What is translation?Translation is the expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalence. (Dubois, 1973)

Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language. (Hartmann and Stock, 1972)

Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language Catford (1965: 20)

Translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style (Nida and Taber, 1982)

Translation is the general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to another (target), whether the languages are in written or oral form; whether the languages have established orthographies or do not have such standardization or whether one or both languages is based on signs, as with sign languages of the deaf (Brislin, 1976)

Translation is a process of finding a TL equivalent for an SL utterance. (Pinhuhuck, 1977:38)

Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language. (Newmark, 1981:7)

Translation involves the rendering of a source language (SL) text into the target language (TL) so as to ensure that (1) the surface meaning of the two will be approximately similar and (2) the structure of the SL will be preserved as closely as possible, but not so closely that the TL structure will be seriously distorted. (McGuire, 1980:2)

Translation is a transfer process which aims at the transformation of a written SL text into an optimally equivalent TL text, and which requires the syntactic, the systematic and the pragmatic understanding and analytical processing of the SL (Wilss and Noss, 1982).

What needs to consider in the process of translation? Text in different languages can equivalent in different degrees (fully or partially equivalent), in respect of different levels of presentation (equivalent in respect of context, of semantics, of grammar, of lexis, etc) and at different ranks (word-for-word, phrase-for-phrase, sentence-for-sentence). Languages are different from each other; they are different in form having distinct codes and rules regulating the construction of grammatical stretches of language and these forms have different meaning.

What is a good translation? Translation that should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work

Translation that the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original

Translation that should have all the ease of the original composition (Tytler, 1791)

What is translation as product, as process, and as a concept? Translating: the process (to translate: activity rather than the tangible object)

A translation: the product of the process of translating (i.e. the translated text)

Translation: the abstract concept which encompasses both the process of translating and the product of that process

What is the process of transferring the meaning into the receptor language text?

Translation consist of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural context.

What are the characteristics oflanguage which affect translation?

Meaning components are packaged into lexical items, but they are packaged differently in one language than in another. Many times a single word in the source language will need to be translated by several words. It is characteristic of language that the same meaning component will occur in several surface structure lexical items (forms).

It is further characteristics of languages that one form will be used to represent several alternative meaning. Whole sentences may also have several functions. A question form may be used for a nonquestion. A single meaning may be expressed in a variety of forms.

What is the goal of a translator?

The goal of a translator should be to produce a receptor language text (translation), which is idiomatic; that is, one which has the same meaning as the source language but is expressed in the natural form of the receptor language. The meaning, not the form, is retained.

How does the translator know that he is successful in his translation task? He will know that he is successful if the receptor language readers do not recognize his work as a translation at all, but simply as a text written in the receptor language for their information and enjoyment.

How does the translator make his translation as dynamic as the original text? For the translation to have the same dynamics as the original, it will need to natural and easy to understand so that the readers will find it easy to grasp the message, including both the information and the emotional effect intended by the source language writer.

Translation is the expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalence.

Terjemahan adalah ungkapan ke dalam bahasa lain dari apa yang telah diungkapkan dalam bahasa asli dengan tetap menjaga persamaan (padanan) makna dan gaya bahasa

Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language.

Terjemahan adalah mengganti sebuah teks dalam satu bahasa dengan teks yang sepadan dalam bahasa lain.

Terjemahan adalah penempatan kembali sebuah teks dalam satu bahasa ke dalam bahasa lain.