! b? th3anu/a%turr" o/ "ht1 $lat or tubin!, Cla##in! b?$r""in!1 rollin! or Btru"ion %an $ro#u% a %oatin!in=hi%h th thi%>n"" an# #i"tribution %an b %ontroll#or =i# ran!" an# th %oatin!" $ro#u%# /r o/$oro"it?, Althou!h thr i" al3o"t no $ra%ti%al li3it" to ththi%>n"" o/ %oatin!" that %an b $ro#u%# b? %la##in!1th a$$li%ation o/ th $ro%"" i" li3it# to "i3$l "ha$#arti%l" that #o not ruir 3u%h "ub"unt 3%hani%al#/or3ation,
Al+5in+5 Cladding
m&)* ,. $%()c($ 's.s %. 'm()'m cdd()* () ,. (%c%f, ()d's,% .d )d cdm('m s.,()*f&% c-.s .ds.,.d s..,s f&% %c(,.c,'% $$(c,(&)s )d c&m$&s(,. .,%'d.d ,'-.s f&% .,.c)*.%s . ,(ck).ss &f ,. cdd()* (s 's' -.,..) 2 )d 5 &f ,. ,&, s.., &% $,.,(ck).ss )d s()c. ,. cdd()* (s 's' s&f,.% )d &.% s,%.)*, & ,. $%.s.)c. &f ,.cdd()* c) &.% ,. f,(*'. s,%.)*, )d -%s(&) %.s(s,)c. &f ,. $%&d'c,
Cladding and .eld O@e(la,ing
=&m$%.d ,& c%-&) )d & s,..s c&%%&s(&) %.s(s,), &s %. .$.)s(. I) m) cs.sc&%%&s(&) %.s(s,)c. (s %.A'(%.d &) &) ,. s'%fc. &f ,. m,.%( )d c%-&) &% & s,.. c) -.
http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/CP/Introduction.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/MetalCoatings/Introduction.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Principles/CControl.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/PaintCoatings/Introduction.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/PaintCoatings/Introduction.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Principles/CControl.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/MetalCoatings/Introduction.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/CP/Introduction.htm -
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
150/159
$ $ c&%%&s(&) %.s(s,)c. (s %.A'(%.d &) &) ,. s'%fc. &f ,. m,.%( )d c%-&) &% & s,.. c) -.cd (, m&%. c&%%&s(&) %.s(s,), & =dd()* c) s. '$ ,& 80 &f ,. c&s, &f 's()* s&(d&
=d m,.%(s %. (d. 's.d () ,. c.m(c $%&c.ss &ffs&%. &( $%&d'c,(&) &( %.f()()* )d..c,%(c $&.% *.).%,(&) ()d's,%(.s . 's. &f cd s,.. (s )&, ). =&%%&s(&) %.s(s,), & cds,.. s -..) (-. f&% &.% 40 .%s m&s, ) c&%%&s(&) %.s(s,), s,().ss s,.. &% )(ck.& c) -. -&)d.d ,& s,.. . s,.. c) -. cd &) -&, s(d.s &% &) &). s(d. &) . &, %&
-&)d()* $%&c.ss (s 's.d ,& $%&d'c. &.% 90 &f cd $,. $%&d'c,s
In many engineering applications, it is desirable thata steel being used should have a hardened surface toresist wear and tear. At the same time it should havesoft and tough interior or core so that it is able to
%itriding
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
151/159
soft and tough interior or core so that it is able toabsorb any shocks (deformation, thermal etc). Thisis achieved by hardening the surface layers of thearticles while the rest of it is left as such. This typeof treatment is applied to gears, bearings, railway
wheels, etc.
These also led to the development of the types ofThermochemical treatments such as nitriding,carburizing, oriding and other processes which arebased on the Thermal activated di!usion processes
which are carried out at speci"c temperatures. #o
far, These treatments have been successfullyconducted by advanced techni$ues including plasmanitriding, ion beam nitriding and ion implantation.
EM'E,I-ENT*L ',E'*,*TION
C5C Fe6 %%
% +&
%7+8Fe6 &%
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
152/159
#ubstrate &aterial
AI#I ' and A*I +-
C C C+ + +
5 m
Tra$itiona 6aseoust3er!oc3e!ica treat!ents"or Sur"ace En6ineerin6 aret5pica5 carrie$ out incarbon an$#or nitro6en
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
153/159
# 6bearin6 6ases an$ areusua5 associate$ 9it3te!perature abo=e 81 oC.
T3e i!pro=e!ent o" 9ear
properties (an$ 3ar$ness)reies on $e=eop!ent o" aco!pun$ a5er an$ anun$er5in6 $iAusion a5erin t3e sur"ace a$@acentre6ion o" t3e sa!pe.
El%trol"" ni%>l JENK $latin! i" a %h3i%alr#u%tion $ro%"" =hi%h #$n#" u$on th%atal?ti% r#u%tion $ro%"" o/ ni%>l ion" in an
auou" "olution J%ontainin! a %h3i%al
Eectroess patin6
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
154/159
auou" "olution J%ontainin! a %h3i%alr#u%in! a!ntK an# th "ub"unt#$o"ition o/ ni%>l 3tal =ithout th u" o/l%tri%al nr!?, Du to it" B%$tional%orro"ion r"i"tan% an# hi!h har#n""1 th
$ro%"" @n#" =i# a$$li%ation on it3" "u%ha" al"1 $u3$ $art" t%,1 to nhan% th li/o/ %o3$onnt" B$o"# to "r %on#ition"o/ "ri% 1$arti%ularl? in th oil @l# an#3arin "%tor,
El%trol"" Platin! Du to it" uniu $ro$rti" o/ B%llnt %orro"ion r"i"tan%1 %o3bin#
=ith a hi!h =ar r"i"tan% an# uni/or3it? o/ %oatin!1 EN @n#"Btn"i a$$li%ation" in a nu3br o/ @l#", So3 o/ th $ro3inntara" o/ a$$li%ation ar 66Oi G V l t h * ll G t Pl t A #
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
155/159
Oi GasVal %o3$onnt"1 "u%h a" *all"1 Gat"1 Plu!" t%, An#othr %o3$onnt" "u%h a" $u3$"1 $i$ @ttin!"1 $a%>r"1 barrl" t%,
C3e!ica 'rocessin6Hat EB%han!r"1 Filtr Unit"1 $u3$ hou"in!an# i3$llr"1 3iBin! bla#" t%,
'astics Mol#" an# #i" /or inZ%tin! an# lo= an# blo= 3ol#in! o/$la"ti%" %o3$onnt"1 Btru#r"1 3a%hin $art" rollr" t%,
Te4tiePrintin! %?lin#r"1 3a%hin $art"1 "$innrtc"1 thra## !ui#"t%,
*uto!oti=eSho%> Ab"orbr"1 hat "in>"1 !ar"1 %?lin#r"1 bra>$i"ton" t%,
*=iation *erospaceSatllit an# ro%>t %o3$onnt"1 ra3"$i"ton"1 al %o3$onnt" t%,
;oo$ p3ar!aceuticaCa$"ul 3a%hinr? #i"1 %ho%olat" 3ol#"1
/oo# $ro%""in! 3a%hinr? %o3$onnt" t%,
Altration o/ Eniron3nt
T?$i%al %han!" in 3#iu3 ar
Lo=rin! t3$ratur b h
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
156/159
Lo=rin! t3$ratur 9 but thr ar%a"" =hr in%ra"in! T #%ra"" atta%>, E,!hot1 /r"h or "alt =atr i" rai"# to boilin! T an#r"ult in #%ra"in! O&"olubilit? =ith T,
D%ra"in! lo%it? 9 B%$tion ] 3tal" allo?" that $a""iat J,! "tainl"" "tlK !nrall?ha bttr r"i"tan% to Wo=in! 3#iu3" than"ta!nant, Aoi# r? hi!h lo%it? b%au" o/
ro"ion6%orro"ion %t",
R3oin! oB?!n or oBi#i)r" 9 ,!
boilr /#=atr =a" #arat# b? $a""in! it thru alar! 3a"" o/ "%ra$ "tl Mo#rn $ra%ti%
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
157/159
? $ !lar! 3a"" o/ "%ra$ "tl, Mo#rn $ra%ti% 9a%uu3 trat3nt1 inrt !a" "$ar!in!1 or thru thu" o/ oB?!n "%an!r", Ho=r1 notr%o33n## /or a%ti6$a""i 3tal" or allo?",
Th" 3atrial" ruir oBi#i)r" to /or3 $rot%tioBi# @l3",
Chan!in! %on%ntration 9 hi!hr%on%ntration o/ a%i# ha" hi!hr a3ount o/ a%ti
"$%i" JH ion"K, Ho=r1 /or 3atrial" that Bhibit$a""iit?1 %t i" nor3all? n!li!ibl,
D"i!n Do" Dont"
:all thi%>n"" 9 allo=an% to a%%o33o#at /or
%orro"ion %t,Aoi# B%""i 3%hani%al "tr""" an# "tr""
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
158/159
Aoi# B%""i 3%hani%al "tr""" an# "tr""%on%ntration" in %o3$onnt" B$o"# to %orro"i3#iu3", E"$ =hn u"in! 3atrial" "u"%$tibl toSCC,
Aoi# !alani% %onta%t l%tri%al %onta%t bt=n#i""i3ilar 3tal" to $rnt !alani% %orro"ion,
Aoi# "har$ bn#" in $i$in! "?"t3" =hn hi!hlo%iti" an#or "oli# in "u"$n"ion ar inol# 9
ro"ion %orro"ion, Aoi# %ri%" 9 ,! =l# rathr than rit tan>" an#
othr %ontainr"1 $ro$r tri33in! o/ !a">t1 t%,
THAN;S
-
7/25/2019 Degradation Materials
159/159